Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

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January 1939 to reluctantly order major defense cuts with the Wehrmacht having its steel allocations cut by 30%, aluminum 47%, cement 25%, rubber 14% and copper 20%. On 30 January 1939, Hitler made his "Export or die!" speech calling for a German economic offensive or "export battle" to use Hitler's term to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials for the Four Year Plan without cutting back on food imports. Hitler's wish to occupy Czechoslovakia was primarily caused by the foreign exchange crisis as Germany had run down its foreign exchange reserves by early 1939, and Germany urgently needed to seize the gold of the Czechoslovak central bank to continue the Four Year Plan. On 8 March 1939, Hitler met with

1924:, to provide free sports events, films, concerts and plays for the workers. Heydrich sought to portray himself as the friend of the Czech working class, even meeting a group of selected Czech workers on 24 October 1941 in a photo-op to show his supposed concern for the Czech workers. Heydrich cynically called his policy "optical effects" as he believed that mere gestures such as free showings of films at the local cinemas and free sports matches could win the support of the working class and increase productivity in the war industries. However, inflation was rampant and wage increases failed to keep up with the cost of living, causing the workers to frequently grumble about their conditions. 1670: 1012:

September 1936 to have the German economy ready for a "total war" by 1940 had seriously strained the German economy by 1937 as German government was forced to use up its foreign exchange reserves both to feed its own people and to import various raw materials to achieve the ambitious armament goals of the Four Year Plan. Though the Four Year Plan aimed at autarky, there were certain raw materials such as high-grade iron, oil, chrome, nickel, tungsten, and bauxite that Germany did not have and had to be imported. The need to import food and raw materials made Germany into Europe's second largest importer, being exceeded only by Great Britain. Moreover, hundreds of millions of

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manner" and "permit Czechoslovakia a generous life of her own, autonomy and a degree of national freedom..." or face a scenario in which "resistance would be broken by force of arms, using all means." Minutes of the conversation noted that for Hácha this was the most difficult decision of his life but believed that in only a few years this decision would be comprehensible and in 50 years would probably be regarded as a blessing. After the negotiations had finished, Hitler told his secretaries, "It is the greatest triumph of my life! I shall enter history as the greatest German of them all."

2478:. On 26 November, the Congress of National Committees unanimously accepted the resolution of the communists. The congress elected the National Council and instructed that a delegation be sent to Moscow to discuss union. The Czechoslovak delegation was asked to leave Subcarpathian Ruthenia. Negotiations between the Czechoslovak government and Moscow ensued. Both Czech and Slovak communists encouraged Beneš to cede Subcarpathian Ruthenia. The Soviet Union agreed to postpone annexation until the postwar period to avoid compromising Beneš's policy based on the pre-Munich frontiers. 1790: 1260:

and agreed to abide by the agreement, which stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudetenland to Germany. The German occupation of the Sudetenland would be completed by 10 October. An international commission representing Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia would supervise a plebiscite to determine the final frontier. Britain and France promised to join in an international guarantee of the new frontiers against unprovoked aggression. Germany and Italy, however, would not join in the guarantee until the Polish and Hungarian minority problems were settled.

2470:, and on 30 October issued a mobilization proclamation. Soviet military forces prevented both the printing and the posting of the Czechoslovak proclamation and proceeded instead to organize the local population. Protests from Beneš's government were ignored. Soviet activities led much of the local population to believe that Soviet annexation was imminent. The Czechoslovak delegation was also prevented from establishing a cooperative relationship with the local national committees promoted by the Soviets. On 19 November, the communists—meeting in 2221: 1355:, in which 97.32% of the adult population voted for the National Socialist Party. About 500,000 Sudeten Germans joined the National Socialist Party, which was 17.34% of the German population in Sudetenland (the average National Socialist Party participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85%). This means the Sudetenland was the most pro-Nazi region in Nazi Germany. Because of their knowledge of the Czech language, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and in Nazi organizations such as the 7243: 1216:

Czechoslovak government resisted by arguing that Hitler's proposal would ruin the nation's economy and ultimately lead to German control of all of Czechoslovakia. The United Kingdom and France issued an ultimatum and made a French commitment to Czechoslovakia contingent upon its acceptance. On 21 September, Czechoslovakia capitulated. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands that insisted for the claims of Poland and Hungary to be satisfied as well. Romania was also invited to share in the division of

2354: 1908:, Hitler stressed the military importance of occupation, noting that by occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2,175 field cannons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43,000 machine guns, 1,090,000 military rifles, 114,000 pistols, about a billion rounds of ammunition and three million anti-aircraft shells. This amount of weaponry would be sufficient to arm about half of the then Wehrmacht. Czechoslovak weaponry later played a major part in the German conquests of Poland (1939) and 1286: 8125: 2105:, ÚVOD). Involved primarily in intelligence gathering, the ÚVOD cooperated with a Soviet intelligence organization in Prague. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the democratic groups attempted to create a united front that would include the KSČ. Heydrich's appointment in the fall thwarted these efforts. By mid-1942, the Germans had succeeded in exterminating the most experienced elements of the Czechoslovak resistance forces. 2369: 1690:, renamed Czecho-Slovakia and consisting of three parts: Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine. Lacking its natural frontier and having lost its costly system of border fortification, the new state was militarily indefensible. Without the natural defensive barrier of the mountains of the Sudetenland, Hácha carried out a foreign policy that was slavishly pro-German as he felt this was the best way to preserve his nation's independence. 1141: 2094: 43: 2282:

population. The First Republic had been committed to a Western policy in foreign affairs. The Munich Agreement was the outcome. Beneš determined to strengthen Czechoslovak security against future German aggression through alliances with Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, however, objected to a tripartite Czechoslovak-Polish-Soviet commitment. In December 1943, Beneš's government concluded a treaty just with the Soviets.

1786:. The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the Czechoslovak reserves of gold and hard currency seized in March 1939 were "invaluable in staving off Germany's foreign exchange crisis". In addition, the Germans seized all of the factories for making weapons, mines that provided crucial raw materials for the armament program of the Four Year Plan and a "huge weapons haul, including nearly 500 tanks and nearly 1600 aircraft". 2504: 1982:'s deputy and the then Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Infuriated, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. Over 10,000 were arrested, and at least 1,300 were executed. According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals. The assassination resulted in one of the most well-known reprisals of the war. The Nazis completely destroyed the villages of 1869:. While much of former Czechoslovakia came under the control of Nazi Germany, Hungarian forces swiftly overran the Carpathian Ukraine. Hungary annexed some areas (e.g., Southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) in the autumn of 1938. Poland reclaimed Zaolzie previously illegally annexed by Czech during Polish-Soviet war in 1920. The Zaolzie region became part of Nazi Germany after the 1030:

targets. The Hossbach conference was largely taken up with an extended discussion about the necessity of bringing areas adjunct to Germany under German economic control, by force if necessary, as Hitler argued that this was the best way to win the arms race. Hitler stated: "areas producing raw materials can be more usefully sought in Europe, in immediate proximity to the

2081:(KSČ) was the fourth major resistance group. The KSČ had been one of over 20 political parties in the democratic First Republic, but it had never gained sufficient votes to unsettle the democratic government. After the Munich Agreement, the leadership of the KSČ moved to Moscow and the party went underground. Until 1943, however, KSČ resistance was weak. The 1939 2173:"incapable of Germaninzation" as "he is always sick, arrives with a trembling voice and attempts to evoke pity that demands our mercy". By contrast, Heydrich had a grudging respect for Elias, noting that he was youthful, healthy, and a determined defender of Czech interests, which led Heydrich to conclude that he must have some German blood. 1049:. One consequence of this legacy was that Czechoslovakia was the only nation in Eastern Europe besides the Soviet Union that manufactured its own weapons instead of importing them, and Czechoslovakia was the world's 7th largest manufacturer of arms, making Czechoslovakia an important player in the global arms trade. 1746:, but said that the threat came as a warning because the Czech government, after already agreeing to German occupation, could not guarantee that the Czech army would not fire on the advancing Germans. Göring, however, does not mention that Hácha had a heart attack because of his threat. French Ambassador 2176:

Aside from the inconsistency of animosity towards Slavs, there is also the fact that the forceful but restrained policy in Czechoslovakia was partly driven by the need to keep the population nourished and complacent so that it can carry out the vital work of arms production in the factories. By 1939,

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and with Hungary to prepare the dismemberment of the republic before the invasion. On 13 March, he invited Tiso to Berlin and on 14 March, the Slovak Diet convened and unanimously declared Slovak independence. Carpatho-Ukraine also declared independence but Hungarian troops occupied and annexed it on

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In late 1938-early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by problems of rearmament, especially the shortage of foreign hard currencies needed to pay for raw materials Germany lacked together with reports from Hermann Göring that the Four Year Plan was hopelessly behind schedule forced Hitler in

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A last-ditch attempt to save Czechoslovakia from total ruin was made by the British and French governments, who on 27 January 1939, concluded an agreement of financial assistance with the Czechoslovak government. In this agreement, the British and French governments undertook to lend the Czechoslovak

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and natural causes. The joint Czech-German commission of historians stated in 1996 the following numbers: The deaths caused by violence and abnormal living conditions amount to approximately 10,000 persons killed. Another 5,000–6,000 people died of unspecified reasons related to expulsion making the

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It is estimated that between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by "wild" expulsions between May and August 1945. The expulsions were encouraged by Czechoslovak politicians and were generally carried out by the order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers. However, in some

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The greatly weakened Czechoslovak Republic was forced to grant major concessions to the non-Czechs. The executive committee of the Slovak People's Party met at Žilina on 5 October 1938, and with the acquiescence of all Slovak parties except the Social Democrats formed an autonomous Slovak government

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Hitler gave a speech in Berlin on 26 September 1938 and declared that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe". He also stated that he had told Chamberlain, "I have assured him further that, and this I repeat here before you, once this issue has been resolved, there

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The expulsion according to the Potsdam Conference proceeded from 25 January 1946 until October of that year. An estimated 1.6 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone of what would become West Germany. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the Soviet zone (in what would become

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and its consequences. After World War II broke out, a Czechoslovak national committee was constituted in France, and under Beneš's presidency sought international recognition as the exiled government of Czechoslovakia. This attempt led to some minor successes, such as the French-Czechoslovak treaty

