871:, one of the most prolific of Bayreuth Germanics and racists, and later the author of a full-length biography of Lagarde, summarised his life and work and concluded that "for the comprehension of Lagarde's whole being one must above all remember that he always considered himself the prophet and guide of his people — which of course he actually was." For Schemann his legacy consisted largely of his struggle against the Jews: "Not since the days of Schopenhauer and Wagner is the German thinker so mightily opposed this alien people, which desecrates our holy possessions, poisons our people, and seeks to wrest our property from us so as to completely trample on us, as Lagarde has" It was this image of Lagarde, the antisemitic prophet of a purified and heroic Germany, which the political Wagnerites and the
348:
251:
694:
34:
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1763:(both MĂĽller and Bodelschwingh were members of this largest regional church, which was of course only an administrative unit after the adoption of the new constitution establishing the DEK) was placed under police jurisdiction; pastors were fired, suspended and sometimes even arrested or placed under house arrest; and the Deutsche Christen and MĂĽller carried on a vicious campaign against Bodelschwingh.
1639:
Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. Consequently, he who rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will
954:
pure and closed. Religion is the inner strength and finest flower in the intellectual life of a people, but it can only strongly affect expression in popular culture ... a deep connection between
Christianity and Germanness can only be achieved when it is released from this unnatural connection,
967:
was the same as the "Father" and " Ghost", that Christ preached and that the
Germans would have guessed. Childlike confidence in God and selfless love was, to them, the essence of the Germanic "people's-soul" in contrast to Jewish "menial fear of God" and "materialistic morality." Church was not an
829:
The forerunner of the ideology of the German
Christians came from certain Protestant groups of the German Empire. These groups sought a return to perceived völkisch, nationalistic, and racist ideas within traditional Christianity, and looked to turn Christianity in Germany into a reformed intrinsic
1065:
s ideas. Jesus should be a "tragic-Nordic figure" against the Old
Testament's "religious idea", with the Old Testament replaced by a "German myth". Each biblical story was to be "measured under German feelings, so that German Christianity escapes from Semitic influence as Beelzebub did before the
1797:
would be deemed "Jewish" for purposes of
Hitlerian racial policy, so the net would certainly have swept wider than this rather small fraction. The extension of the prohibition to address the wives of German pastors was surely, to many middle-of-the-road Protestants, shocking. See
1016:
is celebrated, it should at least not weigh in his dreams; ... otherwise there could come a whole lot of terrible
Golgothas, where Jews across the whole world dance their jubilee songs on the grave of Christianity as heirs of a murdering people, singing to the Jahu they
627:
MĂĽller had poor political skills, little political support within the Church, and no real qualifications for the job, other than his commitment to Nazism and a desire to exercise power. When the federation council met in May 1933 to approve the new constitution, it elected
1337:
in the so-called "church-historical working group", but they had little effect from then on in theology and politics. Other former members of the German
Christians moved into the numerically insignificant religious communities known as the Free People's Christian Church
1504:. By mid-1933, Deutsche Christen had acquired key posts in the Protestant establishment - in national church governing bodies and university faculties of theology, as regional bishops, and on local church councils. Many kept those positions until 1945 and beyond.
883:
have for a long time belonged to our most precious books, and we consider
Lagarde's unabashed exposure of the inferiority of Semitic religious instincts and the pernicious effects on Christianity as an achievement that deserves our admiration and gratitude."
1989:
297:
and retained their subsidies from the government. Religious instruction in the schools continued, as did the theological faculties in the universities. The rights formerly held by the princes in the German Empire simply devolved to church councils.
1750:(or DEK) church constitution required a two-thirds majority for the election of its bishop and no candidate in the April contest could achieve this supermajority initially. After several ballots, Bodelschwingh prevailed by a landslide of 91 to 8.
778:. They issued public statements in which they claimed that Christians in Germany with Jewish ancestors "remain Christians in a New Testament sense, but they are not German Christians." They also supported the Nazi Party platform's advocacy of "
643:
within the DEK and were, of course, supported by Nazi propaganda in their efforts to reverse the humiliating loss to
Bodelschwingh. After a series of Nazi-directed political maneuvers, Bodelschwingh resigned and MĂĽller was appointed as the new
1306:) in the sense of what Rosenberg called a "Fifth Gospel", to announce the myth of the "Aryan Jesus". It became clear in 1994 that the Testament's poetic text was written by the famous ballad-poet and proprietor of the Eugen-Diederichs-Verlag,
1524:
1366:
was unveiled in
Eisenach at the behest of eight Protestant regional churches. It is intended to be understood as the Protestant churches’ confession of guilt and as a memorial to the victims of the church’s anti-Judaism and antisemitism.
332:
Save for the organisational matters under the jurisdiction of the national League, the regional churches remained independent in other matters, including theology, and the federal system allowed for a great deal of regional autonomy.
1021:
Against the "contamination by Jewish ideas", mainly from the Old Testament, the Churches and Germany should (he argued) be "mutually benefits and supports", and then Christianity would win back its status as "a religion of the
907:
and his preaching showed the influence of "German blood". He concluded that the Germans were the best Christians among all peoples, only prevented from the full flowering of their spiritual faculties by the materialistic Jews.
