George Wythe - Knowledge

1285:(1806), Wythe "singlehandedly tried to abolish slavery by judicial interpretation," according to Paul Finkelman. Jackey Wright, a slave, sued Houlder Hudgins (who, incidentally, had purchased Chesterville from Wythe) for freedom for herself and her two children. Wright based her claim on her descent from American Indians, including a woman named Butterwood Nan. Indians were considered free in Virginia by this time. Wythe ruled in favor of Wright on two grounds. He examined the women and noted that all three generations of the family showed only Indian and white ancestry, with no evidence of African ancestry. Because Hudgins did not provide definite proof of Wright's descent from a slave mother, Wythe considered Wright and her children "presumptively free". Alternatively, Wythe held that "all men were presumptively free in Virginia in consequence of the 1776 1081:" derived from Wythe's judicial service performed after Virginia became a state, as well as from his scholarship discussed above. The oath Wythe drafted for its admiralty judges indicates his judicial philosophy, "You shall swear that ... you will do equal right to all manner of people, great and small, high and low, rich and poor, according to equity and good conscience, and the laws and usages of Virginia, without respect to persons. ... And, finally, in all things belonging to your said office, during your continuance therein you shall faithfully, justly and truly, according to the best of your skill and judgment, do equal and impartial justice, without fraud, favor or affection, or partiality." Wythe also designed the chancery court seal to illustrate the punishment of the Persian judge 1054:

themselves with more experienced lawyers before being admitted to the bar. The college suspended classes during the later days of the Revolutionary War, after which Wythe both taught in Williamsburg and performed his duties as judge (mostly in Richmond as the new capital) until the 1788–1789 term. Wythe then resigned from the college and announced that he planned to move to Richmond to concentrate on his judicial duties. Travel to the new capital for the four judicial sessions each year may have become onerous, many of Wythe's friends and colleagues had died or moved, and Williamsburg's intellectual and cultural life had also declined after the state capital moved upriver. Litigation involving professor Rev. John Bracken also distressed Wythe.

794: 651:, the powerful speaker of the House of Burgesses, died, his estate was nearly insolvent (with many debts, as well as outstanding loans), and the accounts Robinson kept as treasurer were irregular. Instead of destroying redeemed paper currency after the French and Indian War, Robinson had lent it to his political supporters (fellow southern Virginia planters). Keeping the money in circulation helped these allies pay their own debts but also tended to devalue the currency as well as defy the redemption laws the legislature had passed. Robinson's executors kept the names of the politically powerful loan beneficiaries secret for decades but did not manage to end the 1379:

to use well-known tests for arsenic), and equivocal testimony by the physicians. Others blamed Virginia law, which since 1732 forbade testimony by black witnesses, whether free or enslaved. In a separate trial for check forgery, Sweeney was convicted. However, that conviction was overruled on appeal based on a technicality in the forgery law that Wythe and Jefferson had drafted years earlier (recognizing the crime only against individual victims, not against corporations such as the bank). Sweeney left for Tennessee. There, he reportedly was later convicted and jailed for stealing a horse. Afterward he disappeared in history.

1033:. Proficient in Latin and Greek, as well as known for his devotion to books and learning, Wythe initially taught students on a near-individual apprenticeship basis. Especially after Elizabeth's death in 1787, some private pupils boarded at Wythe's home and received daily instruction in classical languages, as well as political philosophy and law. Of all these men, Wythe remained closest to Jefferson, with whom he worked and corresponded many times in the ensuing decades. In their friendship, together the two men read all sorts of other material, from English literary works, to political philosophy, to the ancient sages. 1441: 1325: 1121:. After Virginia courts had convicted Caton and two other men of treason, they appealed to the legislature for pardons. The House of Delegates approved their pardon request, but the state Senate refused. Wythe decided that the court had the right to review that pardon and that the judiciary was obliged to "say to them, here is the limit of your authority; and hither, shall you go, but no further." Pendleton and Blair agreed with this principle of judicial review, although on slightly different grounds. Nonetheless, after the decision, both legislative houses pardoned the men, sparing them execution. 682:"three eminent Lawyers" that they could grant Chiswell bail, as well as two depositions that Routledge had run himself on Chiswell's sword, while stressing that the high bail of 6,000 pounds sterling could be recovered should Chiswell fail to show for trial. In response, 'Dikephilos' wrote that his own investigation agreed that Routledge had been drunk, but Chiswell was not, and further that neither deponent favoring Chiswell had witnessed the brawl. He predicted popular violence if the trial unfairly favored the aristocratic defendant. More published letters followed. 541: 1258:) as he adjudicated chancery cases treating slaves as property. Slavery matters often went to chancery, because there were no remedies at law. Virginia slave laws also became more severe as Richmond's importance as a slave trading center for points further south continued to increase, and French planters from what became Haiti came to Virginia with thousands of slaves. Wythe authored two legal opinions that attempted to steer Virginia away from the slave-based legal and economic system that entrenched in the early 19th century. 464: 1355:, dismissing Wythe's claims of being poisoned. Two days later, Sweeney tried to cash a $ 100 check drawn on Wythe's account, which the bank found suspicious because Wythe's illness had become news throughout the city. The bank retrieved several earlier checks, which Wythe had previously denied signing. Gravely ill but still trying to work on legal matters, Wythe refused to post bail for Sweeney, who was jailed. Upon hearing that Brown had died on June 1, Wythe signed a codicil to his will drafted by 1306:, another former student of Wythe, who contrasted the presumption of freedom for Indians, as well as condemned Hudgins for failing to introduce evidence of any black ancestry of those seeking their freedom. Thus, all the appellate judges held that the two-decades old Declaration of Rights did not apply to blacks. Although Tucker (a slaveholder) rejected this judicial route to freedom, he had written in favor of emancipation and continued to fight for emancipation in other political venues. 321: 1430: 4752: 1567: 4738: 1065:; they are mere skimmers of the law, and know little else." St. George Tucker, his one time student and fellow judge, succeeded Wythe as the college's law professor and published an annotated edition of Blackstone's work before resigning in 1804 to succeed Edmund Pendleton on Virginia's Supreme Court of Appeals. In 1920, the college (now a university) established a law school, which it named after Wythe and Marshall. 721:, where they passed the Virginia Nonimportation Resolutions on May 18, 1769. Some speculate that Wythe's own status as clerk kept his name off that document. In any event, the burgesses gave a spectacular party for Botetourt that Christmas, and his funeral ceremonies the following fall were the most elaborate in Virginia history. They also voted for a marble statue of the governor to be erected at public expense. 4764: 1232:

household. By 1797 Broadnax owned her own home, where she and Brown lived and took in boarders. Wythe had taken an interest in Brown, taught him Greek and shared his library with him. On January 29, 1797, Wythe also freed Benjamin, another adult slave who continued to work as his servant in Richmond; Wythe named Benjamin a beneficiary in his 1803 will, which included money for Brown's continued education.

