680:
738:
He was joined by his son, George Gibbs (1769-1863) in 1802. The company was renamed George Gibbs and Son in 1808. George Junior was married to
William Gibbs' sister, Harriet, in 1814, and became head of the firm with his father’s death in 1818, when another Bristol merchant, Robert Bright became a partner. The company had originally made its money by being involved in the slavery economy, as merchants importing slave grown sugar from the West Indies. With the
550:
coupled with pressure from external observers.' However, Johnson asserts that: 'Like many foreign merchants during the nineteenth century, Gibbs were removed from the guano extraction process. They had very little involvement in the physical loading and digging of guano at the islands', and she goes on to describe who the
Peruvian Government contracted for the guano extraction.
1001:
In London as: Antony Gibbs and Son (1808-1812); Antony Gibbs and Sons (1813-1948); Antony Gibbs and Sons Ltd. (1948-?). Other related companies based in London were Antony Gibbs & Sons (Insurance) Ltd. (1930-?); Antony Gibbs & Sons (Nominees) Ltd. (1932-?); Antony Gibbs & Sons (LIfe &
569:
The firm's profits from the guano trade were immense, which made
William Gibbs rich as the sole partner from 1842-1847 and thereafter he received from 50-70% of the firms' profits, so that by the 1860s he had £1,500,000 in the business. His share of profits in the company allowed him to purchase land
737:
in the C18th and by 1839 was trading as Gibbs, Bright and Co. In 1789 Antony Gibbs' elder brother, George Gibbs (1753-1818) had entered into partnership with his cousin Samuel
Munckley, a merchant trading with the West Indies in slave-grown produce, based in Bristol, but also originally from Exeter.
716:
the business as they didn't feel they could compete with other rubber producing companies, and ended up making a significant loss. This was due to several reasons, including: consistent labor shortages; difficult and expensive transportation; insufficient food in the region; and the fact that rubber
659:
in
Tambopata Rubber. In September 1907 Tambopata Rubber mortgaged its 'estates, farms, works, buildings and concessions' to Antony Gibbs and Sons. The company was contracted to ship and sell all of the rubber extracted by Tambopata Rubber, as well as to provide the machinery needed for the business.
434:
Antony Gibbs died in 1815, and on his father's death his son
William returned home to run the business with his brother Henry. The two vowed to repay their father and grandfather's debts from their bankruptcies in 1789, and had done so with all interest paid by 1840. After Henry's death in 1842, his
329:
After his apprenticeship ended in 1778, Antony set up in business exporting cloth to Spain, Italy and elsewhere with his brother
Abraham (1754-1782). After Abraham's early death in 1782, in 1784 Antony married his brother's former fiancée Dorothea Barnetta Hucks (Dolly). With money borrowed from his
517:
in South
America signed contracts with the Peruvian and Bolivian governments to purchase consignments of guano. The company were not the only foreign firm to sign a contract with Peru to export guano, but they were the most important because they were able to loan the largest amount of money to the
549:
to extract the guano before slavery was outlawed in Peru in 1854; their labour also included convicts, conscripts and army deserters', and that from 1842 to 1861 when they were operating their guano business, 'workers’ conditions, including pay and medical care, improved under Gibbs’s control,
717:
trees in the
Tambopata estate had to be cut down in order to extract their latex, thus meaning workers had to travel further and further to extract the rubber. Gibbs also claimed that it was three times more expensive to extract rubber in South America than it was in the Far East.
561:
off Peru with guano. Due to losses from over-laden ships, the firm implemented a surveyor’s certificate for the height of the side of the laden ship, and in 1860 William Gibbs came up with the idea of marking that point. This led in 1876 to the
Merchant Shipping Act which made the
422:, moved to London to act as clerk to the Commission and to his father's firm. By 1813 Henry had been made a partner managing the London office, and William was in Spain, running the office there. This same year the firm was renamed Antony Gibbs & Sons when William joined the
818:
serving Australian coastal ports. The company closed the Bristol office in 1887, which was primarily trading with the West Indies and transferred their staff to Liverpool. The Liverpool office closed in 1909, with staff transferring to London where their business was on the
442:
The firm was based in London at 13 Sherborne Lane, Lombard Street (from ca. 1809), 20 Great Winchester Street (1814-15), 28 Great Winchester Street (1815-26), 47 Lime Street (1826-50) and 15 Bishopsgate, later numbered 22 Bishopsgate (1850-?).