1249:
at the end of 1933, was also an attempt to create a national religion outside and against the churches. It combined six earlier Nordic-völkisch oriented groups and a further five groups were represented by individual members.
1228:) resonated in these circles and gave them renewed impetus. His polemic against all "un-German" and "root-stock" elements in Christianity was directed against the Christianity and the denominational organisations of the time.
207:
dynasties also organised church bodies that were territorially defined by their state borders. The same was true for the three republican German states within the pre-1918 Empire. In Alsace-Lorraine the Napoleonic system of
1997:
1409:
1293:
482:
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is begotten, it may exist as a spiritual reality ... even foreign blood may be lent to it. How great the significance of blood might be in intellectual history, but the rule is, even if one is born into a
588:
in 1932. The group achieved no particular notoriety before the Nazi assumption of political power in January 1933. In the Prussian church elections of November 1932, German Christians won one-third of the vote.
368:
The German Christians were, for the most part, a "group of fanatically Nazi Protestants." They began as an interest group and eventually came to represent one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism.
1361:
stated that it recognised and "confess, with dismay, the co-responsibility and guilt of German Christians for the Holocaust." On May 6, 2019, eighty years after the founding of the “Dejudaisation Institute”,
912:, however, concluded that the Christianisation of the Germans was the imposition of an "un-German" religious understanding, and that Germanic feeling remained alien to it and so should remain exempt from it.
2438:
Wie wurde das Neue Testament zu einem sogenannten Volkstestament „entjudet“? Aus der Arbeit des Eisenacher „Instituts zur Erforschung und Beseitung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsch kirchliche Leben“
1120:
was in part fiercely opposed among Christian German nationalists, seeing it as a racist attack on the foundations of their faith from inside and outside. Theologian Johannes Schneider, a member of the
611:
This church reorganisation had been a goal of the German Christians for some time, as such a centralisation would enhance the coordination of Church and State, as a part of the overall Nazi process of
1778:
1194:
832:
46:
293:
After considerable political maneuvering, state churches were abolished (in name) under the new Weimar government, but the anti-disestablishmentarians prevailed in substance: churches remained
574:, a rather incompetent "old fighter" who had no particular leadership skills or qualifications, except having been a longtime faithful Nazi. He was advised by Emanuel Hirsch. In 1931 the book
2272:
972:, nor even the New Testament, which they held to be of Jewish influence that had to be "cleaned" so that the child Jesus could be used as a model for "self sacrifice" and "male heroism".
1012:
or the Cross? — The question is, for now, not yet evident. The Jew goes on his way purposefully, in any case ... his deadly hatred will defeat his opponent. When the Christian
217:
2584:
933:
1154:", "Blood", and "Race". Many local church-officers tried to delineate, such as with regards to racism, but this only served to show how deeply it had intruded into their thinking.
1954:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 46-53 (in German).
1535:
had no majorities of German Christians in their synods, thus protagonists of the Confessing Church considered these church bodies as constitutionally unadulterated (so-called
1275:
948:
has finally opened our eyes to the pernicious effects of the blood mixture between Germanic and un-German peoples and urges us, with all our forces, to strive to keep our
1814:(special exhibition in the Lutherhaus Eisenach April 1988 – April 1989), Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv (ed.), Eisenach: Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv, 1988. No ISBN.
2017:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 110-111.
1232:
and Catholic Internationalism were attacked as two facets of the Jewish spirit, and Rosenberg stated the need for a new national religion to complete the Reformation.
1329:
After 1945, the remaining German Christian currents formed smaller communities and circles distanced from the newly formed umbrella of the independent church bodies
1048:
656:
Further pro-Nazi developments followed the elevation of MĂĽller to the DEK bishopric: in late summer the old-Prussian general synod (led by MĂĽller) adopted the
1528:
767:
The Nazis found the German Christians useful during the initial consolidation of power, but removed most of its leaders from their posts shortly afterwards;
671:
and their attempts to incorporate the Aryan paragraph into the church constitution so as to exclude Jewish Christians, the German Christians entered into a
2559:
925:
528:
2477:
639:
Hitler was infuriated with the rejection of his candidate, and things began to change. By June 1933 the German Christians had gained leadership of some
213:
2475:
Religion in the service of an ethno-nationalist construction of identity: discussions on the examples of the "German Christians" and Japanese Shinto
1776:
In 1933 the Protestant churches in Germany employed about 18,842 pastors (1933); 37 of them were classified by the Nazi terminology as "full Jews" (
968:"institution for the dissemination of Judaism", and they felt religious and confirmation materials should no longer teach the Old Testament and the
321:), which was composed of the members of the various regional churches. The League was governed and administered by a 36-member Executive Committee (
516:
stormtrooper. The swastikas were removed after the war and the former church has been reconstructed as a memorial to Nazi crimes against humanity.
1044:
888:
850:, who was politically active and tried to position the Christian working-classes and lower-middle-classes against what he perceived as Jewish
584:—she was praised for fighting against the "ridicule of Christ" and "showing the way for German Christians". The Berlin section was founded by
1549:
1108:
909:
728:
1810:) recorded for all of Nazi Germany 115 Protestant pastors with one up to four grandparents, who were enlisted in a Jewish congregation. Cf.
771:
MĂĽller continued until 1945, but his power was effectively removed in favor of a government agency as a result of his obvious incompetence.