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undersheriff's deposition. Judge Byrd, on the other hand, joined with Wayles to demand a libel indictment against Col. Robert Bolling, Jr., claiming Bolling wrote the anonymous criticism of the bailment published on July 11. The grand jury refused, issuing a no-bill instead. However, Wythe's sterling reputation may have been tarnished. When the assembly reconvened,

564:, Privileges and Elections and Propositions and Grievances. Wythe also continued to practice law before those committees and the General Court in Williamsburg, as was permitted at the time. In 1750, Wythe was first elected as one of Williamsburg's aldermen. Wythe also briefly served as the king's attorney general in 1754–1755, appointed by Lieutenant Governor 737:) as strengthening Virginia's land claims, Wythe, Jefferson and many others took offense at Dunmore's haughty personality. Dunmore attempted to govern without the burgesses, but counterfeiting and other money troubles forced him to convene the assembly in early 1773. Delegates began by voicing concerns that suspects in the burning of the revenue vessel 733:, brought Wythe and Virginia to the brink of revolution. Dunmore arrived in Williamsburg from New York on September 26, 1771. Rumors of his rule as New York's governor, which included accusations of graft and companions roughing up local judges, soon followed. Although some cheered his military offensive against the Indians (later known as 507:, a learned woman probably raised as a Quaker, instilled a love of learning in her son. In his later years, Wythe became known for his outdated Quaker dress, as well as his gentle manner, which could cause even a surly dog to "unbend and wag his tail." After the early death of his father, Wythe probably attended grammar school in 1402:. Jefferson praised Wythe as "my ancient master, my earliest and best friend, and to him I am indebted for first impressions which have the most salutary on the course of my life." However, Jefferson later refused an offer of Wythe's lecture notes and other legal papers, believing they should go instead to what became the 1061:. One of Wythe's last pupils, William Munford, called Wythe "one of the most remarkable men I ever knew" and particularly remembered Wythe's scholarly philosophy, "Don't skim it; read deeply, and ponder what you read; they begin to make lawyers now without the 'biginti annorum lucubrationes' (twenty years of reflection) of 986:. As Chairman of the Committee of the Whole, Wythe presided over oft-heated exchanges until the final day. Stepping down from the chair, Wythe spoke to urge ratification. Pendleton later wrote Wythe's "adherence to the Constitution" gave the margin for ratification, when otherwise would have proven "grave for the Union." 670:. Indicted for murder, Chiswell was brought under armed guard to Williamsburg for trial in the next session of the General Court (which included many men from distant counties who also served as Burgesses and was thus usually held at the same time). Before the group reached the Williamsburg jail, three judges ( 755:. Dunmore tried to reconvene the delegates the following May. On May 24, 1774, the House of Burgesses passed a resolution declaring June 1 as a day of fasting and prayer, which resolution Wythe signed and posted. Enraged, Dunmore dissolved the assembly. The delegates moved to conduct their business at the 1320:

By 1805, a grandson of Wythe's sister, 17-year-old George Wythe Sweeney, had come to live with his elderly namesake. The following spring, Wythe realized Sweeney had stolen some of his books, probably to repay gambling debts and support a dissolute lifestyle. Wythe also revised his will in early 1806

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to revise and codify its laws and also helped establish the new state court system. Although few of their more than 100 proposed bills were passed, some concepts such as religious freedom, public records access, and public education became important concepts in the new republic, as did the concept of

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complete journals from the colony's founding until 1752, which were supposed to be transmitted annually to the king, secretary of state and Lords of Trade, stressing "it be not made public nor attended with great expense." The secrecy may have related to continuing unrest in Massachusetts against the

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and Edmund Randolph defended Sweeney. The prosecutor was Philip Norborne Nicholas, Randolph's son-in-law. Early on, the judges quashed the murder charge relating to Brown because of his race. A jury acquitted Sweeney of Wythe's murder. Some attributed the verdict to the botched autopsy (which failed

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Broadnax recovered (although she ultimately suffered the effects for the rest of her life and received some support from Jefferson). Broadnax told many people that she had seen Sweeney put a powder in their morning coffee. Other black witnesses saw Sweeney drop paper from the jail, which appeared to

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or the administrative interregnum between Fauquier's death in March and Botetourt's arrival in October. Wythe also ordered printed journals of the House of Commons and case law books from London. Wythe's social standing remained high, for fellow aldermen elected him Williamsburg's mayor for the 1768

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and his lady and others. By October, Jefferson had rejoined the Congress to work with his former teacher and the other delegates, although personal tragedy forced him to leave for five months in the winter and spring. Wythe accepted many assignments relating to military, currency and other matters.

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Wythe served as Williamsburg's delegate through the sessions of 1754 and 1755 (but not in the sessions of the Assembly of 1756–1758). During that gap, Wythe was reappointed clerk to the committees on Privileges and Elections and Propositions and Grievances, as well as to the Committee for Courts of

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near Richmond, and 35 slaves were executed. Further rumors of slave insurrections led to alarms and executions, sometimes without judicial process, in 1802 and 1803. Also, in the legislative session that began in the spring of 1806, the year of Wythe's death, a law passed requiring freed slaves to

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However, that decision was appealed, and in 1799, after Virginia passed a law forbidding abolitionists from serving on juries in freedom suits, Wythe's decision was modified by the appellate court led by Pendleton and Roane, both former students of Wythe. This case concerned a Quaker's 1771 will,

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in 1780, but he declined to serve. Wythe particularly despised lawyers who protracted litigation at great cost to the parties, though to their own benefit, and even in his last days he regretted the burden delays placed upon those seeking justice from his court. In the judicial reorganization of

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Wythe's teaching career began with his appointment in 1761 to the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary, and often both overlapped and drew upon his legal and judicial careers. During more than twenty years, Wythe taught many legal apprentices, as well as students at the college.

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counties. In 1747, he married Ann Lewis, the daughter of his mentor Zachary Lewis. However, his wife died on August 10, 1748. The childless and bereaved widower returned to Williamsburg; there, Wythe made law and scholarship his life, as he began what would become a distinguished career in public

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on August 20, 1787, two days after Elizabeth's death. Four years later, Lydia accompanied Wythe as he moved to Richmond, where he had previously commuted four times yearly to handle Chancery Court business. In addition, a young mixed-race youth, Michael Brown, born free in 1790, lived in Wythe's

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of Rhode Island despite their political differences. Wythe thus signed the Declaration of Independence upon his return to Philadelphia in September. The signers' names were not made public until the following January, for all knew the declaration was an act of treason, punishable by death should

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Botetourt arrived on October 26, 1768, as Virginia's first governor to rule the colony in person in sixty years. Although Botetourt dissolved the House of Burgesses the following spring, following a royal order to all colonial governors after protests in Massachusetts against the Townshend Acts,

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published the two depositions given to the judges, which proved to be from Wayles himself and the Cumberland undersheriff. Judge Blair was furious when Wayles added a detail to the published copy of his own deposition (which he had gotten from the court records), apparently in order to track the

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and some of his siblings had freed about 100 slaves as his late father had requested, after manumission became legal and they turned 30 years old, as the will specified. Pleasants also lobbied extensively for manumission laws and founded the Virginia Abolition Society in 1790. Marshall and John

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Hurrying back to Virginia from Philadelphia, on June 23, 1776, Wythe began helping Virginia establish its new state government. Virginia's constitutional convention had begun months earlier (and had voted on May 15 to instruct its federal delegates to move toward a declaration of independence).

