Ghaggar-Hakra River

1267:

the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channelled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanization" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... .” — Brooke (2015) (footnotes)

815:, becoming the small seasonal river it is today, which affected the Harappan civilisation. Paleobotanical information documents the aridity that developed after the drying up of the river. The diminishing of the monsoons particular affected the Ghaggar-Hakra system, which became ephemeral and was largely abandoned, with the IVC reorganizing in local settlements some 4000 years ago. In the late Harappan period the number of late Harappan sites in the middle Ghaggar-Hakra channel and in the Indus valley diminished, while it expanded in the upper Ghaggar-Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra. The IVC-people migrated east toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralised late Harappan phase took place. 451: 1196:(33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river." 3803: 471: 1189:, p. 1689): "Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier-fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene." 1192:"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene. 56: 68: 772: 443: 835: 1000–600 BCE) have been found at former IVC-sites at the middle and upper Ghaggar-Hakra channel, and have also been found in the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, which suggests that river was certainly dried up by this period. The sparse distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river had already dried up. 1216:

distributaries of the Sutlej, during the pre, early and middle Harappan period, from 7000BCE to 2500BCE. The river became seasonal after that and completely dried up by 1900 BCE. In response, Sinha et al. (2020) state that "most workers have documented the cessation of large scale fluvial activity in NW India in early Holocene, thereby refuting the sustenance of the Harappan Civilisation by a large river."

803:

local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilisation, but only a few are fully developed Harappan ones. Hetalben Sidhav notes that claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, leaving many sites undisturbed, which explains why such a large number of sites has been found.

5147: 925:. Later Vedic texts record the river as disappearing at Vinasana (literally, "the disappearing") or Upamajjana, and in post-Vedic texts as joining both the Yamuna and Ganges as an invisible river at Prayaga (Allahabad). Some claim that the sanctity of the modern Ganges is directly related to its assumption of the holy, life-giving waters of the ancient Saraswati River. The 1154:, p. 103) notes that these claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, leaving many sites undisturbed. Sidhav further notes that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a tributary of the Indus, so the proposed Sarasvati nomenclature is redundant. 850:

disappearing in the desert. Arguments have been made that the Ghaggar-Hakra was such a mighty river, due to tributaries which were supposed to receive snow melt waters from the Himalayas. Yet, more recent research shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra was monsoon-fed during Harappan times, and had already dried-up during Vedic times.

984:. Gregory Possehl and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation, and Gregory Possehl states "Linguistic, archaeological, and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra." 1183:, p. 1688): "Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene." 1965:

If in an ancient mound we find only one pot and two bead necklaces similar to those of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with the bulk of pottery, tools and ornaments of a different type altogether, we cannot call that site Harappan. It is instead a site with Harappan contacts. ... Where the Sarasvati valley

1449:

Demkina et al. (2017): "In the second millennium BC, humidification of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb

1035:

descriptions because "the snow-fed Satluj and Yamuna would strengthen lower Ghaggar. upper Ghaggar would still be as puny as it is today." According to Rajesh Kocchar there are two Sarasvati rivers mentioned in the Rigveda. The older one described in the family books of the Rigveda, which he calls

758:

by Ajit Singh and others in 2017 indicated that the suggested paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is actually a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. The abandonment of this older course by the Sutlej started 15,000 years

710:

Older publications have suggested that the Sutlej and the Yamuna drained into the Hakra well into Mature Harappan times, providing ample volume to the supply provided by the monsoon-fed Ghaggar. The Sutlej and Yamuna then changed course between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE, due to either tectonic events or

1266:

From Brooke (2015): “The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defence and regional warfare. It would seem that

818:

The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological changes in the Eurasian steppes, leading to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to nomadic cattle breeding," These migrations eventually resulted in the Indo-Aryan

802:

According to archaeologist Rita Wright, the large number of documented sites may be due to the ephemeral nature of the settlements, with the inhabitants frequently moving around in pursuit of water. According to archaeologist Shereen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of

762:

Khonde et al. (2017) confirm that the Great Rann of Kutch received sediments from a different source than the Indus, but this source stopped supplying sediments after ca. 10,000 years ago. Likewise, Dave et al. (2019) state that "ur results disprove the proposed link between ancient settlements and

987:

Because most of the Indus Valley sites known so far are actually located on the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some Indian archaeologists, such as S.P. Gupta, have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture which is

1195:

The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work

1007:

The idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra was fed by Himalayan sources has also been contradicted by recent geophysical research, which shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra system, although having greater discharge in Harappan times which was enough to sustain human habitation, was not sourced by the glaciers and

822:

Most of the Harappan sites along the Ghaggar-Hakra are presently found in desert country, and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization. This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites, including part of

750:

in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones, suggesting that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE, well before the beginnings of Indus Civilization.

395:

prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and a large number of sites from the Mature Indus Valley Civilisation (2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. Around 4,000 years ago, the Indus Valley Civilisation

1215:

According to Chatterjee et al. (2019) the Ghaggar-Hakra channel was perennial receiving sediments from Higher and Lesser Himalayas from 80-20K years ago and 9-4.5K years ago, and ceased to exist during the last Glacial Maximum. It was perennial after the last Ice Age due to reactivation from

849:

Since the 19th century, proposals have been made to identify the mythological Sarasvati River with the Ghaggar-Hakra River. The Sarasvati is often mentioned in the Rig Veda, which describes it as a mighty river located between the Indus and the Ganges, while later Vedic texts describe it as

1252:

two decades ago, found that the large river Sarasvati is pre-Harappan altogether, and started drying up already in the middle of the 4th millennium BCE; during Harappan times only a complex irrigation-canal network was being used. The date should therefore be pushed back to

794:

During the IVC, the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system was not a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, but a monsoonal-fed river. The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and a large number of sites from the Mature

1147:

and its tributaries; about 36 sites on the Indus river itself. The other sites are mainly in Kutch-Saurashtra (nearly 200 sites), Yamuna Valley (nearly 70 late Harappan sites) and in the Indus Valley, in Baluchistan, and in the NW Frontier Province (less than

999:

terms the identification "controversial" and dismisses it, noticing that the descriptions of Sarasvati flowing through the "high mountains" does not tally with Ghaggar's course and suggests that Sarasvati is Haraxvati of Afghanistan which is also known as the

1966:

sites are concerned, we find that many of them are sites of local culture (with distinctive pottery, clay bangles, terracotta beads, and grinding stones), some of them showing Harappan contact, and comparatively few are full-fledged Mature Harappan sites.

799:(2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. Around 4,000 the Indus Valley Civilisation declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, becoming a small seasonal river. 2738:

Dave, Aditi Krishna; Courty, Marie-Agnes; Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; Singhvia, Ashok Kumar (2019), "Revisiting the contemporaneity of a mighty river and the Harappans: Archaeological, stratigraphic and chronometric constraints",

3284:

Schuldenrein, Joseph; Wright, Rita P.; Mughal, M. Rafique; Khan, M. Afzal (2004), "Landscapes, soils, and mound histories of the Upper Indus Valley, Pakistan: New insights on the Holocene environments near ancient Harappa",

1004:. Wilke suggests that the identification is problematic since the Ghaggar-Hakra river was already dried up at the time of the composition of the Vedas, let alone the migration of the Vedic people into northern India. 1068:

in Avestan. Ganga and Yamuna, he takes to be small streams in its vicinity. When the Vedic people moved east into Punjab, they named the new rivers they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand.

759:

ago, and was complete by 8,000 years ago. Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods.

