391:, is dug and U-shaped or slinky coils are spread out inside the same trench. Shallow 3–8-foot (0.91–2.44 m) horizontal heat exchangers experience seasonal temperature cycles due to solar gains and transmission losses to ambient air at ground level. These temperature cycles lag behind the seasons because of thermal inertia, so the heat exchanger will harvest heat deposited by the sun several months earlier, while being weighed down in late winter and spring, due to accumulated winter cold. Systems in wet ground or in water are generally more efficient than drier ground loops since water conducts and stores heat better than solids in sand or soil. If the ground is naturally dry, soaker hoses may be buried with the ground loop to keep it wet.
588:. Standard ARI 330 ratings were intended for closed-loop ground-source heat pumps, and assume secondary loop water temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) for air conditioning and 0 °C (32 °F) for heating. These temperatures are typical of installations in the northern US. Standard ARI 325 ratings were intended for open-loop ground-source heat pumps, and include two sets of ratings for groundwater temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). ARI 325 budgets more electricity for water pumping than ARI 330. Neither of these standards attempts to account for seasonal variations. Standard ARI 870 ratings are intended for direct exchange ground-source heat pumps.
2969:
605:(~ 0.1 m) and the associated time is on the order of 1 hr, during which the effect of the heat capacity of the backfilling material is significant. The second important space dimension is the half distance between two adjacent boreholes, which is on the order of several meters. The corresponding time is on the order of a month, during which the thermal interaction between adjacent boreholes is important. The largest space scale can be tens of meters or more, such as the half-length of a borehole and the horizontal scale of a GHE cluster. The time scale involved is as long as the lifetime of a GHE (decades).
1167:, Germany which seems the cause of considerable damage to historical buildings there. In 2008, the city centre was reported to have risen 12 cm, after initially sinking a few millimeters. The boring tapped a naturally pressurized aquifer, and via the borehole this water entered a layer of anhydrite, which expands when wet as it forms gypsum. The swelling will stop when the anhydrite is fully reacted, and reconstruction of the city center "is not expedient until the uplift ceases". By 2010 sealing of the borehole had not been accomplished. By 2010, some sections of town had risen by 30 cm.
400:
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for 25 to 50 years and are expected to last at least 50 to 200 years. Ground-source heat pumps use electricity for heating the house. The higher investment above conventional oil, propane or electric systems may be returned in energy savings in 2–10 years for residential systems in the US. The payback period for larger commercial systems in the US is 1–5 years, even when compared to natural gas. Additionally, because geothermal heat pumps usually have no outdoor compressors or cooling towers, the risk of vandalism is reduced or eliminated, potentially extending a system's lifespan.
1227:, particularly for open-loop systems, so they are more cost-effective for larger commercial buildings and harsher climates. The initial cost can be two to five times that of a conventional heating system in most residential applications, new construction or existing. In retrofits, the cost of installation is affected by the size of the living area, the home's age, insulation characteristics, the geology of the area, and the location of the property. Proper duct system design and mechanical air exchange should be considered in the initial system cost.
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plants have larger loads during summer months and idle capacity in the winter, this increases electrical sales during the winter months. Heat pumps also lower the load peak during the summer due to the increased efficiency of heat pumps, thereby avoiding the costly construction of new power plants. For the same reasons, other utility companies have started to pay for the installation of ground-source heat pumps at customer residences. They lease the systems to their customers for a monthly fee, at a net overall saving to the customer.
760:
46:
433:(mini-HDD). This technique can lay piping under yards, driveways, gardens or other structures without disturbing them, with a cost between those of trenching and vertical drilling. This system also differs from horizontal & vertical drilling as the loops are installed from one central chamber, further reducing the ground space needed. Radial drilling is often installed retroactively (after the property has been built) due to the small nature of the equipment used and the ability to bore beneath existing constructions.
325:. These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) . The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring replacement with larger radiators when retrofitting a home from boiler to heat pump. When used for cooling, the temperature of the circulating water must normally be kept above the
4635:
339:) output forced air, and are most commonly used to replace legacy forced air furnaces and central air conditioning systems. There are variations that allow for split systems, high-velocity systems, and ductless systems. Heat pumps cannot achieve as high a fluid temperature as a conventional furnace, so they require a higher volume flow rate of air to compensate. When retrofitting a residence, the existing ductwork may have to be enlarged to reduce the noise from the higher air flow.
1132:
electricity infrastructure, a residential heat pump may save 5 tons of carbon dioxide per year relative to an oil furnace, or about as much as taking an average passenger car off the road. But in cities like
Beijing or Pittsburgh that are highly reliant on coal for electricity production, a heat pump may result in 1 or 2 tons more carbon dioxide emissions than a natural gas furnace. For areas not served by utility natural gas infrastructure, however, no better alternative exists.
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468:
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348:
521:), Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), Canadian GeoExchange Coalition and Ground Source Heat Pump Association maintain listings of qualified installers in the US, Canada and the UK. Furthermore, detailed analysis of soil thermal conductivity for horizontal systems and formation thermal conductivity for vertical systems will generally result in more accurately designed systems with a higher efficiency.
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1340:), despite reductions in thermal efficiency due to ground temperature. (The ground source is warmer in climates that need strong air conditioning, and cooler in climates that need strong heating.) The financial viability of these systems depends on the adequate sizing of ground heat exchangers (GHEs), which generally contribute the most to the overall capital costs of GSHP systems.
89:(CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built. Otherwise
547:(COP). The conversion factor is 3.41 BTU/hr/watt. Since a heat pump moves three to five times more heat energy than the electric energy it consumes, the total energy output is much greater than the electrical input. This results in net thermal efficiencies greater than 300% as compared to radiant electric heat being 100% efficient. Traditional combustion furnaces and
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everywhere in the world. Natural gas is the only fuel with competitive operational costs, and only in a handful of countries where it is exceptionally cheap, or where electricity is exceptionally expensive. In general, a homeowner may save anywhere from 20% to 60% annually on utilities by switching from an ordinary system to a ground-source system.