553:
The firm was importing 100,000 tons of guano a year, buying at about $ 15 and selling for $ 50 a ton. They had a monopoly on the trade which peaked between 1850 and 1856 when they imported over 214,700 tons of guano into Britain alone.
270:, and nitrate, which led to it becoming involved in banking, shipping and insurance. Having been family-owned from its foundation, by the turn of the 20th century it was focused on banking and insurance rather than inport and export.
984:
acquired the complete business to form the basis of HSBC Insurance Brokers. Having dissolved the company in 2005 and fully absorbed the assets ito their group structure, HSBC later sold their commercial insurance broking arm to
703:
were given benefits such as food or accommodation, which they were charged interest for and then had to pay off, leaving them in debt, even after they'd died. Workers were also found starving, and were often punished. The
538:
Between 1842 and 1847 their contracts with the Peruvian and Bolivian Governments for importing guano made net proceeds of £831,006 and £126,915 respectively. From 1850 they were dealing purly with the Peruvian Government.
1154:
414:. In September 1808 he founded the firm of Antony Gibbs & Son with his eldest son (George) Henry Gibbs (1785-1842) who, although christened George, was always referred to by his second name, Henry. Another son,
1017:
In Peru and Chile as: Gibbs, Crawley, Moens and Co. (1822-24); Gibbs, Crawley and Co. (1824-47); William Gibbs and Co. (1847-79); Gibbs and Co. (1880-1948); Gibbs y Cia S.A.C. (1948-?) and Gibbs, Williamson Ltd.
708:
collected records of workers' conditions. However, researcher Nic Madge concludes 'There is nothing to indicate that the Gibbs partners were directly aware of the extent of the oppression of indigenous people.'
814:, and once absorbed into Antony Gibbs and Sons, the company established further branches across Australia. They established steamer services between Australia and New Zealand, and in the 1890s the
600:
as senior partner, whilst retaining a stake in the business, and when William died in 1875 he bequeathed the majority of his share in the partnership to Henry who ran the firm from 1875 to 1907.
334:
in the outskirts of Exeter - Gibbs, Granger & Banfill. However by 1789 Antony Gibbs had over extended himself, borrowing from his father and others, and both he and his father were declared
502:
on behalf of other clients. By 1832 their business in South America, as well as their merchant banking in London, were doing well, and over the next ten years the company was consistently in
631:. Nitrate of soda was in demand in the burgeoning European and North American munitions trade: the company supplied the British Government with nitrate of soda for ammunition throughout the
608:
The company's contract with the Peruvian Government ran out in 1861, and they then diversified into other business areas. They were involved in a wide range of trading activities; they made
1790:
358:
was born in Madrid in May 1790. Antony wished to clear his name and repay his creditors, and whilst in Spain he formed a business network, and began exporting cloth from England to the
419:
815:
446:
Many members of the Gibbs family continued as partners / Directors of the firm after Henry Hucks Gibbs' death in 1907 including: George Louis Monck Gibbs, Alban George Henry Gibbs,
941:
made an offer for the ships, the British grew concerned that the two ships could be used against their new ally Japan. By now Antony Gibbs & Sons was run by the partnership of
895:
879:
The company issued many other loans around this time such as £6m to the Mexican Government; £5m to the Greek Government; £600,000 to the Argentine N. E. Railway; £400,000 to the
1780:
1755:
644:
454:, Henry Lloyd Gibbs, John Arthur Gibbs, Gerald Henry Beresford Gibbs, Walter Durant Gibbs, Geoffrey Cokayne Gibbs, Leonard Charles Michael Gibbs, and Antony Durant Gibbs.