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A paradox of German policy was that the collaborators such as Hácha were held in contempt by the Nazis as "riff raft" while those who clung most defiantly to their sense of Czech identity were considered to be the better subjects of Germanizaton. Heydrich in a report to Berlin stated that Hácha was

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that during this meeting, Hácha had told him that "he wanted to place the fate of the Czech State in the Führer's hands." Hácha later met with Hitler, where Hitler gave the Czech President two options: cooperate with Germany, in which case the "entry of German troops would take place in a tolerable

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with the chiefs of governments of France, Italy and Britain. The Czechoslovak government was neither invited nor consulted. On 29 September, the Munich Agreement was signed by Germany, Italy, France and Britain. The Czechoslovak government capitulated on 30 September, despite the army's opposition,

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At the Hossbach conference on 5 November 1937, Hitler announced that seizing Czechoslovakia would increase the supply of food under German control, which in turn would lessen the need to import food, thereby freeing up more foreign exchange to import raw materials necessary for the Four Year Plan's

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Hitler's interest in Czechoslovakia was largely economic. Germany had the second-largest economy in the world, but German agriculture was not capable of feeding the population, and there was also a lack of many raw materials, which had to be imported. The Four-Year Plan that Hitler had launched in

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The same day, Hitler met with Chamberlain and demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland by Nazi Germany under threat of war. Czechoslovakia, Hitler claimed, was slaughtering the Sudeten Germans. Chamberlain referred the demand to the British and French governments, both of which accepted. The

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and instructed him to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. On 2 September, Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, which granted nearly all of the demands of the Karlsbader Programm. Intent on obstructing conciliation, however, the SdP held demonstrations that provoked the

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steel complex, an expensive program to develop synthetic fuel, and various other equally expensive chemical and aluminum programs, all of which strained the German economy. The Great Depression was an era of trade wars and protectionism, which imposed limits on Germany's ability to export and thus

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The rebel Slovak Army, formed to fight the Germans, had an estimated 18,000 soldiers in August, a total which first increased to 47,000 after mobilisation on 9 September 1944, and later to 60,000, plus 20,000 partisans. However, in late August, German troops were able to disarm the Eastern Slovak

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In May 1945, Czechoslovak troops took possession of the borderland. A Czechoslovak administrative commission composed exclusively of Czechs was established. Sudeten Germans were subjected to restrictive measures and conscripted for compulsory labor. On 15 June, however, Beneš called Czechoslovak

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was taken by the Soviets. A Czechoslovak delegation under František Němec was dispatched to the area. The delegation was to mobilize the liberated local population to form a Czechoslovak army and to prepare for elections in cooperation with recently established national committees. Loyalty to a

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Czechoslovak forces regrouped in 1942–1943. The Council of the Three (R3)—in which the communist underground was also represented—emerged as the focal point of the resistance. The R3 prepared to assist the liberating armies of the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In cooperation with Red Army partisan

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At the time, Czechoslovakia had Europe's 7th largest economy and Czechoslovakia had easily the most modern, developed, and industrialized economy in Eastern Europe. The former Austrian provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that now comprise the modern Czech Republic had been the industrial

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Beneš's interest in maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union was motivated also by his desire to avoid Soviet encouragement of a post-war communist coup in Czechoslovakia. Beneš worked to bring Czechoslovak communist exiles in Britain into cooperation with his government, offering

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I am asking neither that Germany be allowed to oppress three and a half million Frenchmen, nor am I asking that three and a half million Englishmen be placed at our mercy. Rather I am simply demanding that the oppression of three and a half million Germans in Czechoslovakia cease and that the

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wrote the huge demands of the Four Year Plan "...could not be fully met by a policy of import substitution and industrial rationalisation", thus leading Hitler to decide in November 1937 that to stay ahead in the arms race with the other powers that Germany had to seize Czechoslovakia in the

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The Munich Agreement had been precipitated by the subversive activities of the Sudeten Germans. During the latter years of the war, Beneš worked toward resolving the German minority problem and received consent from the Allies for a solution based on a postwar transfer of the Sudeten German

2161:," hence, the Czechs were not subjected to a similar degree of random and organized acts of brutality that their Polish counterparts experienced. Such capacity for Aryanization was supported by the position that part of the Czech population had German ancestry. On the other hand, the Czechs/ 1191:

on 7 September. The Sudeten Germans broke off negotiations on 13 September, and violence and disruption ensued. As Czechoslovak troops attempted to restore order, Henlein flew to Germany, and on 15 September, he issued a proclamation demanding the takeover of the Sudetenland by Germany.

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of 2 October 1939, which allowed for the reconstitution of the Czechoslovak army on French territory, yet full recognition was not reached. The Czechoslovak army in France was established on 24 January 1940, and units of its 1st Infantry Division took part in the last stages of the

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There are sources that highlighted the more favorable treatment of the Czechs during the German occupation in comparison to the treatment of the Poles and the Ukrainians. This is attributed to the view within the Nazi hierarchy that a large swath of the populace was "capable of

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brought about increases in rations for workers in the armaments industry, improved welfare services, free shoes and for a short time, a five-day work week as Saturday was made a holiday. The National Union of Employees was remolded in the style of the Nazi pseudo-union, the

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were occupied mostly by Soviet troops (the Red Army), supported by Czech and Slovak resistance, from the east to the west; only southwestern Bohemia was liberated by other Allied troops from the west. Even at the end of the war, German troops massacred Czech civilians; the

2516:(the U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union) and presented plans for a "humane and orderly transfer" of the Sudeten German population. There were substantial exceptions from expulsions that applied to about 244,000 ethnic Germans who were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia. 2424:(Czech: Pražské povstání) began. It was an attempt by the Czech resistance to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation during World War II. The uprising went on until 8 May 1945, ending in a ceasefire the day before the arrival of the Red Army and one day after 2771:

Consideration of the notes of the British Cabinet meeting, to be held on Monday 19 September 1938, strongly suggest, in contrast, that most British Ministers had few or no misconceptions about Hitler's ultimate aims in Central Europe. National Archives, CAB/23/95.

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Beneš hoped for a restoration of the Czechoslovak state in its pre-Munich form after the anticipated Allied victory, a false hope. The government in exile—with Beneš as president of republic—was set up in June 1940 in exile in London, with the President living at

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inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received 11,882 km (4,588 sq mi) in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia; according to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in this territory was Hungarian. Meanwhile, Poland annexed the town of

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almost immediately assumed leadership of the revolt. Over 1,600 barricades were erected throughout the city, and some 30,000 Czech men and women battled for three days against 40,000 German troops backed by tanks, aircraft and artillery. On 8 May, the German

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These demands were adopted by the government-in-exile, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943. During the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Government-in-Exile promulgated a series of laws that are now referred to as the

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with Austria had shown, the governments of France, the United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia were set on avoiding war at any cost. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from the British government, led by Prime Minister

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government £8 million and make a gift of £4 million. Part of the funds were allocated to help resettle Czechs and Slovaks who had fled from territories lost to Germany, Hungary, and Poland in the Munich Agreement or the Vienna Arbitration Award.

1167:. He contended that Sudeten German grievances were justified and believed that Hitler's intentions were limited. That made Britain and France advise Czechoslovakia to concede to the German demands. Beneš resisted, and on 20 May 1938, a partial 1171:

was under way in response to the possible German invasion. It is suggested that the mobilisation could have been launched on basis of Soviet misinformation about Germany being on verge of invasion, which aimed to trigger war in Western Europe.

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A provisional Czechoslovak government was established by the Soviets in the eastern Slovak city of Košice on 4 April 1945. "National committees" (supervised by the Red Army) took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled.

1900:. Many Czech factories continued to produce Czech designs until converted to German designs. Czechoslovakia also had other major manufacturing companies. Entire steel and chemical factories were moved from Czechoslovakia and reassembled in 1227:

The Czechoslovak capitulation precipitated an outburst of national indignation. In demonstrations and rallies, Czechs and Slovaks called for a strong military government to defend the integrity of the state. A new cabinet, under General

2341:). The Beneš decrees declared that German property was to be confiscated without compensation. However, the final agreement authorizing the forced population transfer of the Germans was not reached until 2 August 1945 at the end of the 2438:

which had begun on 6 May and ended by 11 May. When the Soviets arrived, Prague was already in a general state of confusion due to the Prague Uprising. Soviet and other Allied troops were withdrawn from Czechoslovakia in the same year.

2463:(who had collaborated with the Hungarians) from political participation. This amounted to approximately ⅓ of the population. Another ⅓ was communist, leaving ⅓ of the population presumably sympathetic to the Czechoslovak Republic. 1834:

First issue of a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1 koruna note (1939). An unissued series of 1938 Republic of Czechoslovakia notes were marked with an identifying oval stamp on the front left side until regular issue could be

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of the German people". British public opinion changed drastically after the invasion. Chamberlain realised that the Munich Agreement had meant nothing to Hitler. Chamberlain told the British public on 17 March during a speech in

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far-reaching concessions, including the nationalization of heavy industry and the creation of local people's committees at the war's end. In March 1945, he gave key cabinet positions to Czechoslovak communist exiles in Moscow.

1966:, and the Czechoslovak resistance acknowledged Beneš's leadership. Active collaboration between London and the Czechoslovak home front was maintained throughout the war years. The most important event of the resistance was 1673:

First German poster in Prague, 15 March 1939. English translation: "Notice to the population. By order of the Führer and Supreme Commander of the German Wehrmacht. I have taken over, as of today, the executive power in the

9561: 10127: 2037:). Two thousand eighty-eight Czechs and 401 Slovaks fought in 11th Infantry Battalion-East alongside the British during the war in areas such as North Africa and Palestine. Among others, Czech fighter pilot, Sergeant 2124:

on 4 April 1945. "National committees" took over the administration of towns as the Germans were expelled. More than 4,850 such committees were formed between 1944 and the end of the war under the supervision of the

2260:(in the summer of 1941) and the U.S. (in the winter) recognised the exiled government. In 1942, Allied repudiation of the Munich Agreement established the political and legal continuity of the First Republic and 9566: 3438:

Naše geografická situace a historie naší země od 10. století tu může býti všem dostatečným důvodem a dokladem k tomu, že toto konečné řešení německé otázky u nás je naprosto nezbytné, jedině správné a opravdu

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Czechoslovak state was tenuous in Carpathian Ruthenia. Beneš's proclamation of April 1944 excluded former collaborationist Hungarians, Germans and the Rusynophile Ruthenian followers of Andrej Bródy and the

8956: 1232:, was installed, and on 23 September 1938, a decree of general mobilization was issued. The Czechoslovak Army was modern, had an excellent system of frontier fortifications and was prepared to fight. The 1114:, demanding autonomy for the Sudetenland and the freedom to profess National Socialist ideology. If Henlein's demands were granted, the Sudetenland would be an autonomous state aligned with Nazi Germany. 913:

in this area. The incorporation of the Sudetenland into Germany left the rest of Czechoslovakia with a largely indefensible northwestern border. Also a small northeastern part of the borderland region of

2085:, a non-aggression agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, had left the KSČ in disarray. But ever faithful to the Soviet line, the KSČ began a more active struggle against the Germans after 9596: 9576: 1742:'s threat to bomb the capital and by four o'clock he contacted Prague, effectively "signing Czechoslovakia away" to Germany. Göring acknowledged making the threat to the British ambassador to Germany, 2206:

The Slovaks were aided in the Uprising by soldiers and partisans from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, US, France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. In total, 32 nations were involved in the Uprising.