600:, in the spirit of the new regime, agreed to write a new constitution for a brand new, unitary "national" church, which would be called the
2569:
1684:. Original in German: "gegen die Verhöhnung der Christus-Persönlichkeit", "zeigt gleichzeitig den Weg zum deutschen Christentum". Page 46.
1484:
The Deutsche Christen (German Christians) were a group of clergy and laypeople in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s who sought to synthesize
608:
or DEK). The new and unified national DEK would completely replace and supersede the old federated church with its representative league.
2574:
892:
1969:
EKiR.de - Die besten Internetseiten der evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland - Ihre evangelische Kirche zwischen Saarland und Niederrhein
1532:
1398:
199:—if it was Protestant—in its particular region; the crown provided financial and institutional support to its church.
2554:
2277:
1414:
1520:
1516:
597:
310:
2531:
126:
2221:
2198:
2144:
2121:
413:
388:, stoked hostility toward foreign peoples, granted Germany a preferred place in the Protestant tradition, and legitimised
1358:
443:
the respect for temporal (secular) authority, which had been emphasised by Luther. The movement used scriptural support (
317:(DEKB)); the League was itself established in 1922 by the rather loose annual convention called Church General Assembly (
1317:. Despite broad church support for it (even many Confessing Christians advocated such an approach, in the hope that the
580:
283:
1656:
1321:
of 1937 to 1940 could be curbed), the first edition of the text did not meet with the expected enthusiastic response.
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2500:
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was in its full sway in the first few months of the regime. In late April 1933 the leadership of the 1922-founded
1652:
1434:
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of the new Protestant Reich Church by a wide margin, largely on the advice and support of the church leadership.
1353:
In 1980, in the context of a statement entitled "Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews (
132:
1565:
993:, an early mentor of Hitler, also emphasised the "manliness" of Jesus Christ and compared him to the Norse god
732:
287:
2474:
2114:
Study and Eradication. The Church’s „Dejudaization Institute“, 1939–1945. Companion Volume to the Exhibition
1307:
500:), which was built in Berlin from 1933 to 1935 included a pulpit that showed the Sermon on the Mount with a
2564:
2041:
2038:
Nazism, Liberalism, & Christianity: Protestant social thought in Germany & Great Britain, 1925–1937
1424:
1330:
1255:
813:
543:
1903:
Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne. Entwürfe „arteigener“ Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende
1550:
https://books.google.com/books?id=zXWcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Siegfried+Leffler+Protestant+theologian&pg=PA797
578:
by Guida Diehl, the first speaker of the National Socialist Women's League, got an admiring review by the
1429:
876:
629:
2420:
Christlicher Antijudaismus und Antisemitismus. Theologische und kirchliche Programme Deutscher Christen
2190:
2136:
563:
562:) in 1931 to help win elections of presbyteries and synods (i.e. legislating church assemblies) in the
397:
309:
of 28 regional (or provincial) churches. The federation operated officially through the representative
1254:
became the group's "leader and representative" by acclamation, and other members included philosopher
1182:
On this basis, the radical German-Christians' ideas were hardly slowed down. In 1928 they gathered in
524:
282:
and the resulting political and social turmoil, the regional churches lost their secular rulers. With
20:
1633:
601:
62:
2213:
1318:
1192:), seeking contact with the Nazi Party and naming their newsletter "Letters to German Christians" (
984:
717:
342:
19:
This article is about a Christian pressure group in Nazi Germany. For Christianity in Germany, see
1714:
1263:
721:
347:
266:
1925:
1460:
1292:
In 1939 with the approval of eleven of the German Protestant regional churches the Eisenacher
2579:
1404:
1236:
779:
444:
84:
27:
1996:. Synod of the Evangelical Church of the Rhineland, Germany. 12 January 1980. Archived from
1259:
235:
is sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitler's Nazism. Hitler praised Lueger in his book
775:
533:
70:
26:"Faith Movement of the German Christians" redirects here. For the Nazi pagan movement, see
1144:) reacted to the growing radicalisation of German Christian groups with a Churches Day in
421:
8:
2345:
Wir verwerfen die falsche Lehre. Arbeits- und Lesebuch zur Barmer Theologischen Erklärung
1251:
1832:
286:
in the air, the conservative church leaders had to contend with socialists who favoured
2129:
1710:
1485:
1387:
1004:(The German Saviour), in which he opposed Jewish migration as an apocalyptic decision:
381:
615:. The German Christians agitated for MĂĽller to be elected as the new Church's bishop (
250:
2520:
2496:
2454:
2423:
2382:
2365:
2245:
2217:
2194:
2171:
2140:
2117:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2045:
1906:
1882:
1854:
1836:
1603:
1466:
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940:
on which a "German Christianity on a Protestant basis" should be founded. It stated:
678:
451:
The German Christians were sympathetic to the Nazi regime's goal of "co-ordinating" (
433:
325:) which was responsible for ongoing governance between the annual conventions of the
262:
259:
104:
483:
Institute for Research and the Elimination of Jewish influence on German Church Life
2163:
1681:
1297:
1213:
1130:
or DNVP) (a party fairly close to the political aims of the NSDAP), wrote in 1925:
969:
559:
520:
2290:
Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube. Die „Deutschen Christen“ in Württemberg 1925–1960
571:
195:
borders. Each state or provincial church was supported by and affiliated with the
75:
2481:
1782:
1577:
1410:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1392:
1333:. German Christian-related parties sought to influence the historiography of the
1296:(called the "Dejudaisation Institute") was founded, led by Siegfried Leffler and
1294:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1198:
1026:
and of the struggle" and "the great exploiter of humanity, the evil enemy of our
990:
868:
864:
836:
657:
456:
302:
204:
182:
50:
852:
693:
2422:; Arnoldshainer Texte Band 85; Frankfurt/M.: Haag + Herchen Verlag, 1994;
1826:
1812:
Wider das Vergessen: Schicksale judenchristlicher Pfarrer in der Zeit 1933-1945
1790:
847:
806:
513:
405:
294:
203:
were therefore, to a large extent, combined on a regional basis. Monarchies of
200:
58:
1943:
Die Deutsche Glaubensbewegung. Eine historische und soziologische Untersuchung
1879:
The Politics of Cultural Despair: a study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology
1462:
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1
2543:
2487:
Olaf KĂĽhl-Freudenstein (2005). "Krause, Reinhold". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
2379:
Kleine politische Kirchengeschichte. 50 Jahre evangelischer Kirchenkampf
2355:
1929:
1573:
1500:". Most of the approximately 600,000 members were Protestant, although a few
1376:
1009:
980:
929:
795:
429:
377:
178:
1145:
1081:, and antisemitic organisations to form the German Christian Working Group (
1964:
1718:
1548:
book: German Reich 1938–August 1939, author: Susanne Heim, page: 797, url:
1489:
1287:
1267:
1155:
1094:
1078:
673:
585:
389:
196:
187:
100:
92:
66:
33:
2187:
The Aryan Jesus : Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany
805:
It was claimed and remembered by the German Christians, as a "fact", that
1013:
921:
409:
385:
279:
243:
228:
1148:, aiming to clarify Christianity's relation to "Fatherland", "Nation", "
241:
as an inspiration. In 1943, Nazi Germany produced the biographical film
141:
2534:„Wider den jüdischen Geist“. Christian Anti-Semitic arguments 1871–1933
2512:
1706:
1671:: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 68.
1668:
1497:
1493:
1117:
1097:, saw more effect in the churches, striving for the 'de-Judification' (
787:
661:
437:
306:
247:
about Lueger, which was given the predicate "special political value".
237:
107:
in 1934. Siegfried Leffler was a co-founder of the German Christians.
2131:
Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany
1169:
without the precondition of, for example, the blood unit. But once a
592:
Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and the process of
1794:
1680:
Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte. Issue 21. December 1931. Editor:
1382:
1183:
1100:
879:, Wagner's son-in-law and intellectual disciple, wrote: "For us, the
508:
502:
220:, and Roman Catholic congregations and umbrellas remained in effect.
127:
Martin Luther § Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544
706:
1992:[Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden].
1853:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 22.
1246:
1150:
950:
799:
192:
782:", a form of Christianity that did not stress the belief in human
512:
soldier listening to Jesus and a baptismal font which featured an
485:"—and his journal published articles like "Heroic Christianity" ("
2359:
2156:
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
1881:. copyright 1961 by The Regents of the University of California.
1823:
The Confessing Church grew out of the Pastors' Emergency League (
1576:
and its constitutive states, as it existed before the end of the
1229:
964:
904:
2489:
1877:, 5th ed. MĂĽnchen 1904, p.lxii. This is taken from Fritz Stern,
1793:, there was no standard definition of who was a "Jew," or which
1659:. (i.e. "Halo and Stahlhelm"), August 2013 (includes a picture).
1165:
is a spiritual reality ... certainly there will never be a
664:
clergy of Jewish descent and even clergy married to non-Aryans.
372:
Their movement was sustained and encouraged by factors such as:
2396:
Kirchliches Jahrbuch fĂĽr die evangelische Kirche in Deutschland
2101:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
1990:"Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews"
1971:(in German). Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland. 14 December 2005
1851:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
1632:
Verses 1-7 are the most pertinent; verses 1-2 read as follows (
1602:
For a fuller and more detailed account, see the article on the
1300:. One of its main tasks was to compile a "People's Testament" (
1281:
1134:
Whoever cheapens the Old Testament will soon also lose the New.
903:), Jesus stemmed from German soldiers in the Roman garrison in
682:
677:
with other evangelical Christians. Their opponents founded the
460:) the individual Protestant churches into a single and uniform
356:
88:
80:
2310:
Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
85:
align German Protestantism as a whole towards those principles
2495:(in German). Vol. 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 968–974.
2259:
Der Kirchenkampf. Evangelische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus
2061:
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler
1721:
and disabled. His father, also a pastor, had founded Bethel.
1591:
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad
994:
955:
wherever it stands nakedly approached by the Jewish religion.
791:
461:
1186:
to found the Thuringian German Christians' Church Movement (
1105:) and the building of a non-denominational People's Church (
2210:
A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past
1901:, in: Stefanie von Schnurbein, Justus H. Ulbricht (Hrsg.):
1899:
Germanisierung des Christentums — Heroisierung Christi
802:
in the middle and the group's German initials "D" and "C".