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systems. Their overall economic benefit depends primarily on the relative costs of electricity and fuels, which are highly variable over time and across the world. Based on recent prices, ground-source heat pumps currently have lower operational costs than any other conventional heating source almost
813:
The US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has called ground source heat pumps the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available. Heat pumps offer significant emission reductions potential, particularly where they are used for both heating and
792:
for thermal storage. In summer, the greenhouse is cooled with cold ground water. This heats the water in the aquifer which can become a warm source for heating in winter. The combination of cold and heat storage with heat pumps can be combined with water/humidity regulation. These principles are used
612:
The main questions that engineers may ask in the early stages of designing a GHE are (a) what the heat transfer rate of a GHE as a function of time is, given a particular temperature difference between the circulating fluid and the ground, and (b) what the temperature difference as a function of time
576:
has adapted this approach to calculate typical seasonally adjusted HSPFs for ground-source heat pumps in Canada. The NRC HSPFs ranged from 8.7 to 12.8 BTU/hr/watt (2.6 to 3.8 in nondimensional factors, or 255% to 375% seasonal average electricity utilization efficiency) for the most populated regions
450:
the system over time and require periodic acid cleaning. This is much more of a problem with cooling systems than heating systems. A standing column well system is a specialized type of open-loop system where water is drawn from the bottom of a deep rock well, passed through a heat pump, and returned
441:
In an open-loop system (also called a groundwater heat pump), the secondary loop pumps natural water from a well or body of water into a heat exchanger inside the heat pump. Since the water chemistry is not controlled, the appliance may need to be protected from corrosion by using different metals in
407:
A vertical system consists of a number of boreholes some 50 to 400 feet (15–122 m) deep fitted with U-shaped pipes through which a heat-carrying fluid that absorbs (or discharges) heat from (or to) the ground is circulated. Bore holes are spaced at least 5–6 m apart and the depth depends on
604:
A challenge in predicting the thermal response of a ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the diversity of the time and space scales involved. Four space scales and eight time scales are involved in the heat transfer of GHEs. The first space scale having practical importance is the diameter of the borehole
119:
to a depth of about 8–20 metres depending on soil type, the thermal mass of the ground causes temperature variation to decrease exponentially with depth until it is close to the local annual average air temperature; it also lags behind the surface temperature, so that the peak temperature is about 6
1332:
The lifespan of the system is longer than conventional heating and cooling systems. Good data on system lifespan is not yet available because the technology is too recent, but many early systems are still operational today after 25–30 years with routine maintenance. Most loop fields have warranties
1328:
Capital costs may be offset by government subsidies; for example, Ontario offered $ 7000 for residential systems installed in the 2009 fiscal year. Some electric companies offer special rates to customers who install a ground-source heat pump for heating or cooling their building. Where electrical
65:
to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North
America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for
355:
Ground source heat pumps employ a ground heat exchanger in contact with the ground or groundwater to extract or dissipate heat. Incorrect design can result in the system freezing after a number of years or very inefficient system performance; thus accurate system design is critical to a successful
595:
Soil without artificial heat addition or subtraction and at depths of several metres or more remains at a relatively constant temperature year round. This temperature equates roughly to the average annual air temperature of the chosen location, usually 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) at a depth of 6
269:
As of 2004, there are over a million units installed worldwide, providing 12 GW of thermal capacity with a growth rate of 10% per year. Each year (as of 2011/2004, respectively), about 80,000 units are installed in the US and 27,000 in Sweden. In
Finland, a geothermal heat pump was the most
512:
Because of the technical knowledge and equipment needed to design and size the system properly (and install the piping if heat fusion is required), a GSHP system installation requires a professional's services. Several installers have published real-time views of system performance in an online
1131:
Ground-source heat pumps always produce fewer greenhouse gases than air conditioners, oil furnaces, and electric heating, but natural gas furnaces may be competitive depending on the greenhouse gas intensity of the local electricity supply. In countries like Canada and Russia with low emitting
416:
Pipe pairs in the hole are joined with a U-shaped cross connector at the bottom of the hole or comprises two small-diameter high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes thermally fused to form a U-shaped bend at the bottom. The space between the wall of the borehole and the U-shaped tubes is usually
608:
The short-term hourly temperature response of the ground is vital for analyzing the energy of ground-source heat pump systems and for their optimum control and operation. By contrast, the long-term response determines the overall feasibility of a system from the standpoint of the life cycle.
412:
used to support the building. Vertical systems rely on migration of heat from surrounding geology, unless recharged during the summer and at other times when surplus heat is available. Vertical systems are typically used where there is insufficient available land for a horizontal system.
596:
metres (20 ft) in the northern US. Because this temperature remains more constant than the air temperature throughout the seasons, ground source heat pumps perform with far greater efficiency during extreme air temperatures than air conditioners and air-source heat pumps.
555:
Efficient compressors, variable speed compressors and larger heat exchangers all contribute to heat pump efficiency. Residential ground source heat pumps on the market today have standard COPs ranging from 2.4 to 5.0 and EERs ranging from 10.6 to 30. To qualify for an
800:
Also the efficiency of existing small heat pump installations can be improved by adding large, cheap, water-filled solar collectors. These may be integrated into a to-be-overhauled parking lot, or in walls or roof constructions by installing one-inch
1087:{\displaystyle {\text{GHG Savings}}=\mathrm {HL} \left({\frac {\mathrm {FI} }{\mathrm {AFUE} \times 1000{\frac {\mathrm {kg} }{\mathrm {ton} }}}}-{\frac {\mathrm {EI} }{\mathrm {COP} \times 3600{\frac {\mathrm {sec} }{\mathrm {hr} }}}}\right)}
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Before drilling, the underground geology needs to be understood, and drillers need to be prepared to seal the borehole, including preventing penetration of water between strata. The unfortunate example is a geothermal heating project in
1347:
Governments that promote renewable energy will likely offer incentives for the consumer (residential), or industrial markets. For example, in the United States, incentives are offered both on the state and federal levels of government.
475:
A closed pond loop consists of coils of pipe similar to a slinky loop attached to a frame and located at the bottom of an appropriately sized pond or water source. Artificial ponds are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some
777:
and interseasonal heat transfer. Heat captured and stored in thermal banks in the summer can be retrieved efficiently in the winter. Heat storage efficiency increases with scale, so this advantage is most significant in commercial or
560:
label, heat pumps must meet certain minimum COP and EER ratings which depend on the ground heat exchanger type. For closed-loop systems, the ISO 13256-1 heating COP must be 3.3 or greater and the cooling EER must be 14.1 or greater.
551:
can never exceed 100% efficiency. Ground source heat pumps can reduce energy consumption – and corresponding air pollution emissions – up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air-conditioning equipment.