1678:. Headquarters, Prague, 15 March 1939. Commander, 3rd Army, Blaskowitz, General of infantry." The Czech translation includes numerous grammatical errors (possibly intentionally, as a form of disdain). 3657:"Stellungnahme der Deutsch-Tschechischen Historikerkommission zu den Vertreibungsverlusten :: Tschechien-portal | nemecko-portal .info :: Informationsnetzwerk | Informaèní si»" 1182:

In the meantime, the British government demanded for Beneš to request a mediator. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed

1106:(SdP) as the agent for Hitler's campaign. Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president 11020: 8949: 2169:

influences. This was illustrated in a series of discussion, which denigrated it as less valuable and, specifically, the Czechs as "dangerous and must be handled differently from Aryan peoples."

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East Germany). Several thousand died violently during the expulsion and many more died from hunger and illness as a consequence. These casualties include violent deaths and suicides, deaths in

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presidency. The success of Operation Anthropoid—which resulted in the British-backed assassination of one of Hitler's top henchmen, Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia Reinhard Heydrich, by

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earn foreign exchange. Moreover, the Four Year Plan with its aim of autarky led to Germany increasing its tariffs, which led other nations to do likewise in retaliation. The British historian

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How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing.

7956: 1811:, Germany had now conquered seven million Czechs. Hitler's proclamation creating the protectorate on 16 March claimed that "Bohemia and Moravia have for thousands of years belonged to the 1333:(some 906 km (350 sq mi)), some 250,000 inhabitants, Poles making up about 36% of population, and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions 9586: 1750:

reported that according to an unnamed, considered a reliable source by Coulondre, by half past four, Hácha was "in a state of total collapse, and kept going only by means of injections."

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Hitler totally ignored the agreements of the Munich Agreement and scheduled a German invasion of Bohemia and Moravia for the morning of 15 March. In the interim, he negotiated with the

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On 8 May 1944, Beneš signed an agreement with Soviet leaders stipulating that "Czechoslovak territory liberated by Soviet armies" would be placed under Czechoslovak civilian control.

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economic problems that: "He simply saw war instrumentally, as the Japanese had done in Manchuria, as a way to expand the German resource base and to secure it against other powers".

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quoting Beneš, Z. – Kuklík, J. ml. – Kural, V. – Pešek, J., Odsun – Vertreibung (Transfer Němců z Československa 1945–1947), Ministerstvo mládeže a tělovýchovy ČR 2002, s. 49–50.

11045: 7627: 3656: 10087: 9906: 9811: 60: 1698:, the NSDAP's economic expert, where he spoke about his wish to occupy Czecho-Slovakia for economic reasons, saying that Germany needed its raw materials and industries. 1344:

Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of

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broke off on 14 March 1939, and Hungary annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia the following day. On 15 March, during a visit to Berlin, the Czechoslovak president

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resigned as president of the First Czechoslovak Republic on 5 October 1938 after the Nazi coup. In London, he and other Czechoslovak exiles organized a Czechoslovak

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The Slovak National Uprising ("1944 Uprising") was an armed struggle between German Wehrmacht forces and rebel Slovak troops August–October 1944. It was centered at

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Czechoslovakia had fielded a modern army of 35 divisions and was a major manufacturer of machine guns, tanks, and artillery, most of them assembled in the

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Shortly before World War II, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Its territory was divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the newly declared

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During the occupation, between 294,000 to 320,000 citizens were murdered, the majority of them Jews. Reprisal killings were especially harsh after the

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Hitler–Beneš–Tito: National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848–2018

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the country was already serving as a major hub of military production for Germany, manufacturing aircraft, tanks, artillery, and other armaments.

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announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance. Beneš, however, refused to go to war without the support of the Western powers.

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The German economy—burdened by heavy militarisation—urgently needed foreign currency. Setting up an artificially high exchange rate between the

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and Ukrainophiles, agreed on the establishment of an autonomous government, which was constituted on 8 October. Reflecting the spread of modern

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Besides violating his promises at Munich, the annexation of the rest of Czechoslovakia was, unlike Hitler's previous actions, not described in

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and Poland—had to cede after the arbitration of Germany and Italy awarded southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary, while Poland

5545: 3531: 1657: 10955: 10522: 10184: 8204: 7550: 7289: 5779: 5763: 5735: 4183: 2309:) which would have to be "solved" by deportation of the ethnic Germans from their homeland. These reprisals included massacres in villages 2294: 2005:, ON) with branches in Britain and France. Czechoslovak units and formations with Czechs (c. 65–70%), and Slovaks (c. 30%) served with the 848: 75: 7644: 2199:

Army, which was the best equipped, and thus significantly decreased the power of the Slovak Army. Many members of this force were sent to

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Guerrilla activity intensified with a rising number of parachuted units in 1944, leading to the establishment of partisan groups such as

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heartland of the Austrian empire, where the majority of the arms for the Imperial Austrian Army were manufactured, most notably at the

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advised President Hácha to meet with Hitler. When Hácha arrived in Berlin on 14 March, he met with the German Foreign Minister,

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total number of victims of the expulsion 15,000–16,000 (this excludes suicides, which make another approximately 3,400 cases).

2446:

were from Czechoslovakia, 277,000 of them Jews. As many as 144,000 Soviet troops died during the liberation of Czechoslovakia.

2120:, Jan Kozina Brigade or Master Jan Hus Brigade, and especially after the formation of a provisional Czechoslovak government in 1793:

Viktor Pick's 1939 visa used to escape Prague on the last train out on 15 March. Later, he arrived safely in British Palestine.

1775: 1536: 654: 425: 317: 31: 9674: 8476: 10596: 9703: 9693: 9571: 8154: 8047: 6701: 6606: 6133: 5879: 5754: 4833: 4807: 4664: 4370: 4287: 3915: 3879: 3853: 3834: 3787: 3769: 3750: 3731: 3510:"The Voice of Russia ( PICTORIAL ART DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR [ Exhibition 5. WW II: The Chronicle of Stone] )" 3422: 3397: 3347: 3319: 3294: 3269: 3140: 3064: 3039: 2899: 2796: 100: 11110: 10960: 10243: 9901: 9791: 9741: 8774: 8302: 7986: 7903: 7869: 6934: 6341: 6227: 5392: 4852: 4848: 4826: 4430: 1567: 348: 9987: 10532: 10013: 9836: 9451: 8746: 8499: 8335: 8012: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7385: 6849: 6313: 5645: 5631: 4837: 3806:

Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Multilated Victory?". In Igor Lukes & Erik Goldstein (ed.).

2475: 1951: 1848: 1783: 1469: 954: 889: 790: 754: 250: 7749: 3509: 2555: 1763: 1511: 1195: 292: 10811: 10687: 10298: 8599: 8462: 7565: 7058: 6927: 6805: 6383: 6098: 6049: 5807: 5362: 4607: 4446: 4294: 4148: 3899: 2560: 1778:

encountered resistance but the Hungarian army quickly crushed it. On 16 March, Hitler went to the Czech lands and from

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were not considered by the Germans as a racial equal due to its classification as a mixture of races with Jewish and

2101:

The democratic groups—ON, PÚ, and PVVZ—united in early 1940 and formed the Central Committee of the Home Resistance (

2078: 2026: 1063: 648: 126: 10174: 4322: 2474:—issued a resolution requesting separation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia and incorporation into the 1830: 11075: 11070: 10865: 10601: 10549: 10539: 9891: 9005: 8732: 8427: 8147: 8052: 8040: 7898: 7324: 7211: 6369: 6306: 5441: 5270: 4393: 3947: 2870:

Volker: Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945)

2215: 1635: 1396: 1268: 1152: 177: 10799: 9687: 8941: 4947: 1962:—head of Czechoslovak military intelligence—organized and coordinated a resistance network. Hácha, Prime Minister 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10554: 10236: 9896: 9866: 8739: 8291: 8057: 7651: 7497: 6735: 6576: 6565: 6401: 6160: 6119: 6012: 5950: 5330: 4600: 4469: 4437: 2485:

to the Soviet Union was signed in June 1945. Czechs and Slovaks living in Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Ruthenians (

2389: 2136: 1852: 1521: 1480: 583: 302: 261: 10734: 9188: 5117: 4685: 2546:

Approximately 225,000 Germans remained in Czechoslovakia, of whom 50,000 emigrated or were expelled soon after.

10888: 10843: 10426: 10416: 10051: 9876: 9821: 9153: 8536: 8381: 7861: 7826: 7121: 7093: 6971: 6764: 6001: 5452: 5378: 5167: 4538: 4257: 4162: 4047: 2773: 2579: 1866: 1000: 547: 64: 2402: 11055: 10576: 10561: 10484: 10454: 10431: 10273: 9932: 9927: 9548: 9436: 9247: 8360: 8232: 7773: 7181: 7114: 7065: 6996: 6821: 6327: 6278: 6042: 6035: 5638: 5399: 5183: 4236: 2063:, PÚ). The PÚ was nearly destroyed by arrests in November 1939, after which younger politicians took control. 1577: 470: 358: 9509: 8606: 8086: 2567: 1176: 10903: 10784: 10774: 10764: 10652: 10500: 10474: 10464: 10350: 10097: 10092: 10082: 9992: 9801: 9796: 9771: 9664: 8718: 8320: 8280: 7255: 7151: 6526: 6487: 5406: 5234: 5219: 5146: 5125: 4943: 4621: 4407: 4400: 4384: 4095: 4054: 4026: 2507:

Sudeten Germans are forced to walk past the bodies of 30 Jewish women starved to death by German SS troops.