697:
Logos used by the German Christians in 1932, 1935, and 1937
466:
1789:). However, before the promulgation of the Nazi's racist
867:
and it emphatically recommended his work to its readers.
783:
2585:
Protestant denominations established in the 20th century
1651:
Bettina Vaupel, in: Monumente Journal. Published by the
1560:
The ruler of each state was also the highest authority (
798:. Their symbol was a traditional Christian cross with a
65:
that existed between 1932 and 1945, aligned towards the
1355:
Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden
1344:) and the People's Movement of Free Church Christians (
133:
Martin Luther § Posthumous influence within Nazism
2486:
1033:
In the same year, 1921, the Protestant-dominated and
812:, which appealed to and actively encouraged existing
685:
and claimed to be the true German Protestant Church.
305:, the Protestant Church in Germany now operated as a
2491:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
786:. Some of them went so far as to call for the total
477:
The editor Professor Wilhelm Knevels of the journal
1494:
purge Christianity of everything they deemed Jewish
2488:
2128:
1808:Evangelical Archive for Pastors and their Families
1208:
1061:) magazine, which in 12,000 articles advanced the
681:in 1934, which condemned the German Christians as
481:(i.e. Christianity and Life) also worked for the "
1459:Bergen, Doris L. (2005). Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
2541:
2523:Die christlichen Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus
2326:Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusionen, 1918–1934
1905:, Königshausen und Neumann GmbH, Würzburg 2001,
1458:
1465:. Oxford, England: ABC Clio. pp. 172–173.
395:the antisemitic writings of Martin Luther; cf.
489:", 1935) and "Why not only God? Why Jesus?" ("
87:. Their advocacy of these principles led to a
2412:; Bekennende Kirche Heft 15; Munich 1934
1242:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutsche Glaubensbewegung
891:advocated a "Germanisation of Christianity".
863:devoted its June 1892 issue to a memorial of
774:The German Christians were supportive of the
404:the Luther Renaissance Movement of Professor
103:and the attendant foundation of the opposing
16:Movement within the German Evangelical Church
1824:
1761:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
1345:
1339:
1301:
1240:
1223:
1187:
1139:
1125:
1106:
1098:
1088:
1082:
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1038:
564:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
2560:Christian organizations established in 1932
1705:Bodelschwingh was a well-known and popular
1189:ThĂĽringer Kirchenbewegung Deutsche Christen
1087:). The Christian-Spirit Religious Society (
735:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
301:Accordingly, in this initial period of the
269:; Text: "German Christians – Save Austria!"
2116:, Stiftung Lutherhaus Eisenach: Eisenach.
2112:Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise (2020):
1875:Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrunderts
1043:) was founded in Berlin. Andersen, pastor
554:The German Christians were organised as a
191:) in Germany were divided along state and
2513:Die evangelische Kirche und der Holocaust
2153:
1965:"Judentum, christlich-jüdisches Gespräch"
1399:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
2410:Die falsche Lehre der Deutschen Christen
2207:
2126:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1496:and to create a German church based on "
975:In 1920 minister Karl Gerecke published
843:). They found their model in the Berlin
692:
384:in 1517, an event which endorsed German
346:
249:
32:
2184:
2058:
1699:
1440:
1415:List of white nationalist organisations
814:antisemitic sentiments among Christians
598:German Evangelical Church Confederation
311:German Evangelical Church Confederation
2542:
2098:
2035:
1848:
1687:
1515:Only in the regional church bodies of
1454:
1452:
1450:
1138:In 1927 the Protestant Church League (
1090:Geistchristliche Religionsgesellschaft
1084:deutschchristliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft
1037:-oriented League for German Churches (
2162:
1728:
1609:
496:The "Martin Luther Memorial Church" (
2418:Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz (ed.):
2400:Evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
2081:A Concise History of the Third Reich
2077:
1379:, the analogous movement in the USSR
1364:the Dejudaisation Institute Memorial
1237:Associated German Religious Movement
733:adding citations to reliable sources
700:
438:removal of Jewishness from the Bible
136:
37:Flag of the German Christians (1934)
2570:Far-right politics and Christianity
2436:it (S. 201–234) Birgit Jerke:
2364:; MĂĽnchen: Christian Kaiser, 1990;
1994:Sacred Heart University Connecticut
1447:
1359:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland
1347:Volkskirchenbewegung Freie Christen
1141:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
1093:), founded in 1927 in Nuremberg by
376:the 400th anniversary (in 1917) of
315:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
172:
13:
2575:Late modern Christian antisemitism
2381:; Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1984;
2084:. University of California Press.
1282:Attempts to "de-Judaise" the Bible
651:
581:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
491:Warum nicht nur Gott? Warum Jesus?
273:
223:
14:
2596:
2465:
1219:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
566:, the largest of the independent
414:National Socialist Women's League
2451:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
2320:Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich
2154:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1996).
1945:; Marburg: diagonal-Verlag, 1993
920:On the 400th anniversary of the
705:
140:
2343:GĂĽnther van Norden u.a. (ed.):
2244:; Freimund Verlag 1976 (1959),
2024:
2011:
1982:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1916:
1891:
1867:
1842:
1817:
1770:
1753:
1740:
1674:
1662:
1653:Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz
1435:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
1225:Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts
1209:Pagan and anti-Christian trends
1178:, the spirit and not the blood.