1745:
661:
880:
1124:"The History of Antony and Dorothea Gibbs & of the early years of Antony Gibbs and Sons - Chapter VIII, The 'Hermosa Mexicana', Spain, Cowley, and London"
665:
833:
with interests in mining, shipping, farming activities (with several million acres of sheep and cattle stations), insurance, building materials, timber and
1775:
351:
953:
purchase of the ships. As a result, the Admiralty purchased both Chilean battleships on 3 December 1903 for £2,432,000, which were renamed from
1750:
857:. These banking activities became an integral part of his business which his descendants who took on the firm developed into the C20th.
451:
845:
Early in his career Antony Gibbs acted as a private banker to his clients in Spain, South America and elsewhere. He had bought and sold
1805:
1760:
518:
Peruvian government. William called it 'an act of insanity' because of the huge loans needed to facilitate the business; but, rich in
1717:
954:
1011:
In Cadiz, Spain as: Antony Gibbs and Son (1808); Antony Gibbs, Son and Branscombe (1808-13); and Antony Gibbs Son and Co. (1814-27)
864:. (armaments manufacturer) to the value of just over £1 million. Thus it became a Merchant Bank. In 1890 the firm was part of the
1800:
1292:
791:
1881 was the year in which Antony Gibbs and Sons absorbed Gibbs, Bright and Co., and the two companies became one. From 1882 the
628:
17:
402:
In 1808 Antony relocated his family and business to London, buying a home on Dulwich Common. With the help of his brother Sir
1442:
915:
1245:
616:, and also expanded their business by exporting nitrate, copper, wool, cotton, rubber and other goods from South America.
1266:
829:
They branched out into many other areas of business, and by 1963 the company was the largest trading partnership in the
362:, and exporting Spanish wine and fruit back to England. Driven out of Spain by war in 1797 he conducted his business in
619:
The company closed its Lima branch in 1880 and moved its South American base to Chile, where the company manufactured
394:
into London. This was the start of the family's trade with South America which would go on to make the Gibbs fortune.
1678:
1569:
1369:
1223:
1080:
937:
Whilst the United Kingdom was not entirely interested in the ships, international politics took precedence: when the
371:
1459:
876:. At this time Henry Hucks Gibbs was both a partner in Antony Gibbs and Sons, and Director of the Bank of England.
942:
775:
had become outdated and emigrant numbers were falling. She returned to Liverpool from Australia, and lay idle at
771:(originally launched in 1843) for carrying emigrants to Australia sailing out of Liverpool. However, by 1876 the
597:
436:
311:
200:
93:
779:
for five years before she was acquired for £6,500 by Antony Gibbs & Sons for bulk trade between Britain and
1097:
318:, Antony Gibbs was apprenticed to merchant Nicholas Brooke, whose firm exported locally made woollen cloth to
1618:
1314:
1042:
139:
1038:
1021:
In Bolivia and Brazil as: Gibbs Williamson (Bolivia) Ltd. (1945-?); Gibbs Williamson S.A. Brazil (1944-?)
960:
946:
526:, thanks to the Gibbs' promotion of guano in Britain, it soon became accepted by farmers as an essential
447:
415:
355:
205:
88:
1770:
950:
861:
739:
1340:
1123:
609:
491:
1432:
800:
374:, Antony needed a new market for his goods, and he realised that he could trade with the Spanish
612:
by trading on others' behalf, and made finance available for other companies. They invested in
478:, the firm seized opportunities to trade with South America, and opened offices in Lima (1822),
281:
in 1981 and formed the basis of its insurance broking arm, now part of global insurance company
1694:
1479:"The Infernal Tambopata - British Involvement in Twentieth Century Slavery in Peru and Bolivia"
1414:"The Infernal Tambopata - British Involvement in Twentieth Century Slavery in Peru and Bolivia"
643:
In 1907 Antony Gibbs & Sons provided the capital for the newly formed British company, the
48:
1795:
1785:
823:
742:
George Gibbs and Robert Bright received compensation for some plantations on which they were
494:
to Europe goods such as cocoa, cotton, and bark (later exports included copper, tin, silver,
315:
274:
1765:
1644:
403:
1348:
The History of Antony and Dorothea Gibbs & of the early years of Antony Gibbs and Sons
898:
for whom they ordered and shipped the company's initial plant and equipment from Britain.