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The army command coordinated with a multitude of spontaneous groupings to form the Defense of the Nation (

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On 5 October 1938, Beneš resigned as president since he realised that the fall of Czechoslovakia was a

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The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda

760: 11050: 10806: 10571: 10391: 10345: 9997: 9683: 8767: 8529: 8490: 8472: 8190: 8029: 7908: 6918: 6835: 6620: 6480: 6452: 6285: 6190: 5980: 5413: 4480: 4134: 3743:

The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945

1870: 1408: 1385: 571: 553: 437: 189: 166: 4678: 1904:(which incidentally remains a heavily industrialized area of Austria). In a speech delivered in the 11015: 10821: 10606: 10581: 10510: 10381: 9781: 9208: 9118: 9103: 8760: 8486: 7913: 7765: 7757: 7581: 6657: 6634: 5886: 5687: 5680: 5337: 4997: 4969: 4962: 4349: 2333:

of some 3,000,000 Germans and Hungarians from the land that had been their home for centuries (see

2200: 2186: 2034: 1991: 1990:; all men over 16 years from the village were murdered, and the rest of the population was sent to 1905: 1702: 996: 772: 690: 502: 464: 8912: 8110: 4694: 4671: 2342: 1326: 1302: 909:

annexed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia on 1 October, giving Germany control of the extensive

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and educational institutions, constituted the Committee of the Petition that We Remain Faithful (

814: 53: 10228: 3533:

The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

3442: 3312:

Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia

2239:

and negotiated to obtain international recognition for the government and a renunciation of the

1938: 1320:

lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 3.2 million German and 750,000

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On the morning of 15 March, German troops entered the remaining Czech parts of Czechoslovakia (

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On 28 September, Chamberlain appealed to Hitler for a conference. Hitler met the next day at

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was bullied into signing away his country's independence. On 16 March, Hitler proclaimed the

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The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation

3032:

The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation

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Upon arrival in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the Czechoslovak delegation set up headquarters in

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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of Second World War

2489:) living in Czechoslovakia were given the choice of Czechoslovak or Soviet citizenship. 1072: 10029: 9626: 9461: 9345: 9290: 9098: 9038: 8886: 8711: 8458: 8407: 8398: 8354: 7428: 7197: 7030: 6955: 6909: 6879: 6787: 6627: 6292: 6176: 6070: 6021: 5959: 5715: 5666: 5475: 5092: 4747: 4545: 3929: 3921: 3161: 2571:, the German invasion plan for Czechoslovakia rendered obsolete by the Munich Agreement 2513: 1767: 1360: 1294: 1280: 931: 826: 748: 696: 9474: 7839: 2220: 2192: 2038: 10333: 10137: 9163: 9088: 8927: 8826: 8139: 7789: 7406: 7188: 7072: 6962: 6902: 6863: 6796: 6778: 6744: 6687: 6641: 6585: 6410: 6148: 6140: 6077: 5930: 5524: 5049: 4510: 4489: 4199: 3933: 3911: 3875: 3849: 3830: 3811: 3783: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3643: 3627: 3568: 3492: 3418: 3393: 3382: 3343: 3315: 3290: 3265: 3254: 3136: 3060: 3035: 2895: 2873: 2792: 2652: 2642: 2271: 2225: 2042: 1971: 1950:

and their fellows, in total 254 people, were executed en masse on 24 October 1942 in

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Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited

2788:

Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s

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brought consumer goods to Germans (and soon created shortages in the Czech lands).

1747: 1743: 1723: 1714:

After the secession of Slovakia and Ruthenia, British Ambassador to Czechoslovakia

1643: 1438: 1135: 1080: 902: 742: 678: 526: 514: 219: 8833: 7656: 4280: 2322: 10566: 9871: 9489: 9479: 9108: 8997: 8453: 8420: 8174: 8103: 7854: 7589: 7483: 7471: 7344: 7274: 7130: 6842: 6757: 6715: 6613: 6556: 6424: 6206: 6197: 5726: 5301: 5277: 4531: 3682: 3613: 3014: 2539: 2421: 2130: 2018: 1695: 1058: 981: 970: 9776: 7332: 7242: 2589: 2232: 1771: 1642:, gained control of the local government and Subcarpathian Ruthenia was renamed 1144: 1107: 9911: 9846: 9484: 9305: 8623: 8312: 8171: 7305: 7137: 6673: 6599: 4644: 4503: 3587:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans" 3098:, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, 17 March 1939., available online here: 3095: 2617: 2353: 2302: 2256:. On 18 July 1940, it was recognised by the British government. Belatedly, the 2248:, as did some Czechoslovak fighter pilots in various French fighter squadrons. 2066:

Social democrats and leftist intellectuals, in association with such groups as

1647: 1338: 1221: 1099: 1095: 1084: 873: 577: 482: 8471:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the 3952: 3099: 2984: 2829:

Hitler: speeches and proclamations, 1932–1945: the chronicle of a dictatorship

1893: 1046: 991:

In March 1944 Germany extended the occupation of Czechoslovakia to Hungary in

30:

This article is about the World War II occupation. For the 1968 invasion, see

10944: 9962: 9851: 9168: 9158: 9128: 9113: 9068: 8482: 7890: 7414: 6948: 4866: 4715: 4554: 3889: 3513: 2384:

On 21 September, Czechoslovak troops formed in the Soviet-liberated village,

2253: 1975: 1804: 1779: 1532: 1317: 1022: 958: 923: 808: 784: 476: 313: 146: 7451: 3963: 3219: 2774:

http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-23-95-cc-40-38-4.pdf

2656: 1683: 1229: 965:, but almost powerless, State President. Czechoslovakia was occupied by the 950: 10694: 9816: 9183: 9028: 8973: 8447: 8255: 8035: 7661: 7517: 7410: 7309: 7247: 7051: 5344: 5249: 4880: 4243: 4007: 3925: 3907: 3111: 3017:. 15 March 1939 Notes of Conversation between Adolf Hitler and Emil Hacha. 2449: 2297:

demanded, with eerie irony and based on Nazi terror during the occupation,

2257: 2166: 2133:

began spontaneously in Prague, and the newly formed Czech National Council

2022: 1735: 1731: 1715: 1321: 1252:

will no longer be any further territorial problems for Germany in Europe!"

1233: 1168: 1076: 946: 906: 877: 589: 2512:

authorities to order. In July, Czechoslovak representatives addressed the

2275: 1943: 1341:. (226 km (87 sq mi), 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles). 10122: 9143: 9078: 8878: 8267: 8098: 7356: 6886: 6872: 6534: 5203: 5024: 5009: 4363: 3778:

Miller, Daniel (2005). "The Czech Republic". In Richard C. Frucht (ed.).

3567:

Biman, S. – Cílek, R.: Poslední mrtví, první živí. Ústí nad Labem 1989. (

2397: 2330: 2325:". One part of these decrees dealt with the status of ethnic Germans and 2314: 2067: 2014: 2006: 1987: 1208: 1204: 1088: 885: 9856: 7877: 3340:

Hidden Armies of the Second World War: World War II Resistance Movements

1363:, the SS and police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. 10164: 9148: 9133: 9033: 8640: 7505: 6241: 5994: 5973: 4859: 4192: 4120: 3169: 2856: 2414: 2393: 2368: 2361: 1885: 1819: 1813: 1799: 1623: 1330: 962: 915: 881: 718: 520: 508: 495: 7687: 2857:

Forced displacement of Czech population under Germans in 1938 and 1943

1285: 10642: 10515: 9230: 9063: 9023: 8632: 6504: 5909: 5706: 5517: 5308: 5263: 3872:

Hitler and Czechoslovakia in World War II: Domination and Retaliation

2534:

cases it was initiated or pursued by assistance of the regular army.

2471: 2144: 2110: 969:, and real power was vested in Hitler's personal representative, the 966: 897: 706: 4784: 3846:

The Wages of Destruction The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

2317:, although these villages were not connected with Czech resistance. 2121: 2093: 1140: 42: 10179: 9123: 8521: 8370: 4768: 4496: 3489:Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945 3160: 2126: 2030: 1706:

15 March and a small part of eastern Slovakia as well on 23 March.

1897: 1200: 892:, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia. 10258: 8505: 8249: 8245: 8241: 3472:"Prozatimní NS RČS 1945–1946, 2. schůze, část 2/4 (28. 10. 1945)" 2503: 2372:

Demarcation line between the Soviet and American armies, May 1945

2262: 1675: 1345: 1313: 1309: 1188: 3780:

Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

1803:. After having repeatedly stated that he was interested only in 1334: 11021:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia

9611: 8495: 5385: 3976: 3954:

History Hustle: The Czech Lands during World War II (1938–1945)

3491:. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha. 1999. 2486: 2431: 2310: 1983: 1366: 1256: 1722:

prior to meeting with Hitler. Von Ribbentrop testified at the

1686:, who succeeded Beneš, was elected president of the federated 1246:

Neville Chamberlain, 27 September 1938, 8 p.m. radio broadcast

5573: 2467: 2162: 1958:

Beneš—the leader of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile—and

1822:

that Hitler was attempting "to dominate the world by force".

1087:

pictured before signing the Munich Agreement, which gave the

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Gruner, Wolf (2015). "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia".

2844:"Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej" 3702: 2492: 1901: 1289:

The partition of Czechoslovakia. First Vienna Award in red.

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The following groups of ethnic Germans were not deported:

1994:

where many women and nearly all the children were killed.

1220:

but refused because it was an ally of Czechoslovakia (see

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Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 10 Friday, 29 March 1946

2955: 2953: 2951: 2420:

On 5 May 1945, in the last moments of the war in Europe,

11026:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

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The Road to War III: Appeasement to Occupation of Prague

2938: 2936: 2450:

Annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia by the Soviet Union

2293:

for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, most of the

1997:

The Czechoslovak resistance comprised four main groups:

1119:

inalienable right to self-determination takes its place.