1520: 975:

More recently, but writing before Giosan's 2012 publication and supposing a late Harappan diversion of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, several scholars have identified the old Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Vedic

91: 1623:

State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Ottu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the

3406:

Sinha, Rajiv; Singh, Ajit; Tandon, Sampat K. (25 July 2020), "Fluvial archives of north and northwestern India as recorders of climatic signatures in the late Quaternary: review and assessment",

715:. More recent publications have shown that the Sutlej and the Yamuna shifted course well before Harappan times, leaving the monsoon-fed Ghaggar-Hakra which dried-up during late Harappan times. 3347:

Singh, Ajit; Thomsen, Kristina J.; Sinha, Rajiv; Buylaert, Jan-Pieter; Carter, Andrew; Mark, Darren F.; Mason, Philippa J.; Densmore, Alexander L.; Murray, Andrew S. (28 November 2017).

707:

While there is general agreement that the river courses in the Indus Basin have frequently changed course, the exact sequence of these changes and their dating have been problematic.

763:

large rivers from the Himalayas and indicate that the major palaeo-fluvial system traversing through this region ceased long before the establishment of the Harappan civilisation."

2702:

Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al. (2012), "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River",

1139:, p. 144), states that over 530 Harappan sites (of the more than 800 known sites, not including Late Harappan or OCP) are located on the Ghaggar-Hakra. According to 2118:

Staubwasser, Michael; et al. (2003). "Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability".

3535: 2964: 368:. In pre-Harappan times the Ghaggar was a tributary of the Sutlej. It is still connected to this paleochannel of the Sutlej, and possibly the Yamuna, which ended in the 3592: 3011:

Khonde, Nitesh; Kumar Singh, Sunil; Maur, D. M.; Rai, Vinai K.; Chamyal, L. S.; Giosan, Liviu (2017), "Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh",

1517: 3705: 1816: 1012:, but rather by a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers. In contrast to all Himalayan rivers in the region that dug out wide valleys in their own sediments as the 882:. The Rig Veda was composed during the latter part of the late Harappan period, and according to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the 776: 4385: 1232:

states that satellite photography has shown that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a large river that dried up several times, as corroborated by an isotope study by

399:

Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars, but also some more recent authors, have suggested that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of the

4543: 1372: 695:(2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan. IVC-sites have not been found further south than the middle of 3891: 1643: 279: 391:

changed its course about 8,000-10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert. The

3147: 2775:

Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III–II centuries BC)",

2277: 2850:. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Part 1. Vol. I. New Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations. 4914: 4605: 3698: 665:

changed its course about 8,000-10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert.

5178: 1531: 188: 3504: 2084: 336: 4378: 3255: 2624: 3171: 3469: 1842: 3691: 2940: 4536: 3673: 5809: 4371: 3498: 3325: 3249: 3090: 2822: 2634: 2602: 2555: 2463: 2078: 1958: 1796: 1758: 1612: 1556: 3589: 3437: 3096: 1936: 3884: 1409:

Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan civilisation of south Asia: A reconsideration".

878:.96. It is mentioned as a divine and large river, which flows "from the mountains to the samudra," which some take as the 5769: 3754: 3570: 1812: 1990:

Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Palaeo-ecology and the Harappan civilisation of south Asia: A reconsideration".

1024:, demonstrating that neither the Ghaggar-Hakra nor any other Sarasvati candidate in that region had a Himalayan source. 723:

The paleo-channel of the Sutlej was active until the end of the Ice Age, some 10,000-8,000 years ago, emptying into the

5794: 3806: 3001: 2025:

MacDonald, Glen (2011). "Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline".

1202:

dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago.

4907: 4529: 3734: 2958: 1373:"Late glacial to Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability based upon sediment records taken from the Bay of Bengal" 755: 5779: 5171: 3759: 3657: 3650: 2924: 2521: 3646: 3877: 396:

declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, becoming a small seasonal river.

677: 17: 72:

Present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with (pre-)Harappan paleochannel as proposed by Clift et al. (2012).

5774: 4900: 3678: 3612: 711:"slightly altered gradients on the extremely flat plains," resulting in the drying-up of the Hakra in the 5819: 5748: 5322: 5164: 2613:

The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World

1027:

Rajesh Kocchar further notes that, even if the Sutlej and the Yamuna had drained into the Ghaggar during

696: 1450:

and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding."

5784: 5743: 5473: 3726: 3349:"Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements" 597:

The Kaushalya river is a tributary of Ghaggar river on the left side of Ghaggar-Hakra, it flows in the

1788:

Geomorphology and Environmental Sustainability: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor H.S. Sharma

5199: 4680: 3316:(1995), "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology", in Erdosy George (ed.), 3057: 1228:

concludes that during the Bronze Age the Ghaggar-Hakra sometimes carried more, sometimes less water.

796: 784: 739: 692: 392: 1119:, the majority of these sites were dated to the fourth or third millennium BCE. S.P. Gupta, in 1044:. The newer one described in the tenth book of Rigveda as well as later Vedic texts, which he calls 5814: 5799: 5789: 4620: 4610: 4505: 4041: 2337: 645:. The Hakra-channel is connected to paleochannels of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, which ended in the 775:

Outline of the Indus Civilization, with concentration of settlements along the Ghaggar-Hakra. See

407:, fed by Himalayan-fed rivers, despite the fact that the Ghaggar-Hakra had dried up by that time. 4871: 3949: 3129: 3081:, in Giosan, Liviu; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Nicoll, Kathleen; Flad, Rowan K.; Clift, Peter D. (eds.), 2296: 738:. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the 579: 557: 275: 953:(1858–1936), had considered that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of a river, the 2979:

Kalyanaraman, S. (10–12 January 1997), "A project to revive the Sarasvati river: Role of GIS",

1528: 3488: 2643:

Chatterjee, Anirban; Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Shukla, Anil D.; Pande, Kanchan (20 November 2019).

2543: 2068: 5611: 5246: 4845: 4098: 3334:

Sindhav, Hetalben Dhanabhai (2016), "The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappan Civilisation)",

2990:"Early city-states in south Asia: Comparing the Harappan phase and the Early Historic period" 2620: 2455: 2448: 2322: 1491: 1052:

has been "accepted by all" to be the same as the Ghaggar-Hakra river. The description of the

3239: 3079:"Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period" 988:

named, as is common in archaeology, after the first place where the culture was discovered.

929:

says that the Sarasvati River dried up in a desert (at a place named Vinasana or Adarsana).

5804: 5686: 5297: 5292: 4294: 4284: 4274: 4159: 4083: 4036: 3360: 3294: 3156: 3020: 2946: 2864: 2784: 2748: 2711: 2656: 2127: 2034: 1999: 1418: 1387: 1333: 1284: 1245: 950: 455: 3667: 3454: 1838: 450: 8: 4876: 4510: 4055: 3520: 1495: 1400: 3364: 3298: 3024: 2950: 2868: 2788: 2752: 2715: 2660: 2131: 2038: 2003: 1422: 1391: 1337: 1288: 1115:, over 400 sites were mapped along 300 miles of the Hakra river. According to 5676: 5340: 5312: 5287: 5126: 4781: 4474: 4308: 4270: 4264: 3425: 3389: 3348: 3226: 3218: 3041: 2916: 2903:

Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Macklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (10 October 2013),

2887: 2800: 2764: 2727: 2685: 2644: 2271: 2143: 1637: 1460: 1359: 1307: 1272: 646: 598: 517:

at an elevation of 1,927 metres (6,322 ft) above mean sea level and flows through

369: 314: 4130: 3420: 446:

The Ghaggar river flows into the Ottu reservoir, afterwards it becomes the Hakra river

87:

7 = dried-up Hakra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (Clift et al. (2012))

5226: 5061: 4850: 4830: 4776: 4600: 4318: 4010: 3932: 3848: 3494: 3429: 3394: 3376: 3321: 3245: 3230: 3141: 3086: 3046: 2997: 2954: 2892: 2818: 2804: 2768: 2731: 2690: 2672: 2630: 2598: 2551: 2459: 2147: 2074: 1954: 1792: 1764: 1754: 1608: 1552: 1363: 1312: 1249: 981: 828: 673: 423: 4352: 3662: 2011: 1430: 699:, and it has been assumed that the Hakra ended there in a series of terminal lakes. 5398: 5264: 5091: 5014: 4995: 4804: 4731: 4700: 4635: 4479: 4290: 4280: 4213: 4175: 4138: 3718: 3415: 3384: 3368: 3302: 3210: 3036: 3028: 2882: 2872: 2792: 2756: 2719: 2680: 2664: 2160:

Bar-Matthews & Avner Ayalon "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations" in Brooke (2015).

