864:. According to the legend, Gerbert, traveled to Spain in order to further his knowledge of the lawful arts, as defined by the quadrivium. Gerbert quickly became more knowledgeable than anyone around him in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology. This is the point in William of Malmesbury's testimony where Gerbert is said to have begun learning the dark arts. During Gerberts time in Spain, he was said to live with a Saracen philosopher, who was responsible for giving this knowledge to Sylvester. This knowledge was first obtained through using money and promises as bartering chips for the philosoper's books, which Gerbert translated and learned from. Despite his efforts, there was one book that Gerbert was not able to coax from the philosopher. This book was said to contain all of the knowledge the Saracen philosopher had on the dark arts. After resorting to using wine, and intimacy with his daughter, Gerbert was able to steal the book from under the philosopher's pillow while he slept. Gerbert fled, pursued by the victim, who could trace the thief by the stars, but Gerbert was aware of the pursuit, and hid hanging from a wooden bridge, where, suspended between heaven and earth, he was invisible to the magician.
831:
868:
948:
55:
529:, five other circles called parallels, which, from one pole to the other, divided the half of the sphere into thirty parts. He put six of these thirty parts of the half-sphere between the pole and the first circle; five between the first and the second; from the second to the third, four; from the third to the fourth, four again; five from the fourth to the fifth; and from the fifth to the pole, six. On these five circles he placed obliquely the circles that the Greeks call
482:
4402:
389:
708:
4414:
554:, he should fix the sighting tube of the armillary sphere into position to view the star he suspected was it, and if the star did not move out of sight, it was thus the pole star. Furthermore, Gerbert instructed Constantine that the north pole could be measured with the upper and lower sighting tubes, the Arctic Circle through another tube, the Tropic of Cancer through another tube, the equator through another tube, and the
931:
work in music theory, mathematics, geometry, and several other fields accepted and taught in the quadrivium. All of the works he did related to these subjects were not brought into question and were accepted as well as appreciated. But works done outside of the accepted liberal arts was condemned, including things learned from bird's songs and flight patterns, as well as the necromancy he was rumored to have taken part in.
575:. Two specific requests Gerbert made that documentation exists for are letters sent to Lupitus of Barcelona and Bishop Miró Bonfill of Girona, asking the former for an astrology book and the latter for an arithmetic book. It can be inferred from this that the library contained many volumes of books covering a wide variety of topics, but the exact size and influence the library had is seemingly unknown.
1140:, Nectaire (a fallen angel) speaks of this Gerbert: "We taught them letters and sciences. A mouthpiece of their god, one Gerbert, took lessons in physics, arithmetic, and music with us, and it was said that he had sold us his soul." Then "The successors of the studious Gerbert, not content with the possession of souls (the profits one gains thereby are lighter than air), wished to possess bodies also."
899:("Holy Cross of Jerusalem") in Rome, he became sick soon afterwards and, dying, he asked his cardinals to cut up his body and scatter it across the city. In another version, he was even attacked by the Devil while he was reading the Mass, and the Devil mutilated him and gave his gouged-out eyes to demons to play with in the Church. Repenting, Sylvester II then cut off his hand and his tongue.
667:
964:. Darlington notes that Gerbert's preservation of his letters might have been an effort of his to compile them into a textbook for his pupils that would illustrate proper letter writing. His books on mathematics and astronomy were not research-oriented; his texts were primarily educational guides for his students.
923:') is noted by the 19th-century historian Lewis L. Kropf as a possible forgery of the 17th century. Likewise, the 20th-century historian Zoltan J. Kosztolnyik states that "it seems more than unlikely that Rome would have acted in fulfilling Stephen's request for a crown without the support and approval of the
305:. Another speculated location is the province of Auvergne. Gerbert's parents, wanting him to have a quality education, took him to receive instruction at the nearby Benedictine Abbey. Here, Gerbert became a pupil of a monk named Raimund, who admired his desire of knowledge and assisted him in his studies.
549:
Richer wrote about another of
Gerbert's last armillary spheres, which had sighting tubes fixed on the axis of the hollow sphere that could observe the constellations, the forms of which he hung on iron and copper wires. This armillary sphere was also described by Gerbert in a letter to his colleague
444:
has survived in 11 manuscripts from the 11th and 12th centuries. In two of them, probably the oldest ones, the number 3 is reproduced in a form that differs from the other manuscripts. This symbol is reminiscent of the "Tironian note" for the Latin word "ter" from the Roman shorthand. The reason for
545:(the zodiac) because it contained the figures of the animals ascribed to the planets. On the inside of this oblique circle he figured with an extraordinary art the orbits traversed by the planets, whose paths and heights he demonstrated perfectly to his pupils, as well as their respective distances.
930:
Though the testimony of
William of Malmesbury did much to discredit and defame Gerbert, there were many important intellectual distinctions made from it. For example, the legend of Gerbert of Aurilac's talking head helped to describe the line between prohibited and permitted knowledge. Gerbert did
566:
In late 984, Gerbert sent a letter to abbot
Eberhard of Tours concerning the foundation of a large scientific library. He dedicated immense sums of money to establishing the library and purchasing texts from a wide variety of western European authors. He wrote to many monks and abbots in Europe
615:
and also appointed him as count of the district, but the abbey had been ruined by previous abbots, and
Gerbert soon returned to Rheims. After the death of Otto II in 983, Gerbert became involved in the politics of his time. In 985, with the support of his archbishop, he opposed King
695:. Otto III led two unsuccessful expeditions to regain control of the city and died on a third expedition in 1002. Sylvester II returned to Rome soon after the emperor's death, although the rebellious nobility remained in power, and died a little later. Sylvester is buried in
651:(985–996) sent a legate to France who temporarily suspended Gerbert from his episcopal office. Gerbert sought to show that this decree was unlawful, but a further synod in 995 declared Arnulf's deposition invalid. Gerbert then became the teacher of
908:("This place will yield to the sound the limbs of buried Sylvester II, at the advent of the Lord", mis-read as "will make a sound") and has given rise to the curious legend that his bones will rattle in that tomb just before the death of a pope.