350:
with his wife and children, where he spent nearly 20 years acting as an agent for several
8:
976:
In 1973, the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange. During the initial float,
830:
684:
366:
from 1798 to 1801, but in 1802 returned to Spain and became established as a merchant in
248:
1033:
In Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) as: Gibbs & Co. (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. (1950-?)
1592:
1517:
1363:
1024:
In Australasia as: Gibbs, Bright & Co. (previously Bright Bros. & Co.) (1881-?)
846:
700:
503:
499:
1027:
In New York as: Antony Gibbs and Co. (1913-20); and Antony Gibbs and Co. Inc. (1920-?)
922:, which ended the near-war tensions between the two countries, Argentina sold its two
884:
406:(1751–1820), Antony was named as one of four Commissioners in London for dealing with
1674:
1565:
1478:
1438:
1413:
1219:
1076:
749:
By the 1880s Gibbs, Bright and Co. still imported sugar and owned plantations in the
655:
along the Bolivian / Peruvian border. They also bought at £1 each 7501 of the 15,000
498:
and wool). The firm also started insuring goods and accepting financial deposits and
359:
1509:
767:
1535:
795:
carried mainly Welsh coal and wheat. In 1886 she was badly damaged in a storm off
720:
891:
865:
754:
688:
656:
652:
613:
558:
514:
307:
997:
Antony Gibbs and Sons traded in the U.K. and overseas under a variety of names:
705:
354:
in England (including the Exwick factory) and trading in his own right. His son
1341:"Chapter XVIII a. Gibbs & Sons' business: Conclusion to 1820, and epilogue"
986:
938:
669:
648:
620:
571:
542:
475:
411:
282:
1562:
Tales of Opportunity – The Bright Family of Hereford & Bristol 1066 – 2020
410:
ships and goods sent to England following Spain's invasion of Portugal in the
1739:
1246:"The English House of Gibbs in Peru 's Guano Trade in the Nineteenth Century"
873:
834:
820:
780:
507:
379:
243:
487:
262:
was a British trading company, which was founded by Antony Gibbs in 1808 in
977:
919:
869:
854:
696:
668:
controlled %74 of the land ceded out by the Peruvian government around the
439:(1819–1907) joined the firm, with his uncle William as the senior partner.
229:
679:
811:
713:
673:
632:
575:
423:
121:
41:
593:
song: "William Gibbs made his dibs, Selling the turds of foreign birds"
346:
Following his business failure in Exeter, in 1789 Antony Gibbs moved to
1521:
1497:
806:
In 1881 Gibbs, Bright and Co. had branches in Liverpool, Australia and
776:
590:
527:
490:(1826). The firm exported English goods to South America, and imported
335:
1384:
860:
In 1887 Antony Gibbs and Sons invited subscriptions for shares of the
533:
457:
Many of those listed above spent time in the firm's South American or
1673:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 259, 261–262.
911:
796:
762:
758:
750:
743:
733:
In 1881 Antony Gibbs and Sons absorbed a company which originated in
579:
563:
523:
479:
458:
429:
306:; he was the third son of Dr. George Abraham Gibbs (1718–1794), from
1513:
557:
At its height every year between 300 and 400 ships were leaving the
1460:"The Anti-Slavery Society and British Slavery in 20th Century Peru"
850:
583:
519:
483:
407:
238:
367:
923:
883:.; £320,000 to the Jamaica Railway; and £250,000 to the State of
807:
734:
546:
266:. The company's interests spanned trading in cloth, fruit, wine,
222:
934:. As a result, in 1903 Chile also put its warships up for sale.