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in postwar Czechoslovakia, and laid the ground for the

11046:

Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II

8169: 4638:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3799:

The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1940

3707:. Florence: European University Institute. p. 11. 3649: 3539:. Italy: European University Institute. Archived from 3289:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. 3230: 2948: 2921: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2396:

in northeastern part of the country. Slovakia and the

1267:. After the outbreak of World War II, he would form a 3745:. War and Genocide. Berghahn Books. pp. 99–135. 3356: 3191: 2933: 2692: 2690: 2278:

on 27 May—influenced the Allies in this repudiation.

2041:

was one of the most successful fighter pilots in the

1934:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

3120:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 130–131. 2750: 2663: 2089:, Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. 8875:

European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry

3530:Steffen Prauser; Arfon Rees, eds. (December 2004). 3525: 3523: 2731: 2719: 2702: 2209: 1762:in German), meeting practically no resistance (the 1646:. In 1939, during the occupation, the Nazis banned 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7304: 3644:http://www.fronta.cz/dotaz/odsun-pocet-umrti#pozn1 2687: 10597:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 9460: 8813:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe 3892:(2019). "Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia". 2636: 1016:were spent on various armament works such as the 1006: 620:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 10942: 3808:The Munich Crisis, 1938, Prelude to World War II 3563: 3561: 3520: 3130: 3029: 2639:Poteri narodonaselenii︠a︡ v XX veke: spravochnik 2301:or the "final solution of the German question" ( 1124:Adolf Hitler's speech at the NSDAP Congress 1938 995:, then to Slovakia in August 1944 following the 3724:Prague in Black Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism 2822: 2820: 2434:was taken on 9 May by Soviet troops during the 2376: 1177:secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia 1052: 8440:ČSR; boundaries and government established by 3762:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 2388:, which was the first liberated settlement of 2118:1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka 1034:". Overy wrote about Hitler's attitude to the 11096:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 10260:History of World War II by region and country 10244: 8957: 8537: 8155: 7290: 3992: 3968: 3764:, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 3558: 3110: 2148:capitulated; Soviet troops arrived on 9 May. 2097:The names of executed Czechs, 21 October 1944 1807:, the unification of ethnic Germans into one 1602: 849: 383: 76:"Occupation of Czechoslovakia" 1938–1945 10027: 9228: 9003: 8995: 3782:. Santa Monica: ABC-CLIO. pp. 203–283. 3417:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. 3342:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 118. 3251: 3054: 2817: 2203:; others escaped and joined partisan units. 1367:Second Republic (October 1938 to March 1939) 1351:On 4 December 1938, there were elections in 888:in 1938, continued with the creation of the 3829:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3412: 3314:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 7. 3155: 3104: 3100:http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/ylbk077.asp 2637:Ėrlikhman, Vadim; Эрлихман, Вадим. (2004). 2228:, one of the assassins of Reinhard Heydrich 2180: 1839: 608:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 11101:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941) 10251: 10237: 8964: 8950: 8544: 8530: 8403:1944 / 1946 – 1991 8162: 8148: 7297: 7283: 3999: 3985: 2862: 2616: 1927: 1609: 1595: 856: 842: 390: 376: 3869: 3637: 3163:An Attempt to Dominate the World by Force 2889: 1348:on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. 938:the southern territories of Slovakia and 803:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 614:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 11091:Democratic backsliding in Czechoslovakia 11036:Eastern European theatre of World War II 3948:Hitler's directive for "Operation Green" 3824: 3810:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 191–215. 3801:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3309: 3187:(2nd ed.), Prague: Rybka publishers 3073: 2959: 2927: 2502: 2499:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2493:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2367: 2352: 2335:expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 2219: 2092: 1937: 1829: 1788: 1668: 1656: 1284: 1194: 1139: 1062: 779:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 140: 11106:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 8456:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. 8082:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 3759: 3726:. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. 3379: 3284: 3239: 1770:where an infantry company commanded by 1626:. Similarly, the two major factions in 14: 10943: 9619: 9444: 9240: 9016: 8754:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 5853: 5831:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3888: 3796: 3777: 3740: 3721: 3584: 3367: 3337: 3287:The Extermination of the European Jews 3206: 3135:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 689. 3034:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 683. 2965: 2942: 2759: 2669: 1776:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 1766:of organized resistance took place in 761:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 32:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10232: 8945: 8902:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 8525: 8143: 7278: 6702:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6134:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5780:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5736:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4834:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3980: 3967: 3843: 3805: 3683:"Minorities and Population Transfers" 3388:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 3333: 3331: 3252:Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (2005). 2841: 2784: 2744: 2725: 2713: 2696: 2681: 2417:was taken by the Soviets on 4 April. 1274: 8820:German expulsion from Czechoslovakia 8551: 8303:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 5824:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4849:Rape during the liberation of France 3703:Steffen Prauser, Arfon Rees (2004). 3601: 3182: 2612: 2610: 1942:The relatives of Czech paratroopers 1774:fought invading German troops). The 1638:, the pro-Ukrainian faction, led by 1158:As the tepid reaction to the German 942:, largely inhabited by Hungarians. 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 10956:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 8336:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 8013:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 3827:The Origins of the Second World War 3415:Czechoslovakia in Africa, 1945–1968 2476:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 2442:It is estimated that about 345,000 1849:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1825: 1784:protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1665:meeting in Berlin, 14/15 March 1939 1129: 955:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 890:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 755:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 24: 18:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 11041:Jews and Judaism in Czechoslovakia 8868:Events preceding the war in Europe 6050:German invasion of the Netherlands 4323:Weather events during World War II 3900:Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 3863: 3620: 3328: 3245: 2827:Max Domarus; Adolf Hitler (1990). 2623:Hitler: Volume I: Ascent 1889–1939 2561:Czechoslovak border fortifications 1293:In early November 1938, under the 1179:to begin no later than 1 October. 1110:. On 24 April, the SdP issued the 978:assassination of Reinhard Heydrich 922:, ostensibly to protect the local 911:Czechoslovak border fortifications 737:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 25: 11122: 10966:World War II occupied territories 9399:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 8726:German invasion of Czechoslovakia 6681:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3941: 3185:Kam zmizel zlatý poklad republiky 3057:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 2607: 2563:– built 1935–1938 against Germany 2348: 2079:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 2027:1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade 1207:, greet German soldiers with the 984:. Large numbers were drafted for 901:of Austria in March 1938 and the 649:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 9887:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 8733:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 8124: 8123: 7241: 4006: 2892:The Encyclopedia of World Ballet 2216:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 2210:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 2151: 2059:, created the Political Center ( 1636:Ukrainian national consciousness 1491:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1395: 1269:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1153:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 999:. The occupation ended with the 905:in September of that same year, 272:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 176: 41: 11081:20th century in the Czech lands 9867:Norway (Administrative Council) 8292:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 3696: 3675: 3585:Kenety, Brian (14 April 2005). 3578: 3512:. 22 March 2001. Archived from 3502: 3482: 3464: 3446: 3431: 3406: 3373: 3303: 3278: 3212: 3176: 3149: 3124: 3085: 3048: 3023: 3008: 2978: 2908: 2883: 2850: 2835: 2805: 2778: 2765: 2641:. Moskva: Russkai︠a︡ panorama. 1522:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 584:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 426:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 303:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 52:needs additional citations for 10951:Czechoslovakia in World War II 6928:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4631:Territorial changes of Germany 4539:Indonesian National Revolution 2890:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). 2630: 2529:those married to ethnic Czechs 2526:persons crucial for industries 2357:Residents of Prague greet the 2103:Ústřední výbor odboje domácího 2048:Beneš's collaborators, led by 1867:Republic of Carpathian Ukraine 1753: 1007:The economic crisis in Germany 548:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 405:Events leading to World War II 27:Period of Czechoslovak history 13: 1: 9892:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 6328:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6279:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6043:German invasion of Luxembourg 4417:Mediterranean and Middle East 2600: 2556:Battle of Czajánek's barracks 2307:konečné řešení německé otázky 2072:Petiční výbor Věrni zůstaneme 1952:Mauthausen concentration camp 1578:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1003:at the end of World War II. 926:community in accordance with 767:German ultimatum to Lithuania 713:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 359:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9665:Army Group Rear Area Command 8972:Administrative divisions in 8719:Second Czechoslovak Republic 8593:Parliamentary election, 1935 6235:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5924:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5235:Independent State of Croatia 3626:Z. Beneš, Rozumět dějinám. ( 3454:"Memorial and Reverent Area" 3413:Muehlenbeck, Philip (2016). 3260:. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 3220:"Czechoslovak Bn No 11 East" 2894:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2377:Liberation of Czechoslovakia 2289:Especially after the German 1915:Heydrich during his time as 1449:Second Czechoslovak Republic 1303:invaded Trans-Olza territory 1053:Demands for Sudeten autonomy 918:was occupied and annexed to 667:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 632:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 230:Second Czechoslovak Republic 7: 11111:Invasions of Czechoslovakia 10961:German military occupations 10047:Belgium and Northern France 9670:Belgium and Northern France 8806:Third Czechoslovak Republic 8481:ČSSR; from 1969, after the 8008:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 7219:End of World War II in Asia 7059:Western invasion of Germany 6566:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6543:Second Battle of El Alamein 6113:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6085:Battle of the Mediterranean 5938:Italian invasion of Albania 4105:Air warfare of World War II 3870:Crowhurst, Patrick (2013). 