461:
to Latin Europe via the
Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus, which was at that time at the "cutting edge" of civilization. The details of Gerbert's armillary sphere are revealed in letters from Gerbert to his former student and monk Remi of
887:
with a female demon called
Meridiana, who had appeared after he had been rejected by his earthly love, and with whose help he managed to ascend to the papal throne (another legend tells that he won the papacy playing dice with the Devil).
647:, an illegitimate son of King Lothair, instead. Arnulf was deposed in 991 for alleged treason against Hugh, and Gerbert was elected his successor. There was so much opposition to Gerbert's elevation to the See of Rheims, however, that
478:. Richer stated that Gerbert discovered that stars coursed in an oblique direction across the night sky. Richer described Gerbert's use of the armillary sphere as a visual aid for teaching mathematics and astronomy in the classroom.
424:
that
Gerbert reintroduced into Europe had its length divided into 27 parts with 9 number symbols (this would exclude zero, which was represented by an empty column) and 1,000 characters in all, crafted out of
690:
and concubinage among the clergy, maintaining that only capable men of spotless lives should be allowed to become bishops. In 1001, the Roman populace revolted, forcing Otto III and
Sylvester II to flee to
686:(324–337). Soon after he became pope, Sylvester II confirmed the position of his former rival Arnulf as archbishop of Rheims. As pope, he took energetic measures against the widespread practices of
429:
by a shieldmaker of Rheims. According to his pupil Richer, Gerbert could perform speedy calculations with his abacus that were extremely difficult for people in his day to think through using only
440:
where he discussed the abacus' design. In this book, he individually introduced the "Hindu-Arabic" symbols the abacus used and related them to the more common Latin numerical nouns. Bernelinus'
517:
He succeeded equally in showing the paths of the planets when they come near or withdraw from the earth. He fashioned first an armillary sphere. He joined the two circles called by the Greeks
309:
2365:
Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021). "Gerbert of
Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe - Gerbert von Aurillac Und Die Übermittlung Der Arabischen Ziffern Nach Europa."
2674:
2594:
501:
Historian Oscar G. Darlington asserts that
Gerbert's division by 60 degrees instead of 360 allowed the lateral lines of his sphere to equal to six degrees. By this account, the
1202:: "He probably learned about the numerals during a visit to Spain and brought them back with him when he returned to Italy. But the version he learned did not have a zero."
4550:
607:
in 973. He remained in this position until 989, with the only gap being his time as the head of the monastery of Bobbio from 981 to 983. When Otto II became sole
320:
and acquire there some knowledge of Arabic learning. While away from the monastery, Gerbert pursued studies in Barcelona, and also received Arabic instruction at
372:
to request a truce. Bishop Atto was part of the delegation that met with al-Ḥakam II, who received him with honour. Gerbert was fascinated by the stories of the
490:
1999:
445:
this is not known, but it is speculated that Bernelinus did not want to use an "unbeliever" symbol to indicate the number that represents the Holy Trinity.
376:
Christian bishops and judges who dressed and talked like the Moors, well-versed in mathematics and natural sciences like the great teachers of the Islamic
4350:
1832:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe - Gerbert von Aurillac und die Übermittlung der arabischen Ziffern nach Europa"
1359:
939:
Hungary issued a commemorative stamp honouring Pope Sylvester II on 1 January 1938, and France honoured him in 1964 by issuing a postage stamp.
289:
Gerbert was born about 946, or at any rate between 945 and 950. His exact birthplace is unknown, but it must have been in what was then the
786:
with brass pipes that excelled all previously known instruments, where the air had to be pumped manually. In a letter of 984, Gerbert asks
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1435:
4545:
567:
requesting classical literature from their monasteries. Gerbert was also able to acquire some work from earlier era authors such as
1125:
316:(947–992) visited the monastery, and the abbot asked the count to take Gerbert with him so that the lad could study mathematics in
895:
in Jerusalem, the Devil would come for him. Gerbert then cancelled a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but when he read Mass in the church
798:, two terms historian S. Jim Tester says Gerbert used synonymously. Gerbert is sometimes credited with the invention of the first
4530:
4213:
2319:
2219:
Kosztolnyik, Zoltan J. (1977). "The Relations of Four Eleventh-Century Hungarian Kings with Rome in the Light of Papal Letters".
742:
Gerbert was said to be one of the most noted scientists of his time. Gerbert wrote a series of works dealing with matters of the
525:
because they fell upon each other, and at their extremities he placed the poles. He drew with great art and accuracy, across the
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2423:
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1964:
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was correct by definition. Richer also revealed how Gerbert made the planets more easily observable in his armillary sphere:
229:
2549:
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4515:
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1363:
17:
4356:
2550:"Celestial Divination and Arabic Science in Twelfth-Century England: The History of Gerbert of Aurillac's Talking Head"
2439:
Letters of Gerbert, with His Papal Privileges as Sylvester II, Translated with an introduction by Harriet Pratt Lattin,
2048:"Celestial Divination and Arabic Science in Twelfth-Century England: The History of Gerbert of Aurillac's Talking Head"
1150:
1091:
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does not appear to have been invented until the 13th century. Gerbert may have been the author of a description of the
341:
2530:
Un portrait de Gerbert d'Aurillac: inventeur d'un abaque, utilisateur précoce des chiffres arabes, et pape de l'an mil
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2446:
2395:
1409:
849:
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on Gerbert's sphere was located at 54 degrees, several degrees off from the actual 66° 33'. His positioning of the
1917:
867:
260:
830:
356:, for example, had thousands of books (from science to Greek philosophy). This is where Gerbert was introduced to
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604:
397:
190:
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2657:
840:
433:. Due to Gerbert's reintroduction, the abacus became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century.