1300:
The Bristol Standard, the Magazine for Masons and the Community
624:
495:
375:
363:
347:
331:
323:
299:
263:
589:
Towards the end of the C19th William Gibbs inspired a popular
386:
with a shipment of textiles for the round trip from Lisbon to
1196:
Antony Gibbs & Sons Ltd., Merchants and Bankers 1808-1958
1030:
In South Africa as: Gibbs Foley & Co. (Pty) Ltd. (1952-?)
931:
927:
907:
319:
303:
267:
233:
1791:
Private companies limited by guarantee of the United Kingdom
1536:"Gibbs, Bright & Co. previously George Gibbs & Son"
981:
799:
and beyond economic repair, so the company sold her to the
391:
387:
278:
765:
in 1805. In 1852 Gibbs, Bright and Co., had purchased the
1005:
In Liverpool as: Antony Gibbs, Sons & Co. (1881-1909)
890:
They were also shareholders and financial backers of the
506:
as it became the principal firm in London trading on the
1498:"Bristol West India Merchants in the Eighteenth Century"
826:
ships for their nitrate business in Europe and the U.S.
746:, or which they managed on behalf of the Bright family.
574:
and build the property now owned by the National Trust,
1008:
In Bristol as: Antony Gibbs, Sons & Co. (1881-1887)
397:
1781:
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
474:
In the 1820s, taking advantage of the break up of the
330:
father, in 1786 Antony established a cloth factory at
901:
1756:
Financial services companies disestablished in 2005
712:By 1912 Antony Gibbs and Sons decided to gradually
603:
534:
William Gibbs and profits made from the guano trade
1619:"SS Great Britain – 50 years back home in Bristol"
1434:The Arakmbut--mythology, Spirituality, and History
1293:"The Gibbs' Family Link With The SS Great Britain"
1098:"Antony Gibbs beginnings at Exwick's Woollen Mill"
721:Acquisition of Gibbs, Bright & Co. and the SS
430:Gibbs family members' continuation in the business
1218:. Great Britain: National Trust. pp. 29–37.
728:
596:When William retired in 1858, he left his nephew
513:The company's fortune changed in 1842 when their
1746:Financial services companies established in 1808
1737:
1715:
1564:. Melbourne University Press. pp. 400–403.
1464:Archives and Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library
1014:In Gibraltar as: Gibbs, Casson and Co (1818-33)
989:in 2012, many of which include the Gibbs name.
390:; on the return journey importing produce from
695:The Tambopata Rubber Syndicate used a form of
1037:Records of Antony Gibbs and Sons are held at
638:
338:in 1789, leaving them with debts of £40,000.
1502:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
853:on behalf of clients, as well as accepting
786:
660:The Tambopata Rubber Syndicate, along with
288:
1485:(165): 153, 156 – via Research Gate.
1776:Insurance companies of the United Kingdom
1420:(165): 127–163 – via Research Gate.
840:
753:, but its main business was as a leading
699:, which meant their workforce of 300-500
1385:"A brief history of the Family of Gibbs"
1290:
678:
1315:"Henry Hucks Gibbs, 1st Baron Aldenham"
1243:
14:
1738:
1645:"Gibbs, Bright & Co. in Australia"
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1559:
1495:
1213:
896:Mexican Gas and Electric Light Company
370:. In 1804 with the likely outbreak of
1751:British companies established in 1808
1687:
1642:
1616:
1476:
1457:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1338:
1193:
1121:
1095:
1070:
683:Map depicting the tributaries of the
418:(1789–1875) who had been working for
341:
326:, where he became fluent in Spanish.
1716:Michelle Worvell (1 December 2008).