934:Hans Paul Freiherr von Wolzogen
915:
824:
408:; supported by publications by
336:
210:Ă©tablissements publics du culte
2555:Nazi Germany and Protestantism
2333:Das Jahr der ErnĂĽchterung 1934
2242:Wider die Kirchenkampflegenden
2063:. Oxford University Press US.
1657:"Heiligenschein und Stahlhelm"
1645:
1626:
1596:
1583:
1554:
1542:
1509:
1258:(1881–1945), racial ideologue
1122:German National People's Party
1118:abolition of the Old Testament
1051:brought out the twice-monthly
788:removal of all Jewish elements
576:Salvation from chaotic madness
540:Institute of Religious Studies
498:Martin-Luther-Gedächtniskirche
351:German Christians celebrating
120:
115:
91:within 23 of the initially 28
1:
2208:Hockenos, Matthew D. (2004).
1873:Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
1804:Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv
1640:bring judgment on themselves.
1572:the Knowledge article on the
1341:Freie Christliche Volkskirche
1324:
983:, one of the founders of the
819:
776:Nazi Party's ideas about race
447:13) to justify this position.
2042:University Press of Kentucky
1425:Race and appearance of Jesus
1331:Protestant Church in Germany
1276:Lothar Stengel-von Rutkowski
1127:Deutschnationale Volkspartei
924:, in 1917, Flensburg pastor
622:
606:Deutsche Evangelische Kirche
549:
544:Advanced School of the NSDAP
464:church, consistent with the
258:poster of 1920, depicting a
7:
2267:Heiner Faulenbach: Artikel
2036:Barnes, Kenneth C. (1991).
1593:, Norton, 2003, 2007, p. 60
1430:Religious aspects of Nazism
1370:
1203:Briefe an Deutsche Christen
1069:In 1925 groups such as the
877:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
630:Friedrich von Bodelschwingh
436:, and the partial or total
412:, the first speaker of the
363:
185:, the Protestant churches (
10:
2601:
2191:Princeton University Press
2185:Heschel, Susannah (2008).
2137:Cambridge University Press
2059:Barnett, Victoria (1992).
2029:
1308:Lulu von StrauĂź und Torney
1285:
963:, the "angry thunder-god"
398:On the Jews and Their Lies
340:
130:
124:
110:
79:ideological principles of
61:and a movement within the
25:
18:
2231:
2170:. London: Penguin Books.
2127:Ericksen, Robert (2012).
2103:. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
2099:Bergen, Doris L. (1996).
1807:
1634:New International Version
895:alleged in his 1907 book
688:
602:German Evangelical Church
177:During the period of the
63:German Evangelical Church
2550:Nazi Party organizations
2453:; TĂĽbingen: Mohr, 1981;
2394:Joachim Beckmann (eds):
2214:Indiana University Press
2168:The Third Reich in Power
1835:in 1933. See article on
1040:Bund fĂĽr deutsche Kirche
527:the Protestant minister
343:Religion in Nazi Germany
93:regional church bodies (
2078:Benz, Wolfgang (2006).
1715:charitable organization
1502:Catholics were involved
1264:Ernst Graf zu Reventlow
1030:finally be destroyed".
1000:In 1921 Andersen wrote
959:For the authors of the
841:arteigene Volksreligion
669:Gleichschaltungspolitik
519:Under the authority of
428:the de-emphasis of the
2408:Julius Sammetreuther:
2300:Die Deutschen Christen
2240:Friedrich Baumgärtel:
1926:The Ninety-five Theses
1849:Bergen, Doris (1996).
1825:
1786:
1642:
1346:
1340:
1302:
1241:
1224:
1202:
1188:
1180:
1158:, for example, wrote:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1107:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1057:
1039:
1019:
979:in the Volksverlag of
977:Biblical anti-Semitism
957:
922:Protestant Reformation
840:
698:
558:(church party, i.e. a
487:Heroisches Christentum
380:'s publication of the
360:
270:
256:Christian Social Party
233:Christian Social Party
54:
38:
1637:
1405:German Faith Movement
1160:
1132:
1049:Kurd Joachim Niedlich
1006:
985:German Workers' Party
942:
897:Der deutsche Christus
780:Positive Christianity
696:
479:Christentum und Leben
350:
253:
36:
28:German Faith Movement
1441:Notes and references
1357:), the Synod of the
1002:Der deutsche Heiland
729:improve this section
284:revolutionary fervor
2565:Christian movements
2377:Hans Prolingheuer:
1806:(about in English:
1252:Jakob Wilhelm Hauer
1058:Die Deutsche Kirche
570:. They were led by
295:public corporations
21:Religion in Germany
2480:2009-04-22 at the
2158:. New York: Knopf.
1711:Bethel Institution
1709:pastor who headed
1525:Hanover (Reformed)
1521:Hanover (Lutheran)
1517:Bavaria (Lutheran)
1486:National Socialism
1388:Christian Identity
1260:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
1008:Who will win, the
926:Friedrich Andersen
881:Deutsche Schriften
873:Bayreuther Blätter
861:Bayreuther Blätter
699:
525:religious theories
382:Ninety-five Theses
361:
271:
152:. You can help by
39:
2461:; S. 521–528
2269:Deutsche Christen
2223:978-0-253-34448-9
2200:978-0-691-12531-2
2164:Evans, Richard J.