236:
643:
Adalberon died on 23 January 989. Gerbert was a natural candidate for his succession, but King Hugh appointed
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644:
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4203:
2099:
417:
276:
2299:
1913:
1785:"Lupitus of Barcelona - Lupitus von Barcelona: On the identity of a tenth century scientific translator"
883:. This "robotic" head would answer his questions with "yes" or "no". He was also reputed to have had a
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2190:
896:
600:
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2262:
735:. He had a very accurate classification of the different disciplines of philosophy. He was the first
294:
256:
155:
474:, as well as the accounts of his former student and French nobleman Richer, who served as a monk in
2085:
1137:
1120:
1119:
Legends about Gerbert D'Aurillac as Pope Sylvester II inspired the short story "The Demon Pope" by
891:
According to the legend, Meridiana (or the bronze head) told Gerbert that if he should ever read a
392:
Model of the addition 908+95 on part of Gerbert's abacus (with modern numerals, not Gerbert's ones)
2765:
2388:
The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages
861:
380:. This sparked Gerbert's veneration for the Moors and his passion for mathematics and astronomy.
313:
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1376:
728:
54:
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1432:
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409:
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349:
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2176:
916:
815:
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264:
240:
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The Policy of Gerbert in the Election of Hugh Capet, 987: Based on a Study of His Letters,
8:
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1155:
884:
763:
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298:
60:
2519:
Oeuvres de Gerbert pape sous le nom de Sylvestre II...: collationnées sur les manuscrits
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L'opera sicentifica di Gerberto o Papa Silvestro II novellamente discussa ed illustrata
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2067:
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1519:
1340:
924:
838:
The legend of Gerbert grows from the work of the English monk William of Malmesbury in
608:
290:
151:
2595:
Betty Mayfield, "Gerbert d'Aurillac and the March of Spain: A Convergence of Cultures"
297:. More precise proposals include the town of Belliac, near the present-day commune of
4413:
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4179:
4174:
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4089:
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3998:
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3783:
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Constantine. Gerbert instructed Constantine that, if doubtful of the position of the
494:
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Gerbert von Aurillac und das Quadrivium: Unters. zur Bildung im Zeitalter d. Ottonen
369:
325:
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4099:
4084:
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some 50 years later. Besides these, as Sylvester II he wrote a dogmatic treatise,
436:
Bernelinus of Paris, who was probably a pupil of Gerbert, wrote a book called the
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221:
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46:
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A translation of the letters of Gerbert (982–987) with introduction and notes,
1030:(218 letters, including letters to the emperor, the pope, and various bishops)
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4109:
3978:
3943:
3918:
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3778:
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3211:
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3126:
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3010:
3000:
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2890:
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1808:
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1336:
1321:"A Pope-Philosopher of the Tenth Century: Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac)"
1199:
783:
683:
34:
595:. The pope persuaded Otto I to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son,
4368:
4184:
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4114:
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1980:
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A Pope-Philosopher of the Tenth Century: Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac)
912:
648:
612:
502:
345:
337:
225:
183:
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2063:
4139:
4019:
4014:
3968:
3592:
3457:
3452:
3357:
3296:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3096:
2920:
2870:
2825:
1098:
880:
803:
736:
679:
637:
454:
357:
353:
352:, one of the intellectual centres of Europe at that time: the library of
252:
233:
2374:
2134:
2071:
2047:
1863:
1831:
1816:
1784:
1640:
1616:
1601:
1577:
1562:
1538:
1523:
1499:
1344:
1320:
481:
4253:
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3447:
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3221:
3056:
2960:
2880:
2830:
2772:
2240:
2211:
1617:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1578:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1539:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1500:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1087:
905:
Iste locus Silvestris membra sepulti venturo Domino conferet ad sonitum
747:
743:
629:
471:
388:
365:
268:
2283:
1360:"Gerbert d'Aurillac and the March of Spain: A Convergence of Cultures"
1301:(Volume 8 No. 1 ed.). The Catholic Historical Review. p. 46.
707:
340:, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at the nearby
2990:
2701:
811:
795:
791:
779:
755:
732:
551:
361:
317:
107:
2257:
2232:
2203:
412:, Gerbert got the idea of the computing device of the abacus from a
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872:
775:
751:
724:
674:
With imperial support, Gerbert was elected to succeed Gregory V as
652:
625:
377:
302:
767:
692:
596:
572:
510:
373:
321:
272:
147:
2407:(in Italian). Rome: Tipografia pontificia dell' Istituto Pio IX.
720:
716:
687:
568:
475:
421:
401:
244:
1404:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77.
599:. Some years later, Otto I gave Gerbert leave to study at the
344:. Like all Catalan monasteries, it contained manuscripts from
2435:
Harriet Pratt Lattin, tr., Columbus, OH, H. L. Hedrick, 1932.