1668:
1430:
1261:
1259:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1149:
1147:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
398:Foundation of Antony Gibbs & Son
1578:
24:
1402:
627:, as well as being agents for the
469:
25:
1817:
1806:2005 disestablishments in England
1761:Defunct companies based in London
1382:
1312:
1256:
1232:
1202:
1172:
1144:
1096:Gibbs, Michael (2 October 2021).
1055:
902:Chilean and Argentinian war ships
566:compulsory on all British ships.
1643:Gibbs, Michael (4 August 2021).
1617:Gibbs, Michael (28 April 2020).
992:
971:
926:that were under construction in
868:'s syndicate set up to bail out
672:and Tambopata Rivers during the
604:Diversification in South America
420:George Gibbs and Sons in Bristol
1709:
1662:
1636:
1610:
1553:
1528:
1489:
1477:Madge, Nicolas (12 July 2022).
1470:
1451:
1424:
1412:Madge, Nicolas (12 July 2022).
1376:
1332:
1306:
816:Intercolonial Steamship Company
312:Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
1801:1808 establishments in England
1483:Revista de Historia de América
1418:Revista de Historia de América
1284:
1115:
1089:
980:acquired a stake, and in 1981
729:Gibbs, Bright and Co., Bristol
464:
461:offices as well as in London.
310:, Devon, Chief Surgeon at the
13:
1:
1671:British Battleships 1889–1904
1368:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1048:
1043:National Library of Australia
761:, having opened an office in
372:war between Spain and Britain
293:
1458:Madge, Nic (14 April 2023).
1159:London Metropolitan Archives
1039:London Metropolitan Archives
740:abolition of slavery in 1834
545:asserts that 'the firm used
7:
1540:Legacies of British slavery
1339:Gibbs, John Arthur (1922).
1155:"Antony Gibbs and Sons Ltd"
1122:Gibbs, John Arthur (1922).
382:. In 1806 he chartered the
10:
1822:
1198:. Antony Gibbs & Sons.
918:. In 1902, as part of the
862:Hotchkiss Ordnance Co. Ltd
645:Tambopata Rubber Syndicate
639:Tambopata Rubber Syndicate
277:in 1973, it was bought by
134:HSBC Commercial Insurance
1560:Bright, Primrose (2022).
1291:Halladay, George (2014).
1250:Clemson University Thesis
1071:Neill, Elizabeth (2008).
298:Antony Gibbs was born in
214:
191:
181:
150:
127:
117:
102:
78:
59:
34:
1496:Morgan, Kenneth (1993).
1194:Gibbs, Aldenham (1958).
945:and his younger brother
881:United States Brewery Co
801:Falkland Islands Company
787:Merging of the two firms
322:. Brooke sent Antony to
289:Antony Gibbs (1756-1815)
1350:. Saint Catherine Press
1267:"Tyntesfield's history"
1244:Johnson, Megan (2017).
1075:. Somerset: Halsgrove.
1002:Pensions) Ltd. (1955-?)
949:who offered to finance
662:The Inca Mining Company
651:growing estates on the
476:Spanish colonial empire
260:Antony Gibbs & Sons
30:Antony Gibbs & Sons
18:Gibbs, Bright & Co.
1720:. Professional Broking
1214:Miller, James (2003).
967:Triumph and Swiftsure.
841:Bankers and financiers
692:
629:Chilean State Railways
106:22 June 2005
49:Public limited company
1431:Gray, Andrew (1996).
682:
452:Herbert Cokayne Gibbs
316:Exeter Grammar School
275:London Stock Exchange
1669:Burt, R. A. (1988).
1623:Gibbs Family History
1131:Gibbs Family History
706:Anti-Slavery Society
140:Marsh & McLennan
66:(216 years ago)
1593:"Gibbs Bright Club"
914:were involved in a
831:Southern Hemisphere
685:Madre de Dios River
666:Inca Rubber Company
623:and its by-product
582:he was the richest
578:. According to the
249:Insurance Brokerage
152:Number of locations
31:
1649:Gibbs Famioly Tree
1524:– via JSTOR.