1789:
Kavanaugh SK, Rafferty K. Ground-source heat pumps: Design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. Atlanta, GA: American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.;
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Note: contrary to air-source conventions, the NRC's HSPF numbers are in units of BTU/hr/watt. Divide these numbers by 3.41 BTU/hr/watt to arrive at non-dimensional units comparable to ground-source COPs and air-source
1343:
Commercial systems maintenance costs in the US have historically been between $ 0.11 to $ 0.22 per m per year in 1996 dollars, much less than the average $ 0.54 per m per year for conventional HVAC systems.
375:). Monopropylene glycol has the least damaging potential when it might leak into the ground, and is, therefore, the only allowed anti-freeze in ground sources in an increasing number of European countries.
1463:
Kalogirou, Soteris & Florides, Georgios. (2004). Measurements of Ground
Temperature at Various Depths, conference paper 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Nottingham, UK,
817:
GSHPs have unsurpassed thermal efficiencies and produce zero emissions locally, but their electricity supply includes components with high greenhouse gas emissions unless the owner has opted for a 100%
2148:
Li M, Li P, Chan V, Lai ACK. Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades. Appl Energy 2014; 136: 197-205.
572:(HSPF) to account for the impact of seasonal variations on air source heat pumps. These numbers are normally not applicable and should not be compared to ground source heat pump ratings. However,
1336:
Ground source heat pumps are recognized as one of the most efficient heating and cooling systems on the market. They are often the second-most cost-effective solution in extreme climates (after
2435:
592:
transitioned to ISO 13256–1 in 2001, which replaces ARI 320, 325 and 330. The new ISO standard produces slightly higher ratings because it no longer budgets any electricity for water pumps.
4463:
1147:. Open-loop systems (i.e. those that draw ground water as opposed to closed-loop systems using a borehole heat exchanger) need to be balanced by reinjecting the spent water. This prevents
496:(DX) is the oldest type of geothermal heat pump technology where the refrigerant itself is passed through the ground loop. Developed during the 1980s, this approach faced issues with the
826:
Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from using a ground source heat pump instead of a high-efficiency furnace in a detached residence (assuming no specific supply of renewable energy)
1135:
The fluids used in closed loops may be designed to be biodegradable and non-toxic, but the refrigerant used in the heat pump cabinet and in direct exchange loops was, until recently,
262:, ground source heat pumps became popular in Sweden and have been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then. Open loop systems dominated the market until the development of
1759:
Li M, Lai ACK. Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales, Applied Energy 2015; 151: 178-191.
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is often performed to make a deterministic analysis of ground thermal conductivity to optimize the loopfield size, especially for larger commercial sites (e.g., over 10 wells).
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is highly variable. The rapid escalation in system price has been accompanied by rapid improvements in efficiency and reliability. Capital costs are known to benefit from
135:
The "penetration depth" is defined as the depth at which the temperature variable is less than 0.01 of the variation at the surface, and this depends on the type of soil:
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1450:
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Van Passel, Willy; Sourbron, Maarten; Verplaetsen, Filip; Leroy, Luc; Somers, Yvan; Verheyden, Johan; Coupé, Koen. Organisatie voor
Duurzame Energie Vlaanderen (ed.).
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For the sake of comparing heat pump appliances to each other, independently from other system components, a few standard test conditions have been established by the
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grouted completely with grouting material or, in some cases, partially filled with groundwater. For illustration, a detached house needing 10 kW (3
744:) being a function of time, analytical models exclusively decompose it into a time-independent part and a time-dependent part to simplify the analysis.
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in the late 1940s; sources disagree, however, as to the exact timeline of his invention The first successful commercial project was installed in the
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1139:, which is an ozone-depleting substance. Although harmless while contained, leaks and improper end-of-life disposal contribute to enlarging the
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101:
Ground-source heat pumps take advantage of the difference between the ambient temperature and the temperature at various depths in the ground.
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2620:"Editors' message: The housing crisis from underground—damage to a historic town by geothermal drillings through anhydrite, Staufen, Germany"
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to the top of the well. A growing number of jurisdictions have outlawed open-loop systems that drain to the surface because these may drain
1908:
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Williams G. and Gold L. Canadian
Building Digest 180m 1976. National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction.
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supply. Their environmental impact, therefore, depends on the characteristics of the electricity supply and the available alternatives.
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is, given a required heat exchange rate. In the language of heat transfer, the two questions can probably be expressed as
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The GHG emissions savings from a heat pump over a conventional furnace can be calculated based on the following formula:
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1143:. For new construction, this refrigerant is being phased out in favor of the ozone-friendly but potent greenhouse gas
1127:)/GWh, depending on the region's mix of electric power plants (Coal vs Natural Gas vs Nuclear, Hydro, Wind & Solar)
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Hellstrom G. Ground heat storage – thermal analysis of duct storage systems I. Theory. Lund: University of Lund; 1991.
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2537:"DAMAGE TO THE HISTORIC TOWN OF STAUFEN (GERMANY) CAUSED By GEOTHERMAL DRILLING THROUGH ANHYDRITE-BEARING FORMATIONS"
2301:. EEA Report. Vol. 6/2008. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 83.
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Ground source heat pumps are characterized by high capital costs and low operational costs compared to other
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common heating system choice for new detached houses between 2006 and 2011 with market share exceeding 40%.
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Environmental
Protection Agency (1993). "Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier – Report 430-R-93-004". EPA.
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Various models for the time-independent and time-dependent R can be found in the references. Further, a
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Orio, Carl D.; Johnson, Carl N.; Rees, Simon J.; Chiasson, A.; Deng, Zheng; Spitler, Jeffrey D. (2004).
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30500372_Measurements_of_Ground_Temperature_at_Various_Depths
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A horizontal closed loop field is composed of pipes that are arrayed in a plane in the ground. A long
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is the central unit for the building's heating and cooling. It usually comes in two main variants:
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1585:. Vol. 20, no. 4. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 13–18.
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wells. This forces the use of more environmentally sound injection wells or a closed-loop system.
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2051:. Vol. 18, no. 2. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–11.
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1657:. Vol. 25, no. 3. Klmath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1–10.
1451:"Heat pumps are hot items. But for people living in condos, getting one presents some challenges"
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plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply
127:, the temperature is effectively constant, rising about 0.025 °C per metre according to the
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1192:. The reason given is: probably needs to say more about larger systems such as district heating.