2146:978-1-107-01591-3
2122:978-3-9818078-5-1
1913:, S. 165–183
1837:Confessing Church
1604:Confessing Church
1589:Fareed Zacharia,
1420:Marcion of Sinope
1272:Ludwig Fahrenkrog
1053:The German Church
1010:six-cornered star
901:The German Christ
816:in Nazi Germany.
810:had killed Christ
765:
764:
757:
679:Confessing Church
529:Wilhelm Brachmann
434:Lutheran theology
170:
169:
105:Confessing Church
83:with the goal to
55:Deutsche Christen
42:German Christians
2592:
2532:Andreas Herzog:
2530:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2494:
2473:
2448:
2417:
2407:
2402:, GĂĽtersloh 1948
2393:
2376:
2351:
2342:
2318:Klaus Scholder:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2292:; Stuttgart 1994
2288:Rainer Lächele:
2287:
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2227:
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2006:
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1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1920:
1914:
1897:Rainer Lächele:
1895:
1889:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:for more detail.
1833:Martin Niemöller
1830:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1744:
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1732:
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1685:
1682:Alfred Rosenberg
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1660:
1649:
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1630:
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1618:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1562:summus episcopus
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1529:Schaumburg-Lippe
1513:
1507:
1506:
1492:. They aimed to
1481:
1479:
1456:
1349:
1343:
1316:
1305:
1298:Walter Grundmann
1244:
1227:
1214:Alfred Rosenberg
1197:
1191:
1143:
1129:
1112:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1073:united with ten
1060:
1042:
970:Ten Commandments
835:
794:, including the
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
709:
701:
560:nominating group
537:
521:Alfred Rosenberg
493:", April 1942).
323:Kirchenausschuss
288:disestablishment
278:With the end of
201:Church and state
173:Imperial Germany
165:
162:
144:
137:
49:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
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2540:
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2528:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2482:Wayback Machine
2471:
2468:
2446:
2415:
2405:
2398:1933–1945. It:
2391:
2374:
2356:Protestantismus
2349:
2340:
2315:
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2285:
2275:
2264:
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2234:
2224:
2212:. Bloomington:
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1578:First World War
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1537:intact churches
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1448:
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1393:Esoteric Nazism
1373:
1327:
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1290:
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1211:
1193:
991:Dietrich Eckart
946:racial research
918:
869:Ludwig Schemann
865:Paul de Lagarde
831:
830:folk-religion (
827:
822:
761:
750:
744:
741:
726:
710:
691:
658:Aryan paragraph
654:
652:Aryan paragraph
625:
613:Gleichschaltung
594:Gleichschaltung
552:
542:as part of the
538:established an
531:
457:Gleichschaltung
419:the revival of
406:Emmanuel Hirsch
366:
345:
339:
303:Weimar Republic
276:
274:Weimar Republic
260:Judeo-Bolshevik
231:'s antisemitic
226:
224:Austria-Hungary
183:Weimar Republic
175:
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150:needs expansion
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2467:
2466:External links
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1934:
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1827:Pfarrernotbund
1816:
1802:p. 33-36. The
1791:Nuremberg Laws
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1326:
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1319:disaffiliation
1303:Volkstestament
1283:
1280:
1256:Ernst Bergmann
1245:), founded in
1210:
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1047:, and teacher
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2334:
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2196:
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2189:. Princeton:
2188:
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2177:0-14-100976-4
2173:
2169:
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2157:
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2148:
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2135:. Cambridge:
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2097:
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2014:
2000:on 2018-10-12
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1938:
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1930:Martin Luther
1927:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1911:3-8260-2160-6
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:0-520-02626-8
1884:
1880:
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1860:0-8078-2253-1
1856:
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1831:) founded by
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1574:German Empire
1571:
1570:See generally
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981:Ernst Boepple
978:
973:
971:
966:
962:
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953:
952:
947:
941:
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935:
931:
930:Adolf Bartels
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796:Old Testament
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772:
770:
769:Reichsbischof
759:
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748:
738:
734:
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724:
723:
719:
714:This section
712:
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703:
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695:
686:
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680:
676:
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670:
665:
663:
659:
649:
647:
646:Reichsbischof
642:
641:Landeskirchen
637:
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634:Reichsbischof
631:
620:
618:
617:Reichsbischof
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
572:Ludwig MĂĽller
569:
568:Landeskirchen
565:
561:
557:
556:Kirchenpartei
547:
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472:FĂĽhrerprinzip
469:
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430:Old Testament
427:
424:
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418:
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378:Martin Luther
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189:
188:Landeskirchen
184:
181:, before the
180:
179:German Empire
164:
155:
151:
148:This section
146:
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108:
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95:Landeskirchen
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35:
29:
22:
2580:Kirchenkampf
2533:
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2437:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2395:
2378:
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2344:
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2325:
2319:
2309:
2308:Kurt Meier:
2299:
2298:Kurt Meier:
2289:
2268:
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2241:
2209:
2186:
2167:
2155:
2130:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2080:
2060:
2037:
2025:Bibliography
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1993:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1968:
1959:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1902:
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1878:
1874:
1869:
1850:
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1764:
1760:
1755:
1748:Reichskirche
1747:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1719:mentally ill
1701:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1664:
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1628:
1620:
1598:
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1569:
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1556:
1544:
1536:
1511:
1490:Christianity
1483:
1476:. Retrieved
1461:
1397:
1354:
1352:
1335:Kirchenkampf
1334:
1328:
1291:
1288:Anti-Judaism
1268:Herman Wirth
1266:, historian
1234:
1217:
1212:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:Paul Althaus
1149:
1137:
1133:
1115:
1095:Artur Dinter
1079:Germanophile
1074:
1070:
1068:
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1052:
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1023:
1020:
1007:
1001:
999:
989:
976:
974:
960:
958:
949:
943:
937:
919:
916:20th century
900:
896:
889:Arthur Bonus
886:
880:
875:kept alive.