1437:. Berghahn Books.
693:
543:The National Trust
342:Spain and Portugal
29:
1771:HSBC acquisitions
1697:. Exeter Memories
1597:Gibbs Bright Club
1444:978-1-57181-876-8
1389:Gibbs Family Tree
1319:Gibbs Family Tree
1102:Gibbs Family Tree
701:indigenous people
598:Henry Hucks Gibbs
437:Henry Hucks Gibbs
360:Iberian peninsula
257:
256:
16:(Redirected from
1813:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1718:"Philip Gregory"
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1383:Gibbs, Michael.
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1313:Gibbs, Michael.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1073:Fragile Fortunes
1068:
892:Mexican Railways
849:, and collected
835:merchant banking
793:SS Great Britain
773:SS Great Britain
768:SS Great Britain
687:, including the
614:government bonds
384:Hermosa Mexicana
314:. After leaving
113:
111:
74:
72:
67:
32:
28:
21:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1695:"William Gibbs"
1693:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1572:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1514:10.2307/3679141
1494:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1216:Fertile Fortune
1212:
1203:
1192:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1056:
1051:
995:
974:
951:the Admiralty's
916:naval arms race
904:
866:Bank of England
843:
789:
759:insurance agent
731:
726:
689:Tambopata River
653:Tambopata River
641:
633:First World War
621:nitrate of soda
606:
580:Times newspaper
570:in what is now
547:enslaved labour
536:
472:
470:First contracts
467:
432:
400:
352:merchant houses
344:
308:Clyst St George
296:
291:
273:Floated on the
253:
210:
194:
184:
177:
153:
146:
142:
135:
109:
107:
98:
70:
68:
65:
64:
55:
51:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1708:
1686:
1679:
1661:
1635:
1609:
1577:
1570:
1552:
1527:
1488:
1469:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1401:
1375:
1331:
1305:
1283:
1271:National Trust
1255:
1231:
1224:
1201:
1171:
1143:
1114:
1088:
1081:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
987:Marsh McLennan
973:
970:
939:Russian Empire
903:
900:
885:San Lui Potosi
842:
839:
788:
785:
730:
727:
725:
719:
647:which had two
640:
637:
605:
602:
572:North Somerset
559:Chinch Islands
535:
532:
471:
468:
466:
463:
431:
428:
399:
396:
343:
340:
295:
292:
290:
287:
283:Marsh McLennan
255:
254:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
228:Import/Export
226:
218:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
197:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
156:
154:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:(2012–present)
137:
131:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
82:
80:
76:
75:
61:
57:
56:
54:
53:
46:
38:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1680:0-87021-061-0
1676:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1571:9780522876765
1567:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1225:9781905400409
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:9781906551025
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
993:Company names
990:
988:
983:
979:
972:Later history
969:
968:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:In late 1901
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
874:Baring crisis
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:bills of sale
852:
848:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
822:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
781:San Francisco
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
736:
724:
723:Great Britain
718:
715:
710:
707:
702:
698:
697:bonded labour
690:
686:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
567:
565:
564:Plimsoll line
560:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
509:
508:Pacific coast
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:on commission
489:
485:
481:
477:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
440:
438:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:William Gibbs
413:
412:Peninsula War
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:South America
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
250:
247:
245:
244:Merchant Bank
242:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
219:
217:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
190:
186:
180:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
155:
149:
141:
138:
133:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
105:
101:
95:
92:
90:
89:William Gibbs
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
62:
58:
50:
47:
43:
40:
39:
37:
33:
27:
19:
1796:Gibbs family
1786:Partnerships
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1689:
1670:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1561:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1299:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1249:
1215:
1195:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1072:
1036:
996:
978:Midland Bank
975:
966:
961:
956:Constitución
955:
947:Vicary Gibbs
936:
920:Pacts of May
905:
889:
878:
870:Barings Bank
859:
844:
828:
805:
792:
790:
772:
766:
748:
732:
722:
711:
694:
642:
618:
607:
595:
588:
586:in England.
