Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

6523: 2875: 2742:, removing the franchise from the middle class and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies. The decrees were published the following day. On 27 July, Parisians erected barricades throughout the city, and riots erupted. In defiance, the Chamber continued to meet. When Lafayette, who was at La Grange, heard what was going on, he raced into the city, and was acclaimed as a leader of the revolution. When his fellow deputies were indecisive, Lafayette went to the barricades, and soon the royalist troops were routed. Fearful that the excesses of the 1789 revolution were about to be repeated, deputies made Lafayette head of a restored National Guard, and charged him with keeping order. The Chamber was willing to proclaim him as ruler, but he refused a grant of power he deemed unconstitutional. He also refused to deal with Charles, who abdicated on 2 August. Many young revolutionaries sought a republic, but Lafayette felt this would lead to civil war, and chose to offer the throne to the duc d'Orleans, 1137:, came to Philadelphia to brief Congress on military affairs. Lafayette met him at a dinner on 5 August 1777; according to Leepson, "the two men bonded almost immediately." Washington was impressed by the young man's enthusiasm and was inclined to think well of a fellow Mason; Lafayette was simply in awe of the commanding general. General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops, Lafayette responded, "I am here to learn, not to teach." He became a member of Washington's staff, although confusion existed regarding his status. Congress regarded his commission as honorary, while he considered himself a full-fledged commander who would be given control of a division when Washington deemed him prepared. Washington told Lafayette that a division would not be possible as he was of foreign birth, but that he would be happy to hold him in confidence as "friend and father". 286: 274: 1678: 2852:, and he bought three slave plantations in Cayenne in 1785 and 1786 to put his ideas into practice, ordering that none of the 70 slaves on the plantations to be bought or sold. He never freed his slaves, and when the French authorities confiscated his properties in 1795, the 63 remaining slaves on the three plantations were sold by colonial officials in Cayenne. He spent his lifetime as an abolitionist, proposing that slaves be emancipated slowly as he recognized the crucial role that slavery played in many economies. Lafayette hoped that his ideas would be adopted by Washington to free slaves in the United States and spread from there. Washington eventually began implementing those practices on his own plantation in Mount Vernon, but he continued to own slaves until the day he died. In a letter to 2126: 753: 1096: 11325: 1017: 6671: 1786: 1001: 2262: 2037:

two men hiding under an altar at the event, accused of being either spies or of potentially planting explosives, eventually hung the men from lampposts and placed their heads on the ends of pikes. Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars at the head of his troops to restore order, but they were met with the throwing of stones from the crowd. Indeed, an assassination attempt was made on Lafayette, however the gunman's pistol misfired at close range. The soldiers began to first fire above the crowd in order to intimidate and disperse them, which only led to retaliation and eventually the death of two volunteer chasseurs. The National Guard was ordered to