3797:Murray, Williamson (1984). 3285:Gerlach, Christian (2016). 2791:. Oxford University Press. 2580:International Students' Day 2549: 2403:Massacre in Trhová Kamenice 2359:Marshal of the Soviet Union 1857:Governorate of Subcarpathia 1853:Slovak Republic (1939–1945) 1709: 1501:Third Czechoslovak Republic 1429:First Czechoslovak Republic 1175:On 30 May, Hitler signed a 1149:President of Czechoslovakia 928:previous territorial claims 797:Italian invasion of Albania 791:British guarantee to Poland 282:Third Czechoslovak Republic 210:First Czechoslovak Republic 10: 11127: 9549:Civil Administration Areas 9154:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 7672:Slovak Insurgent Air Force 7652:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 7145:Naval bombardment of Japan 6513:First Battle of El Alamein 6432:Battle of Christmas Island 6377:Japanese invasion of Burma 6141:Italian invasion of Greece 6057:German invasion of Belgium 6029:German invasion of Denmark 6002:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5871:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4128:Comparative military ranks 3715: 3609:"Putting The Past to Rest" 2575:Hodonin concentration camp 2496: 2213: 2184: 2109:units, the R3 developed a 1931: 1846: 1278: 1133: 1056: 643:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 29: 10879: 10630: 10493: 10447: 10369: 10266: 10198: 10157: 10150: 10115: 10075: 10039: 10026: 10006: 9920: 9764: 9757: 9729: 9655: 9635: 9610: 9547: 9536: 9502: 9435: 9419:North Brabant and Limburg 9414:South Holland and Zeeland 9409:North Holland and Utrecht 9404:Gelderland and Overijssel 9389: 9318: 9266: 9227: 9197: 8994: 8981: 8906:Germans in Czechoslovakia 8859: 8786: 8768:Slovak invasion of Poland 8692: 8559: 8491:Slovak Socialist Republic 8473:Ninth-of-May Constitution 8469: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8406: 8397: 8376: 8369: 8353: 8346: 8333: 8318: 8311: 8300: 8289: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8239: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8119: 8074: 8030:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 8021: 8000: 7952:1st Czechoslovak Division 7939: 7932: 7889: 7817: 7774:Bratislava–Brno Offensive 7718: 7711: 7608: 7558: 7549: 7496: 7444: 7393: 7384: 7323: 7316: 7234: 7066:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7006: 6997:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6734: 6621:Allied invasion of Sicily 6575: 6481:Aleutian Islands campaign 6453:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6400: 6391:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6286:Second Battle of Changsha 6191:German invasion of Greece 6159: 6036:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6011: 5949: 5844: 5725: 5451: 5361: 5202: 4905: 4896: 4654: 4479: 4371:North and Central Pacific 4332: 4094: 4087: 4014: 3974: 3969:Links to related articles 3874:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3825:Rothwell, Victor (2001). 3760:Mahoney, William (2011), 3380:Morrock, Richard (2010). 3224:www.rothwell.force9.co.uk 3131:Richard J. Evans (2012). 3030:Richard J. Evans (2012). 2914:Text of the agreement in 1871:German invasion of Poland 1409:Origins of Czechoslovakia 980:, including the infamous 572:Defense of the Great Wall 554:Pacification of Manchukuo 190:Origins of Czechoslovakia 11086:20th century in Slovakia 11061:Politics of World War II 9657:Military administrations 9189:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 8487:Czech Socialist Republic 7919:Sereď concentration camp 7640:Jan Hus partisan brigade 7582:Slovak National Uprising 6658:Allied invasion of Italy 6635:Solomon Islands campaign 6384:Third Battle of Changsha 5981:First Battle of Changsha 5887:Second Sino-Japanese War 4820:German military brothels 4686:United States war crimes 3338:Zander, Patrick (2017). 3183:Motl, Stanislav (2007), 3082:DOCUMENT 2861-PS, p. 246 2918:, vol. 196, pp. 288–301. 2201:Nazi concentration camps 2187:Slovak National Uprising 2181:Slovak National Uprising 1992:Nazi concentration camps 997:Slovak National Uprising 691:Second Sino-Japanese War 655:Arab revolt in Palestine 602:Inner Mongolian Campaign 503:Second Italo-Senussi War 11076:1940s in Czechoslovakia 11071:1930s in Czechoslovakia 8683:Sudeten German uprising 7987:11th Infantry Battalion 7080:Second Guangxi campaign 6935:Philippines (1944–1945) 6439:Battle of the Coral Sea 6342:Fall of the Philippines 5988:Battle of South Guangxi 5894:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5293:Italian Social Republic 3617:, Monday, 11 March 2002 2975:(German edition) p. 63. 2842:Siwek, Tadeusz (n.d.). 2814:by Mark Axworthy, p. 13 2585:Lety concentration camp 2444:World War II casualties 2295:Czech resistance groups 2266:recognition of Beneš's 2083:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1970:, the assassination of 1928:Czechoslovak resistance 1359:. The most notable was 986:slave labour in Germany 961:, leaving Hácha as the 821:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 815:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 11011:1945 in Czechoslovakia 11006:1944 in Czechoslovakia 11001:1943 in Czechoslovakia 10996:1942 in Czechoslovakia 10991:1941 in Czechoslovakia 10986:1940 in Czechoslovakia 10981:1939 in Czechoslovakia 10976:1938 in Czechoslovakia 10028: 9758:Puppet administrations 9562:Carinthia and Carniola 9229: 9004: 8996: 8976:and German occupations 8393:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 8378:Southern Slovakia and 7628:Czech National Council 7403:Konstantin von Neurath 6665:Armistice of Cassibile 6467:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6418:Battle of the Java Sea 6321:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6221:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6214:Battle of South Shanxi 6184:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5967:Battle of the Atlantic 5581:Korean Liberation Army 5287:(until September 1943) 5244:(until September 1944) 5222:(until September 1944) 3908:10.2307/j.ctvvh867x.13 3848:. London: Allan Lane. 3059:. Knopf. p. 602. 2812:Third Axis Fourth Ally 2508: 2456:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 2409:are examples of this. 2373: 2365: 2339:Hungarians in Slovakia 2306: 2229: 2098: 1955: 1836: 1794: 1782:proclaimed the German 1720:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1679: 1666: 1628:Subcarpathian Ruthenia 1419:Washington Declaration 1290: 1243: 1212: 1155: 1127: 1092: 880:began with the German 489:Occupation of the Ruhr 471:Franco-Polish alliance 200:Washington Declaration 149: 9209:Reichsfestung Belgrad 8918:Arms and the Covenant 8794:(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973) 8700:(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939) 8600:Border fortifications 8567:(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938) 8442:the 1920 constitution 7924:Theresienstadt Ghetto 7870:Kremnička and Nemecká 7374:Chief of Intelligence 6829:Second Battle of Guam 6725:Bengal famine of 1943 6695:Second Battle of Kiev 6651:Battle of the Dnieper 6356:Battle of Wake Island 6228:East African campaign 6170:Battle of South Henan 5815:atrocities by Germans 5588:Korean Volunteer Army 4562:Occupation of Germany 4316:Music in World War II 3722:Bryant, Chad (2009). 3310:Bartulin, N. (2013). 3055:Alan Bullock (1992). 2506: 2426:Victory in Europe Day 2371: 2356: 2223: 2096: 1941: 1833: 1792: 1703:Slovak People's Party 1672: 1660: 1353:Reichsgau Sudetenland 1288: 1239: 1198: 1143: 1116: 1066: 725:Battle of Lake Khasan 638:December 9th Movement 438:Polish–Lithuanian War 144: 11056:Partition (politics) 10211:Strength Through Joy 10170:Weather Station Kurt 9872:Norway (Quisling II) 9119:Munich–Upper Bavaria 9104:March of Brandenburg 8841:Paris Peace Treaties 8761:Slovak–Hungarian War 8669:Godesberg Memorandum 8586:Sudeten German Party 7992:1st Armoured Brigade 7115:Surrender of Germany 6593:Battle of West Hubei 6550:Guadalcanal campaign 6520:Battle of Stalingrad 6446:Battle of Madagascar 5213:Albania protectorate 5000:(formerly Swaziland) 4709:Wehrmacht war crimes 4525:Expulsion of Germans 4309:Art and World War II 4207:British contribution 4156:Governments in exile 3902:. pp. 373–402. 3844:Tooze, Adam (2006). 3157:Chamberlain, Neville 2785:Lukes, Igor (1996). 2405:and the Massacre at 2087:Operation Barbarossa 2035:I Czechoslovak Corps 1968:Operation Anthropoid 1865:and the short-lived 1556: 1531: 1510: 1479: 1468: 1104:Sudeten German Party 1067:From left to right: 1001:surrender of Germany 993:Operation Margarethe 773:Slovak–Hungarian War 420:Treaty of Versailles 337: 312: 291: 260: 249: 61:improve this article 10709:Carpathian Ruthenia 10030:Reichskommissariats 9862:Norway (Quisling I) 9792:Chechnya-Ingushetia 9452:Bohemia and Moravia 9437:Partial annexations 9248:Danzig–West Prussia 8747:Bohemia and Moravia 8616:Hossbach Memorandum 8485:, consisted of the 8430:government-in-exile 8041:Emergency Divisions 7947:Czechoslovak Legion 7914:Carpathian Ruthenia 7574:Vrba–Wetzler report 7535:Minister of Defence 7325:Government-in-exile 7205:Potsdam Declaration 7094:Italy (Spring 1945) 6857:Liberation of Paris 6314:Siege of Sevastopol 5325:(until August 1944) 5228:Wang Jingwei regime 5050:from September 1943 5010:from September 1944 4948:from September 1944 4808:Romanian war crimes 4799:Persecution of Jews 4785:Croatian war crimes 4755:Japanese war crimes 4569:Occupation of Japan 4518:First Indochina War 4230:Military production 4142:Declarations of war 2846:. Wspólnota Polska. 2684:, pp. 199–200. 2626:. pp. 752–753. 2483:Carpathian Ruthenia 2422:the Prague uprising 2392:, located near the 2237:government-in-exile 2011:Czechoslovak Legion 1922:German Labour Front 1873:in September 1939. 1840:The Arsenal of the 1734:, Hácha suffered a 1676:Province of Bohemia 1568:Federative Republic 1470:Bohemia and Moravia 1218:Carpathian Ruthenia 1165:Neville Chamberlain 1112:Karlsbader Programm 940:Carpathian Ruthenia 870:military occupation 805:Apr.–Aug. 1939 787:Mar.–Aug. 1939 781:Mar.–Apr. 1939 727:July–Aug. 1938 673:Anti-Comintern Pact 560:January 28 incident 349:Federative Republic 251:Bohemia and Moravia 10299:French West Africa 10279:British Somaliland 9462:General Government 9139:Schleswig-Holstein 8887:Peace for our time 8712:First Vienna Award 8465:(1939–1945). 8454:autonomous regions 8452:ČSR; included the 8412:1991–present 8408:Zakarpattia Oblast 8399:Zakarpattia Oblast 8382:Carpathian Ukraine 8355:Kingdom of Hungary 7750:Čajánek's barracks 7429:Karl Hermann Frank 7198:Surrender of Japan 7031:Battle of Iwo Jima 6880:Belgrade offensive 6293:Siege of Leningrad 6177:Battle of Shanggao 6106:British Somaliland 6071:Dunkirk evacuation 6022:Norwegian campaign 5960:Invasion of Poland 5787:Japanese prisoners 4748:Italian war crimes 4679:British war crimes 4594:Soviet occupations 4378:South-West Pacific 4265:Allied cooperation 4223:Military equipment 3607:P. WALLACE/BERLIN 3458:lidice-memorial.cz 2514:Potsdam Conference 2509: 2481:The treaty ceding 2374: 2366: 2343:Potsdam Conference 2230: 2224:Reward poster for 2099: 1956: 1837: 1795: 1682:In November 1938, 1680: 1667: 1661:Hácha, Hitler and 1361:Karl Hermann Frank 1295:First Vienna Award 1291: 1281:First Vienna Award 1275:First Vienna Award 1213: 1199:Ethnic Germans in 1156: 1151:and leader of the 1093: 932:First Vienna Award 827:Invasion of Poland 817:May–Sep. 1939 749:First Vienna Award 626:He–Umezu Agreement 150: 11031:Conflicts in 1939 10938: 10937: 10932: 10931: 10523:Dutch East Indies 10361:Southern Rhodesia 10294:French Somaliland 10226: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10146: 10145: 10116:Other occupations 10111: 10110: 10022: 10021: 9737:Adriatic Littoral 9730:Operational Zones 9651: 9650: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9498: 9497: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9314: 9313: 9223: 9222: 8939: 8938: 8928:Why England Slept 8827:Potsdam Agreement 8519: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8413: 8404: 8367: 8342: 8331: 8309: 8298: 8287: 8137: 8136: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7846: 7831: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7707: 7706: 7636: 7624: 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7545: 7544: 7492: 7491: 7407:Reinhard Heydrich 7369:František Moravec 7272: 7271: 7230: 7229: 7073:Battle of Okinawa 6972:Burma (1944–1945) 6806:Mariana and Palau 6586:Tunisian campaign 6411:Fall of Singapore 6335:Fall of Hong Kong 6078:Battle of Britain 5931:Operation Himmler 5840: 5839: 5504:Dutch East Indies 5140:Southern Rhodesia 4892: 4891: 4792:Genocide of Serbs 4695:German war crimes 4672:Soviet war crimes 4665:Allied war crimes 4511:Division of Korea 4490:Chinese Civil War 4288:Strategic bombing 4200:Manhattan Project 3917:978-3-7001-8410-2 3881:978-0-85773-447-1 3855:978-0-7139-9566-4 3836:978-0-7190-5958-2 3789:978-1-57607-800-6 3771:978-0-313-36305-4 3752:978-1-78238-444-1 3733:978-0-674-26166-2 3546:on 1 October 2009 3516:on 22 March 2001. 