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1691:"Geothermal – The Energy Under Our Feet: Geothermal Resources Estimates for the United States"
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COP = heat pump coefficient of performance ≈ 3.2 seasonally adjusted for northern US heat pump
736:) is often an unknown variable that needs to be determined by heat transfer analysis. Despite
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421:) of heating capacity might need three boreholes 80 to 110 m (260 to 360 ft) deep.
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Butscher, Christoph; Huggenberger, Peter; Auckenthaler, Adrian; Bänninger, Dominik (2010).
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2042:"An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Residential Geothermal Heat Pump Owner"
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Capital costs and system lifespan have received much less study until recently, and the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=386ddf88-fe8d-45dd-aabb-0a55be826f3f
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to a depth of about 1 metre, the temperature is very sensitive to sunlight and weather,
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Addressing the complete spectrum of time scales require vast computational resources.
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ground and building characteristics. Alternatively, pipes may be integrated with the
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2713:. Klamath Falls, OR: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. Archived from
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Keine
Entwarnung in der Fauststadt – Risse in Staufen: Pumpen, reparieren und hoffen
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543:(EER), while heating performance is typically reduced to dimensionless units as the
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The thermal properties of the ground near the surface can be described as follows:
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HL = seasonal heat load ≈ 80 GJ/yr for a modern detached house in the northern US
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Payback period for installing a ground source heat pump in a detached residence
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2436:"Strategic GHG reduction through the use of ground source heat pump technology"
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1833:
1416:
794:
322:
30:
This article is about one type of heat pump. For more general information, see
4634:
2644:
2619:
2596:
2380:
National Inventory Report 1990–2006:Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada
1956:"White House Executive Order on Sustainability Includes Geothermal Heat Pumps"
1646:
Lund, J.; Sanner, B.; Rybach, L.; Curtis, R.; Hellström, G. (September 2004).
721:
is the heat transfer rate of the GHE per unit time per unit length (W/m), and
4912:
4887:
4350:
4201:
4096:
4061:
3831:
3826:
3781:
3776:
3622:
3597:
3592:
3567:
3537:
3407:
3306:
3286:
3266:
3177:
3067:
3057:
2463:
2397:
2324:
2056:
1662:
1590:
1379:
1337:
310:
71:
773:
The efficiency of ground source heat pumps can be greatly improved by using
309:
systems that carry heating or cooling through the building through pipes to
4798:
4528:
4206:
4106:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4001:
3936:
3816:
3786:
3726:
3721:
3696:
3607:
3486:
3402:
3326:
3311:
3296:
3072:
802:
283:
263:
2076:
539:
Cooling performance is typically expressed in units of BTU/hr/watt as the
4793:
4538:
4180:
4137:
4111:
4051:
4031:
4026:
3901:
3861:
3846:
3791:
3716:
3686:
3681:
3497:
3362:
3281:
3087:
3077:
3045:
3035:
2567:
1249:
1244:
854:
849:
557:
497:
221:
814:
cooling and where the electricity is produced from renewable resources.
232:
had patented the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground in 1912.
4294:
4216:
4147:
4116:
3991:
3961:
3891:
3841:
3811:
3796:
3771:
3676:
3476:
3372:
3291:
3231:
3104:
3099:
3040:
3030:
2353:"Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, Electricity Emission Factors"
1978:"Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System"
1810:. Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency. Archived from
1780:
ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, Inc; 2011.
1620:"Ground-Water Heat Pumps – Home Heating and Cooling from Your Own Well"
1140:
467:
418:
388:
329:
to ensure that atmospheric humidity does not condense on the radiator.
1509:
History of Heat Pumps Swiss Contributions and International Milestones
4834:
4253:
3931:
3926:
3876:
3851:
3706:
3502:
2714:
443:
326:
292:
235:
After experimenting with a freezer, Robert C. Webber built the first
217:
139:
Penetration depth in metres of diurnal and annual temperature cycles
62:
31:
4564:
2792:"Geothermal heat pumps: alternative energy heating and cooling FAQs"
2442:. Vol. 2, no. 4. UK: IOP Publishing. pp. 044001 8pp.
1856:. Vol. 11, no. 4. ASHRAE. pp. 637–655. Archived from
1359:
347:
74:, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a
4236:
4170:
3671:
3471:
3271:
3246:
3221:
2351:
Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy (2007).
1547:. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Archived from
372:
306:
255:
built the first residential open loop version in his home in 1948.
2306:
1469:
https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/bitstream/10488/870/3/C55-PRT020-SET3.pdf
1387:
3746:
3418:
2988:
2978:
2706:
Lienau, Paul J.; Boyd, Tonya L.; Rogers, Robert L. (April 1995).
1933:
1847:"A Survey of Standing Column Well Installations in North America"
1515:, 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zürich, Switzerland
1373:
789:
452:
447:
2795:
1626:, vol. 212, no. 2, Bonnier Corporation, pp. 78–82
4423:
4175:
3981:
3731:
2983:
2257:
1955:
589:
518:
384:
61:) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of
3199:
2217:"Schematic of similar system of aquifers with fans-regulation"
2181:
4438:
3871:
2924:
1156:
1144:
2888:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
2111:"Energy Star Program Requirements for Geothermal Heat Pumps"
3946:
3866:
2920:
2708:"Ground-Source Heat Pump Case Studies and Utility Programs"
2294:
1212:
1111:
266:
pipe in 1979 made closed loop systems economically viable.
248:
67:
2945:
471:
12-ton pond loop system being sunk to the bottom of a pond
429:
As an alternative to trenching, loops may be laid by mini
351:
A horizontal slinky loop prior to being covered with soil.
2935:
2864:
Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles
2681:
1648:"Geothermal (Ground Source) Heat Pumps, A World Overview"
714:
is the effective, undisturbed temperature of the ground,
1576:"Geothermal Heat Pumps, Four Plus Decades of Experience"
1123:
EI = emissions intensity of electricity ≈ 200–800 ton(CO
1883:"Seasonal pit heat storage: Cost benchmark of 30 EUR/m"
1844:
2097:"AHRI Directory of water-to-air geothermal heat pumps"
1906:
1645:
788:
have been used to heat and cool a greenhouse using an
363:
pipe and contains a mixture of water and anti-freeze (
1104:)/GJ for natural gas, 73 for heating oil, 0 for 100%
943:
763:
A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage
707:
is the average temperature of the circulating fluid,
619:
49:
A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage
2752:
1728:"GSHC Viability and Design – Carbon Zero Consulting"
1355:
513:
community of recent residential installations. The
2819:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-02-24. Archived from
2617:
2238:"Capture, storage and release of Renewable Cooling"
96:
2570:"Risikoorientierte Bewilligung von Erdwärmesonden"
1918:. sec. 4 PTES (Pit Thermal Energy Storage), p. 99.