568:
556:
552:
541:
537:
512:
486:(1823), and
473:
456:
448:Vicary Gibbs
445:
441:
433:
404:Vicary Gibbs
401:
383:
345:
328:
297:
272:
259:
258:
230:Spanish wine
206:Vicary Gibbs
85:Antony Gibbs
35:Company type
26:
1766:Guano trade
1654:14 February
1628:15 February
1602:26 February
1545:27 February
1508:: 185–208.
1394:14 February
1354:14 February
1324:14 February
1276:14 February
1164:14 February
1136:14 February
1107:19 February
943:Alban Gibbs
887:in Mexico.
872:during the
812:New Zealand
674:rubber boom
576:Tyntesfield
465:Guano trade
424:partnership
201:Alban Gibbs
183:Area served
136:(1981–2012)
94:Henry Gibbs
52:(1973–1981)
45:(1808–1973)
42:Partnership
1740:Categories
1049:References
847:securities
824:chartering
777:Birkenhead
744:mortgagees
610:commission
591:music hall
528:fertiliser
500:securities
488:Valparaiso
459:Australian
408:Portuguese
294:Early life
193:Key people
174:Valparaíso
110:2005-06-22
1364:cite book
912:Argentina
851:dividends
797:Cape Horn
763:Liverpool
751:Caribbean
714:liquidate
524:phosphate
480:Guayaquil
232:, Fruit,
168:Melbourne
165:Liverpool
128:Successor
122:Dissolved
1701:31 March
1302:(20): 2.
1041:and the
1018:(1933-?)
962:Libertad
924:warships
894:and the
755:shipping
670:Inambari
664:and the
584:commoner
520:nitrogen
484:Arequipa
376:colonies
336:bankrupt
239:Shipping
221:Trading
215:Services
1724:1 April
1522:3679141
808:Dunedin
735:Bristol
356:William
223:Woollen
162:Bristol
108: (
103:Defunct
79:Founder
69: (
60:Founded
1677:
1568:
1520:
1441:
1222:
1079:
821:Baltic
657:shares
649:rubber
625:iodine
504:profit
496:alpaca
364:Lisbon
348:Madrid
332:Exwick
324:Madrid
300:Exeter
264:London
187:Global
159:London
1518:JSTOR
1344:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
932:Japan
928:Italy
908:Chile
515:agent
368:Cadiz
320:Spain
304:Devon
268:guano
234:Guano
225:Cloth
1726:2013
1703:2013
1675:ISBN
1656:2024
1630:2024
1604:2024
1566:ISBN
1547:2024
1439:ISBN
1396:2024
1370:link
1356:2024
1326:2024
1278:2024
1220:ISBN
1166:2014
1138:2024
1109:2024
1077:ISBN
982:HSBC
959:and
910:and
757:and
522:and
482:and
435:son
392:Peru
388:Lima
279:HSBC
171:Lima
118:Fate
71:1808
63:1808
1510:doi
965:to
930:to
378:in
1742::
1647:.
1621:.
1595:.
1580:^
1538:.
1516:.
1504:.
1500:.
1481:.
1462:.
1416:.
1404:^
1387:.
1366:}}
1362:{{
1346:.
1317:.
1298:.
1269:.
1258:^
1248:.
1234:^
1204:^
1174:^
1157:.
1146:^
1129:.
1100:.
1057:^
1045:.
837:.
810:,
803:.
783:.
676:.
635:.
530:.
510:.
450:,
426:.
302:,
285:.
1728:.
1705:.
1683:.
1658:.
1632:.
1606:.
1574:.
1549:.
1512::
1506:3
1466:.
1447:.
1398:.
1372:)
1358:.
1328:.
1280:.
1252:.
1228:.
1168:.
1140:.
1111:.
1085:.
691:.
112:)
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.