2135: 2042: 2007: 1620: 1436:

Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl (2002), and Staubwasser

1426: 1395: 1349: 1341: 1302: 1292: 938: 681: 514: 145: 3683: 5353: 5056: 5036: 4685: 4325: 4004: 3969: 3922: 3596: 3574: 3198: 3078: 2989: 2812: 2760: 2592: 2525: 2046: 1786: 1602: 1535: 1524: 1487: 1483: 1475: 977: 954: 906: 898: 844: 575: 553: 400: 263: 2324:

Indische Alterthumskunde Christian Lassen: Geographie und die älteste Geschichte

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Oldham, R. D. (1893). "The Saraswati and the Lost River of the Indian Desert".

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Giosan; et al. (2012), "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization",

2814:

The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity

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Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013),

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immediately below the dry Ghaggar-Hakra bed show sediment affinity with the

544:

near Sirsa, Ghaggar feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.

5727: 5717: 5681: 5661: 5656: 5631: 5616: 5591: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5541: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5486: 5459: 5434: 5416: 5383: 5363: 5307: 5302: 5272: 5221: 5216: 5208: 5131: 5066: 5051: 4985: 4840: 4820: 4786: 4771: 4761: 4756: 4741: 4665: 4625: 4590: 4575: 4521: 4331: 4243: 4219: 4205: 4105: 4020: 4000: 3964: 3823: 3769: 3490:

Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism

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National Seminar on Geographic Information Systems for Development Planning

2896: 2694: 1316: 1237: 1028: 879: 824: 728: 650: 587: 565: 541: 534: 373: 330: 301: 283: 5156: 3085:, American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198, John Wiley & Sons, 1937:

Mystery Solved: How the Ancient Indus Civilization Survived Without Rivers

1627:. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into 1600: 5722: 5666: 5646: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5546: 5516: 5496: 5481: 5449: 5444: 5358: 5277: 5187: 5136: 5121: 5046: 5022: 4935: 4726: 4695: 4690: 4675: 4630: 4585: 4580: 4552: 4394: 4300: 4195: 4179: 4169: 4155: 4071: 4015: 3900: 3869: 3833: 3739: 3714: 2843: 2831: 2518: 2309: 2139: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1624: 1345: 1061: 946: 926: 712: 654: 377: 365: 157: 3222: 2920: 2904: 2264:

Excavations at Atranjikhera, Early Civilization of the Upper Ganga Basin

1111:

In a survey conducted by M.R. Mughal between 1974 and 1977, as cited in

5701: 5696: 5691: 5671: 5641: 5586: 5551: 5526: 5491: 5439: 5411: 5378: 5373: 5348: 5330: 5254: 5236: 5116: 5106: 5096: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4866: 4825: 4746: 4655: 4650: 4570: 4427: 4417: 4412: 4185: 4090: 3974: 3853: 3843: 3838: 3828: 3779: 3764: 3744: 3214: 747: 685: 634: 3521:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" 1721: 5521: 5388: 5030: 5026: 5018: 4980: 4956: 4952: 4835: 4796: 4660: 4556: 4304: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4113: 3784: 3620: 2723: 1748: 1628: 1354: 1009: 863: 743: 658: 526: 479: 459: 381: 55: 1905: 1750:

Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography

5191: 4975: 4892: 3928: 3858: 1032: 962: 883: 838: 638: 591: 569: 475: 404: 322: 287: 112: 3663:

Saraswati – the ancient river lost in the desert by A. V. Sankaran

3122:

Indus civilization, a special number of the eastern anthropologist

67: 5101: 5000: 4990: 3954: 3904: 3201:(December 1997). "The transformation of the Indus Civilization". 3068: 2939:

Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007),

2645:"On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland" 2293:

Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans: Evidence, interpretation, and ideology

1143:, only 90–96 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the 1128: 1041: 1013: 922: 918: 891: 859: 771: 610: 602: 583: 561: 522: 506: 499: 442: 430:

are the higher banks that are not flooded in rainy season, while

173: 2177: 2175: 2070:

Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A rough journey

937:

Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars, such as orientalist

811:

Late in the 2nd millennium BCE the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system

806: 470: 4923: 4432: 4199: 4189: 4045: 3994: 3990: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3774: 2544:"On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī" 1951:

Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley

1917: 1881: 1857: 1083: 1078: 1021: 1017: 914: 910: 662: 454:

Ghaggar river's dry bed in February near Naurangdesar village,

388: 5146: 1127:, counts over 600 sites of the Indus civilization on the 5426: 5086: 5071: 4209: 4134: 4075: 4049: 2376: 2172: 1144: 1132: 1088: 669: 642: 630: 606: 495: 491: 463: 318: 108: 3069:

Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912),

2548:

Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts

1619:

The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwestern

866:. It is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it: 3076: 2996:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 52–70. 2496: 2219: 1734: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 875: 871: 867: 502: 2291:

Shaffer, J. (1999). Bronkhorst, J.; Deshpande, M. (eds.).

2099: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1324:

Ponton, Camilo (2012). "Holocene aridification of India".

957:, invoked in the orally transmitted collection of ancient 2994:

The Archaeology of City States: Cross-cultural approaches

1869: 1240:, the Hakra dried-up at the latest in 1900 BCE, but 3271:

Scharfe, Hartmut (1996). "Bartholomae's Law Revisited".

3062:

The Sarasvati flows on: the Continuity of Indian Culture

2902: 2642: 1911: 1694: 1675: 1203: 3679:

The Saraswati: Where lies the mystery by Saraswati Paik

1893: 1650: 1565: 37:"Ghaggar" redirects here. For the ethnic minority, see 3438:"Is river Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints" 2983:, Chennai: Renganathan Centre for Information Studies. 2429: 2427: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2190: 1971: 2400: 2243: 1549:

Political Economy of the Punjab: An Insider's Account

858:

The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all books of the

2484: 2412: 2388: 1784: 1277:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA

1206:

have responded to, and rejected Valdiya's arguments.