1108:such as wind, hydro, photovoltaic or solar thermal
1086:
690:
504:in 1989 and DX systems now are infrequently used.
359:Pipework for the ground loop is typically made of
2941:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
2433:
1804:"Ground Source Heat Pumps (Earth Energy Systems)"
1422:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
797:and renewable cooling to all kinds of buildings.
515:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
245:National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark
38:. For electricity generation from hot rocks, see
4910:
2705:
2618:Goldscheider, Nico; Bechtel, Timothy D. (2009).
1999:"Horizontal & Vertical Thermal Conductivity"
1457:
1100:FI = emissions intensity of fuel = 50 kg(CO
500:and oil management system, especially after the
1907:Kallesøe, A.J.; Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. (eds.).
2491:Spiegel.de report on recent geological changes
2001:. Carbonzeroco.com. 2016-03-23. Archived from
1485:
1483:
586:International Organization for Standardization
403:Drilling of a borehole for residential heating
4580:
3185:
3151:
2434:Hanova, J; Dowlatabadi, H (9 November 2007).
2177:
2175:
1798:
1796:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2652:
2429:
2427:
1569:
1567:
1565:
599:
2842:"Benefits of a Geothermal Heat Pump System"
2676:
2674:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1909:"Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES)"
1902:
1900:
1480:
754:
4587:
4573:
3952:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
3201:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3192:
3178:
3158:
3144:
3116:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
2860:
2786:
2784:
2172:
1874:
1793:
1573:
1525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1427:Glossary of geothermal heating and cooling
27:System to transfer heat to/from the ground
2694:
2643:
2534:
2506:
2424:
1755:
1753:
1562:
120:months after the surface peak temperature
34:. For direct heating from hot rocks, see
4386:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
2881:
2671:
2039:
2028:
1932:. www.igshpa.okstate.edu. Archived from
1897:
1114:= furnace efficiency ≈ 95% for a modern
758:
466:
398:
346:
342:
282:
241:Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon)
44:
2861:Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018).
2781:
2025:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
1641:
1639:
1574:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (December 1999).
808:
278:
237:direct exchange ground source heat pump
14:
4911:
2867:. London: ICE Publishing. p. 79.
2817:"Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps"
2682:"Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc"
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2290:
2288:
2286:
1750:
1617:
1501:
1499:
524:
4594:
4568:
4259:Programmable communicating thermostat
3173:
2809:
1893:from the original on 2 February 2020.
1159:or other compounds from underground.
4381:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2509:"Geothermal probe sinks German city"
2295:European Environment Agency (2008).
1808:Heating and Cooling with a Heat Pump
1767:
1765:
1636:
1505:
1174:
570:Heating Seasonal Performance Factors
494:direct exchange geothermal heat pump
2946:Ground Source Heat Pump Association
2337:
2283:
1980:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2008-12-30
1880:
1496:
1309:Highly variable with energy prices.
243:in 1948, and has been designated a
24:
4242:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2507:Pancevski, Bojan (30 March 2008).
2382:. Government of Canada. May 2008.
2298:Energy and environment report 2008
2185:Warmtepompen voor woningverwarming
2049:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1655:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1583:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1319:Climate differences not evaluated.
1314:Government subsidies not included.
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
986:
983:
980:
977:
971:
968:
956:
953:
725:is the total thermal resistance (m
25:
4945:
4284:Standard temperature and pressure
3997:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3533:Passive daytime radiative cooling
3262:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2903:
2086:of this article in February 2001.
1762:
564:Standards ARI 210 and 240 define
4892:
4882:
4868:
4867:
4633:
3353:Absorption-compression heat pump
2967:
1618:Gannon, Robert (February 1978),
1386:
1372:
1358:
1179:
566:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
97:Thermal properties of the ground
4248:Normal temperature and pressure
3628:Vapor-compression refrigeration
3127:Topics by country and territory
2936:Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium
2854:
2834:
2611:
2561:
2528:
2500:
2484:
2368:
2251:
2230:
2209:
2151:
2142:
2131:
2103:
2089:
2016:
1991:
1970:
1948:
1922:
1838:
1827:
1783:
1774:
1720:
1706:
775:seasonal thermal energy storage
769:Seasonal thermal energy storage
584:(ARI) and more recently by the
507:
431:horizontal directional drilling
2440:Environmental Research Letters
2040:Rafferty, Kevin (April 1997).
1683:
1611:
1533:
1443:
685:
679:
668:
652:
646:
633:
582:American Refrigerant Institute
425:Radial or directional drilling
273:
13:
1:
4396:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4340:Building information modeling
4335:Building services engineering
3912:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3440:Demand controlled ventilation
3388:Building insulation materials
2159:"Interseasonal Heat Transfer"
1437:
1402:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1239:Payback period for replacing
442:the heat exchanger and pump.
3957:High-pressure cut-off switch
3508:Ice storage air conditioning
3429:Dedicated outdoor air system
2764:Capital Electric Cooperative
2456:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/044001
2191:. p. 28. Archived from
1881:Epp, Baerbel (17 May 2019).
1170:
805:pipes into the outer layer.
251:. Professor Carl Nielsen of
7:
4845:Energy return on investment
4300:Thermostatic radiator valve
4102:Thermostatic radiator valve
3613:Underfloor air distribution
3548:Radiant heating and cooling
3466:Energy recovery ventilation
3378:Automobile air conditioning
3242:Domestic energy consumption
3132:Marketing and policy trends
1714:"Choosing a heating system"
1506:Zogg, M. (20–22 May 2008),
1351:
691:{\displaystyle q_{l}=/R(t)}
10:
4950:
4814:Enhanced geothermal system
4449:Institute of Refrigeration
4330:Architectural technologist
3802:Electrostatic precipitator
2897:. US Department of Energy.
