230:
347:
801:
Kleibring, Kifenhover, Koppel, Koppisch, Korber, Krammer, Kraus, Küchler, von
Kupferschein (adapted to Cofresí), Kuster, Lameyer, Landau, Lange, Lassen, Lundt, Meyer, Miller, Mirande, Müllenhoff, Müller, Neumann, Niemeyer, Nitsche, Obergh, Oppenheim, Oppenheimer, Overmann/Obermann, Piterson, Pottharst, Raschke, Rauschenplar, Reichard, Reinhart, Remus, Rieckehoff, Riefkohl, Roehrs, Rohde, Roller, Sanders, Schiffer, Schimk, Schink, Schmidt, Schnabel, Schomburg, Schröder, Schultze, Schumacher, Spieker, Stahl, Steffens, Stege, Steinacher, Straussmann, Stroehling, Stubbe, Tischer, Voigt, Völckers,Volmar, Volkermann, Wedstein, Weidemann, Wiechers, Wilhelm, Willenk, Wirshing, Wolff, Zaiter, Zwinger.
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were already the successful entrepreneurial class on the island. These descendants of earlier
European immigrants (typically of Peninsular and Maritime Spanish Provinces, French, Dutch, Basque and Irish ancestry) helped the German immigrants adapt quickly to the language and customs of the island, thereby integrating themselves into the society of their new homeland.
242:. Many people who worked the farmlands abandoned their homes and moved to the larger, industrialized cities with the hope of finding better paying jobs. Those who continued to work in the agricultural sector suffered the consequences of the widespread crop failures which came about as the result of long periods of
326:(Real Cédula de Gracias) which was promulgated on August 10, 1815, with the intention of attracting European settlers who were not of Spanish origin to the islands. The Spanish government, believing that the independence movements would lose their popularity, granted land and gave "Letters of Domicile" to German,
562:
On
December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. The former Spanish military bases were transferred to the United States and many of the American soldiers of German-American descent (and other
553:
Unlike their countrymen who settled in the United States or in much larger South
American colonial outposts in Brazil and Argentina in often isolated and close-knit communities, the German immigrants arriving in Puerto Rico moved quickly to marry into the most prosperous and upper-class families who
627:
Besides having distinguished careers in agriculture and the military, Puerto Ricans of German descent have made many other contributions to the Puerto Rican way of life. Their contributions can be found, but are not limited to, the fields of education, commerce, politics, science and entertainment.
607:
By the beginning of the 20th century, many of the descendants of these earlier German settlers had become successful and prominent businessmen, philanthropists, educators/academicians, international entrepreneurs, and scientists and were among the pioneers of Puerto Rico's television and mass media
549:
In 1915, a German immigrant named Walter
Tischer married Carmen Vargas Alayón and opened a ballet school in San Juan which still exists today. Other German-founded businesses in Puerto Rico included Mullenhoff & Korber, Frite, Lundt & Co., Max Meyer & Co., Feddersen Willenk & Co.,
581:
Many of these Puerto Rican soldiers became fluent in German while stationed there and very frequently married German women who, as in the case of Dr. Úrsula Acosta, eventually moved to the island with their Puerto Rican husbands. Dr. Úrsula Acosta was a psychologist and retired professor of the
136:
Many soldiers of German-American background stationed in the island upon encountering Puerto Ricans of German ancestry quickly made social contact with them. Not surprisingly, many of them stayed on the island and married into local families that had been established for decades since their own
800:
Albrecht, Auerbach, Baltmann, Becker, Behn, Beidermeier, Bey, Bose, Bruekmann, Brugmann, Bultmann, Christiansen, Degener, Durer, von Eicken, Estronz, Elvers, Feurbach, Freidrich, Fritze, Fromm, Ganslandt, Haase, Hansen (adapted Yance), Hartmann, Hau, Herger, Hoffman, Hohl, Holbein, Kaufmann,
541:
Many of these interior-island German settlers made their fortunes cultivating large agricultural enterprises in this sector and in some cases became owners of sugar cane and tobacco plantations. Others dedicated themselves to the fishing export industry in certain parts of Europe, such as
501:
from the
Iberian Peninsula settled in these areas. However, many well-to-do German immigrants also settled in this coastal area where they quickly established successful businesses in the coastal towns of Fajardo, Arroyo, Ponce, Mayagüez, Cabo Rojo,
237:
Many economic and political changes occurred in Europe during the latter part of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, changes which affected the lives of millions of people. One of these changes came about with the advent of the
448:
Two commercial establishments in Puerto Rico have become gathering places for Puerto Rico's German community; the more than half-century old
Zipperle's Restaurant in San Juan, and the Casa Bavaria restaurant located in the central mountain range
155:
Many of these soldiers married German women who eventually moved to the island with their families. Puerto Ricans of German descent have distinguished themselves in different fields, among them the fields of science, business and the military.