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When petitions and other attempts failed to resolve the crisis by the following summer while Dunmore's raiders harassed Virginia settlements from its waterways, Wythe moved and then voted in favor of the resolution for independence that Jefferson had drafted upon his return. His fellow Virginia

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Wythe continued his thriving legal practice with Jefferson's assistance. In 1767, Wythe introduced Jefferson to the bar of the General Court, and Jefferson was appointed clerk to the House of Burgesses. The following year, Wythe wrote the colony's London agent to secure copies of the burgesses'

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had died. When it became clear in the spring of 1766 that the Stamp Act was not going to be enforced, two printers set up shops in Williamsburg. Both papers thrived in the ensuing controversies. On July 4, Judge Blair explained in a published letter that the judges had relied upon assurances of

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agreed with Wythe that the will could be enforced and called the slaves free. However, none of the justices (all slaveholders) thought Wythe's grant of backpay proper, and they all agreed that children borne to slave parents would not actually gain their freedom until they repaid their owners'

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and mock legislative sessions, tools that are still used today. However, apprenticeship remained the main mode of learning law in that era, followed by examination before several practicing lawyers. Thus, not only did Marshall and Monroe attend Wythe's lectures for a time, they also affiliated

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as the burgess representing Williamsburg. In 1755, Wythe's elder brother, Thomas, died, childless. Wythe inherited the family's Chesterville plantation and was appointed to his brother's (and formerly his father's) place on the Elizabeth City County court. Wythe probably continued to live in

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that Wythe's sentiments against slavery were unequivocal. During the first two decades after the war, so many Virginians freed slaves that free blacks in the state had risen from less than 1 percent of the population to nearly 10 percent by 1810. However, the era also saw the development of

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joined in 1794. In 1795, Wythe published analyses of some of his cases and subsequent appellate decisions and added a few more pamphlets later. Although this publication offended Pendleton, he decided against replying in kind. One of Wythe's most famous decisions (unpopular at the time),

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on September 21, 1781, forcing him to flee to Chesterville then to New York and ultimately to England. Chesterville sustained damage before Wythe evicted Mrs. St. George in order to move into the house with Elizabeth while French troops occupied their Williamsburg home. During the

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was appointed treasurer, Peyton Randolph became speaker, and his brother John Randolph became king's attorney general, a post to which Wythe had aspired. Chiswell died unexpectedly in his Williamsburg home on October 15, before his trial could begin. Jefferson decades later in his

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in 1794 made cotton production using slave labor particularly profitable in the lower south, and those planters imported slaves from Maryland and Virginia, especially when importing slaves from Africa and Britain's Caribbean colonies became illegal and difficult.

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served on the committee which established the convention's rules and procedures. However, Wythe left Philadelphia in early June to tend to his ailing wife. The following year, York County neighbors elected Wythe and John Blair to represent them at the

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In 1777, Wythe became one of the three judges on the newly-formed High Court of Chancery. Administering equity and developing that branch of the law became his mission for the rest of his life. Wythe was elected to serve as a federal judge on the

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forces. The farmer to whom he had leased Chesterville, Hamilton Usher St. George, was secretly a Loyalist, though he was acquitted of charges of being a British spy on April 23, 1776. St. George supported British raiding parties based in

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Brown, pp. 47–48 argues that Wythe served as burgess from Elizabeth City Country during 1756 and the College of William & Mary in 1758, but Chiswell defeated Wythe for the Williamsburg seat and he also lost the Elizabeth City County

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upheld the authority of the 1783 federal peace treaty with Great Britain which required debts to British merchants be paid under the contract terms, although Virginia had passed a law that allowed payment in depreciated paper currency.

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Warden represented the slaves seeking their freedom, and Pleasants as executor of his father's will, as they jointly sued the siblings who failed to obey the testamentary instruction. Each justice on the Court of Appeals in

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When Wythe's wife Elizabeth died on August 18, 1787, Wythe returned some slaves whom her father had bequeathed to Elizabeth to her remaining relatives. Wythe filed manumission papers for his long-time housemaid and cook

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In 1779, Governor Jefferson appointed Wythe to the newly created Chair of Law and Police, making Wythe the first law professor in the United States. As a law professor, Wythe introduced a lecture system based on the

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considered Wythe "one of the most learned legal Characters of the present age" and known for his "exemplary life," but "no great politician" because he had "too favorable opinion of Men." In any event, Wythe,

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On August 1, Wythe identified himself in print as one of the consulted lawyers and said his opinion had been limited to the legal bail issue. After Chiswell returned to Williamsburg in September, his attorney

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When Hudgins appealed to the Virginia Supreme Court after Wythe's murder, all judges unanimously affirmed Wythe's decision allowing Wright freedom, but only on limited grounds. Wythe's former student

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in Rhode Island could be tried in England. When on March 3, 1773, they resolved to establish a Committee of Correspondence, Dunmore prorogued (postponed) the assembly. Moreover, Parliament passed the

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as time went on, and emancipated all of his slaves at the end of the American Revolution. The problem of slavery preoccupied Wythe in his last years. In 1785, Jefferson assured English abolitionist

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fee to affix an official seal to land patents. Wythe resigned when Randolph returned from his unsuccessful mission. Dinwiddie returned to England less than three years after Randolph's return.

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notes that there had been no documented gossip about Wythe and Broadnax at the time, unlike the case of Jefferson and Hemings, covered by newspapers and in individuals' letters and diaries.

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often socialized together—conversing about philosophy, natural history, languages, history and other matters. In 1762, Small suggested Wythe supervise the legal training of a star student,

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Six ships carrying between 500 and 1,000 black Catholic refugees, some free and wealthy and others enslaved, arrived in Baltimore in July 1791 and/or June 1793 after unsuccessful stops in

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intermediate appellate courts. When a fall incapacitated Pendleton, Jefferson and Wythe redrafted his portion (much to Pendleton's dismay). Wythe also replaced Pendleton as speaker of the

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and took on several notable apprentices. He remained particularly close to Jefferson and left Jefferson his substantial book collection in his will. Wythe became increasingly troubled by

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Wythe's most noteworthy contributions in establishing the new state government began when he again returned from Philadelphia that winter. Wythe served on a committee with Jefferson and

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expenses in raising them, which in the intervening decades became quite large. Thus, although John Pleasants died holding over 530 slaves, fewer than a quarter received their freedom.

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Wythe managed to stave off the governor's clerk so the delegates could publish a resolution of protest before receiving the dissolution order. The burgesses then repaired to the

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and later by Redemptorists and Jesuits, the black Catholics worshipped in the basement of St. Mary's Seminary, then the basement chapel of St. Ignatius Church (renamed for

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Wythe upheld Revolutionary War soldiers' pension claims but was reversed. Pendleton died in 1803, just before he could deliver an opinion attempting to reverse Wythe in

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because Thomas Jefferson had agreed to educate the young mulatto Brown, although those new provisions would have no effect if Brown died before Sweeney, as happened.

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echoed the anonymous 'Virginia Gazette' writer of September 12, 1766, who stated, "Distrust, the parent of security, is a political virtue of unspeakable utility."

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accepted an appointment to the United States Supreme Court. In 1802, the legislature created two more territorial Chancery Courts, but Wythe remained in Richmond.

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Several public schools in Virginia were also named for him: high schools in Wytheville and Richmond; a former junior high school and former elementary school in

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affirmed Wythe's ruling only on the particular and limited nature of Indian enslavement in the state. The other extensive opinion in the case was by Judge

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elected Wythe as its burgess to replace Peyton Randolph and reelected Wythe in 1760 and 1761. Wythe helped oversee defense expenditures related to the

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and later attempts by the British government to regulate the overseas colony. Meanwhile, Wythe maintained close friendships with successive Governors

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In his will, Wythe left his large book collection to Thomas Jefferson. This was part of the collection which Jefferson later sold to create the

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that disinherited George Sweeney in favor of Charles, Jane and Ann Sweeney. Wythe also told the doctors "cut me." Although McClurg often used

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and emancipated all of his slaves at the end of the American Revolution. Wythe died in 1806, apparently from poisoning, and his grand-nephew

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Brown, p. 36, citing William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia (Vol. 1)(Philadelphia 1856) p. 238 and a eulogy by

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However, Chancellor Wythe's decisions were modified or overruled many times, particularly by the appeals court that his former student

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era. Josephite priests became associated with the parish a decade later, and the parish moved in 1932 and 1968. The invention of the

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reprinted in R.D. Anderson, "Chancellor Wythe and Parson Weems," William and Mary Quarterly series 1, vol. 25 (July 1916) pp. 13–19.