1716:
1036:(15 letters to various abbots and bishops, including Arnulf)
834:
Pope Sylvester II and the Devil in an illustration of c. 1460
771:
759:
467:
463:
413:
267:. He is said to be the first in Christian Europe (outside of
666:
509:
at 24 degree was nearly exact, while his positioning of the
2740:
2691:
678:
in 999. Gerbert took the name of Sylvester II, alluding to
675:
584:
405:
179:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2086:"Hungary : Stamps [Year: 1938] [1/5]"
1108:
Gerbert d'Aurillac is referred to in the first chapter of
2607:
Women's Biography: Adelaide of Burgundy, Ottonian empress
2100:"France : Stamps [Year: 1964] [4/6]"
2022:
1939:
William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1647:
1478:
1476:
1461:
228:
from 999 to his death. He endorsed and promoted study of
1402:
Medieval robots : mechanism, magic, nature, and art
2106:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1767:
1473:
2188:
Darlington, Oscar G. (1947). "Gerbert, the Teacher".
1894:
958:
Gerbert's writings were printed in volume 139 of the
448:
2533:(in French). Lausanne: PPUR Presses polytechniques.
2034:
2010:
603:
where he was soon appointed a teacher by Archbishop
1381:
1123:, first published in the original, 1888 edition of
1060:
Leonis legati epistola ad Hugonem et Robertum reges
2467:Harriet Pratt Lattin, Ohio State University, 1926.
2459:The Peasant Boy who Became Pope: Story of Gerbert,
1740:
715:Gerbert of Aurillac was a noted humanist. He read
453:Although lost to Europe since the terminus of the
4551:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1757:
1755:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
4432:
2739:
2411:
919:by Sylvester in the year 1000 (hence the title '
902:The inscription on Gerbert's tomb reads in part
802:in 996, though it was perhaps only an elaborate
1016:Selecta e concil. Basol., Remens., Masom., etc.
711:Statue of Pope Sylvester II in Aurillac, France
2501:(in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
1882:
1870:
1752:
1728:
1695:
1683:
1444:
1305:
1076:Gerbert D'Aurillac appears as an adversary in
611:in 973, he appointed Gerbert the abbot of the
364:. Borrell II was facing major defeat from the
336:Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop
220:, was a scholar and teacher who served as the
2725:
1936:
1829:
1782:
1614:
1575:
1536:
1497:
587:, taking Gerbert with him. There Gerbert met
2290:
2258:"Pope Sylvester II and Stephen I of Hungary"
1282:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRiché1987 (
1263:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRiché1987 (
1242:
1240:
659:(996–999), Otto III's cousin, appointed him
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 999 to 1003
2218:
2028:
1028:Epistolae ante summum pontificatum scriptae
903:
846:Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum
457:era, Gerbert reintroduced the astronomical
2732:
2718:
2470:
2461:Harriet Pratt Lattin, Henry Schuman, 1951.
2187:
2121:
1987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
1888:
1876:
1761:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1455:
1246:
762:), which he taught using the basis of the
408:. According to the 12th-century historian
53:
2369:, vol. 105, no. 1, 2021, pp. 3–19.,
1951:
1237:
1097:Gerbert d'Aurillac is the protagonist of
2526:
2491:
1997:
1937:of Malmesbury, William (December 2015).
1357:
1151:List of Roman Catholic scientist–clerics
1126:The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales
1065:Celebacy for the guarantee of our future
946:
866:
829:
706:
665:
583:In 969, Borrell II made a pilgrimage to
578:
480:
387:
2600:Gerbert of Aurillac (ca. 955–1003)
2522:(in French and Latin). Paris: Dumoulin.
2515:
2400:
2321:Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea
2296:Gerbert d'Aurillac, le pape de l'an Mil
2162:
2135:"A Discovery of Witches (cast section)"
1482:
1318:
1296:
59:Sylvester, in blue, as depicted in the
14:
4433:
2547:
2346:
2045:
1979:
1941:( ed.). J. A. Giles. p. 173.
1900:
1653:
1493:
1491:
1467:
1399:
466:and to his colleague Constantine, the
383:
2713:
2317:
2255:
2016:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1387:
1277:
1258:
1070:
879:Gerbert was supposed to have built a
561:
237:arithmetic, mathematics and astronomy
1055:Acta concilii Remensis ad S. Basolum
994:Libellus de rationali et ratione uti
822:—On the Body and Blood of the Lord.
216:– 12 May 1003), originally known as
2351:. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer.
1488:
1364:Mathematical Association of America
727:; he studied Latin translations of
404:, but probably without the numeral
310:Monastery of St. Gerald of Aurillac
24:
2610:, includes four of his letters to
2477:(in Italian). Graphe.it Edizioni.
2441:Columbia University Press (1961),
2380:
1923:
682:(314–335), the advisor to Emperor
449:Armillary sphere and sighting tube
400:and applied this knowledge to the
368:powers so he sent a delegation to
342:Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll
25:
4562:
2583:
2474:Gerberto d'Aurillac. Silvestro II
2418:(in French). Barcelona: Columna.
2412:Pladevall i Font, Antoni (1998).
1006:Sermo de informatione episcoporum
331:
4546:10th-century French philosophers
4412:
4401:
4400:
1918:University of California, Irvine
2555:Journal of the History of Ideas
2415:Silvestre II (Gerbert d'Orlhac)
2390:(Basic Books; 2010) 310 pages,
2156:
2127:
2092:
2078:
2052:Journal of the History of Ideas
1991:
1973:
1945:
1906:
1823:
1671:
1659:
1608:
1569:
1530:
1426:
1393:
1358:Mayfield, Betty (August 2010).