412:
in the German and Dutch-speaking parts of central Europe in the 16th century, also established congregations in Puerto Rico. The first
Mennonite congregation in Puerto Rico, named Bethany (Betania) Mennonite Church, was founded in 1946 in
122:(Real Cédula de Gracias) which now allowed Europeans who were not of Spanish origin to immigrate to the island that contributed the most to the immigration of hundreds of German families to Puerto Rico in search of a better life.
513:
Other German immigrants who arrived in Puerto Rico to claim the free land that the
Spanish government offered under the terms of the Spanish Royal Decree settled in the central mountainous areas of the island in towns such as
369:
In 1870, the
Spanish Courts passed the "Acta de Culto Condicionado" (Conditional Cult Act), a law granting the right of religious freedom to all those who wished to worship another religion other than the Catholic religion.
788:
The German element in Puerto Rico is very much in evidence and German surnames such as Herger and Rieckehoff are common in the island. The following are the surnames of the first German families to settle in Puerto Rico:
546:. Among these German settlers in Puerto Rico was Johann Kifenhover, who in 1832 established a school in San Juan while other German settlers, such as Adolfo Rauschenplatt, founded sugarcane export businesses...
229:
397:
established in the Spanish Colonies and is currently an operating parish, as well as a tourist attraction. Albert and Betty Ostrom began training Puerto Ricans for pastoral service in the
1797:
889:
563:
European-Americans) stationed on the island easily established social contacts and very frequently married into middle class and upper-class families and established their homes there.
428:, the Puerto Rican Mennonites established their first hospital and conference center. As of 1986 the conference had 893 members in 16 congregations with churches in Ponce and Bayamón.
417:. The first meetinghouse was a tabernacle-type church, built in 1946 and pastored by Paul Lauver. It was replaced in 1949 and by 1958 had 111 members. In 1957, a church was built in
729:, U.S. Army, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team (RCT), a unit which was composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during
617:
741:, U.S. Navy, was the first Hispanic Commander of the Naval Safety Center. He led an international naval exercise known as Baltic Operations (BALTOPS) 2003 from his flagship, the
2116:
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began in the early part of the 19th century and continued to increase when German businessmen immigrated and established themselves with their families on the island.
2136:
2141:
2042:
919:
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212:. By establishing businesses dedicated to the exportation and importation of these and other goods, Germany no longer had to pay the high tariffs which the
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2917:
2515:
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adorned a Christmas tree in his backyard. The people of Bayamón baptized his tree "El Árbol de Navidad del Doctor Stahl" (Dr. Stahl's Christmas tree).
1726:
421:, called the Guavate Mennonite Church, replacing a smaller structure of the Guavate Mennonite Church which was founded in 1954 and destroyed in 1956.
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However, it was the economic and political situation in Europe during the early 19th century plus the fact that the Spanish Crown re-issued the
3180:
172:
and Austria during the early 19th century. Many of these early German immigrants established warehouses and businesses in the coastal towns of
1701:
1971:
274:. Ultimately, the rather non-violent "revolutions" failed. Disappointed, many Germans immigrated to the Americas and Puerto Rico, dubbed the
1840:
1146:
570:
of 1917 Puerto Ricans were required to serve in the Armed Forces of the United States. As a result, Puerto Ricans fought in Germany during
2709:
1387:
697:
Two brothers from the Riefkohl family had distinguished military careers. They were Frederick Lois and Rudolph W. Riefkohl. Rear Admiral
2035:
1065:
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Korber Group Inc. and many others. One of Puerto Rico's largest advertising agencies was founded by the descendants of William Korber.