872:
860:
858:
853:Ăśberfremdung
851:
844:
828:
825:19th century
807:
804:
773:
768:
766:
751:
742:
727:Please help
715:
674:Kirchenkampf
672:
668:
666:
655:
645:
640:
638:
633:
626:
616:
612:
610:
605:
593:
591:
586:Wilhelm Kube
579:
575:
567:
555:
553:
539:
518:
507:
501:
497:
495:
490:
486:
478:
476:
471:
465:
455:
452:
450:
420:
396:
390:antisemitism
371:
367:
352:
337:Nazi Germany
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
300:
292:
277:
265:choking the
254:Antisemitic
242:
236:
227:
209:
197:regnal house
186:
176:
158:
154:adding to it
149:
94:
74:
41:
40:
2529:(in German)
2518:(in German)
2510:(in German)
2472:(in German)
2447:(in German)
2416:(in German)
2406:(in German)
2392:(in German)
2375:(in German)
2350:(in German)
2341:(in German)
2316:(in German)
2306:(in German)
2296:(in German)
2286:(in German)
2276: [
2265:(in German)
2257:Otto Diem:
2255:(in German)
2238:(in German)
1759:The entire
1707:Westphalian
1533:WĂĽrttemberg
1478:27 February
1311: [
1109:Volkskirche
1014:Good Friday
910:Julius Bode
845:Hofprediger
667:With their
532: [
425:traditions;
410:Guida Diehl
386:nationalism
280:World War I
244:Vienna 1910
229:Karl Lueger
121:Lutheranism
116:Antecedents
67:antisemitic
2544:Categories
2354:Deutscher
2331:Volume 2:
2324:Volume 1:
2004:2018-10-12
1975:2018-10-12
1713:, a large
1669:Ernst Klee
1564:) in that
1325:After 1945
1286:See also:
1146:Königsberg
1017:destroyed.
944:The newer
936:presented
820:Precursors
784:sinfulness
745:March 2018
662:defrocking
353:Luther-Day
341:See also:
327:Kirchentag
319:Kirchentag
307:federation
238:Mein Kampf
216:, Jewish,
193:provincial
131:See also:
125:See also:
1795:Mischling
1787:Volljuden
1779:‹See Tfd›
1383:Ariosophy
1262:, writer
1195:‹See Tfd›
1184:Thuringia
1101:Entjudung
938:95 Thesen
928:, writer
893:Max Bewer
833:‹See Tfd›
790:from the
716:does not
623:Bishopric
550:Formation
509:Wehrmacht
506:-wearing
503:Stahlhelm
214:Calvinist
161:June 2022
57:) were a
47:‹See Tfd›
2478:Archived
2360:Judentum
2166:(2006).
1746:The new
1717:for the
1371:See also
1247:Eisenach
1216:'s book
1176:Volkstum
1171:Volkstum
1167:Volkstum
1163:Volkstum
1151:Volkstum
1075:völkisch
1066:Cross."
1035:völkisch
951:Volkstum
887:In 1896
808:the Jews
800:swastika
683:heretics
523:and his
422:völkisch
364:Ideology
218:Lutheran
212:for the
2362:1932–33
2030:English
1800:Barnett
1765:Barnett
1737:p. 223.
1723:Barnett
1230:Marxism
965:Jehovah
905:Galilee
737:removed
722:sources
359:in 1933
263:serpent
111:History
101:Germany
2499:
2457:
2426:
2385:
2368:
2282:, 1999
2271:; in:
2248:
2232:German
2220:
2197:
2174:
2143:
2120:
2107:Bergen
2088:
2067:
2048:
1909:
1885:
1857:
1783:German
1767:p. 34.
1725:p. 33.
1694:Bergen
1623:p. 74.
1621:Barnes
1531:, and
1469:
1274:, and
1199:German
961:Thesen
932:, and
837:German
689:Impact
445:Romans
357:Berlin
89:schism
81:Nazism
73:, and
71:racist
51:German
2280:]
1735:Evans
1696:p. 5.
1498:blood
1315:]
1063:Bund'
995:Baldr
792:Bible
536:]
462:Reich
2497:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2358:und
2246:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2046:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1488:and
1480:2018
1467:ISBN
1235:The
1071:Bund
1028:Volk
1024:Volk
859:The
720:any
718:cite
467:Volk
2273:RGG
1928:of
1923:See
1205:).
1113:).
731:by
632:as
619:).
453:see
432:in
355:in
156:.
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2105:(
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2054:.
2007:.
1978:.
1932:.
1863:.
1606:.
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