3424:978-1-137-56144-2 3399:978-0-7864-4776-3 3349:978-1-4408-3303-8 3321:978-1-349-46429-6 3296:978-0-521-70689-6 3271:978-0-415-36974-9 3159:(17 March 1939). 3142:978-0-7181-9681-3 3066:978-0-394-58601-4 3041:978-0-7181-9681-3 2973:Britain's Blunder 2916:League of Nations 2901:978-1-4422-4526-6 2798:978-0-19-976205-7 2454:In October 1944, 2140: 2131:national uprising 2061:Politické ústředí 2043:Battle of Britain 1972:Reinhard Heydrich 1960:František Moravec 1640:Avhustyn Voloshyn 1619: 1618: 1586: 1585: 1547:Velvet Revolution 1459:German occupation 866: 865: 661:Spanish Civil War 596:Italo-Soviet Pact 566:Geneva Conference 465:Treaty of Rapallo 459:Treaty of Trianon 432:Polish–Soviet War 400: 399: 367: 366: 328:Velvet Revolution 240:German occupation 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 11118: 11051:Munich Agreement 10683:Military history 10437:Native Americans 10253: 10246: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10155: 10154: 10037: 10036: 10033: 9762: 9761: 9749:Alpine Foothills 9617: 9616: 9567:Gebiet Bialystok 9545: 9544: 9458: 9457: 9442: 9441: 9387: 9386: 9301:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 9264: 9263: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9179:Westphalia-South 9174:Westphalia-North 9094:Magdeburg-Anhalt 9014: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8992: 8991: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8943: 8942: 8932: 8922: 8913:Western betrayal 8908: 8897: 8895:Lesson of Munich 8890: 8881: 8870: 8852: 8849:Treaty of Prague 8844: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8795: 8779: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8701: 8685: 8678: 8676:Oster Conspiracy 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8648:Runciman Mission 8643: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8611: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8579:Locarno Treaties 8568: 8553:Munich Agreement 8546: 8539: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8431: 8411: 8402: 8385: 8384: 8365: 8340: 8329: 8325: 8307: 8296: 8285: 8184: 8183: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8127: 8126: 8111:Western betrayal 8094:Munich Agreement 8053:Slovak Air Force 7937: 7936: 7880: 7872: 7864: 7844: 7843: 7829: 7808: 7800: 7792: 7784: 7782:Prague Offensive 7776: 7768: 7760: 7758:Slovak–Hungarian 7752: 7744: 7742:Carpatho-Ukraine 7736: 7728: 7716: 7715: 7695: 7667:Slovak partisans 7648: 7630: 7618: 7616:Council of Three 7592: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7556: 7555: 7530:Ferdinand Čatloš 7391: 7390: 7362:foreign minister 7321: 7320: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7248:World portal 7246: 7245: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7108:Prague offensive 7103: 7101:Battle of Berlin 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7045:Vienna offensive 7040: 7033: 7026: 7024:Battle of Manila 7019: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6974: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6898: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6767: 6765:Korsun–Cherkassy 6760: 6749: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6607:Bombing of Gorky 6602: 6595: 6588: 6568: 6561: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6474:Battle of Midway 6469: 6462: 6460:Battle of Gazala 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6370:Battle of Borneo 6365: 6363:Malayan campaign 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6307:Bombing of Gorky 6302: 6300:Battle of Moscow 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6152: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6064:Battle of France 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5917:Munich Agreement 5912: 5905: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5873: 5866: 5851: 5850: 5833: 5826: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5802:Soviet prisoners 5796: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5742:German prisoners 5738: 5718: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5273: 5271:French Indochina 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5195: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5118:from August 1944 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4903: 4902: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4844: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4762:Nanjing Massacre 4757: 4750: 4741: 4739:Nuremberg trials 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4472: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4343:Asia and Pacific 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4272:Mulberry harbour 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4107: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3965: 3964: 3955: 3937: 3885: 3859: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3793: 3774: 3756: 3737: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3659:. Archived from 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3387: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3259: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3092:Robert Coulondre 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2887: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2614: 2595:Western betrayal 2540:internment camps 2436:Prague Offensive 2299:ethnic cleansing 2246:Battle of France 2241:Munich Agreement 2134: 2058: 1980:Heinrich Himmler 1826:Second World War 1748:Robert Coulondre 1744:Nevile Henderson 1724:Nuremberg trials 1644:Carpatho-Ukraine 1611: 1604: 1597: 1439:Munich Agreement 1405: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1371: 1370: 1331:surrounding area 1247: 1136:Munich Agreement 1130:Munich Agreement 1125: 1098:pro-Nazi leader 1040: 903:Munich Agreement 858: 851: 844: 743:Munich Agreement 679:Suiyuan campaign 527:Great Depression 515:Locarno Treaties 402: 401: 392: 385: 378: 220:Munich Agreement 186: 185: 180: 170: 152: 151: 145:Adolf Hitler at 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11016:1939 in Germany 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10924:Pacific Islands 10919:Solomon Islands 10899:Gilbert Islands 10881: 10875: 10854:Channel Islands 10626: 10489: 10443: 10365: 10262: 10257: 10227: 10218: 10214:holiday resorts 10194: 10142: 10107: 10071: 10018: 10002: 9916: 9753: 9725: 9647: 9631: 9606: 9539: 9524: 9494: 9456: 9423: 9385: 9310: 9262: 9219: 9193: 9074:Halle-Merseburg 9059:Electoral Hesse 9049:Eastern Hanover 8986: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8940: 8935: 8925: 8911: 8900: 8893: 8884: 8873: 8866: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8798: 8793: 8782: 8776:Generalplan Ost 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8740:Slovak Republic 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8699: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8662:Runciman Report 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8614: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8571: 8566: 8555: 8550: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8494: 8480: 8466: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8429: 8421:Austria-Hungary 8410: 8401: 8380: 8379: 8366:1939–1945 8364: 8361:Slovak Republic 8341:1939–1945 8339: 8330:1938–1939 8328: 8323: 8322: 8308:1990–1992 8306: 8297:1960–1990 8295: 8286:1948–1960 8284: 8281:Fourth Republic 8256:Austrian Empire 8248: 8244: 8226:1989–1992 8219:1948–1989 8212:1945–1948 8205:1938–1945 8198:1918–1938 8177: 8168: 8138: 8133: 8115: 8104:Sudeten Germans 8062: 8048:Government Army 8017: 7996: 7928: 7885: 7837: 7813: 7703: 7681: 7642: 7604: 7590:Prague uprising 7541: 7498:Slovak Republic 7488: 7484:Emanuel Moravec 7472:Richard Bienert 7468:Jaroslav Krejčí 7440: 7434:Chief of Police 7421:Reichsprotektor 7380: 7312: 7303: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7240: 7238: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7164: 7159:Atomic bombings 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7002: 6995: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6901: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6862: 6855: 6850:Eastern Romania 6848: 6843:Warsaw Uprising 6841: 6836:Tannenberg Line 6834: 6827: 6822:Western Ukraine 6820: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6752: 6743: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6614:Battle of Kursk 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6425:St Nazaire Raid 6423: 6416: 6409: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6249: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6207:Anglo-Iraqi War 6205: 6198:Battle of Crete 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6155: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6127:Eastern Romania 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5945: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5862: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5762: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5721: 5714: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5688:Western Ukraine 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5632:Northeast China 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5331:Slovak Republic 5329: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5302:Empire of Japan 5300: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5211: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5004: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4888: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4847: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4814:Sexual violence 4813: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4537: 4532:Greek Civil War 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4475: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4357:South-East Asia 4355: 4348: 4341: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4216:Military awards 4214: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4110: 4103: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3970: 3953: 3944: 3918: 3882: 3866: 3864:Further reading 3856: 3837: 3818: 3790: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3663:on 22 July 2011 3655: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3625: 3621: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3521: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3192: 3181: 3177: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3129: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2993: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2888: 2884: 2872:. Essen 1999. ( 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2831:. p. 1393. 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2649: 2635: 2631: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2552: 2501: 2495: 2452: 2379: 2351: 2218: 2212: 2193:Banská Bystrica 2189: 2183: 2154: 2052: 2039:Josef František 2019:Royal Air Force 1936: 1930: 1917:Reichsprotektor 1859: 1847:Main articles: 1845: 1828: 1756: 1712: 1696:Wilhelm Keppler 1688:Second Republic 1615: 1558:Post-revolution 1481:Slovak Republic 1387: 1380: 1369: 1305:shortly after. 1283: 1277: 1249: 1245: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1061: 1059:Sudeten Germans 1055: 1038: 1009: 982:Lidice massacre 971:Reichsprotektor 862: 833: 832: 693: 1937–1945 663: 1936–1939 657: 1936–1939 645: 1935–1936 604: 1933–1936 568: 1932–1934 556: 1931–1942 543: 542: 533: 532: 505: 1923–1932 491: 1923–1925 454: 453: 444: 443: 440: 1919–1920 434: 1919–1920 415: 414: 396: 339:Post-revolution 262:Slovak Republic 168: 161: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11124: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10885: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10844:British Empire 10839:United Kingdom 10836: 10831: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10812:Basque Country 10804: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10688:Basque Country 10685: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10658:Czechoslovakia 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 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10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9912:Zuyev Republic 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9802:Czechoslovakia 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9766: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9623: 9621: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9551: 9542: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9244: 9242: 9235: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9099:Main Franconia 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9039:Cologne–Aachen 9036: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9011: 8989: 8983:Administrative 8979: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8923: 8909: 8898: 8891: 8882: 8871: 8863: 8861: 8860:Related topics 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8655:Bled Agreement 8651: 8644: 8637: 8628: 8624:Heim ins Reich 8619: 8612: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8549: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8475:following