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leave the state within 12 months, although a later modification allowed local courts to allow certain manumitted slaves to remain.

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In the summer of 1766, three events occurred which profoundly influenced Wythe, Jefferson and several other Virginians who became

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was related to Zachary Lewis) probably helped Wythe secure his first government job, as clerk to two powerful committees of the

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contain rat poison. However, both trial judges agreed that Virginia race laws prohibited blacks from testifying at the trial.

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opinion, Wythe upheld judicial review of legislative actions, in what became a predecessor to Justice Marshall's decision in

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Kirtland, p. 84. Since Routledge died intestate and without heirs, his estate ultimately became a substantial endowment for

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and served on a committee that established the convention's rules and procedures. He left the convention before signing the

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but was sent back as a missionary to the East Coast before ultimately returning to England. His mother, Margaret Walker of

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Kirtland, p. 86, quoting Marcus Fabius and Marcus Curtius, "To Metriotes," Virginia Gazette (P&D), 12 September 1766.

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Although known for his modesty and quiet dignity, Wythe eventually gained a radical reputation for his opposition to the

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Wythe was admitted to the bar in Elizabeth City County in 1746, the same year in which his mother died. He then moved to

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which purported to free slaves before Wythe and Jefferson drafted the 1782 law which legalized manumission in Virginia.

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Places associated with Wythe remain preserved today, and over the centuries other places have been named in his honor:

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Jefferson's Rep. 73, 77 (1768), where the General Court had rejected his arguments against treating slaves as property

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In 1798, Virginian legislators forbade members of slave emancipation societies from serving on juries involving slave

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On May 25, 1806, Wythe, Broadnax, and Brown all became violently ill. Richmond's leading doctors, Wythe's old friend

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delegates in Philadelphia held Wythe in such esteem that they left the first space open for him when they signed the

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Wythe also continued working to establish the new nation. In 1787, Wythe became one of Virginia's delegates to the

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which dealt with the sale of the disestablished church's glebe lands, nominally at least to support the poor.

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of Virginia, refusing to be promoted with Edmund Pendleton to the Supreme Court of Appeals (now known as the

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Williamsburg, for his legislative work continued, and he married Elizabeth Taliaferro. Her father, planter

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convened in Philadelphia. When war seemed inevitable, Wythe was elected as Virginia's delegate to replace

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and also destroyed a wing of the college which included Wythe's beloved library and physics instruments.

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service. His motto was "Secundis dubiisque rectus", translated as "Upright in prosperity and perils."

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also went to New Jersey that winter and convinced that colony's assembly to maintain a united front.

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helped defuse Henry's attempt to force return of the gunpowder by negotiating payment from Dunmore.

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which targeted local plantations as well as Williamsburg and other colonial settlements along the

388:

and helped ensure that his home state ratified the Constitution. Wythe taught and was a mentor to

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Catalogue of the College of William and Mary in Virginia from its Foundation to the Present Time

2609:, Eds. J.E. Lewis and P.S. Onuf. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 55–60. 1440: 1057:

In Richmond, Wythe continued his pursuit of knowledge and even began learning Hebrew from Rabbi

782:

ships stationed offshore. Wythe enlisted in the militia immediately upon returning home. In the

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increasingly harsh slave laws, particularly as slaveholders feared rebellions similar to the

1058: 894: 832: 734: 605: 549: 416: 3496: 1714: 1324: 1261:

Wythe and Pendleton both sat on the chancery court bench which granted freedom to slaves in

827:. George and Elizabeth Wythe moved to Philadelphia by September and were inoculated against 431:. He was also a delegate to Virginia's 1776 constitutional convention and helped design the 356:; 1726 – June 8, 1806) was an American academic, scholar and judge who was one of the 4794: 4789: 4523: 4495: 4432: 4045: 3228: 3194: 1495: 1479: 1456: 1315: 1074: 870: 763: 710: 504: 452: 436: 373: 51: 3070:, Digital Archive: Tucker-Coleman Papers, Swem Library, William and Mary, available online 2985:

Brown, Imogene, American Aristides (New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 1981)

8: 4684: 4656: 4593: 4565: 4341: 4320: 4195: 4172: 3921: 3405: 3223: 1616: 1403: 1399: 933: 185: 1666:

Virginia's Attitude Toward Slavery and Secession - Beverley Bland Munford - Google Books

1370:

Wythe died on June 8, 1806, and Sweeney was charged with poisoning Wythe and Brown with

4712: 4663: 4579: 4530: 4516: 4467: 4390: 3983: 3653: 3463: 3410: 3369: 3261: 2990:

I am Murdered: George Wythe, Thomas Jefferson and the Killing that Shocked a New Nation

1419: 1333: 1194: 1163: 1118: 1042: 1030: 974: 783: 585: 561: 412: 273: 253: 3013:

University of Michigan thesis, 1983 (University microfilms available through ProQuest)

2923: 2836: 2375: 1049:, and Acts of Virginia's Assembly. Wythe also developed experiential tools, including 662:(father of Robinson's widow and business partner of Robinson), Governor Fauquier, and 540: 4698: 4670: 4649: 4635: 4474: 4327: 4160: 4095: 3926: 3911: 3803: 3767: 3731: 3441: 3436: 3184: 3044: 2739: 2732: 1934: 1670: 1635: 1502: 1299: 1291: 1281: 1182: 1178: 1103: 1012: 942: 899: 820: 500: 484: 428: 2494: 4614: 4544: 4481: 4411: 4306: 4238: 4075: 4061: 3993: 3988: 3916: 3762: 3627: 3573: 3468: 3458: 3344: 3318: 3067: 2718: 1558: 1444: 1434: 1267: 1243: 1186: 953: 928: 890: 824: 752: 663: 628: 616: 592:

even though Wythe only had a life estate in the property after Taliaferro's death.

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Virginia's Attitude Toward Slavery and Secession By Beverley Bland Munford pg. 102

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traveled to London on the burgesses' behalf to appeal Dinwiddie's charging a one

569: 557: 257: 127: 104: 92: 2192: 1994: 1077:

in Elizabeth City County during colonial times, his reputation as the "American

4677: 4418: 4348: 4334: 4090: 3952: 3936: 3710: 3679: 3658: 3431: 3374: 3295: 1491: 1235: 1228: 1107: 857: 837: 787: 756: 718: 705: 671: 612: 463: 420: 228: 3073: 511:

before beginning legal training in the office of his uncle, Stephen Dewey, in

4783: 4691: 4642: 4446: 4404: 4165: 4019: 3859: 3854: 3813: 3798: 3777: 3736: 3726: 3695: 3553: 3400: 3349: 3323: 2539: 2514: 1407: 1344: 1303: 1239: 1167: 1158: 1125: 1023: 1016: 798: 771: 738: 659: 624: 404: 393: 2640:, New York: William Reed & Co., 1856, pp. 364–372, accessed 6 April 2011 2214: 937:, which remains in use today. The reverse side shows three Roman goddesses, 910:

occupied the George Wythe house. On December 21, 1781, fire burned down the

4719: 4607: 4586: 4572: 4049: 3957: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3741: 3643: 3600: 3478: 3218: 2634: 1836: 1531: 1528: 1392: 1360: 1210: 1206: 996: 924: 3048: 1295:, which held that Massachusetts' constitution upheld freedom for all men. 3328: 3251: 3103: 1468: 1429: 1062: 874: 687: 589: 545: 216: 3129: 4425: 4014: 3648: 3086: 1198: 1050: 1000: 946: 853: 779: 397: 2152:

Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison & the Decline of Virginia

709:

to 1769 term. Fellow parishioners also elected Wythe to the vestry of

2782:

http://www.tba.org/journal/the-murder-of-founding-father-george-wythe

2607:

Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory and Civic Culture

1460: 1254:

Wythe for years followed Virginia precedent (including the 1768 case

1078: 906:' surrender, American and French troops camped at Williamsburg, and 4705: 3415: 1603:

Wythe's exact date of birth is not known. Hemphill, William Edwin,

1082: 938: 864:

During the war, Virginia became a battleground between Patriot and

841: 828: 479:

operated by three generations of the Wythe family in what was then

369: 46: 2907:. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 1859. p. 97. 2883:

Chadwick, pp. 233–234. The legislature soon corrected the statute.