1319:Kitchin, William P. H. (1922).
1193:
1034:Epistolae et decreta pontificia
974:Libellus de numerorum divisione
871:Statue of Pope Sylvester II in
778:). In Rheims, he constructed a
4531:Medieval French mathematicians
2349:A History of Western Astrology
1830:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1783:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2020).
1615:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1576:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1537:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1498:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1370:
1351:
1325:The Catholic Historical Review
1297:Kitchin, William P.H. (1992).
1290:
1271:
1252:
1220:
1168:
841:De Rebus Gestis Regum Anglorum
13:
1:
4476:10th-century writers in Latin
1209:
1011:De corpore et sanguine Domini
915:authority allegedly given to
820:De corpore et sanguine Domini
284:
210:
174:
139:
4466:10th-century apocalypticists
2602:, lecture by Lynn H. Nelson.
2163:Buddhue, John Davis (1941).
2006:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
1214:
1039:a dubious letter to Otto III
191:Other popes named Sylvester
7:
4526:Medieval French astronomers
4471:10th-century French writers
4451:10th-century mathematicians
2516:Olleris, Alexandre (1867).
2324:. New York: Penguin Books.
2165:"The Origin of Our Numbers"
2124:, p. 468, footnote 43)
2046:Truitt, E.R. (April 2012).
1920:. Accessed 6 February 2024.
1228:Silvester <Papa, II.>
1144:
911:The story of the crown and
418:University of Al-Qarawiyyin
308:Around 963, he entered the
277:Hindu-Arabic numeral system
10:
4567:
4516:Catholic clergy scientists
4496:11th-century French people
2191:American Historical Review
1998:Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892).
1914:Lecture 6. Measuring Time
1249:, p. 456, footnote 2)
1080:' novel series called the
934:
897:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
844:and a polemical pamphlet,
825:
601:cathedral school of Rheims
4396:
4323:
4263:
4202:
4193:
4007:
3721:
3320:
3024:
2818:
2751:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2644:
2635:
2627:
2620:
2471:Montecchio, Luca (2011).
2401:Carrara, Bellino (1908).
2263:English Historical Review
1680:, pp. 464, 467–472).
702:
275:numeral system using the
255:, which had been lost to
189:
162:
131:
126:
118:
113:
103:
93:
85:
77:
67:
52:
45:
32:
4491:11th-century archbishops
4461:10th-century astronomers
4456:10th-century archbishops
2527:Schärlig, Alain (2012).
2256:Kropf, Lewis L. (1898).
2004:Pagan and Christian Rome
1161:
1138:The Revolt of the Angels
1114:The Master and Margarita
942:
4214:During the Roman Empire
2347:Tester, S. Jim (1987).
2318:Seife, Charles (2000).
1000:Ecclesiastical writings
984:Regula de abaco computi
862:Investiture Controversy
314:Borrell II of Barcelona
4419:Catholic Church Portal
4279:Conflicts with the HRE
2622:Catholic Church titles
2548:Truitt, E. R. (2012).
2276:10.1093/ehr/XIII.L.290
2169:The Scientific Monthly
1848:10.25162/sar-2021-0001
1801:10.25162/sar-2020-0005
1633:10.25162/sar-2021-0001
1594:10.25162/sar-2021-0001
1555:10.25162/sar-2021-0001
1516:10.25162/sar-2021-0001
1400:Truitt, E. R. (2015).
955:
904:
876:
835:
712:
671:
640:line of kings in 987.
558:through another tube.
547:
498:
393:
206:
4195:History of the papacy
2665:Archbishop of Ravenna
2590:Catholic Encyclopedia
2568:10.1353/jhi.2012.0016
2064:10.1353/jhi.2012.0016
1985:The Myth of the Magus
1092:television adaptation
1086:. He is portrayed by
968:Mathematical writings
951:12th century copy of
950:
870:
833:
710:
669:
661:archbishop of Ravenna
579:Ecclesiastical career
515:
484:
410:William of Malmesbury
391:
4506:Archbishops of Reims
4357:Revolutionary Papacy
4351:Age of Enlightenment
2386:Brown, Nancy Marie.
2298:(in French). Paris:
1912:Becker, Barbara J. "
1749:, pp. 469–470).
1668:, pp. 467–472).
1438:1 March 2017 at the
1174:Other names include
917:Stephen I of Hungary
816:Hermannus Contractus
788:Lupitus of Barcelona
670:Seal of Sylvester II
348:and especially from
265:Western Roman Empire
4204:Antiquity and Early
4008:17th–21st centuries
3722:13th–16th centuries
2638:Archbishop of Reims
2330:2000zbdi.book.....S
2181:1941SciMo..52..265D
1959:(in Russian). ОГИ.
1957:Книжица наших забав
1725:, pp. 468–469.
1656:, pp. 130–131.
1470:, pp. 131–132.