1056:

in the Rigveda matches the physical features of the

3713: 3283: 2846:(1999). Pande, G.C.; Chattophadhyaya, D.P. (eds.). 2424: 2364: 2352: 2231: 2202: 2187: 1863: 1780: 1778: 1601:Britannica, Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani (2000). 1135:river and its tributaries. V.N. Misra, as cited in 890:(1900–1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to 672:, and its sign can be found in Sindh areas such as 3241:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 2563: 2519:The rivers Sarasvati: Reconciling the sacred texts 2447: 2299:, Opera Minora 3. Cambridge University Press. 3674:Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Sarasvati River 2472: 1440:. (2003), Bar-Matthews & Avner Ayalon (2015). 1273:"Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization" 1107: 1105: 1103: 1060:in Afghanistan, more precisely its tributary the 668:This Sutlej/Yamuna paleochannel streamed through 641:that is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in 5761: 4393: 3455:"The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river" 3405: 2938: 2169:Gadgil and Thapar (1990), and references therein 1923: 1887: 1775: 839:Identification with the Rigvedic Sarasvati River 364:, and as Hakra downstream of the barrage in the 3435: 3134:Ancient Cholistan: Archaeology and architecture 1746: 1241: 1233: 3584: 3582: 2594:The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan 2590: 2382: 2312:3.80.118, 3.130.3–4, 6.7.47, 9.34.81, 9.36.1–2 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1983: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1100: 5172: 4908: 4537: 4379: 3885: 3699: 3010: 2854: 2836:The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation 2530:The Vedic People: Their History and Geography 2450:Early India: From the origins to AD 1300 2181: 1989: 1715: 1688: 1408: 1380:Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 1186: 1180: 1174: 807:Drying-up of the Hakra and decline of the IVC 547: 4551: 3346: 2978: 2701: 1785:Shanker Sharma, Hari; Kalwar, S. C. (2005). 1669: 1642:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1588: 1016:declined, no such valley exists between the 905:in the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda 766: 574:The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the 60:Aerial view of Ghaggar river near Chandigarh 5186: 3668:Map of the ancient Ghaggar and Hakra rivers 3579: 2992:. In Nichols, D.L.; Charlton, T.H. (eds.). 2737: 2597:, Cambridge University Press, p. 160, 2591:Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1982), 2546:, in Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.), 2117: 2073:. Cambridge University Press. p. 296. 2053: 1899: 1157: 329:. The river is known as Ghaggar before the 5179: 5165: 4915: 4901: 4544: 4530: 4386: 4372: 3899: 3892: 3878: 3706: 3692: 3164:Breakthrough, Breakthrough Science Society 3146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3113:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 2626:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture 2513: 2511: 2454:. University of California Press. p. 2439: 2315: 2276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1791:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 61. 1244:conclude that it took place much earlier. 66: 3419: 3388: 3154: 3040: 2945:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2886: 2876: 2684: 2502: 2255: 2024: 2018: 1953:. New Delhi: Tulika Books. pp. 7–8. 1813:"Sarasvati: Tracing the death of a river" 1594: 1399: 1353: 1306: 1296: 1219: 901:is based on the mentions in Vedic texts, 3110: 2418: 1942: 1875: 941:(1800–1876), philologist and Indologist 770: 691:A large number of sites from the Mature 469: 449: 441: 27:Intermittent river in India and Pakistan 3452: 3333: 3312: 3270: 3237: 3197: 3083:Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations 2987: 2774: 2610: 2541: 2508: 2433: 2370: 2358: 2290: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2105: 1977: 1604:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 1199: 1151: 14: 5762: 3518: 3475:from the original on 24 September 2018 3336:International Journal of Social Impact 3188: 3177:from the original on 24 September 2018 3157:"RIGVEDIC SARASVATI: MYTH AND REALITY" 3128: 3064:, New Delhi: Aryan Books International 2942:Hydrology and Water Resources of India 2810: 2619: 2569: 2490: 2445: 2406: 2394: 2249: 2196: 2066: 1370: 1323: 1270: 1229: 1225: 1116: 609:and converges with Ghaggar river near 434:refers to the lower flood-prone area. 5160: 4896: 4525: 4367: 3873: 3687: 3651:Hakra canal (partly on the Hakra bed) 3541:from the original on 17 February 2022 3486: 3119: 2842: 2830: 2478: 1935:Stephanie Pappas (28 November 2017), 1845:from the original on 14 November 2017 1819:from the original on 26 December 2018 1498:, and numerous Indian archaeologists. 1371:Rashid, Harunur; et al. (2011). 1140: 1136: 1124: 1120: 1112: 4922: 3568:HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana 3561: 3191:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2927:from the original on 11 October 2021 2261: 1551:. MD Publications, New Delhi. 1997. 3528:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 3507:from the original on 23 August 2023 3279:(Festschrift Paul Thieme): 351–377. 3273:Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 3258:from the original on 23 August 2023 3099:from the original on 23 August 2023 3056: 2967:from the original on 23 August 2023 1831: 1271:Giosan, Liviu; et al. (2012). 24: 2087:from the original on 18 April 2023 1948: 1839:"Hillsofmorni.com - Kaushalya dam" 505:. It originates in the village of 25: 5831: 3639: 3318:Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia 3287:Journal of Archaeological Science 3071:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects 2067:Brooke, John L. (17 March 2014). 932: 756:optically stimulated luminescence 422:The basin consists of two parts, 5145: 3802: 3801: 2838:, Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Prakashan 2327:, H. B. Koenig, 1847, p. 91 1747:Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 July 2013). 1401:10.3319/TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS) 437: 54: 3605: 2848:The dawn of Indian civilization 2535: 2343: 2331: 2303: 2284: 2163: 2154: 2111: 2012:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012 1929: 1805: 1740: 1468: 1453: 1443: 1431:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012 1260: 1209: 1048:, disappears in the sands. The 718: 410: 3244:. Rowman Altamira. p. 8. 1924:Sinha, Singh & Tandon 2020 1888:Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007 1541: 1510: 754:Analysis of sand grains using 702: 629:is the dried-out channel of a 620: 182: • coordinates 13: 1: 3120:Misra, Virendra Nath (1992). 1504: 1459:See also Eurogenes Blogspot, 1254: 1031:, it still would not fit the 991: 966: 832: 789: 119:Physical characteristics 5810:International rivers of Asia 3238:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 2811:Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), 2761:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.002 2615:, Princeton University Press 2120:Geophysical Research Letters 2047:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012 1326:Geophysical Research Letters 1248:, utilising images from the 897:The identification with the 819:migrations into South Asia. 7: 5323:Islamabad Capital Territory 3421:10.18520/cs/v119/i2/232-243 3320:, Berlin u.a.: de Gruyter, 3203:Journal of World Prehistory 2629:, Oxford University Press, 1607:. Popular Prakashan, 2000. 