1964:

Brown, p. 101 citing Griffith, Virginia House of Burgesses, p. 51.

1106:

of judgeships on the new federal courts, although their colleague

2999:, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, rev. ed. 1990). 2694:

Finkelman, Paul, "Thomas Jefferson and Slavery: The Myth Goes On"

1626:

2, no. 1 (July 1893), 69. Wythepedia. Retrieved January 20, 2022.

1371: 1352: 744: 573: 492: 786:

of April 20, 1775, Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, and

666:

killed merchant Robert Routledge (to whom he owed money) at the

4293: 579:

In the session of August 22, 1754, Wythe replaced the deceased

2776:

Berexa, Daniel, "The Murder of Founding Father George Wythe,"

1418:), they were reported lost by the 1830s. Jefferson's grandson 1189:) before they eventually formed America's first black parish, 30: 16:

American Founding Father, legal scholar, and judge (1726–1806)

4233:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

3526: 2917: 1586:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

1181:. Successively led by Sulpician priests who were fleeing the 588:, built a house for them in Williamsburg which is called the 2735:

What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America

2268:

William & Mary Quarterly, series I, Vol. 6, pp. 182–183.

1933:

Brown, pp. 97–100. Wythe served as Fauquier's executor with

411:, after studying under his uncle. He became a member of the 348: 1170:

about slave rebellion rumors, and the white militia armed.

995:

Among the most famous were future presidents Jefferson and

923:

Despite his late arrival, Wythe served on a committee with

435:. Wythe served as a judge for much of his life, first as a 415:

in 1754 and helped oversee defense expenditures during the

372:, Wythe served as one of Virginia's representatives to the 766:

as Williamsburg's representative. The meeting was held in

631:, which had profound impact that went beyond their lives. 345: 4865:

Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence

2637:

Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence

2215:

Courthouse History, U.S. District Court, Washington, DC

1455:

Wythe's home in Williamsburg, Virginia, stands next to

2619:

Bruce Chadwick, "The Mysterious Death of George Wythe"

2550: 2548: 1410:(who burned many papers before his death) or his ally 3074:

Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, "Biography of George Wythe"

2603:

Philip D. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake"

1981: 1979: 342: 3061: 3043:(Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902). 2667: 2530:

in 1828, which order continues its teaching mission.

1704:

Dill, p. 12, indirectly citing George Wythe Mumford.

1548: 1213:

called out troops that crushed the rebellion led by

1073:

Although Wythe served as what would now be called a

3539:

Physical history of the Declaration of Independence

2545: 2491:"St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, Baltimore, MD" 889:troops which forced Jefferson to flee Richmond and 647:between three branches of the new government. When 600:(with the colony's agent in England). In 1759, the 1976: 1646: 1644: 1581:List of members of the Virginia House of Burgesses 811:, but Wythe's image was cut out of that depiction. 3089:, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary 2558:. Richmondfriends.org. 2004-04-05. Archived from 535: 384:to tend to his dying wife. He was elected to the 4781: 2540:The Oblate Sisters of Providence historic marker 1289:." This was similar to a contemporary ruling in 1641: 1474:Several places in Virginia were named for him: 1467:in 1938. Today it is operated as a museum, the 1191:St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore, Maryland) 443:. He was also a prominent law professor at the 4840:Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention 2698:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2526:These early Haitian refugees also founded the 4279: 3512: 3145: 3037:Stanard, William G. and Mary Newton Stanard, 2635:Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, "George Wythe", in 2193:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 1433:Will of George Wythe, 1806, leaving books to 82:January 29, 1754 – February 10, 1755 2918:William & Mary Law School (1954-09-25). 1636:usconstitution.net Notes on the Constitution 1607:PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1937, 31. 1406:. Last reported either in the possession of 455:was tried and acquitted for Wythe's murder. 407:family, Wythe established a legal career in 4870:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates 4855:People from Elizabeth City County, Virginia 4295:Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates 1669:. L.H. Jenkins, Edition Book Manufactures. 1085:, killed and skinned after taking a bribe. 458: 400:and other men who became American leaders. 4885:Deans of the William & Mary Law School 4286: 4272: 4109:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3519: 3505: 3152: 3138: 3011:George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary Judge, 2625:, on History.net, February 2009, pp. 36–41 2444:(Randolph-Macon College: 1903), pp. 14–15. 1102:). Both men refused offers from President 117:November 22, 1766 – June 11, 1767 29: 3528:United States Declaration of Independence 3159: 3087:Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia 2598: 2596: 2594: 2515:St. Francis Xavier Church historic marker 2440:Smith, Edwin J. and William Edward Dodd, 1658: 1656: 1486:district and neighborhood, including the 1422:, who became the secretary of war of the 1347:, James McCaw and his personal physician 366:United States Declaration of Independence 3474:National Trust for Historic Preservation 3211:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum 3027:(Harvard University Press, 1953) vol. II 2628: 2612: 1439: 1428: 1395:from the College of William & Mary. 1323: 792: 759:and met again in mid-March in Richmond. 539: 462: 2920:"William & Mary Law – George Wythe" 1662: 4782: 2700:, Vol. 102, No. 2, April 1994, p. 211. 2672:. Academic.udayton.edu. Archived from 2591: 1653: 1028:Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 621:Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt 4880:Founding Fathers of the United States 4830:Continental Congressmen from Virginia 4825:College of William & Mary faculty 4267: 3500: 3247:DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum 3133: 1512:at the College of William & Mary. 1249: 1094:1788, Wythe became sole judge of the 747:in May 1773, and on December 16, the 556:In October 1748, family connections ( 487:. His maternal great-grandfather was 358:Founding Fathers of the United States 4820:College of William & Mary alumni 4763: 4149:Journals of the Continental Congress 3485:Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot 2154:(New York: Basic Books, 2007) p. 31. 1780:Stanard, pp. 135, 137, 139, 140–146. 1447:'s notes on biography of Wythe, 1820 1382: 1091:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 4196:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 2668:Vernellia R. Randall (2010-01-01). 1621:"Ancestry of George Wythe, LL. D.," 1148: 527:to begin legal practice in several 13: 1624:William and Mary College Quarterly 1021:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 917: 891:burned the fledgling state capital 776:Give me liberty, or give me death! 14: 4896: 4800:18th-century American politicians 3068:"Hudgins v. Wright Case Material" 3062:Philosophy and Biography on Wythe 3055: 1463:. His house was acquired by the 1068: 4850:Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia 4762: 4751: 4750: 4736: 3020:, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. 3004:George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2911: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2770: 2761: 2748: 2726: 2712: 1663:Munford, Beverley Bland (1914). 1565: 1551: 1465:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1309: 961:the following term (1777–1778). 774:stirred the delegates with his " 731:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore 677:Meanwhile, the publisher of the 338: 319: 3064:, George Wythe College, website 3034:(New York: Farrar Straus, 1976) 2720:Hudgins v. Wright Case Material 2703: 2687: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2582: 2573: 2533: 2520: 2508: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2326: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2208: 2199: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2060:Brown, pp. 93–94, 103–104, 143. 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1988: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1221: 634: 495:minister and early opponent of 4081:Virginia Declaration of Rights 3040:The Virginia Colonial Register 1729: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1629: 1610: 1597: 1279:In one of Wythe's last cases, 536:Colonial politician and mentor 64:June 1775 – June 1776 1: 4875:Taliaferro family of Virginia 3891:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 3447:College of William & Mary 3180:Colonial Williamsburg History 3083:, 1856, Colonial Hall Website 2997:Richmond: The Story of a City 2992:, (John Wiley and Sons, 2009) 2979: 1424:Confederate States of America 1045:, as well as Matthew Bacon's 984:Virginia Ratifying Convention 724: 602:College of William & Mary 445:College of William & Mary 403:Born into a wealthy Virginia 386:Virginia Ratifying Convention 2922:. Law.wm.edu. Archived from 2837:"George Sweeney Trial: 1806" 2556:"Virginia Abolition Society" 2528:Oblate Sisters of Providence 2376:"Commonwealth v. Caton 1782" 1510:Marshall-Wythe School of Law 1488:Olde Wythe Historic District 653:John Robinson estate scandal 596:Justice, and in 1759 to the 467:Coat of Arms of George Wythe 70:Attorney General of Virginia 7: 4860:People murdered in Virginia 4086:Second Continental Congress 3437:Carter's Grove Country Road 3018:American Slavery, 1619–1977 2670:"Hudgins v. Wrights (1806)" 1995:"Key to Trumbull's picture" 1544: 1498:; Wythe Avenue in Richmond. 1387:In 1790 Wythe received the 1330:St. John's Episcopal Church 1328:George Wythe gravestone at 1238:, who linked Jefferson and 959:Virginia House of Delegates 931:, inscribed with the motto 927:which jointly designed the 850:Declaration of Independence 817:Second Continental Congress 804:Declaration of Independence 768:St. John's Episcopal Church 598:Committee of Correspondence 471:Wythe was born in 1726, at 305:College of William and Mary 285:St. John's Episcopal Church 151:Virginia House of Delegates 10: 4901: 4845:House of Burgesses members 4239:Signers Monument (Georgia) 3544:Memorial to the 56 Signers 3051:, Retrieved July 15, 2011. 1313: 1175:Charleston, South Carolina 1047:New Abridgement of the Law 989: 831:, as were fellow delegate 823:, who took command of the 764:Second Virginia Convention 658:On June 20, 1766, Colonel 441:Virginia Court of Chancery 382:United States Constitution 4745: 4734: 4301: 4181: 4102:All men are created equal 4068: 4032: 4002: 3971: 3945: 3899: 3868: 3842: 3786: 3750: 3719: 3688: 3667: 3636: 3610: 3591: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3534: 3442:Carter's Grove Plantation 3424: 3388: 3337: 3203: 3167: 3118: 3108: 3100: 3095: 3009:Kirtland. Robert Bevier, 2453:Robert Cover, see note 1. 1490:in Hampton, a section of 1426:, was named after Wythe. 