1156:Barcelona astrolabe
814:that was edited by
620:'s attempt to take
613:monastery of Bobbio
556:Tropic of Capricorn
398:Hindu–Arabic digits
396:Gerbert learned of
384:Abacus and numerals
299:Saint-Simon, Cantal
271:) to introduce the
241:Western Christendom
239:, reintroducing to
218:Gerbert of Aurillac
136:Gerbertus (Gerbert)
61:Gospels of Otto III
18:Gerbert of Aurillac
4536:People from Cantal
4501:11th-century popes
4486:10th-century popes
4481:10th-century poets
4339:Reformation Papacy
4333:Renaissance Papacy
4275:(1012–1044 / 1048)
4228:Ostrogothic Papacy
3321:9th–12th centuries
2029:Kosztolnyik (1977)
1071:In popular culture
956:
877:
836:
713:
672:
562:Scientific library
521:and by the Latins
499:
394:
291:Duchy of Aquitaine
173:12 May 1003 (aged
152:Duchy of Aquitaine
4511:Benedictine popes
4428:
4427:
4392:
4391:
4284:Wandering Papacy
4247:Saeculum obscurum
4220:Under Constantine
3025:5th–8th centuries
2819:1st–4th centuries
2803:papal resignation
2708:
2707:
2699:Succeeded by
2672:Succeeded by
2645:Succeeded by
2612:Adelaide of Italy
2540:978-2-88074-944-6
2508:978-3-515-02449-5
2484:978-88-97010-05-0
2425:978-84-8300-514-9
2358:978-0-85115-446-6
2339:978-0-670-88457-5
2309:978-2-213-01958-1
1966:978-5-94282-868-4
1723:Darlington (1947)
1377:Gerbert biography
1090:in the trilogy's
1083:All Souls Trilogy
961:Patrologia Latina
618:Lothair of France
495:Sandro Botticelli
295:Kingdom of France
199:Pope Sylvester II
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
4558:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4324:Early Modern and
4234:Byzantine Papacy
4200:
4199:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2682:Preceded by
2655:Preceded by
2628:Preceded by
2618:
2617:
2579:
2544:
2523:
2512:
2488:
2429:
2408:
2362:
2343:
2313:
2287:
2252:
2215:
2184:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2122:Darlington (1947
2119:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1953:Shmarakov, Roman
1949:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1889:Darlington (1947
1886:
1880:
1877:Darlington (1947
1874:
1868:
1867:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1780:
1765:
1762:Darlington (1947
1759:
1750:
1747:Darlington (1947
1744:
1738:
1735:Darlington (1947
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1711:Darlington (1947
1708:
1693:
1690:Darlington (1947
1687:
1681:
1678:Darlington (1947
1675:
1669:
1666:Darlington (1947
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1456:Darlington (1947
1453:
1442:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1247:Darlington (1947
1244:
1235:
1224:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1176:Gerbert of Reims
1172:
1110:Mikhail Bulgakov
1078:Deborah Harkness
1042:five short poems
907:
858:Pope Gregory VII
854:Emperor Henry IV
852:, a partisan of
808:verge and foliot
800:mechanical clock
697:St. John Lateran
507:Tropic of Cancer
487:armillary sphere
459:armillary sphere
312:. In 967, Count
249:armillary sphere
215:
212:
176:
172:
170:
144:
141:
127:Personal details
57:
30:
29:
21:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4388:
4371:(1929–present)
4325:
4319:
4273:Tusculan Papacy
4265:
4259:
4240:Frankish Papacy
4205:
4189:
4003:
3717:
3316:
3020:
2814:
2747:
2745:Catholic Church
2738:
2704:
2695:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2660:
2650:
2641:
2633:
2586:
2541:
2509:
2485:
2426:
2383:
2381:Further reading
2367:Sudhoffs Archiv
2359:
2340:
2310:
2270:(50): 290–295.
2233:10.2307/3165157
2204:10.2307/1859882
2159:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:, p. 473).
1887:
1883:
1879:, p. 471).
1875:
1871:
1836:Sudhoffs Archiv
1828:
1824:
1789:Sudhoffs Archiv
1781:
1768:
1764:, p. 470).
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:, p. 469).
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:, p. 468).
1709:
1696:
1692:, p. 467).
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1621:Sudhoffs Archiv
1613:
1609:
1582:Sudhoffs Archiv
1574:
1570:
1543:Sudhoffs Archiv
1535:
1531:
1504:Sudhoffs Archiv
1496:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:, p. 472).
1454:
1445:
1440:Wayback Machine
1431:
1427:
1412:
1398:
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1121:Richard Garnett
1073:
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937:
828:
705:
581:
564:
451:
386:
334:
287:
213:
178:
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72:Catholic Church
63:
41:
38:
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28:
23:
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4363:Roman Question
4360:
4354:
4353:(c. 1640–1740)
4348:
4345:Baroque Papacy
4342:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4314:Western Schism
4311:
4308:Avignon Papacy
4305:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4267:
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4260:
4258:
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4254:Crescentii era
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4060:Alexander VIII
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3495:
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3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Anastasius III
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
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2624:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2584:External links
2582:
2581:
2580:
2562:(2): 201–222.
2545:
2539:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2398:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2315:
2308:
2288:
2253:
2221:Church History
2216:
2198:(3): 456–476.
2185:
2175:(3): 265–267.
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2141:. 7 April 2019
2126:
2105:
2091:
2077:
2058:(2): 201–222.
2033:
2021:
2019:, p. 290.
2009:
1990:
1972:
1965:
1944:
1922:
1905:
1903:, p. 132.
1893:
1881:
1869:
1822:
1766:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1607:
1568:
1529:
1487:
1485:, p. 266.