2219:. Zonneterp.nl. 2005-11-11
766:
545:coefficient of performance
531:Coefficient of performance
528:
226:Peter Ritter von Rittinger
211:
87:coefficient of performance
29:
4863:
4827:
4786:
4642:
4631:
4602:
4511:
4502:Volatile organic compound
4477:
4404:
4361:Environmental engineering
4325:Architectural engineering
4308:
4156:
4127:Ultra-low particulate air
3712:Automatic balancing valve
3659:
3640:Variable refrigerant flow
3492:Heat recovery ventilation
3435:Deep water source cooling
3345:
3207:
2663:, 15. Oktober 2010, hcw:
2645:10.1007/s10040-009-0458-7
2597:10.1007/s00767-010-0154-5
1407:Deep water source cooling
1302:
1238:
1235:
1188:This section needs to be
843:
833:
830:
600:Analysis of heat transfer
361:high-density polyethylene
287:Liquid-to-water heat pump
224:in 1853 and developed by
85:Efficiency is given as a
4934:Sustainable technologies
4549:Template:Home automation
4371:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4067:Solar-assisted heat pump
3667:Air conditioner inverter
3446:Displacement ventilation
3337:Vapour pressure of water
3322:Thermal destratification
2550:(2): 233. Archived from
844:GHG savings relative to
755:Seasonal thermal storage
574:Natural Resources Canada
335:heat pumps (also called
301:heat pumps (also called
93:are often used instead.
4544:World Refrigeration Day
4391:Refrigerant reclamation
4320:Architectural acoustics
4264:Programmable thermostat
4196:Clean air delivery rate
4092:Thermal expansion valve
4007:Pressurisation ductwork
3917:Ground source heat pump
3358:Absorption refrigerator
2760:"Geothermal Heat Pumps"
1432:Uniform Mechanical Code
1366:Renewable energy portal
541:energy efficiency ratio
535:Energy Efficiency Ratio
502:ban of CFC refrigerants
78:or by use of resistive
55:ground source heat pump
4534:Glossary of HVAC terms
4496:Sick building syndrome
4376:Mechanical engineering
4087:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3518:Mixed-mode ventilation
3093:Tidal stream generator
2740:Cite journal requires
2271:Cite journal requires
1155:or surface water with
1088:
764:
692:
472:
404:
352:
311:conventional radiators
288:
50:
4554:Template:Solar energy
4232:Intelligent buildings
4191:Carbon dioxide sensor
3578:Room air distribution
3398:Central solar heating
2910:Geothermal Heat Pumps
2659:badische-zeitung.de,
2535:FORMACIJE, A (2010).
2075:The author issued an
2023:Geothermal Heat Pumps
1958:. www.geoexchange.org
1412:Solar thermal cooling
1153:contamination of soil
1137:chlorodifluoromethane
1089:
786:Geosolar combisystems
762:
749:Thermal response test
693:
478:central solar heating
470:
402:
350:
343:Ground heat exchanger
286:
253:Ohio State University
91:air-source heat pumps
48:
4924:Building engineering
4356:Duct leakage testing
4346:Deep energy retrofit
4290:Thermographic camera
4227:Infrared thermometer
3702:Air source heat pump
3651:Water heat recycling
3217:Air changes per hour
3053:Marine current power
2999:Crosswind kite power
2624:Hydrogeology Journal
2493:(in German, partial
1221:return on investment
941:
809:Environmental impact
617:
488:Direct exchange (DX)
279:Internal arrangement
59:geothermal heat pump
18:Geothermal heat pump
4615:Geothermal gradient
4222:HVAC control system
4212:Home energy monitor
4186:Building automation
3972:Inverter compressor
3634:Variable air volume
3543:Passive ventilation
3513:Kitchen ventilation
3413:Constant air volume
3383:Autonomous building
3083:Sustainable biofuel
2994:Carbon-neutral fuel
2955:Part of a series on
2636:2009HydJ...17..491G
2589:2011Grund..16...13B
2448:2007ERL.....2d4001H
2118:Partner Commitments
2066:on 17 February 2012
1854:ASHRAE Transactions
1232:
1165:Staufen im Breisgau
840:Emissions Intensity
827:
525:Thermal performance
319:baseboard radiators
258:As a result of the
140:
129:geothermal gradient
123:Below that, in the
4620:Geothermal heating
4485:Indoor air quality
4429:ASTM International
4366:Hydronic balancing
4143:Wood-burning stove
4022:Radiator reflector
3807:Evaporative cooler
3618:Underfloor heating
3603:Thermal insulation
3009:Geothermal heating
2915:2009-04-01 at the
2893:2008-02-22 at the
2668:(17. Oktober 2010)
2082:2013-02-17 at the
1834:Hard water#Indices
1474:2022-10-05 at the
1230:
1225:economies of scale
1116:condensing furnace
1084:
825:
765:
688:
473:
405:
387:, deeper than the
353:
315:underfloor heating
289:
138:
51:
36:geothermal heating
4919:Energy conversion
4906:
4905:
4610:Geothermal energy
4603:Geothermal energy
4596:Geothermal energy
4562:
4561:
4478:Health and safety
4057:Scroll compressor
4012:Process duct work
3767:Convection heater
3762:Condensing boiler
3692:Air-mixing plenum
3588:Solar combisystem
3424:Cross ventilation
3227:Building envelope
3168:
3167:
3004:Geothermal energy
2661:Lokales, Breisgau
2389:978-1-100-11176-6
2316:978-92-9167-980-5
2138:definition of GHE
1887:Solarthermalworld
1394:Technology portal
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1209:
1208:
1149:aquifer depletion
1077:
1074:
1020:
1017:
947:
933:
932:
369:denatured alcohol
220:was described by
209:
208:
16:(Redirected from
4941:
4898:Renewable energy
4896:
4886:
4871:
4870:
4809:District heating
4637:
4625:Geothermal power
4589:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4524:Building science
4279:Smart thermostat
4274:Room temperature
3857:Fireplace insert
3563:Radon mitigation
3461:Electric heating
3456:District heating
3451:District cooling
3368:Air conditioning
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3024:Run-of-the-river
3019:Hydroelectricity
3014:Geothermal power
2971:
2961:Renewable energy
2952:
2951:
2931:Cost calculation
2898:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2794:. Archived from
2788:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2766:. Archived from
2756:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2544:Acta Carsologica
2541:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:. Archived from
2431:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:. Archived from
2046:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:on 27 March 2015
1734:. Archived from
1732:carbonzeroco.com
1724:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1665:. Archived from
1652:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1593:. Archived from
1580:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1255:electric heating
1233:
1229:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1106:renewable energy
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
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1021:
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1005:
997:
989:
974:
966:
959:
948:
945:
860:electric heating
828:
824:
820:renewable energy
780:district heating
697:
695:
694:
689:
675:
667:
666:
645:
644:
629:
628:
549:electric heaters
482:district heating
410:foundation piles
365:propylene glycol
141:
137:
80:electric heaters
40:geothermal power
21:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4909:
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4859:
4840:Capacity factor
4828:Energy concepts
4823:
4782:
4638:
4629:
4598:
4593:
4563:
4558:
4519:ASHRAE Handbook
4507:
4491:Passive smoking
4473:
4406:
4400:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4158:
4152:
4133:Whole-house fan
4047:Run-around coil
4042:Reversing valve
3987:Mechanical room
3977:Kerosene heater
3967:Infrared heater
3897:Gasoline heater
3837:Fan filter unit
3752:Condensate pump
3737:Centrifugal fan
3655:
3558:Radiant heating
3553:Radiant cooling
3528:Passive cooling
3523:Microgeneration
3393:Central heating
3341:
3317:Thermal comfort
3209:
3203:
3198:
3164:
2917:Wayback Machine
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2084:Wayback Machine
2077:updated version
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529:Main articles:
527:
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323:hot water tanks
299:Liquid-to-water
281:
276:
260:1973 oil crisis
230:Heinrich Zoelly
214:
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28:
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4269:Psychrometrics
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4166:Air flow meter
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3944:
3942:Heating system
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Heat exchanger
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Gas compressor
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
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3834:
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3822:Expansion tank
3819:
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3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
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3764:
3759:
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3749:
3744:
3742:Ceramic heater
3739:
3734:
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3590:
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3583:Solar air heat
3580:
3575:
3573:Renewable heat
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
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3332:Thermodynamics
3329:
3324:
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3304:
3302:Psychrometrics
3299:
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3289:
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3279:
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3259:
3257:Gas compressor
3254:
3252:Fluid dynamics
3249:
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2904:External links
2902:
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2808:
2780:
2751:
2742:|journal=
2693:
2670:
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2630:(3): 491–493.