1011:; future Virginia judges 1005:Littleton Waller Tazewell 966:Constitutional Convention 729:The next royal governor, 518: 360:. The first of the seven 327: 315: 300: 290: 280: 263: 243: 238: 234: 222: 210: 199: 191: 179: 167: 156: 145: 133: 121: 110: 98: 86: 75: 68: 57: 41: 37: 28: 21: 3360:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller 3314:Williamsburg Bray School 3032:Persons and Masks of Law 2733:Gross, Ariela J. Gross, 1997:, AmericanRevolution.org 1591: 1518:in Salt Lake City, Utah. 879:skirmish at Waters Creek 552:, Williamsburg, Virginia 459:Early life and education 4810:American legal scholars 4116:Consent of the governed 3365:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 3301:St. George Tucker House 2347:Kirtland, pp. 183, 187. 1717:. Colonial Williamsburg 1516:George Wythe University 1459:, of which Wythe was a 1292:Brom and Bett v. Ashley 1263:Pleasants v. Pleasants. 378:Philadelphia Convention 4805:American abolitionists 3270:Ludwell–Paradise House 3175:Battle of Williamsburg 2961:Kirtland, pp. 279–281. 2892:Chadwick, pp. 238–249. 2874:Chadwick, pp. 228–232. 2856:Chadwick, pp. 167–194. 2826:Kirtland, pp. 166–167. 2767:Chadwick, pp. 123–124. 2709:Kirtland, pp. 164–167. 2658:Noonan, pp. 46, 55–60. 2413:Kirtland, pp. 179–180. 2365:Kirtland, pp. 180–181. 2308:Kirtland, pp. 172–188. 2288:Retainer from the Lord 2241:Kirtland, pp. 155–158. 2163:Kirtland, pp. 110–118. 2132:Kirtland, pp. 107-108. 2105:Kirtland, pp. 128–129. 1904:Hampden–Sydney College 1494:named Wythe Street in 1476:Wythe County, Virginia 1448: 1437: 1374:. Prominent attorneys 1340: 1273:Pleasants v. Pleasants 1256:Blackwell v. Wilkinson 1100:Virginia Supreme Court 861:their rebellion fail. 812: 693:Robert Carter Nicholas 668:Cumberland Court House 643:and insisted upon the 553: 499:, who returned to the 468: 409:Williamsburg, Virginia 194:Williamsburg, Virginia 4815:American slave owners 3932:Francis Lightfoot Lee 3593:President of Congress 3286:Peyton Randolph House 3275:Matthew Whaley School 3215:Alexander Craig House 3161:Colonial Williamsburg 3030:Noonan Jr., John T., 3002:Dill, Alonzo Thomas, 2865:Chadwick, pp. 195–215 2778:Tennessee Bar Journal 2333:Library of Congress, 2318:Library of Congress, 1826:Stanard, pp. 154–179. 1808:Stanard, pp. 146–154. 1443: 1432: 1420:George Wythe Randolph 1327: 1287:Declaration of Rights 1153:Wythe grew more anti- 1115:Commonwealth v. Caton 902:which led to General 877:in raids such as the 833:Francis Lightfoot Lee 815:On May 10, 1775, the 796: 606:French and Indian War 550:Colonial Williamsburg 543: 481:Elizabeth City County 466: 427:taxes imposed on the 417:French and Indian War 4046:Robert R. Livingston 3229:Bruton Parish Church 3195:Rich Neck Plantation 3006:(Williamsburg, 1979) 2799:Chadwick, pp. 25–26. 2286:Strahan, Thomas W., 1946:Kirtland, pp. 95–96. 1893:Kirtland, pp. 82–83. 1866:Kirtland, pp. 66-71. 1457:Bruton Parish Church 1316:George Sweeney Trial 1075:justice of the peace 711:Bruton Parish Church 645:separation of powers 513:Prince George County 437:justice of the peace 374:Continental Congress 52:Continental Congress 4835:Deaths by poisoning 4173:American Revolution 3310:Wetherburn's Tavern 3224:Brush-Everard House 2995:Dabney, Virginius, 2970:Williamsburg site, 2943:Brown, pp. 224–225. 2839:. encyclopaedia.com 2780:December 21, 2010, 2754:Cover (1975/1984), 2431:Brown, pp. 265–266. 2356:Brown, pp. 254–257. 2290:(Iowa, 1976) p. 34. 2172:Brown, pp. 174–196. 2123:Brown, pp. 140–141. 2096:Brown, pp. 210–212. 2042:Brown, pp. 149–157. 2024:Brown, pp. 114–116. 1985:Brown, pp. 102–103. 1955:Brown, pp. 100–101. 1638:, U.S. Constitution 1404:Library of Virginia 1400:Library of Congress 1351:at first suspected 934:Sic Semper Tyrannis 881:. In January 1781, 762:Wythe attended the 698:Kentucky Resolution 525:Spotsylvania County 186:Benjamin Harrison V 4235:(Washington, D.C.) 4226:Semiquincentennial 4129:Document's history 3984:Thomas Heyward Jr. 3654:Robert Treat Paine 3464:Grand Illumination 3370:Richard Taliaferro 3262:James Semple House 3096:Political offices 3079:2015-05-10 at the 2787:2015-06-21 at the 2738:(2008), pp. 23–24 2579:Dabney, pp. 52–57. 2480:Dabney, pp. 51–52. 2378:. Virginia1774.org 2220:2009-08-26 at the 1522:George Wythe Hotel 1478:, its county seat 1449: 1438: 1414:(publisher of the 1341: 1250:Judicial decisions 1164:Haitian Revolution 1143:Turpin v. Lockett, 1131:Page v. Pendleton, 1119:Marbury v. Madison 1043:William Blackstone 1031:Bushrod Washington 999:; future senators 975:Alexander Hamilton 968:. Fellow delegate 904:Charles Cornwallis 813: 784:Gunpowder Incident 735:Lord Dunmore's War 586:Richard Taliaferro 562:House of Burgesses 554: 546:George Wythe House 469: 413:House of Burgesses 274:Richmond, Virginia 4777: 4776: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4249:Trumbull portrait 4191:National Archives 4161:Independence Hall 4096:Committee of Five 4028: 4027: 3927:Thomas Nelson Jr. 3922:Benjamin Harrison 3912:Richard Henry Lee 3804:Benjamin Franklin 3768:Francis Hopkinson 3732:Philip Livingston 3701:Samuel Huntington 3494: 3493: 3291:President's House 3257:Governor's Palace 3190:Middle Plantation 3185:Historic Triangle 3128: 3127: 3119:Succeeded by 2988:Chadwick, Bruce, 2817:Chadwick, p. 181. 2808:Chadwick, p. 124. 2744:978-0-674-03130-2 2114:Kirtland, p. 106. 2033:Kirtland, p. 104. 1935:Robert Carter III 1924:Brown, pp. 85–86. 1848:Brown, pp. 75–79. 1762:Brown, pp. 38–39. 1416:Richmond Enquirer 1383:Legacy and honors 1300:St. George Tucker 1282:Hudgins v. Wright 1183:French Revolution 1179:Norfolk, Virginia 1104:George Washington 1013:St. George Tucker 1009:John Breckinridge 912:Governor's Palace 900:Yorktown campaign 821:George Washington 613:Stamp Act of 1765 581:Armistead Burwell 501:Church of England 485:Hampton, Virginia 429:Thirteen Colonies 421:Stamp Act of 1765 419:. He opposed the 331: 330: 271:(aged 79–80) 4892: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4216:Sesquicentennial 4203:Independence Day 4076:Halifax Resolves 4062:Matthew Tilghman 4035:for Independence 4033:Delegates voting 3994:Arthur Middleton 3989:Thomas Lynch Jr. 3917:Thomas Jefferson 3763:John Witherspoon 3758:Richard Stockton 3706:William Williams 3628:Matthew Thornton 3589: 3588: 3574:Thomas Jefferson 3564: 3563: 3549:Founding Fathers 3521: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3469:Merchants Square 3459:Colonial Parkway 3345:W. A. R. Goodwin 3319:Williamsburg Inn 3266:John Crump House 3154: 3147: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3101:Preceded by 3093: 3092: 3025:Edmund Pendleton 3023:Mays, David J., 3016:Kolchin, Peter, 2974: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2623:American History 2616: 2610: 2600: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2493:. Archived from 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2196:, Vol. III p. 94 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884:Kirtland, p. 82. 1882: 1876: 1875:Kirtland, p. 73. 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857:Kirtland, p. 63. 1855: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799:Kirtland, p. 89. 1797: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771:Stanard, p. 133. 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753:Dill, pp. 12–15. 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1559:Biography portal 1556: 1555: 1554: 1445:Thomas Jefferson 1435:Thomas Jefferson 1268:Robert Pleasants 1244:Philip D. Morgan 1187:St. Peter Claver 1149:Views on slavery 979:Charles Pinckney 954:Edmund Pendleton 929:Seal of Virginia 908:Count Rochambeau 825:Continental Army 753:Boston Tea Party 679:Virginia Gazette 664:William Byrd III 641:Founding Fathers 629:Thomas Jefferson 617:Francis Fauquier 566:Robert Dinwiddie 439:and then on the 433:Seal of Virginia 390:Thomas Jefferson 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 344: 323: 270: 239:Personal details 225: 213: 204: 182: 174:Edmund Pendleton 170: 161: 136: 124: 115: 101: 89: 80: 62: 33: 19: 18: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4262: 4253: 4183: 4177: 4156:United Colonies 4144:Timothy Matlack 4139:Charles Thomson 4064: 4052: 4036: 4034: 4024: 3998: 3979:Edward Rutledge 3967: 3941: 3895: 3864: 3838: 3782: 3746: 3715: 3684: 3675:Stephen Hopkins 3663: 3632: 3623:William Whipple 3618:Josiah Bartlett 3606: 3603:(Massachusetts) 3578: 3558: 3530: 3525: 3495: 3490: 3420: 3384: 3355:Peyton Randolph 3333: 3199: 3163: 3158: 3124: 3122:James Blair Jr. 3115: 3106: 3081:Wayback Machine 3058: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789:Wayback Machine 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2756:Justice Accused 2753: 2749: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471:Kolchin, p. 73. 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395:Stanard, p. 39. 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337:, Vol. 16, 254. 2331: 2327: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222:Wayback Machine 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2181:Kirtland, p. 5. 