1072: 949:(1862–1943), and geologist 945:(1823–1900), archaeologist 853: 325:that flows only during the 233: • location 168: • location 137: • location 10: 5836: 5770:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh 3373:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9 3155:Mukherjee, Ashoke (2001), 3033:10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8 2669:10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4 2611:Anthony, David W. (2007), 2578: 2383:Allchin & Allchin 1982 1992:Quaternary Science Reviews 1949:Ratnagar, Shereen (2006). 1411:Quaternary Science Reviews 980:and the Chautang with the 842: 782: 551: 548:Tributaries of the Ghaggar 36: 29: 5795:Indus Valley civilisation 5736: 5710: 5472: 5425: 5397: 5339: 5321: 5263: 5245: 5207: 5198: 5143: 4931: 4859: 4813: 4709: 4563: 4488: 4467: 4441: 4405: 4345: 4253: 4148: 4123: 4064: 4029: 3983: 3911: 3816: 3793: 3725: 3307:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.015 2797:10.1134/S1064229317070018 797:Indus Valley Civilisation 785:Indus Valley Civilisation 767:Indus Valley Civilisation 740:Indus Valley Civilisation 693:Indus Valley Civilisation 482:in the month of September 393:Indus Valley Civilisation 293: 269: 257: 249: 244: 240: 231: 223: 219: 180: 166: 156: 152: 135: 127: 123: 118: 104: 99: 65: 53: 48: 5209:Azad Jammu & Kashmir 4506:Sutlej Yamuna link canal 4131:Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring 4042:Sutlej Yamuna link canal 3809:classified altitude-wise 3807:Lakes of Hmachal Pradesh 3519:Witzel, Michael (2001), 3130:Mughal, Mohammed Rafique 2741:Quaternary Geochronology 2542:Kochhar, Rajesh (1999), 2338:Sacred Books of the East 2027:Quaternary International 1864:Schuldenrein et al. 2004 1534:14 November 2020 at the 1094: 779:for a more detailed map. 271: • right 30:Not to be confused with 5780:Rivers of Punjab, India 3588:Rajesh Kochhar (2017), 3573:1 February 2016 at the 3487:Wilke, Annette (2011), 3436:Tripathi, J.K. (2004). 3111:McIntosh, Jane (2008), 2988:Kenoyer, J. M. (1997). 2878:10.1073/pnas.1112743109 2446:Thapar, Romila (2004). 2297:Harvard Oriental Series 1529:Honde te al. (2017) map 1523:11 October 2021 at the 1518:Clift et al. (2012) map 1298:10.1073/pnas.1112743109 1064:, whose older name was 558:Markanda river, Haryana 259: • left 79:3 = today's Thar Desert 4072:Tikkar Taal twin lakes 3590:"The Aryan chromosome" 3453:Valdiya, K.S. (2013), 1912:Chatterjee et al. 2019 1474:Such scholars include 1242:Tripathi et al. (2004) 1234:Tripathi et al. (2004) 780: 483: 467: 447: 4099:Mahendragarh district 3493:, Walter de Gruyter, 3353:Nature Communications 2817:, Walter de Gruyter, 2777:Eurasian Soil Science 2528:, blog post based on 1250:French satellite SPOT 774: 498:, flowing during the 473: 453: 445: 204:29.28972°N 74.13639°E 4353:Karnal Mughal Bridge 4295:Yamunanagar district 4285:Yamunanagar district 4275:Yamunanagar district 4160:Yamunanagar district 4108:seasonal waterfall ( 4093:seasonal waterfall ( 4084:Yamunanagar district 4037:Western Yamuna Canal 3984:South Haryana rivers 3912:North Haryana rivers 3595:19 June 2021 at the 2349:Oldham 1893 pp.51–52 2262:Gaur, R. C. (1983). 2140:10.1029/2002GL016822 1998:(11–12): 1283–1301. 1417:(11–12): 1283–1301. 1346:10.1029/2011GL050722 1257: 3800 BCE. 1246:Henri-Paul Francfort 1204:Giosan et al. (2013) 1175:Giosan et al. (2012) 777:Sameer et al. (2018) 657:joining the sea via 529:; just southwest of 474:Ghaggar river, near 456:Hanumangarh district 380:joining the sea via 5775:Rivers of Rajasthan 4877:Indira Gandhi Canal 4511:Indira Gandhi Canal 4065:Seasonal waterfalls 4056:Indira Gandhi Canal 4048:river tributary of 3755:Karcham Wangtoo Dam 3365:2017NatCo...8.1617S 3299:2004JArSc..31..777S 3199:Possehl, Gregory L. 3025:2017NatSR...7.5476K 2951:2007hwri.book.....J 2869:2012PNAS..109E1688G 2863:(26): E1688–E1694, 2789:2017EurSS..50..791D 2753:2019QuGeo..49..230D 2716:2012Geo....40..211C 2661:2019NatSR...917221C 2228:, p. 300, 336. 2132:2003GeoRL..30.1425S 2108:, pp. 237–245. 2039:2011QuInt.229..140M 2004:2006QSRv...25.1283M 1735:Maemoku et al. 2013 1496:Franklin Southworth 1423:2006QSRv...25.1283M 1392:2011TAOS...22..215R 1338:2012GeoRL..39.3704P 1289:2012PNAS..109E1688G 1283:(26): E1688–E1694. 1187:Giosan et al. (2012 1181:Giosan et al. (2012 697:Bahawalpur district 613:just downstream of 533:and by the side of 490:is an intermittent 352:29.4875°N 74.8925°E 348: / 311:Ghaggar-Hakra River 245:Basin features 200: / 49:Ghaggar-Hakra River 5820:Rivers of Pakistan 5341:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5127:Sulaiman Mountains 4782:Swaroop Sagar Lake 4475:Madhopur Headworks 4309:Faridabad district 4271:Hathnikund Barrage 4265:Panchkula district 3601:The Indian Express 3215:10.1007/bf02220556 3013:Scientific Reports 2649:Scientific Reports 2524:7 May 2016 at the 2182:Giosan et al. 2012 1716:Giosan et al. 2012 1689:Khonde et al. 2017 1054:Naditama Sarasvati 1050:Vinasana Sarasvati 1046:Vinasana Sarasvati 1038:Naditama Sarasvati 909:.05; the order is 781: 599:Panchkula district 484: 468: 448: 315:intermittent river 209:29.28972; 74.13639 5785:Rivers of Haryana 5757: 5756: 5468: 5467: 5154: 5153: 5062:Kala Chitta Range 4890: 4889: 4846:Rana Pratap Sagar 4777:Sambhar Salt Lake 4519: 4518: 4361: 4360: 4319:Gurugram district 4011:Krishnavati river 3933:Drishadvati river 3867: 3866: 3849:Nathpa Jhakri Dam 3670:, mapsofindia.com 3617:Totally Explained 3500:978-3-11-018159-3 3327:978-3-11-014447-5 3251:978-0-7591-0172-2 3092:978-1-118-70443-1 2824:978-3-11-014447-5 2636:978-0-19-513777-4 2604:978-0-521-28550-6 2557:978-0-415-10054-0 2505:, p. 2, 8-9. 2465:978-0-520-24225-8 2080:978-0-521-87164-8 1960:978-81-89487-02-7 1798:978-81-8069-028-0 1760:978-0-14-342093-4 1753:. Penguin Books. 1670:Clift et al. 2012 1614:978-0-85229-760-5 1589:Singh et al. 2017 1558:978-81-7533-031-3 982:Drishadvati River 829:Painted Grey Ware 424:Khadir and Bangar 403:mentioned in the 307: 306: 83:5 = today's shore 81:4 = ancient shore 77:2 = today's river 75:1 = ancient river 16:(Redirected from 5827: 5265:Gilgit Baltistan 5205: 5204: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5149: 4996:Cholistan Desert 4917: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4805:Doodh Talai Lake 4732:Fateh Sagar Lake 4546: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4480:Ranjit Sagar Dam 4388: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4324:Masani barrage ( 4291:Pathrala barrage 4281:Tajewala Barrage 4214:Gurgaon district 4176:Sannihit Sarovar 4139:Gurgaon district 4112:on outskirts of 3894: 3887: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3805: 3804: 3719:Himachal Pradesh 3708: 3701: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3619:. Archived from 3609: 3603: 3586: 3577: 3565: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3449: 3432: 3423: 3402: 3392: 3343: 3330: 3309: 3280: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3234: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3176: 3161: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3125: 3124:. pp. 1–19. 