2610:
2560:
2557:on 2012-08-13.
2527:
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2414:|journal=
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2015:
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1417:Renewable heat
1414:
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1200:September 2023
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795:renewable heat
767:Main article:
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4351:Duct cleaning
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4097:Thermal wheel
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3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Vapor barrier
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Solar heating
3596:
3594:
3593:Solar cooling
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Refrigeration
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Passive house
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Chilled water
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Sensible heat
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Noise control
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Heat transfer
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Osmotic power
3066:
3064:
3063:Ocean thermal
3061:
3059:
3058:Marine energy
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2874:9780727763983
2870:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2843:
2837:
2823:on 2009-04-01
2822:
2818:
2812:
2798:on 2007-09-03
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2770:on 2008-12-06
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2734:
2720:on 2009-10-07
2716:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2473:on 2016-04-06
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2307:10.2800/10548
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2265:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2198:on 2009-03-18
2194:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2120:. Energy Star
2119:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2005:on 2015-03-27
2004:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1936:on 3 May 2015
1935:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:on 2010-06-26
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1814:on 2009-04-03
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1672:on 2014-02-01
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1600:on 2012-10-31
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:on 2009-04-04
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1380:Energy portal
1375:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:co-generation
1334:
1330:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1203:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1050:
1047:
1022:
993:
990:
961:
949:
936:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
841:
829:
823:
821:
815:
806:
804:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
781:
776:
770:
761:
752:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
710:
703:
698:
682:
676:
672:
663:
659:
655:
649:
641:
637:
630:
625:
621:
610:
606:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
553:
550:
546:
542:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
505:
503:
499:
495:
487:
486:
485:
483:
479:
469:
462:
461:
460:
458:
454:
449:
445:
436:
435:
434:
432:
424:
423:
422:
420:
414:
411:
401:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
378:
377:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
349:
340:
338:
334:
333:Liquid-to-air
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
285:
271:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
165:
164:
160:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
143:
142:
136:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:shallow layer
114:
111:
110:surface layer
107:
106:
105:
102:
94:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
72:water heating
69:
64:
60:
56:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4879:
4872:
4819:Hot dry rock
4804:Desalination
4799:Binary cycle
4787:Technologies
4529:Fireproofing
4313:and services
4309:Professions,
4207:Gas detector
4107:Trickle vent
4082:Smoke damper
4077:Smoke canopy
4072:Space heater
4002:Plenum space
3937:Heating film
3916:
3817:Exhaust hood
3787:Dehumidifier
3727:Blast damper
3722:Barrier pipe
3697:Air purifier
3608:Thermosiphon
3487:Free cooling
3403:Chilled beam
3327:Thermal mass
3312:Stack effect
3297:Particulates
3277:Infiltration
3208:Fundamental
3073:Solar energy
2883:
2863:
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:the original
2811:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2754:
2733:cite journal
2722:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2685:. Retrieved
2664:
2660:
2654:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2583:(1): 13–24.
2580:
2576:
2563:
2552:the original
2547:
2543:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2439:
2379:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2328:. Retrieved
2297:
2264:cite journal
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2240:. Icax.co.uk
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2184:
2163:. Retrieved
2161:. Icax.co.uk
2153:
2144:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2117:
2105:
2091:
2068:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2048:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1916:heatstore.eu
1915:
1886:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1853:
1840:
1829:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1807:
1785:
1776:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1731:
1722:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1654:
1628:, retrieved
1623:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1582:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1544:
1535:
1508:
1459:
1445:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1218:
1210:
1197:
1189:
1161:
1134:
1130:
937:
934:
929:12.8 ton/yr
912:10.3 ton/yr
816:
812:
799:
784:
772:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
715:
708:
701:
699:
611:
607:
603:
594:
579:
563:
554:
538:
511:
508:Installation
491:
474:
440:
428:
415:
406:
382:
358:
354:
337:water-to-air
336:
332:
331:
302:
298:
297:
290:
268:
264:polybutylene
257:
234:
215:
134:
125:deeper layer
124:
116:
109:
103:
100:
84:
58:
54:
52:
4794:Aquaculture
4743:Philippines
4738:New Zealand
4678:El Salvador
4539:Warm Spaces
4181:Blower door
4159:and control
4157:Measurement
4138:Windcatcher
4112:Trombe wall
4052:Sail switch
4032:Refrigerant
4027:Recuperator
3902:Grease duct
3862:Freeze stat
3847:Fire damper
3717:Back boiler
3687:Air ionizer
3682:Air handler
3646:Ventilation
3498:Hybrid heat
3363:Air barrier
3282:Latent heat
3088:Tidal power
3078:Solar power
3046:Small hydro
3036:Micro hydro
2577:Grundwasser
2495:translation
1250:heating oil
1245:natural gas
946:GHG Savings
923:−1.6 ton/yr
920:839 ton/GWh
906:−0.5 ton/yr
903:676 ton/GWh
895:5.4 ton/yr
886:351 ton/GWh
878:3.4 ton/yr
869:223 ton/GWh
855:heating oil
850:natural gas
793:to provide
577:of Canada.