3190:
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267:
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745:(CG-72). It was the first time in the thirty-one year history of BALTOPS that the exercise included combined ground troops from
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2198:
2004:
1955:
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and continued to serve in Germany as members of the regular Army after the war on military bases throughout Germany.
196:. One of the reasons that these businessmen established themselves in the island was that Germany depended mostly on
338:. After a period of five years, settlers were granted a "Letter of Naturalization" that made them Spanish subjects.
3195:
2076:
1945:
1083:
972:
322:
and Puerto Rico, who were demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements. The Spanish Crown issued the
733:. He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division, in the forests of the
450:
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1848:
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853:
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323:
119:
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The descendants of the first Spanish settlers owned most of the land in the coastal areas. Most prominently,
216:
charged them. Not all of the immigrants were businessmen; some were teachers, farmers and skilled laborers.
1730:
1088:
239:
1766:
640:
1999:
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1260:
1179:
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1702:"Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Technique Yearbook (Cambridge, Mass.), Class of 1910, Page 261"
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to serve in the Armed Forces of the United States. As a result, Puerto Ricans fought in Germany during
1234:
The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By,
648:
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1107:
1030:
909:
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and a general deterioration of economic conditions. Starvation and unemployment were on the rise.
185:
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2009:
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for their church. The church, which is located on Calle Marina (Marina Street) was the first non-
102:
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2396:
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1001:
742:
586:. As a member of the Puerto Rican Genealogy Society, she has studied and written many works on
575:
193:
189:
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424:
There is a Mennonite School in Summit Hill and a Mennonite Church in San Juan. In the town of
358:" to the Americas. The custom of adorning Christmas trees in Puerto Rico began in the city of
3091:
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2191:
1950:
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1015:
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in Miami. The current Honorary Consul, installed in a 2010 ceremony attended by Puerto Rico
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in 1872. Among the original founders was G. V. Wiecher, who wrote to the Anglican Bishop of
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126:
1765:(2). Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy: 132–133. Summer 1969. Archived from
8:
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1920:
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he also became the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Navy Cross. His brother, Colonel
687:
470:
259:
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88:
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461:. Puerto Rican-German cuisine can also be found in Heidelberg Haus German Restaurant in
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Puerto Rican politics has been influenced by the contributions of politicians such as
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2626:
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1010:
734:
726:
632:
490:
334:, and French settlers who swore loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the
315:
74:
44:
725:
in 1915. Estéves Völckers also organized the Puerto Rican National Guard. Colonel
667:
621:
531:
363:
318:
had lost most of its possessions in the Americas. Its two remaining colonies were
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2765:
2755:
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1825:
1632:
1588:
1280:
766:
738:
718:
691:
597:
Cabo Rojo: Notas para su historia (with Antonio "Mao" Ramos Ramírez de Arellano);
398:
374:
279:
58:
1835:
2508:
2493:
2470:
2426:
2392:
2333:
2230:
2020:
1625:
835:
770:
683:
355:
275:
213:
1646:"Sixto González is the first Puerto Rico-born head of the Arecibo Observatory"
295:
3164:
2963:
2846:
2438:
2421:
2400:
2246:
1878:
1517:
881:
721:, U.S. Army, became the first Puerto Rican and Hispanic to graduate from the
656:
636:
306:
197:
165:
82:
30:
1830:
765:
maintains an official presence in Puerto Rico through the appointment of an
655:, president of the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee, was the President of the
590:
and the German influence in Puerto Rico. Among her works are the following:
2812:
2314:
2148:
2083:
1292:
1273:
730:
571:
503:
458:
266:
and then were further triggered by the French Revolution of 1848. Soon the
152:
and have served in U.S. military installations in said country since then.