3116: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3073: 3065: 3053: 3044: 3007: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2899: 2890: 2880: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2807: 2771: 2734: 2724:10.1130/g32840.1 2698: 2688: 2639: 2616: 2607: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2539: 2533: 2517:Rajesh Kocchar, 2515: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2453: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2033:(1–2): 140–148. 2022: 2016: 2015: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1946: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1900:Dave et al. 2019 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1878:, p. 20-21. 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1815:. 11 June 2010. 1809: 1803: 1802: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1719: 1713: 1692: 1686: 1673: 1667: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1621:Himachal Pradesh 1598: 1592: 1586: 1563: 1562: 1545: 1539: 1514: 1499: 1472: 1466: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1434: 1405: 1403: 1377: 1367: 1357: 1320: 1310: 1300: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1172: 1155: 1148:100 sites). 1123:, p. 183), 1109: 1040:, drains into a 971: 968: 939:Christian Lassen 834: 515:Himachal Pradesh 363: 362: 360: 359: 358: 357:29.4875; 74.8925 353: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 272: 260: 234: 215: 214: 212: 211: 210: 205: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 146:Himachal Pradesh 138: 94:satellite image. 85:6 = today's town 70: 58: 46: 45: 21: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5815:Sarasvati River 5800:Rigvedic rivers 5790:Rivers of Sindh 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5732: 5706: 5464: 5421: 5393: 5335: 5317: 5259: 5241: 5194: 5185: 5155: 5150: 5141: 4927: 4921: 4891: 4886: 4855: 4809: 4801:Nandeshwar Lake 4705: 4559: 4550: 4520: 4515: 4484: 4463: 4437: 4401: 4392: 4362: 4357: 4341: 4326:Rewari district 4249: 4144: 4119: 4102: 4087: 4060: 4025: 4005:Najafgarh drain 3979: 3970:Kaushalya river 3936: 3923:Sarasvati river 3907: 3898: 3868: 3863: 3812: 3789: 3721: 3712: 3656:OpenStreetMap: 3645:OpenStreetMap: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3623:on 12 July 2012 3611: 3610: 3606: 3597:Wayback Machine 3587: 3580: 3575:Wayback Machine 3566: 3562: 3552: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3523: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3462:Current Science 3457: 3442:Current Science 3408:Current Science 3328: 3314:Shaffer, Jim G. 3261: 3259: 3252: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3159: 3139: 3138: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3004: 2970: 2968: 2961: 2930: 2928: 2909:Current Science 2825: 2637: 2605: 2584:Printed sources 2581: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2540: 2536: 2526:Wayback Machine 2516: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2289: 2285: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2184:, p. 1693. 2180: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2065: 2054: 2023: 2019: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1783: 1776: 1761: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1722: 1714: 1695: 1687: 1676: 1668: 1651: 1635: 1634: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1566: 1559: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1536:Wayback Machine 1525:Wayback Machine 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1492:Kenneth Kennedy 1488:Raymond Allchin 1476:Gregory Possehl 1473: 1469: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1406: 1375: 1368: 1321: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1173: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1110: 1101: 1097: 1075: 994: 978:Sarasvati River 970: 1500 BCE 969: 935: 899:Sarasvati River 856: 847: 845:Sarasvati River 841: 809: 792: 787: 769: 721: 705: 623: 576:Kaushalya river 572: 554:Kaushalya river 552:Main articles: 550: 440: 420: 419: 418: 417:Interactive Map 413: 401:Sarasvati River 356: 354: 350: 347: 342: 339: 337: 335: 334: 270: 264:Kaushalya river 258: 232: 208: 206: 202: 199: 194: 191: 189: 187: 186: 183: 169: 136: 95: 88: 86: 84: 82: 80: 78: 76: 73: 61: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5833: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:Margalla Hills 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4792:Udaisagar Lake 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Rajsamand Lake 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Pachpadra Lake 4749: 4744: 4739: 4737:Lake Foy Sagar 4734: 4729: 4724: 4722:Balsamand Lake 4719: 4717:Ana Sagar Lake 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4468:Dams, barrages 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4336:Sirsa district 4329: 4322: 4312: 4298: 4288: 4278: 4268: 4257: 4255: 4254:Dams, barrages 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4240:Blue Bird Lake 4237: 4227: 4217: 4203: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4166:Brahma Sarovar 4163: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4110:Aravalli Range 4103: 4095:Aravalli Range 4088: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3998: 3993:(tributary of 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3950:Markanda River 3947: 3942:(tributary of 3937: 3926: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3817:Dams, barrages 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3640:External links 3638: 3635: 3634: 3604: 3578: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3516: 3499: 3484: 3450: 3433: 3403: 3344: 3331: 3326: 3310: 3293:(6): 777–797, 3281: 3268: 3250: 3235: 3209:(4): 425–472. 3195: 3186: 3152: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3091: 3074: 3066: 3054: 3008: 3003:978-1560987222 3002: 2985: 2976: 2959: 2936: 2915:(7): 888–890, 2905:"Sarasvati II" 2900: 2852: 2840: 2834:, ed. (1995), 2828: 2823: 2808: 2783:(7): 791–804, 2772: 2735: 2710:(3): 211–214, 2699: 2640: 2635: 2617: 2608: 2603: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2556: 2534: 2507: 2503:Mukherjee 2001 2495: 2483: 2471: 2464: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2409:, p. 266. 2399: 2387: 2385:, p. 160. 2375: 2363: 2351: 2342: 2330: 2314: 2302: 2283: 2254: 2252:, p. 168. 2242: 2230: 2218: 2201: 2186: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2110: 2098: 2079: 2052: 2017: 1982: 1980:, p. 103. 1970: 1959: 1941: 1928: 1926:, p. 240. 1916: 1904: 1892: 1890:, p. 312. 1880: 1868: 1856: 1830: 1804: 1797: 1774: 1759: 1739: 1720: 1693: 1674: 1649: 1613: 1593: 1564: 1557: 1540: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1467: 1452: 1442: 1386:(2): 215–228. 1259: 1218: 1208: 1200:Valdiya (2013) 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1156: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1071: 993: 990: 934: 933:Identification 931: 855: 852: 843:Main article: 840: 837: 808: 805: 791: 788: 783:Main article: 768: 765: 720: 717: 704: 701: 622: 619: 549: 546: 537:in Rajasthan. 