568:(SEER) and
558:Energy Star
498:refrigerant
457:contaminate
274:Arrangement
222:Lord Kelvin
4929:Heat pumps
4913:Categories
4643:By country
4295:Thermostat
4217:Humidistat
4148:Zone valve
4117:TurboSwing
3992:Oil heater
3962:Humidifier
3892:Gas heater
3842:Fan heater
3812:Evaporator
3797:Economizer
3772:Compressor
3677:Air filter
3660:Components
3477:Forced-air
3373:Antifreeze
3346:Technology
3292:Outgassing
3232:Convection
3105:Wind power
3100:Wave power
3041:Pico hydro
3031:Hydropower
2847:2011-11-21
2827:2009-06-08
2802:2007-10-19
2774:2008-10-05
2724:2009-03-26
2687:2007-10-19
2477:2009-03-22
2361:2009-03-22
2330:2009-03-22
2244:2011-03-30
2223:2011-03-30
2202:2009-03-23
2165:2011-09-16
2124:2009-03-24
2070:2009-03-21
2009:2016-03-23
1984:2009-06-08
1867:2009-03-25
1818:2009-03-24
1699:2011-03-30
1676:2009-03-21
1630:2009-11-01
1604:2009-03-21
1555:2009-03-24
1438:References
1141:ozone hole
926:1.0 ton/yr
909:2.2 ton/yr
892:4.4 ton/yr
889:1.8 ton/yr
875:5.3 ton/yr
872:2.7 ton/yr
389:frost line
379:Horizontal
66:providing
4835:Base load
4728:Lithuania
4703:Indonesia
4653:Australia
4405:Industry
4254:OpenTherm
3932:Heat pump
3927:Heat pipe
3877:Fume hood
3852:Fireplace
3757:Condenser
3707:Attic fan
3503:Hydronics
2605:129598890
2464:1748-9326
2416:ignored (
2406:cite book
2398:1706-3353
2376:"annex 9"
2325:1725-9177
2057:0276-1084
1663:0276-1084
1591:0276-1084
1541:"History"
1171:Economics
1048:×
1023:−
991:×
782:systems.
656:−
444:Limescale
437:Open loop
327:dew point
293:heat pump
228:in 1855.
218:heat pump
150:Year (m)
144:Soil Type
63:heat pump
32:heat pump
4880:Portals:
4874:Category
4748:Portugal
4683:Ethiopia
4512:See also
4237:LonWorks
4171:Aquastat
4037:Register
4017:Radiator
3672:Air door
3472:Firestop
3272:Humidity
3247:Enthalpy
3237:Dilution
3222:Bake-out
3210:concepts
2913:Archived
2891:Archived
2520:19 March
2080:Archived
1930:"IGSHPA"
1891:Archived
1742:19 March
1545:About Us
1521:citation
1472:Archived
1352:See also
1298:2 years
1292:net loss
1284:4 years
1278:12 years
1270:6 years
1264:13 years
1151:and the
453:aquifers
395:Vertical
373:methanol
356:system
307:hydronic
199:Dry sand
188:Dry clay
177:Wet sand
166:Wet clay
4768:Ukraine
4753:Romania
4723:Lebanon
4698:Iceland
4693:Hungary
4688:Germany
4673:Denmark
4649:Armenia
4311:trades,
3882:Furnace
3747:Chiller
3419:Coolant
2989:Biomass
2979:Biofuel
2948:(GSHPA)
2632:Bibcode
2585:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
1295:8 years
1289:Germany
1281:5 years
1267:3 years
1236:Country
1190:updated
831:Country
790:aquifer
212:History
147:Day (m)
115:In the
108:In the
4888:Energy
4763:Turkey
4758:Russia
4733:Mexico
4658:Canada
4464:SMACNA
4424:ASHRAE
4244:(MERV)
4198:(CADR)
4176:BACnet
4129:(ULPA)
3982:Louver
3907:Grille
3782:Damper
3732:Boiler
3630:(VCRS)
3431:(DOAS)
2984:Biogas
2871:
2603:
2462:
2396:
2386:
2323:
2313:
2055:
1962:17 May
1940:17 May
1661:
1589:
1304:Notes:
1261:Canada
883:Russia
866:Canada
700:where
590:ASHRAE
519:IGSHPA
385:trench
305:) are
57:(also
4718:Kenya
4713:Japan
4708:Italy
4668:China
4663:Chile
4504:(VOC)
4498:(SBS)
4487:(IAQ)
4444:CIBSE
4439:BSRIA
4342:(BIM)
4286:(STP)
4250:(NTP)
3872:Freon
3642:(VRF)
3636:(VAV)
3494:(HRV)
3468:(ERV)
3442:(DCV)
3415:(CAV)
2925:USDOE
2718:(PDF)
2711:(PDF)
2601:S2CID
2573:(PDF)
2555:(PDF)
2540:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2356:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2045:(PDF)
1912:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1824:HSPF.
1790:1997.
1694:(PDF)
1670:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1157:brine
1145:R410A
917:China
728:K/W).
183:14.5
172:18.0
161:20.5
4459:LEED
4419:AMCA
4414:AHRI
3947:HEPA
3867:Flue
3792:Duct
2921:EERE
2869:ISBN
2746:help
2522:2018
2460:ISSN
2418:help
2394:ISSN
2384:ISBN
2321:ISSN
2311:ISBN
2277:help
2053:ISSN
1964:2015
1942:2015
1744:2018
1659:ISSN
1587:ISSN
1527:link
1213:HVAC
1112:AFUE
1051:3600
994:1000
533:and
492:The
463:Pond
448:foul
446:may
321:and
249:ASME
216:The
205:4.5
202:0.30
194:6.5
191:0.40
180:0.80
169:0.95
158:1.10
155:Rock
70:and
68:HVAC
4469:UMC
4454:IIR
4434:BRE
3827:Fan
2640:doi
2593:doi
2452:doi
2303:doi
455:or
419:ton
371:or
247:by
4915::
2927:).
2783:^
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