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069:Kirtland, p. 9. 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1573:Virginia portal 1571: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1389:honorary degree 1385: 1357:Edmund Randolph 1349:William Foushee 1318: 1312: 1252: 1224: 1215:Gabriel Prosser 1151: 1139:Roane v. Innes, 1071: 992: 920: 918:Founding Father 887:American Legion 883:Benedict Arnold 751:instigated the 749:Sons of Liberty 727: 637: 570:Peyton Randolph 558:Benjamin Waller 538: 521: 461: 341: 337: 291:Political party 272: 268: 258:British America 248: 223: 211: 205: 200: 180: 168: 162: 157: 134: 128:Peyton Randolph 122: 116: 111: 105:Peyton Randolph 99: 93:Peyton Randolph 87: 81: 76: 63: 58: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4898: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4759: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207:Anniversaries 4205: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4093: 4091:Lee Resolution 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4040: 4038: 4037:(did not sign) 4030: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4010:Button Gwinett 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3972:South Carolina 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953:William Hooper 3949: 3947: 3946:North Carolina 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3937:Carter Braxton 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3711:Oliver Wolcott 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3680:William Ellery 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3659:Elbridge Gerry 3656: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3567:Primary author 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3432:Bodleian Plate 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3375:DeWitt Wallace 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3296:Raleigh Tavern 3293: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3279:Nicolson Store 3277: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238:Charlton House 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3056:External links 3054: 3053: 3052: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2954: 2952:Brown, p. 226. 2945: 2936: 2910: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2769: 2760: 2747: 2725: 2711: 2702: 2686: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2627: 2611: 2590: 2588:Dabney, p. 60. 2581: 2572: 2544: 2532: 2519: 2507: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2462:Noonan, p. 33. 2455: 2446: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2404:Brown, p. 249. 2397: 2388: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2325: 2322:, Vol. 16, 79. 2310: 2301: 2299:Noonan, p. 31. 2292: 2279: 2277:Brown, p. 225. 2270: 2261: 2259:Brown, p. 227. 2252: 2243: 2234: 2232:Brown, p. 203. 2225: 2207: 2205:Brown, p. 220. 2198: 2190:Ferrand, Max, 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2143: 2141:Brown, p. 142. 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2087:Brown, p. 210. 2080: 2078:Brown, p. 228. 2071: 2062: 2053: 2051:Brown, p. 144. 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 2006:Brown, p. 121. 1999: 1987: 1975: 1973:Brown, p. 101. 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1715:"George Wythe" 1706: 1697: 1688: 1675: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1617:Tyler, Lyon G. 1609: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1562: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1525: 1524:in Wytheville. 1519: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1472: 1412:Thomas Ritchie 1384: 1381: 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1251: 1248: 1236:Fawn M. Brodie 1229:Lydia Broadnax 1223: 1220: 1150: 1147: 1096:Chancery Court 1070: 1069:Virginia judge 1067: 991: 988: 970:William Pierce 941:surrounded by 919: 916: 858:William Ellery 838:John Dickinson 788:Carter Braxton 757:Raleigh Tavern 726: 723: 719:Raleigh Tavern 706:Townshend Acts 636: 633: 537: 534: 520: 517: 460: 457: 329: 328: 325: 324: 317: 313: 312: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 265: 261: 260: 245: 241: 240: 236: 235: 232: 231: 229:John Blair Jr. 226: 220: 219: 214: 208: 207: 197: 196: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 154: 153: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 73: 72: 66: 65: 55: 54: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4897: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4760: 4757: 4748: 4747: 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4171: 4167: 4166:Syng inkstand 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122:27 grievances 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4021: 4020:George Walton 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3860:Thomas McKean 3858: 3856: 3855:Caesar Rodney 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:George Taylor 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814:George Clymer 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799:Benjamin Rush 3797: 3795: 3794:Robert Morris 3792: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3779: 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Harrison 4058:John Rogers 3850:George Read 3834:George Ross 3819:James Smith 3809:John Morton 3689:Connecticut 3584:Signatories 3329:Wythe House 3252:Geddy House 3104:James Cocke 2015:Dill, p. 1. 1744:Dill, p. 3. 1695:Dill, p. 5. 1469:Wythe House 1193:during the 1051:moot courts 875:James River 688:John Wayles 590:Wythe House 483:but is now 362:signatories 217:James Cocke 212:Preceded by 169:Preceded by 123:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 4784:Categories 4657:Massenburg 4489:G. Hopkins 4482:H. Hopkins 4211:Centennial 4184:and legacy 4015:Lyman Hall 3751:New Jersey 3649:John Adams 3242:Courthouse 3204:Structures 3116:1768–1769 2980:References 2930:2013-09-11 2843:2013-09-11 2680:2013-09-11 2566:2013-09-11 2501:2012-12-30 2382:2013-09-11 1682:2022-09-14 1496:Petersburg 1480:Wytheville 1199:cotton gin 1108:John Blair 1001:Henry Clay 947:Aeternitas 895:Hog Island 885:led 1,600 871:Portsmouth 854:John Adams 780:Royal Navy 725:Revolution 672:John Blair 505:Kecoughtan 477:plantation 423:and other 398:Henry Clay 295:Federalist 4412:Stevenson 4307:Pendleton 3963:John Penn 3773:John Hart 3406:Jamestown 3389:Geography 3110:Mayor of 3049:253261475 1790:election. 1461:vestryman 1195:Civil War 1079:Aristides 1063:Lord Coke 1019:; future 713:in 1769. 316:Signature 301:Education 206:1768–1769 202:In office 192:Mayor of 163:1777–1778 159:In office 113:In office 78:In office 60:In office 4756:Category 4678:Philpott 4580:Saunders 4475:Strother 4454:Southall 4447:Holleman 4440:Southall 4391:Johnston 4054:Maryland 4042:New York 3900:Virginia 3869:Maryland 3843:Delaware 3720:New York 3416:Virginia 3411:Yorktown 3077:Archived 2785:Archived 2758:, p. 54. 2335:Journals 2320:Journals 2218:Archived 1721:April 9, 1545:See also 1535:SS 1338:Virginia 1334:Richmond 1083:Sisamnes 939:Libertas 866:Loyalist 842:John Jay 829:smallpox 809:$ 2 bill 529:Piedmont 376:and the 370:Virginia 254:Virginia 47:Virginia 43:Delegate 4768:Commons 4720:Gilbert 4692:Wilkins 4650:Stanley 4615:Houston 4517:Baldwin 4510:Sheffey 4419:Stanard 4405:Barbour 4356:Mathews 4349:Prentis 4182:Display 4134:signing 4069:Related 4003:Georgia 3234:Capitol 3168:History 1503:Hampton 1372:arsenic 1353:cholera 1155:slavery 990:Teacher 745:Tea Act 574:pistole 497:slavery 449:slavery 425:British 405:planter 364:of the 149:of the 147:Speaker 50:to the 4706:K. Cox 4699:Howell 4643:Dovell 4622:Brewer 4608:E. Cox 4559:Stuart 4552:Fowler 4531:Hanger 4524:Turner 4503:Kemper 4433:Gilmer 4398:Nelson 4384:Holmes 3452:campus 3338:People 3047: 2742: 1673: 1492:US-301 1482:; the 1059:Seixas 977:, and 740:Gaspee 568:while 519:Career 493:Quaker 475:, the 276:, U.S. 4727:Scott 4671:Cooke 4664:Moore 4636:Brown 4629:Ozlin 4538:Allen 4468:Jones 4461:Goode 4426:Banks 4370:Smith 4335:Tyler 4314:Wythe 3425:Other 2972:supra 2605:, in 1592:Notes 1484:Wythe 1393:LL.D. 943:Ceres 368:from 45:from 4685:Moss 4601:Byrd 4587:Ryan 4573:Ryan 4545:Lacy 4363:Wise 3045:OCLC 2740:ISBN 1723:2017 1671:ISBN 1527:The 1508:The 1177:and 1015:and 1007:and 945:and 840:and 836:He, 619:and 544:The 491:, a 264:Died 247:1726 244:Born 4328:Lee 1391:of 1332:in 1137:In 801:'s 797:In 548:in 4786:: 4060:, 4056:: 4048:, 4044:: 2696:, 2621:, 2593:^ 2547:^ 1978:^ 1655:^ 1643:^ 1619:, 1336:, 1003:, 949:. 770:. 655:. 515:. 396:, 392:, 309:BA 256:, 252:, 4287:e 4280:t 4273:v 4118:" 4114:" 4111:" 4107:" 4104:" 4100:" 3520:e 3513:t 3506:v 3153:e 3146:t 3139:v 2933:. 2846:. 2683:. 2569:. 2542:. 2517:. 2504:. 2385:. 1937:. 1906:. 1725:. 1685:. 1540:. 1505:. 1471:. 352:/ 349:θ 346:ɪ 343:w 340:/ 336:( 311:) 307:(

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