531:Sirsa, Haryana 511:Shivalik Hills 439: 436: 416: 415: 414: 412: 409: 372:, presently a 327:monsoon season 305: 304: 295: 291: 290: 280:Sarswati river 276:Markanda river 273: 267: 266: 261: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 242: 241: 238: 237: 235: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 216: 184: 181: 178: 177: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 150: 149: 142:Shivalik Hills 139: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 71: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 32:Ghaghara River 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5832: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Ghaggar-Hakra 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5313:Upper Kachura 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Lower Kachura 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5148: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112:Sivalik Hills 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Ghaggar river 5040: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4883: 4882:Narmada Canal 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831:Jawahar Sagar 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Ghaggar-Hakra 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Sirhind Canal 4499: 4497: 4496:Buddha Nullah 4494: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Ghaggar-Hakra 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4399:Punjab, India 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4315:Palla barrage 4313: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261:Kaushalya Dam 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:Sivalik Hills 4077: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919:Ghaggar-Hakra 3917: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750:Ghaggar-Hakra 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:Ghaggar River 3644: 3643: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2966: 2962: 2960:9781402051807 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2621:Bryant, Edwin 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2550:, Routledge, 2549: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2493:, p. 93. 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2420: 2419:McIntosh 2008 2415: 2408: 2403: 2397:, p. 44. 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1939:, LiveScience 1938: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1876:McIntosh 2008 1872: 1865: 1860: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:J. M. Kenoyer 1477: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:(3): L03704. 1331: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1263: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236:According to 1235: 1231: 1230:Mughal (1997) 1227: 1226:Mughal (1997) 1222: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1152:Sindhav (2016 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Bryant (2001) 1114: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:Helmand River 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008:snows of the 1005: 1003: 1002:Helmand river 998: 997:Romila Thapar 989: 985: 983: 979: 973: 972:to 1200 BCE. 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 930: 928: 924: 920: 917:, Sarasvati, 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888:late Harappan 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 851: 846: 836: 830: 826: 820: 816: 814: 804: 800: 798: 786: 778: 773: 764: 760: 757: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 725:Rann of Kutch 716: 714: 708: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:delta channel 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 618: 616: 615:Kaushalya Dam 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 545: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 481: 477: 472: 465: 461: 457: 452: 444: 438:Ghaggar River 435: 433: 429: 425: 408: 406: 402: 397: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 374:delta channel 371: 367: 361: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 303: 299: 298:Kaushalya Dam 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 268: 265: 262: 256: 252: 248: 243: 239: 236: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 185: 179: 175: 171: 165: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 93: 89: 69: 64: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 39:Doms in Egypt 33: 19: 18:Ghaggar-Hakra 5728:Gulf of Oman 5718:Indian Ocean 5536: 5435:Chinna Creek 5384:Saiful Muluk 5227:Chitta Katha 5132:Sutlej River 5067:Kirana Hills 5052:Jhelum River 4986:Chenab River 4841:Kota Barrage 4787:Talwara Lake 4772:Ramgarh Lake 4762:Pushkar Lake 4757:Lake Pichola 4742:Kaylana Lake 4615: 4422: 4332:Ottu barrage 4220:Badkhal Lake 4206:Damdama Lake 4106:Pali village 4076:Morni hiills 4021:Indori river 4001:Sahibi River 3965:Tangri river 3918: 3824:Asan Barrage 3749: 3625:. Retrieved 3621:the original 3616: 3607: 3600: 3563: 3543:, retrieved 3531: 3527: 3509:, retrieved 3489: 3477:, retrieved 3465: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3411: 3407: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3317: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3240: 3206: 3202: 3190: 3179:, retrieved 3167: 3163: 3136:, Rawalpindi 3133: 3121: 3112: 3101:, retrieved 3082: 3070: 3061: 3016: 3012: 2993: 2980: 2969:, retrieved 2941: 2929:, retrieved 2912: 2908: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2835: 2832:Gupta, S. P. 2813: 2780: 2776: 2744: 2740: 2707: 2703: 2655:(1): 17221. 2652: 2648: 2625: 2612: 2593: 2565: 2547: 2537: 2529: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2449: 2441: 2434:Possehl 2002 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2371:Kenoyer 1997 2366: 2359:Possehl 1997 2354: 2345: 2333: 2323: 2317: 2305: 2292: 2286: 2263: 2257: 2245: 2238:Anthony 2007 2233: 2226:Anthony 2007 2221: 2214:Demkina 2017 2199:, p. 4. 2165: 2156: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2106:Possehl 2002 2101: 2089:. Retrieved 2069: 2030: 2026: 2020: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1978:Sindhav 2016 1973: 1964: 1950: 1944: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847:. Retrieved 1833: 1821:. Retrieved 1807: 1787: 1749: 1742: 1618: 1603: 1596: 1548: 1543: 1512: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1437: 1414: 1410: 1383: 1379: 1329: 1325: 1280: 1276: 1262: 1238:M. R. Mughal 1221: 1211: 1141:Misra (1992) 1125:Gupta (1999) 1113:Gupta (1995) 1065: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1029:Vedic period 1026: 1006: 995: 986: 974: 951:R. D. Oldham 936: 902: 896: 880:Indian Ocean 857: 848: 825:Mohenjo Daro 821: 817: 810: 801: 793: 761: 753: 735: 733: 722: 719:Pre-Holocene 709: 706: 690: 667: 626: 624: 596: 573: 566:Tangri river 542:Ottu barrage 539: 535:Talwara Lake 525:states into 487: 485: 431: 427: 421: 411:River course 398: 386: 331:Ottu barrage 310: 308: 302:Ottu barrage 284:Tangri river 74: 43: 5805:Indus basin 5723:Arabian Sea 5247:Balochistan 5188:Hydrography 5137:Thal Desert 5122:Soon Valley 5047:Indus River 5015:Indus Sagar 4851:Ummed Sagar 4727:Dhebar Lake 4553:Hydrography 4395:Hydrography 4301:Anagpur Dam 4196:Tilyar Lake 4180:Kurukshetra 4170:Kurukshetra 4156:Hathni Kund 4124:Hot springs 4016:Dohan river 3901:Hydrography 3834:Chamera Dam 3715:Hydrography 3555:Web-sources 3534:(3): 1–93, 3359:(1): 1617. 