149:
125:
Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the
481:
96:
3142:
2590:
1873:
1318:
706:
600:
New Voices of Old: Five Centuries of Puerto Rican Cultural History, 1987;
543:
409:
145:
112:
1442:"Eventful - Local upcoming events, concerts, festivals, movies and more"
2946:
783:
611:
2883:
2307:
359:
169:
2704:
2237:
671:
587:
494:
405:
291:
2968:
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1370:"Bethany Mennonite Church (Pulguillas, Coamo, Puerto Rico) - GAMEO"
519:
515:
485:
The Riefkohl and Verges children of Maunabo, Puerto Rico (c. 1890s)
425:
258:
Europe also faced a series of revolutionary movements known as the
68:
38:
1981:
992:
713:, U.S. Army, played an instrumental role in helping the people of
3023:
3018:
3013:
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750:
679:
507:
498:
386:
331:
327:
247:
243:
209:
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1541:
1208:
616:
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Cofresí y Ducoudray: Dos hombres al margen de la historia, 1991.
594:
Familias de Cabo Rojo, 1983 (with David Enrique Cuesta Camacho);
24:
3106:
3101:
2878:
2785:
746:
714:
675:
535:
527:
441:
390:
263:
201:
2922:
701:, U.S. Navy, was the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the
354:
In the early 19th century, German immigrants introduced the "
287:
283:
205:
52:
3118:
2985:
319:
756:
1826:
German Genealogy: Germans in the United States of America
1798:"German Missions in the United States - Honorary Consul"
1752:"Be Thou at Peace: Virgil Rasmus Miller, Class of 1924"
1418:"Get a Taste of the Island: Food Tours in Puerto Rico"
795:
Surnames of the first German families in Puerto Rico
233:
Cheering revolutionaries after fighting in March 1848
1209:"Dr. Ursula Acosta: Genealogy: My Passion and Hobby"
811:
784:
Surnames of the first German families in Puerto Rico
612:
German influence in Puerto Rican and popular culture
1467:"The German Beach in Puerto Rico You Need to Visit"
219:
1542:Dr. Ursula Acosta: Genealogy: My Passion and Hobby
717:overcome the 1919 typhus epidemic. Major General
538:, among others where their descendants are today.
381:, was founded by German and English immigrants in
769:, who falls under the jurisdiction of the German
301:
133:, and the U.S. established military bases there.
3162:
2050:
168:, German immigrants arrived in Puerto Rico from
643:, and the President of the Puerto Rican Senate
389:, W. W. Jackson, requesting a Spanish-speaking
1729:. Bell South. November 1, 2002. Archived from
2844:
2192:
2036:
1856:
1555:"GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT BANK FOR PUERTO RICO"
1356:History of the Lutheran Church in Puerto Rico
1180:
3140:
2312:
2244:
2228:
2221:
3150:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1459:
1342:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1316:
1293:"El primer árbol de Navidad en Puerto Rico"
794:
476:
159:
16:Began in the early part of the 19th century
2199:
2185:
2043:
2029:
1863:
1849:
1727:"Major General Luis Raúl Esteves Völckers"
1187:
1173:
888:
1503:
780:and the Consul General, is Eric Stubbe.
615:
480:
435:
345:
305:
268:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
228:
2730:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2724:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1719:
1518:"La presencia germánica en Puerto Rico"
757:German Consular Presence in Puerto Rico
3163:
469:and at Das Alpen Cafe, in the town of
341:
253:
3181:Puerto Rican people of German descent
2180:
2024:
1844:
1626:Botanical Legacy of Dr. Agustín Stahl
1364:
1362:
737:in northeastern France. Rear Admiral
584:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
440:Casa Bavaria, a German restaurant on
224:
1836:Royal Decree of Graces / Real Cedula
1744:
1236:(New York, New York:iUniverse, 2006)
608:and journalism industries of today.
1619:
1599:
1593:
1410:
350:Iglesia Santísima Trinidad of Ponce
13:
1638:
1575:
1359:
1319:"Iglesia Episcopal Puertorriqueña"
690:, the world's largest single dish
401:of Puerto Rico from 1905 to 1931.