1483:Buddhue (1941)
1472:
1460:
1443:
1425:
1410:
1392:
1380:
1369:
1350:
1304:
1289:
1270:
1251:
1236:
1232:CERL Thesaurus
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:Anatole France
1130:
1117:
1106:
1101:'s 1989 novel
1095:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1049:Other writings
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
970:
969:
944:
941:
936:
933:
921:apostolic king
827:
824:
790:for a book on
704:
701:
657:Pope Gregory V
634:king of France
632:. Hugh became
628:by supporting
593:Emperor Otto I
589:Pope John XIII
580:
577:
563:
560:
450:
447:
431:Roman numerals
385:
382:
333:
332:Scholarly work
330:
293:, part of the
286:
283:
224:and ruled the
222:bishop of Rome
194:
193:
187:
186:
164:
160:
159:
146:
135:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
58:
50:
49:
47:Bishop of Rome
43:
42:
39:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4563:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:High and Late
4262:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Benedict XIII
4078:
4076:
4075:Innocent XIII
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Alexander VII
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Innocent VIII
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Callixtus III
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Boniface VIII
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Celestine III
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Alexander III
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Anastasius IV
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Sylvester III
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Benedict VIII
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Anastasius II
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:Pope emeritus
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:List of popes
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:Lindgren, Uta
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:9780231022019
2451:
2448:
2447:0-231-02201-8
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2396:9780465009503
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2031:, p. 35.
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2001:
2000:"Papal Tombs"
1994:
1986:
1982:
1981:Butler, E. M.
1976:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1901:Tester (1987)
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1654:Tester (1987)
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1468:Tester (1987)
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:9780812291407
1407:
1403:
1396:
1390:, p. 77.
1389:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1280:, p. 19)
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:, p. 18)
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1201:
1200:Charles Seife
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
965:
963:
962:
954:
949:
940:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
900:
898:
894:
889:
886:
882:
874:
869:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:Cardinal Beno
847:
843:
842:
832:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
709:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
684:Constantine I
681:
677:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
636:, ending the
635:
631:
627:
624:from Emperor
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
576:
574:
570:
559:
557:
553:
546:
544:
540:
537:, the Latins
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
446:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
419:
416:scholar from
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
208:
204:
200:
192:
188:
185:
181:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
44:
36:
31:
19:
4521:French popes
4417:
4405:
4375:World War II
4369:Vatican City
4245:
4216:(until 493)
4180:Benedict XVI
4175:John Paul II
4095:Clement XIII
4090:Benedict XIV
4065:Innocent XII
3999:Clement VIII
3974:Gregory XIII
3954:Marcellus II
3914:Alexander VI
3864:Innocent VII
3829:Benedict XII
3784:Nicholas III
3749:Alexander IV
3739:Celestine IV
3729:Honorius III
3713:Innocent III
3698:Gregory VIII
3658:Celestine II
3643:Callixtus II
3613:Alexander II
3538:Sylvester II
3537:
3518:Benedict VII
3478:Stephen VIII
3363:Benedict III
3217:Adeodatus II
3162:Boniface III
3016:Anastasius I
2690:
2663:
2636:
2606:
2559:
2553:
2529:
2518:
2497:
2473:
2464:
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2292:Pierre Riché
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2227:(1): 33–47.
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2157:Bibliography
2143:. Retrieved
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2017:Kropf (1898)
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226:Papal States
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184:Papal States
119:Consecration
86:Papacy ended
78:Papacy began
40:Sylvester II
4446:1003 deaths
4441:940s births
4383:(1945–1991)
4377:(1939–1945)
4365:(1870–1929)
4359:(1775–1848)
4347:(1585–1689)
4341:(1534–1585)
4335:(1417–1534)
4316:(1378–1417)
4310:(1309–1378)
4302:, 1228–1304
4296:, 1262–1297
4290:, 1257–1281
4281:(1048–1257)
4266:Middle Ages
4206:Middle Ages
4170:John Paul I
4145:Benedict XV
4125:Gregory XVI
4100:Clement XIV
4085:Clement XII
4055:Innocent XI
3994:Innocent IX
3989:Gregory XIV
3939:Clement VII
3869:Gregory XII
3859:Boniface IX
3839:Innocent VI
3814:Benedict XI
3804:Celestine V
3799:Nicholas IV
3794:Honorius IV
3744:Innocent IV
3703:Clement III
3653:Innocent II
3648:Honorius II
3638:Gelasius II
3618:Gregory VII
3608:Nicholas II
3568:Benedict IX
3513:Benedict VI
3488:Agapetus II
3463:Stephen VII
3438:Sergius III
3428:Benedict IV
3418:Theodore II
3403:Boniface VI
3302:Stephen III
3282:Gregory III
3272:Constantine
3237:Benedict II
3172:Adeodatus I
3167:Boniface IV
3147:Pelagius II
3107:Boniface II
3047:Celestine I
2986:Sylvester I
2971:Marcellus I
2966:Marcellinus
2901:Callixtus I
2886:Eleutherius
2861:Telesphorus
2851:Alexander I
2773:Papal names
1842:(1): 3–19.
1278:Riché (1987
1259:Riché (1987
1099:Judith Tarr
989:Liber abaci
881:brazen head
804:water clock
737:French pope
680:Sylvester I
638:Carolingian
455:Greco-Roman
442:Liber Abaci
438:Liber Abaci
427:animal horn
358:mathematics
354:al-Hakam II
253:water organ
234:Greco-Roman
94:Predecessor
89:12 May 1003
81:2 April 999
4435:Categories
4326:Modern Era
4256:(974–1012)
4160:John XXIII
4070:Clement XI
4045:Clement IX
4035:Innocent X
4030:Urban VIII
4025:Gregory XV
3949:Julius III
3884:Nicholas V
3849:Gregory XI
3834:Clement VI
3769:Innocent V
3759:Clement IV
3734:Gregory IX
3688:Lucius III
3668:Eugene III
3633:Paschal II
3623:Victor III
3603:Stephen IX
3588:Damasus II
3583:Clement II
3578:Gregory VI
3553:Sergius IV
3548:John XVIII
3498:Benedict V
3483:Marinus II
3408:Stephen VI
3388:Adrian III
3368:Nicholas I
3353:Sergius II
3348:Gregory IV
3328:Stephen IV
3292:Stephen II
3277:Gregory II
3197:Theodore I
3182:Honorius I
3177:Boniface V
3142:Benedict I
3132:Pelagius I
3117:Agapetus I
3077:Gelasius I
3067:Simplicius
3052:Sixtus III
3042:Boniface I
3032:Innocent I
2896:Zephyrinus
2810:Pope-elect
2786:non-extant
1795:(2): 142.