3019:(1): 5476, 2844:Gupta, S.P. 2747:: 230–235, 2570:Mughal 1997 2491:Witzel 2001 2407:Erdosy 1995 2395:Erdosy 1995 2310:Mahabharata 2250:Bryant 2001 2197:Giosan 2012 2126:(8): 1425. 1625:Thar Desert 1137:Gupta (1999 1121:Gupta (1995 1062:Harut River 961:hymns, the 947:Aurel Stein 927:Mahabharata 862:except the 713:Thar Desert 703:Paleography 655:Indus River 621:Hakra River 378:Indus River 366:Thar Desert 355: / 294:Waterbodies 250:Tributaries 207: / 5764:Categories 5737:Categories 5440:Boat Basin 5354:Dudipatsar 5117:Soan River 5107:Salt Range 5097:Ravi River 4971:Beas River 4872:Gang Canal 4867:Agra Canal 4747:Nakki Lake 4701:West Banas 4636:Kali Sindh 4186:Karna Lake 4091:Dhosi Hill 3975:Somb river 3854:Pandoh Dam 3844:Koldam Dam 3839:Chamera II 3829:Bhakra Dam 3658:Nara Canal 3448:(8): 1141. 3414:(2): 232, 3115:, ABC-CLIO 3058:Lal, B. B. 2479:Wilke 2011 1505:References 1462:The crisis 992:Objections 943:Max Müller 790:Mature IVC 748:Beas River 729:Nara river 686:Tharparkar 647:Nara River 635:Fort Abbas 540:Dammed at 370:Nara River 343:74°53′33″E 340:29°29′15″N 195:74°08′11″E 192:29°17′23″N 4981:Bhattiana 4926:geography 4797:Lake Badi 4686:Sabarmati 4557:Rajasthan 4305:Surajkund 4234:Faridabad 4230:Surajkund 4224:Faridabad 4114:Faridabad 4007:in Delhi) 3627:20 August 3468:(1): 42, 3430:239534661 3381:2041-1723 3262:1 October 3231:161129625 3103:1 October 2805:133638705 2769:134501741 2732:130765891 2677:2045-2322 2272:cite book 2148:129178112 2091:1 October 1769:855957425 1638:cite book 1629:Rajasthan 1364:140604921 1355:1912/5100 1033:Rig Vedic 1010:Himalayas 965:composed 955:Sarasvati 744:Cholistan 742:sites in 678:Nawabshah 659:Sir Creek 605:state of 527:Rajasthan 480:Rajasthan 476:Anoopgarh 460:Rajasthan 382:Sir Creek 224:Discharge 90:See also 5652:Shaksgam 5622:Panjkora 5455:Keenjhar 5407:Khabikki 5369:Mahodand 5283:Karambar 5232:Shounter 5192:Pakistan 4976:Bhatiore 4821:Bisalpur 4003:(called 3929:Chautang 3859:Pong Dam 3735:Banganga 3593:Archived 3571:Archived 3545:30 April 3536:archived 3511:30 April 3505:archived 3479:30 April 3470:archived 3399:29184098 3256:Archived 3223:25801118 3193:: 49–76. 3181:30 April 3172:archived 3142:citation 3132:(1997), 3097:archived 3060:(2002), 3051:28710495 2965:archived 2931:22 March 2925:archived 2921:24098502 2897:22645375 2695:31748611 2623:(2001), 2522:Archived 2340:, 32, 60 2266:. 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The 588:Tangri 568:; and 519:Punjab 432:khadar 428:Bangar 389:Sutlej 313:is an 253: 227: 172:Ottu, 162: 131: 128:Source 5744:Lakes 5667:Shyok 5647:Rupal 5607:Malir 5602:Lyari 5597:Kunar 5582:Kabul 5577:Jindi 5567:Hunza 5547:Gomal 5517:Dasht 5497:Basol 5482:Indus 5427:Sindh 5412:Namal 5379:Pyala 5374:Payee 5349:Ansoo 5331:Rawal 5255:Hanna 5237:Subri 5200:Lakes 5087:Puadh 5077:Malwa 5072:Majha 5011:Doabs 5006:Doaba 4957:Ganji 4953:Neeli 4936:Bagar 4836:Jawai 4710:Lakes 4696:Sukri 4691:Sukli 4676:Morel 4631:Jawai 4606:Dheel 4586:Bandi 4581:Banas 4459:Ropar 4442:Lakes 4418:Budki 4210:Sohna 4149:Lakes 4135:Sohna 4050:Indus 3794:Lakes 3740:Baspa 3539:(PDF) 3524:(PDF) 3473:(PDF) 3458:(PDF) 3426:S2CID 3227:S2CID 3219:JSTOR 3175:(PDF) 3170:(1), 3160:(PDF) 2917:JSTOR 2801:S2CID 2765:S2CID 2728:S2CID 2144:S2CID 1438:et al 1376:(PDF) 1360:S2CID 1145:Indus 1133:Hakra 1095:Notes 1089:Indus 911:Ganga 907:10.75 870:.61, 736:et al 670:Sindh 643:India 633:near 631:river 627:Hakra 607:India 503:rains 496:India 492:river 464:India 319:India 158:Mouth 109:India 5702:Zhob 5697:Tawi 5692:Swat 5687:Swan 5677:Suru 5672:Soan 5642:Ravi 5612:Mula 5587:Kech 5552:Haro 5527:Dori 5492:Bara 5389:Siri 5298:Rush 5293:Rama 5031:Bist 5027:Bari 5019:Chaj 4941:Bars 4814:Dams 4656:Mahi 4651:Luni 4571:Ahar 4428:Ravi 4413:Beas 3800:See 3780:Tons 3765:Ravi 3745:Beas 3629:2009 3547:2018 3513:2018 3495:ISBN 3481:2018 3395:PMID 3377:ISSN 3322:ISBN 3264:2016 3246:ISBN 3183:2018 3148:link 3105:2016 3087:ISBN 3047:PMID 2998:ISBN 2973:2021 2955:ISBN 2933:2021 2893:PMID 2857:PNAS 2819:ISBN 2691:PMID 2673:ISSN 2631:ISBN 2599:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2460:ISBN 2278:link 2093:2016 2075:ISBN 1955:ISBN 1851:2016 1825:2010 1793:ISBN 1765:OCLC 1755:ISBN 1644:link 1609:ISBN 1553:ISBN 1527:and 1516:See 1486:and 1407:(d) 1369:(c) 1322:(b) 1313:PMID 1269:(a) 903:e.g. 876:RV 7 872:RV 7 868:RV 6 684:and 649:, a 625:The 590:and 521:and 486:The 387:The 321:and 309:The 92:this 5522:Dor 5190:of 4661:Mej 4601:Dai 4555:of 4397:of 4137:in 4097:in 4082:in 4074:at 3903:of 3785:Uhl 3717:of 3466:104 3416:doi 3412:119 3385:PMC 3369:doi 3342:(2) 3303:doi 3211:doi 3037:PMC 3029:doi 2913:105 2883:PMC 2873:doi 2861:109 2793:doi 2757:doi 2720:doi 2681:PMC 2665:doi 2136:doi 2043:doi 2031:229 2008:doi 1427:doi 1396:doi 1350:hdl 1342:doi 1303:PMC 1293:doi 1281:102 601:of 513:of 494:in 333:at 317:in 5766:: 5029:• 5025:• 5021:• 5017:• 4963:• 4959:• 4955:• 4951:• 4947:• 4307:, 4212:, 3649:, 3615:. 3599:, 3581:^ 3530:, 3526:, 3503:, 3464:, 3460:, 3446:87 3444:. 3440:. 3424:, 3410:, 3393:. 3383:. 3375:. 3367:. 3355:. 3351:. 3338:, 3301:, 3291:31 3289:, 3277:XX 3275:. 3254:. 3225:. 3217:. 3207:11 3205:. 3166:, 3162:, 3144:}} 3140:{{ 3095:, 3045:, 3035:, 3027:, 3015:, 2963:, 2953:, 2923:, 2911:, 2907:, 2891:, 2881:, 2871:, 2859:, 2799:, 2791:, 2781:50 2779:, 2763:, 2755:, 2745:49 2743:, 2726:, 2718:, 2708:40 2706:, 2689:. 2679:. 2671:. 2663:. 2651:. 2647:. 2510:^ 2458:. 2456:42 2426:^ 2295:. 2274:}} 2270:{{ 2204:^ 2189:^ 2174:^ 2142:. 2134:. 2124:30 2122:. 2083:. 2055:^ 2041:. 2029:. 2006:. 1996:25 1994:. 1963:. 1841:. 1777:^ 1763:. 1723:^ 1696:^ 1677:^ 1652:^ 1640:}} 1636:{{ 1617:. 1567:^ 1494:, 1490:, 1482:, 1478:, 1425:. 1415:25 1413:. 1394:. 1384:22 1382:. 1378:. 1358:. 1348:. 1340:. 1330:39 1328:. 1311:. 1301:. 1291:. 1279:. 1275:. 1255:c. 1177:: 1159:^ 1102:^ 967:c. 921:, 913:, 894:. 833:c. 827:. 731:. 688:. 680:, 676:, 617:. 594:. 586:, 582:, 578:, 564:; 560:; 556:; 478:, 462:, 458:, 426:. 384:. 300:, 286:, 282:, 278:, 144:, 111:, 5180:e 5173:t 5166:v 5033:) 5013:( 4967:) 4943:( 4916:e 4909:t 4902:v 4545:e 4538:t 4531:v 4387:e 4380:t 4373:v 4338:) 4334:( 4328:) 4321:) 4317:( 4311:) 4303:( 4297:) 4293:( 4287:) 4283:( 4277:) 4273:( 4267:) 4263:( 4246:) 4242:( 4236:) 4232:( 4226:) 4222:( 4216:) 4208:( 4202:) 4198:( 4192:) 4188:( 4182:) 4178:( 4172:) 4168:( 4162:) 4158:( 4141:) 4133:( 4116:) 4101:} 4086:} 4078:( 4052:) 3997:) 3946:) 3935:) 3925:) 3893:e 3886:t 3879:v 3707:e 3700:t 3693:v 3653:. 3631:. 3532:7 3418:: 3401:. 3371:: 3363:: 3357:8 3340:1 3305:: 3297:: 3266:. 3233:. 3213:: 3168:9 3150:) 3031:: 3023:: 3017:7 3006:. 2949:: 2875:: 2867:: 2795:: 2787:: 2759:: 2751:: 2722:: 2714:: 2697:. 2667:: 2659:: 2653:9 2572:. 2532:. 2481:. 2468:. 2436:. 2421:. 2373:. 2361:. 2280:) 2240:. 2216:. 2150:. 2138:: 2130:: 2095:. 2049:. 2045:: 2037:: 2014:. 2010:: 2002:: 1914:. 1902:. 1866:. 1853:. 1827:. 1801:. 1771:. 1737:. 1718:. 1691:. 1672:. 1646:) 1631:. 1591:. 1561:. 1538:. 1465:. 1433:. 1429:: 1421:: 1404:; 1398:: 1390:: 1366:; 1352:: 1344:: 1336:: 1319:; 1295:: 1287:: 1131:- 466:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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