278:. The majority of these came from
14:
3222:
2206:
2005:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
1819:
1274:The History of the Christmas Tree
849:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
431:
3191:European diaspora in Puerto Rico
3171:German diaspora in the Caribbean
1872:
1699:
1156:
828:
814:
666:Puerto Rican scientist Dr.
379:Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad
220:Situation in 19th century Europe
95:
81:
67:
51:
37:
23:
1831:German influence in Puerto Rico
1790:
1776:
1693:
1663:
1547:
1535:
1477:
1434:
1380:
793:
557:
457:, visited in 2009 by President
144:of 1917 Puerto Ricans could be
1602:"Gutiérrez del Arroyo Sisters"
1350:
1323:credo-josefrios18.blogspot.com
1310:
1285:
1267:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1201:
1117:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
854:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
723:United States Military Academy
661:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
302:Spanish Royal Decree of Graces
1:
3206:Social history of Puerto Rico
864:
639:, Kimberly "Kimmie" Raschke,
408:Church, which began with the
3186:Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
1635:, Retrieved October 17, 2008
574:as members of Puerto Rico's
310:Royal Decree of Graces, 1815
260:European Revolutions of 1848
240:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
3211:20th century in Puerto Rico
2631:Alsatians and Lotharingians
2000:Demographics of Puerto Rico
1317:Josefrios18 (4 June 2007).
807:
763:Federal Republic of Germany
703:United States Naval Academy
10:
3227:
3201:Immigration to Puerto Rico
3176:German diaspora by country
1279:December 23, 2006, at the
686:was named Director of the
3133:
3079:
3001:
2859:
2670:
2650:
2614:
2534:
2486:
2349:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2214:
2059:
1990:
1964:
1919:
1901:
1885:
1544:, Retrieved July 13, 2007
641:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
1787:, Retrieved July 5, 2007
719:Luis R. Estéves Völckers
670:worked in the fields of
566:With the passage of the
477:Influence on the economy
270:erupted, leading to the
160:Early German immigration
140:With the passage of the
89:Rudolph William Riefkohl
59:Luis R. Esteves Völckers
3196:19th century in Germany
2651:Multinational dimension
2010:Stateside Puerto Ricans
753:and the United States.
699:Frederick Lois Riefkohl
651:, relative of the late
649:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
164:According to Professor
103:Frederick Lois Riefkohl
3141:
2845:
2572:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2313:
2245:
2229:
2222:
1700:(tm), e-yearbook.com.
1232:Beaudreau, Bernard C.
1163:Puerto Rico portal
920:Holyoke, Massachusetts
624:
576:65th Infantry Regiment
486:
445:
351:
324:Royal Decree of Graces
311:
234:
137:arrival from Germany.
120:Royal Decree of Graces
111:German immigration to
844:List of Puerto Ricans
619:
484:
439:
395:Roman Catholic Church
349:
336:Roman Catholic Church
309:
232:
200:for such products as
166:Úrsula Schmidt-Acosta
3071:United Arab Emirates
2379:Transylvanian Saxons
1422:Discover Puerto Rico
1263:on October 18, 2007.
897:By region or country
859:German Confederation
684:Sixto González Edick
645:Thomas Rivera Schatz
272:Frankfurt Parliament
131:Spanish–American War
127:1898 Treaty of Paris
2658:Central and Eastern
2562:Italy (South Tyrol)
1733:on January 27, 2010
1600:Zwickel, Daniel B.
1489:Condé Nast Traveler
1471:Condé Nast Traveler
1257:www.icp.gobierno.pr
1142:Spanish (Castilian)
711:Rudolph W. Riefkohl
688:Arecibo Observatory
342:Religious influence
254:Political situation
2803:Pennsylvania Dutch
1995:Portal:Puerto Rico
1631:2011-09-17 at the
1587:2007-09-30 at the
1491:. December 1, 2022
1392:tourmagination.com
1123:Jones–Shafroth Act
822:Puerto Rico portal
778:Kenneth McClintock
775:Secretary of State
625:
487:
451:Cordillera Central
446:
419:Cayey, Puerto Rico
415:Coamo, Puerto Rico
352:
312:
235:
225:Economic situation
129:, which ended the
3158:
3157:
3129:
3128:
2666:
2665:
2466:Russian Mennonite
2174:
2173:
2155:Shenandoah Valley
2018:
2017:
1706:www.eyearbook.com
1606:www.peacehost.net
1197:
1196:
1084:Roman Catholicism
805:
804:
653:Germán Rieckehoff
362:in 1866 when Dr.