1588:(1): 6–7.
1210:References
1103:Ars Magica
1088:Trevor Eve
748:arithmetic
744:quadrivium
630:Hugh Capet
523:incidentes
491:a painting
366:Andalusian
285:Early life
269:Al-Andalus
214: 946
169:1003-05-12
143: 946
4250:(904–964)
4242:(756–857)
4236:(537–752)
4230:(493–537)
4222:(312–337)
4120:Pius VIII
4050:Clement X
3984:Urban VII
3934:Adrian VI
3924:Julius II
3904:Sixtus IV
3879:Eugene IV
3824:John XXII
3819:Clement V
3789:Martin IV
3764:Gregory X
3693:Urban III
3678:Adrian IV
3663:Lucius II
3598:Victor II
3543:John XVII
3533:Gregory V
3508:John XIII
3393:Stephen V
3383:Marinus I
3378:John VIII
3373:Adrian II
3343:Valentine
3338:Eugene II
3333:Paschal I
3267:Sisinnius
3252:Sergius I
3187:Severinus
3152:Gregory I
3122:Silverius
3092:Hormisdas
3087:Symmachus
3072:Felix III
3006:Damasus I
2981:Miltiades
2956:Eutychian
2946:Dionysius
2941:Sixtus II
2936:Stephen I
2926:Cornelius
2846:Evaristus
2841:Clement I
2836:Anacletus
2766:canonised
2761:graphical
2702:John XVII
2696:999–1003
2685:Gregory V
2576:170116054
2249:154633530
1856:0039-4564
1809:0039-4564
1420:907964739
1337:0008-8080
1331:(1): 46.
1215:Citations
1112:'s novel
875:, Hungary
812:astrolabe
806:, as the
796:astronomy
792:astrology
782:-powered
780:hydraulic
756:astronomy
733:Aristotle
605:Adalberon
552:pole star
497:, c. 1480
378:madrasahs
362:astronomy
318:Catalonia
108:John XVII
104:Successor
98:Gregory V
4407:Category
4381:Cold War
4155:Pius XII
4135:Leo XIII
4110:Pius VII
3979:Sixtus V
3944:Paul III
3919:Pius III
3874:Martin V
3854:Urban VI
3779:John XXI
3774:Adrian V
3754:Urban IV
3628:Urban II
3563:John XIX
3523:John XIV
3503:Leo VIII
3493:John XII
3398:Formosus
3307:Adrian I
3262:John VII
3212:Vitalian
3207:Eugene I
3202:Martin I
3157:Sabinian
3137:John III
3127:Vigilius
3102:Felix IV
3062:Hilarius
3011:Siricius
3001:Liberius
2996:Julius I
2976:Eusebius
2931:Lucius I
2891:Victor I
2876:Anicetus
2856:Sixtus I
2793:Antipope
2669:998–999
2642:991–996
2495:(1976).
2375:48636817
2294:(1987).
2072:23253761
1983:(1948).
1955:(2019).
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1817:48616035
1641:48636817
1627:(1): 8.
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1524:48636817
1510:(1): 5.
1436:Archived
1345:25006263
1184:Auvergne
1145:See also
873:Budapest
776:rhetoric
752:geometry
729:Porphyry
725:Boethius
663:in 998.
653:Otto III
626:Otto III
622:Lorraine
539:obliques
303:Aurillac
261:the fall
4300:Perugia
4294:Orvieto
4288:Viterbo
4185:Francis
4165:Paul VI
4150:Pius XI
4130:Pius IX
4115:Leo XII
4105:Pius VI
3964:Pius IV
3959:Paul IV
3899:Paul II
3894:Pius II
3844:Urban V
3528:John XV
3473:Leo VII
3468:John XI
3423:John IX
3413:Romanus
3312:Leo III
3287:Zachary
3257:John VI
3192:John IV
3112:John II
3037:Zosimus
2951:Felix I
2916:Anterus
2911:Pontian
2906:Urban I
2866:Hyginus
2743:of the
2326:Bibcode
2241:3165157
2212:1859882
2177:Bibcode
1180:Ravenna
1022:Letters
935:Honours
925:emperor
860:in the
826:Legends
768:grammar
764:trivium
693:Ravenna
609:emperor
597:Otto II
573:Statius
543:vitalis
527:colures
511:equator
414:Moorish
374:Mozarab
370:Córdoba
350:Cordoba
326:Córdoba
322:Seville
273:decimal
263:of the
230:Moorish
148:Belliac
4140:Pius X
4020:Paul V
4015:Leo XI
3969:Pius V
3593:Leo IX
3458:Leo VI
3453:John X
3358:Leo IV
3297:Paul I
3242:John V
3232:Leo II
3227:Agatho
3097:John I
2921:Fabian
2871:Pius I
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569:Cicero
519:coluri
476:Rheims
464:Trèves
422:abacus
420:. The
402:abacus
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156:France
114:Orders
68:Church
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3433:Leo V
3247:Conon
3222:Donus
3057:Leo I
2961:Caius
2881:Soter
2831:Linus
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2741:Popes
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