the 8468: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8388: 8387: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8343: 8332: 8324: Republic 8316: 8315: 8313:Czech Republic 8310: 8299: 8288: 8277: 8274:Third Republic 8270: 8265: 8262:First Republic 8258: 8253: 8237: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8033: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7832: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7722: 7720: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7562: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7523:Prime Minister 7515: 7514: 7513: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7477:Prime minister 7461: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7399: 7397: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7350:Prime Minister 7342: 7341: 7340: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7306:Czechoslovakia 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7178: 7175:South Sakhalin 7171: 7170: 7169: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6975: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6899: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6802: 6793: 6784: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6712: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6654: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6600:Battle of Attu 6596: 6589: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6349:Battle of Guam 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6272:Battle of Kiev 6268: 6261: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771:United Kingdom 5767: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5739: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168:British Empire 5161:United Kingdom 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4977:Czechoslovakia 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4874:Rape of Manila 4870: 4863: 4856: 4845: 4830: 4823: 4811: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4712: 4705: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4645:United Nations 4641: 4634: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4504:Decolonization 4500: 4493: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4338: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4196: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4177:United Kingdom 4173: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4023: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3943: 3942:External links 3940: 3939: 3938: 3916: 3890:Suppan, Arnold 3886: 3880: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3841: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3775: 3770: 3757: 3751: 3738: 3732: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3695: 3674: 3648: 3636: 3619: 3600: 3577: 3557: 3519: 3501: 3481: 3463: 3445: 3430: 3423: 3405: 3398: 3372: 3370:, p. 158. 3355: 3348: 3327: 3320: 3302: 3295: 3277: 3270: 3244: 3242:, p. 191. 3229: 3211: 3209:, p. 144. 3190: 3175: 3148: 3141: 3123: 3103: 3096:Georges Bonnet 3084: 3072: 3065: 3047: 3040: 3022: 3019:Boston College 3007: 2991: 2977: 2964: 2947: 2945:, p. 268. 2932: 2920: 2907: 2900: 2882: 2861: 2859:, Radio Prague 2849: 2834: 2816: 2804: 2797: 2777: 2764: 2762:, p. 269. 2749: 2747:, p. 199. 2730: 2728:, p. 215. 2718: 2716:, p. 200. 2701: 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 121. 2662: 2647: 2629: 2618:Volker Ullrich 2605: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2451: 2448: 2378: 2375: 2350: 2349:End of the war 2347: 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2185:Main article: 2182: 2179: 2153: 2150: 2129:. On 5 May, a 2091: 2090: 2075: 2064: 2046: 1932:Main article: 1929: 1926: 1844: 1838: 1827: 1824: 1760:Rest-Tschechei 1755: 1752: 1740:Hermann Göring 1711: 1708: 1648:Russian ballet 1617: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1388:Czechoslovakia 1382: 1381: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1238: 1222:Little Entente 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1121: 1100:Konrad Henlein 1096:Sudeten German 1057:Main article: 1054: 1051: 1008: 1005: 930:. Finally the 895:Following the 874:Czechoslovakia 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 829:Sep. 1939 824: 823:Aug. 1939 818: 812: 806: 800: 799:Apr. 1939 794: 793:Mar. 1939 788: 782: 776: 775:Mar. 1939 770: 769:Mar. 1939 764: 763:Mar. 1939 758: 757:Mar. 1939 752: 751:Nov. 1938 746: 745:Sep. 1938 740: 739:Sep. 1938 734: 733:Aug. 1938 731:Bled Agreement 728: 722: 716: 715:Mar. 1938 710: 709:Mar. 1938 704: 694: 688: 685:Xi'an Incident 682: 676: 670: 664: 658: 652: 646: 640: 635: 629: 623: 617: 611: 605: 599: 593: 587: 581: 578:Battle of Rehe 575: 569: 563: 557: 551: 544: 540: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 524: 518: 512: 506: 500: 492: 486: 483:Corfu incident 480: 474: 468: 462: 455: 451: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 435: 429: 423: 416: 412: 411: 410: 407: 406: 398: 397: 395: 394: 387: 380: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 341: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 320: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 295: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 257: 256: 253: 246: 245: 242: 236: 235: 232: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 182: 181: 173: 172: 169:Czechoslovakia 163: 162: 155: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11123: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10735:Liechtenstein 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Latin America 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448:South America 10446: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10407:United States 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370:North America 10368: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10274:Belgian Congo 10272: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10249: 10247: 10242: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10025: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9973:Russia (KONR) 9971: 9969: 9968:Russia (ODNR) 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9688:zone réservée 9685: 9684:Atlantic Wall 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9510:Burgundy (SS) 9508: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9226: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Upper Silesia 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Lower Silesia 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8980: 8975: 8967: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834:Beneš decrees 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8792: 8790:Nullification 8789: 8788: 8785: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8510: 8507: 8501: 8500:Ukrainian SSR 8497: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8483:Prague Spring 8478: 8474: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8432: 8428:Czechoslovak 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8375: 8372: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8338: 8337: 8327: 8326: 8317: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7876: 7871: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7841: 7836: 7833: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7807: 7804: 7799: 7796: 7791: 7788: 7783: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7767: 7764: 7759: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7743: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7699:Working Group 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Obrana národa 7655: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7415:Wilhelm Frick 7412: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182:Kuril Islands 7179: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949:Syrmian Front 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895:Market Garden 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6754:Monte Cassino 6751: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120:Baltic states 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764:United States 5761: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5700:Quốc dân Đảng 5697: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5400:Liechtenstein 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5352:Collaboration 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177:United States 5174: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867:Comfort women 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4851: / 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: / 4839: 4836: / 4835: 4831: 4828: 4827:Camp brothels 4824: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716:The Holocaust 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702:forced labour 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555:Marshall Plan 4552: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4408:Eastern Front 4405: 4402: 4401:Western Front 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295:Puppet states 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237:Naval history 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4184:United States 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3817:0-7146-8056-7 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3632:80-86010-60-0 3629: 3623: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3589:. Radio Praha 3588: 3581: 3574: 3573:80-7047-002-X 3570: 3564: 3562: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3497:80-85475-57-X 3494: 3490: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3117:Inside Europe 3113: 3112:Gunther, John 3107: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2962:, p. 99. 2961: 2960:Rothwell 2001 2956: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2930:, p. 98. 2929: 2928:Rothwell 2001 2924: 2917: 2911: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2878:3-88474-770-3 2875: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2699:, p. 73. 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2648:5-93165-107-1 2644: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2523:anti-fascists 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:Beneš decrees 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254:Aston Abbotts 2249: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2152:German policy 2149: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2050:Prokop Drtina 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Obrana národa 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1878:Czechoslovak 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1805:pan-Germanism 1802: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1780:Prague Castle 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:only instance 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730:According to 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533:Prague Spring 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308:As a result, 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265:fait accompli 1261: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1184:Lord Runciman 1180: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1154: 1150: 1147:, the second 1146: 1142: 1137: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1026:near-future. 1024: 1023:Richard Overy 1019: 1015: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959:Prague Castle 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:ethnic Polish 921: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 811:May 1939 810: 809:Pact of Steel 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785:Danzig Crisis 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 721:May 1938 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 700: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 545: 537: 536: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 477:March on Rome 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 456: 448: 447: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 417: 409: 408: 404: 403: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 373: 371: 370: 362: 360: 357: 356: 352: 350: 347: 346: 342: 340: 336: 335: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 319: 315: 314:Prague Spring 311: 310: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 294: 290: 289: 285: 283: 280: 279: 275: 273: 270: 269: 265: 263: 259: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247: 243: 241: 238: 237: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 201: 198: 197: 193: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 159: 154: 153: 148: 147:Prague Castle 143: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 10866:Vatican City 10785:Soviet Union 10657: 10533:West Sumatra 10402:Newfoundland 10356:South Africa 10351:Sierra Leone 10329:North Africa 10175:Schatzgräber 9597:West Prussia 9577:Lower Styria 9515:Holland (SS) 9286:Upper Danube 9281:Lower Danube 9084:Hesse-Nassau 9054:East Prussia 9024:Baden-Alsace 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Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

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