262:which erupted in
246:and disease, the
3218:
3146:
3097:Papua New Guinea
2935:Kapitaï and Koba
2901:Kapitaï and Koba
2850:
2728:Los Lagos Region
2710:British Columbia
2318:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2234:
2225:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2052:German Americans
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2021:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1800:. Archived from
1794:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:. Archived from
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:. Archived from
1249:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1205:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1159:
892:
869:
868:
838:
833:
832:
831:
824:
819:
818:
817:
792:
791:
735:Vosges Mountains
727:Virgil R. Miller
633:Federico Degetau
248:cholera epidemic
99:
85:
75:Virgil R. Miller
71:
55:
45:Federico Degetau
41:
27:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3125:
3075:
2997:
2855:
2722:Los Ríos Region
2662:
2646:
2610:
2535:Southern Europe
2530:
2504:North Schleswig
2487:Northern Europe
2482:
2345:
2286:Sudeten Germans
2253:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2170:
2096:Massachusetts (
2055:
2049:
2019:
2014:
1986:
1960:
1915:
1897:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1681:on 4 March 2016
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1633:Wayback Machine
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1589:Wayback Machine
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:"Tour Magazine"
1386:
1385:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:Wayback Machine
1272:
1268:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1157:
1155:
867:
834:
829:
827:
820:
815:
813:
810:
786:
767:Honorary Consul
759:
739:George E. Mayer
692:radio telescope
659:chapter of the
635:, Erwin Kiess,
614:
560:
510:and Aguadilla.
479:
434:
399:Lutheran Church
375:Anglican Church
344:
304:
280:Alsace-Lorraine
256:
227:
222:
162:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
92:
91:
86:
78:
77:
72:
63:
62:
61:
56:
48:
47:
42:
34:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3114:German Samoans
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2642:United Kingdom
2639:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2615:Western Europe
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:Potato Germans
2506:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:North Caucasus
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:Eastern Europe
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2281:Czech Republic
2277:
2275:
2274:Central Europe
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2231:Reichsdeutsche
2226:
2223:Bundesdeutsche
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1820:External links
1818:
1815:
1814:
1789:
1775:
1772:on 2012-02-08.
1743:
1718:
1692:
1662:
1637:
1618:
1592:
1574:
1546:
1534:
1502:
1485:"Casa Bavaria"
1476:
1458:
1433:
1409:
1379:
1358:
1349:
1309:
1284:
1266:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1213:home.coqui.net
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
953:
948:
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
899:
898:
894:
893:
885:
884:
878:
877:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
839:
836:Germany portal
825:
809:
806:
803:
802:
797:
796:
785:
782:
771:Consul General
758:
755:
743:USS Vella Gulf
663:in the 1930s.
613:
610:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
559:
556:
478:
475:
433:
432:German cuisine
430:
356:Christmas tree
343:
340:
303:
300:
276:Forty-Eighters
255:
252:
226:
223:
221:
218:
161:
158:
101:
94:
93:
87:
80:
79:
73:
66:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
43:
36:
35:
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Dar es Salaam
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2847:Colonia Tovar
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:United States
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Baltic states
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2247:Volksdeutsche
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:German people
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:New York City
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:Puerto Ricans
1875:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1804:on 2016-03-03
1803:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1398:on 9 May 2008
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:"Gobierno.pr"
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Protestantism
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
941:
937:
936:
931:
928:
926:
925:New York City
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
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1737:2010-03-22
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1066:Television
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142:Jones Act
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2808:Nebraska
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1655:21 April
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1951:Italian
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