1884:, an armed force established to maintain order under the control of the Assembly military service as well as policing, traffic control, sanitization, lighting, among other matters of local administration. Lafayette proposed the name and the symbol of the group: a blue, white, and red cockade. This combined the red and blue colors of the city of Paris with the royal white, and originated the French tricolor. He faced a difficult task as head of the Guard; the king and many loyalists considered him and his supporters to be little better than revolutionaries, whereas many commoners felt that he was helping the king to keep power via this position. 11260: 11192: 249: 2557:. He was greeted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans who had fought alongside him many years before. New York erupted for four continuous days and nights of celebration. He then departed for what he thought would be a restful trip to Boston but instead found the route lined by cheering citizens, with welcomes organized in every town along the way. According to Unger, "It was a mystical experience they would relate to their heirs through generations to come. Lafayette had materialized from a distant age, the last leader and hero at the nation's defining moment. They knew they and the world would never see his kind again." 1858: 2568:) which might otherwise have been torn down, because they needed a location for a reception for him. Until that point, it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments, but Lafayette's visit set off a wave of construction—usually with him laying the cornerstone himself, in his capacity as mason. The arts benefited by his visit, as well, as many cities commissioned portraits for their civic buildings, and the likenesses were seen on innumerable souvenirs. Lafayette had intended to visit only the original 13 states during a four-month visit, but the stay stretched to 16 months as he visited all 24 states. 2711: 3121: 738: 1411: 3033: 3010: 1231: 262: 3057: 2021: 236: 1971: 2755: 1869: 1531: 886: 11066: 3045: 206: 2685:, where he laid the cornerstone for its public library. He celebrated his 68th birthday on 6 September at a reception with President John Quincy Adams at the White House, and departed the next day. He took gifts with him, besides the soil to be placed on his grave. Congress had voted him $ 200,000 (equal to $ 5,385,882 today) in gratitude for his services to the country at President Monroe's request, along with a large tract of public lands in Florida. He returned to France aboard a ship that was originally called the 2634: 1927: 2227:. Although Short and other U.S. envoys very much wanted to succor Lafayette for his services to their country, they knew that his status as a French officer took precedence over any claim to American citizenship. Washington, who was by then president, had instructed the envoys to avoid actions that entangled the country in European affairs, and the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations with either Prussia or Austria. They did send money for the use of Lafayette, and for his wife, whom the French had imprisoned. 10724: 2746:, who had lived in America and had far more of a common touch than did Charles. Lafayette secured the agreement of Louis-Philippe, who accepted the throne, to various reforms. The general remained as commander of the National Guard. This did not last long—the brief concord at the king's accession soon faded, and the conservative majority in the Chamber voted to abolish Lafayette's National Guard post on 24 December 1830. Lafayette went back into retirement, expressing his willingness to do so. 1122:, convened in Philadelphia, had been overwhelmed by French officers recruited by Deane, many of whom could not speak English or lacked military experience. Lafayette had learned some English en route and became fluent within a year of his arrival, and his Masonic membership opened many doors in Philadelphia. After Lafayette offered to serve without pay, Congress commissioned him a major general on 31 July 1777. Lafayette's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France, 3107: 2957:. Lafayette's hosts considered him a judge of how successful independence had become. According to cultural historian Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette "provided foreign confirmations of the self-image that shaped America's national identity in the early nineteenth century and that has remained a dominant theme in the national ideology ever since: the belief that America's Founding Fathers, institutions, and freedom created the most democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous society in the world". 2794: 2930: 1049:. De Broglie hoped to become a military and political leader in America, and he met Lafayette in Bordeaux and convinced him that the government actually wanted him to go. This was not true, though there was considerable public support for Lafayette in Paris, where the American cause was popular. Lafayette wanted to believe it, and pretended to comply with the order to report to Marseilles, going only a few kilometres east before turning around and returning to his ship. 33: 1336:, and Lee moved against the British flank on 28 June. However, he gave conflicting orders soon after fighting began, causing chaos in the American ranks. Lafayette sent a message to Washington to urge him to the front; upon his arrival, he found Lee's men in retreat. Washington relieved Lee, took command, and rallied the American force. After suffering significant casualties at Monmouth, the British withdrew in the night and successfully reached New York. 2339:. France's new ruler allowed Lafayette to remain, though originally without citizenship and subject to summary arrest if he engaged in politics, with the promise of eventual restoration of civil rights. Lafayette remained quietly at La Grange, and when Bonaparte held a memorial service in Paris for Washington, who had died in December 1799, Lafayette, though he had expected to be asked to deliver the eulogy, was not invited, nor was his name mentioned. 2320: 1156: 945: 2529: 3243:—that the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be instilled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof, they and every one of them conforming to the Constitution and Laws of this State in the Enjoyment and Exercise of such Immunities, Rights and Privileges." 2572: 1359: 11290: 1289: 11235: 1512:, French ambassador in Philadelphia, describing how ill-supplied his troops were. As Lafayette hoped, la Luzerne sent his letter on to France with a recommendation of massive French aid, which, after being approved by the king, would play a crucial part in the battles to come. Washington, fearing a letter might be captured by the British, could not tell Lafayette that he planned to trap Cornwallis in a decisive campaign. 3079: 992:, and spent three weeks in London. On his return to France, he went into hiding from his father-in-law (and superior officer), writing to him that he was planning to go to America. De Noailles was furious, and convinced Louis to issue a decree forbidding French officers from serving in America, specifically naming Lafayette. Vergennes may have persuaded the king to order Lafayette's arrest, though this is uncertain. 1313: 2098:

and on 28 June delivered a fiery speech before the Assembly denouncing the Jacobins and other radical groups. He was instead accused of deserting his troops. Lafayette called for volunteers to counteract the Jacobins; when only a few people showed up, he understood the public mood and hastily left Paris. Robespierre called him a traitor and the mob burned him in effigy. He was transferred to command of the

872:, who felt the couple, and especially her daughter, were too young. The matter was settled by agreeing not to mention the marriage plans for two years, during which time the two spouses-to-be would meet from time to time in casual settings and get to know each other better. The scheme worked; the two fell in love, and were happy together from the time of their marriage in 1774 until her death in 1807. 1305:, Pennsylvania. The next day, the British heard that he had made camp nearby and sent 5,000 men to capture him. General Howe led a further 6,000 soldiers on 20 May and ordered an attack on his left flank. The flank scattered, and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive. To feign numerical superiority, Lafayette ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping (now 2312:, was unwilling to have Lafayette return unless he swore allegiance, which he was not willing to do, as he believed it had come to power by unconstitutional means. As revenge, it had his remaining properties sold, leaving him a pauper. The family, soon joined by Georges Washington, who had returned from America, recuperated on a property near Hamburg belonging to Adrienne's aunt. Due to 2973:'s famous statement "Lafayette, we are here". This occurred at some cost to Lafayette's image in America; veterans returned from the front singing "We've paid our debt to Lafayette, who the hell do we owe now?" According to Anne C. Loveland, "Lafayette no longer served as a national hero-symbol" by the end of the war. In 2002, however, Congress voted to grant him honorary citizenship. 1371:

British elsewhere in America and even in Europe under the French flag, but he found little interest in his proposals. In October 1778, he requested permission from Washington and Congress to go home on leave. They agreed, with Congress voting to give him a ceremonial sword to be presented to him in France. His departure was delayed by illness, and he sailed for France in January 1779.

3093: 1347:, the other major British base in the north. Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3,000-man force to participate in the attack. Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco-American force but was rebuffed by the admiral. On 9 August, the American land force attacked the British without consulting d'Estaing. The Americans asked d'Estaing to place his ships in 2909:

mankind rather than the interests of just one nation. During the French Revolution, Americans viewed him as an advocate for American ideals, seeking to transport them from New World to Old. This was reinforced by his position as surrogate son and disciple of George Washington, who was deemed the Father of His Country and the embodiment of American ideals. Novelist

2398:" ("I am all yours"). She died the next day. In the years after her death, Lafayette mostly remained quietly at La Grange, as Napoleon's power in Europe waxed and then waned. Many influential people and members of the public visited him, especially Americans. He wrote many letters, especially to Jefferson, and exchanged gifts as he had once done with Washington. 2078:, based at Metz, on 14 December 1791. Lafayette did his best to mold inductees and National Guardsmen into a cohesive fighting force, but found that many of his troops were Jacobin sympathizers and hated their superior officers. On 23 April 1792, Robespierre demanded that Lafayette step down. This emotion was common in the army, as demonstrated after the 1805:. The king appointed Lafayette to the body, which convened on 22 February 1787. In speeches, Lafayette decried those with connections at court who had profited from advance knowledge of government land purchases; he advocated reform. He called for a "truly national assembly", which represented the whole of France. Instead, the king chose to summon an 1508:. When he received no new orders from Washington, Lafayette began to move his troops north toward Philadelphia, only to be ordered to Virginia to assume military command there. An outraged Lafayette assumed he was being abandoned in a backwater while decisive battles took place elsewhere, and objected to his orders in vain. He also sent letters to 2917:

enhanced this popularity, as Americans saw him steering a middle course. Americans were naturally sympathetic to a republican cause, but also remembered Louis XVI as an early friend of the United States. When Lafayette fell from power in 1792, Americans tended to blame factionalism for the ouster of a man who was above such things in their eyes.

2335:(9 November 1799), Lafayette used the confusion caused by the change of regime to slip into France with a passport in the name of "Motier". Bonaparte expressed rage, but Adrienne was convinced he was simply posing, and proposed to him that Lafayette would pledge his support, then would retire from public life to a property she had reclaimed, 1454:

Rochambeau decided to wait for reinforcements before seeking battle with the British. This was unsatisfactory to Lafayette, who proposed grandiose schemes for the taking of New York City and other areas, and Rochambeau briefly refused to receive Lafayette until the young man apologized. Washington counseled the marquis to be patient.

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escapee monarchs. Five days later, Lafayette and the National Guard led the royal carriage back into Paris amidst a crowding mob calling for the heads of the monarchs as well as Lafayette. Lafayette had been responsible for the royal family's custody as leader of the National Guard, and he was thus blamed by extremists such as

1500:. The combined force was to try to trap British forces commanded by Benedict Arnold, with French ships preventing his escape by sea. If Lafayette was successful, Arnold was to be summarily hanged. British command of the seas prevented the plan, though Lafayette and a small part of his force was able to reach von Steuben in 2467:. The Chamber of Representatives, before it dissolved, appointed Lafayette to a peace commission that was ignored by the victorious allies who occupied much of France, with the Prussians taking over La Grange as a headquarters. Once the Prussians left in late 1815, Lafayette returned to his house, a private citizen again. 1073:, departing to America on 26 April 1777. The two-month journey to the New World was marked by seasickness and boredom. The ship's captain Lebourcier intended to stop in the West Indies to sell cargo, but Lafayette was fearful of arrest, so he bought the cargo to avoid docking at the islands. He landed on North Island near 2989:; he stated that "the king would still be sitting on his throne" if Napoleon had Lafayette's place during the French Revolution. They deemed Lafayette "an empty-headed political dwarf" and "one of the people most responsible for the destruction of the French monarchy". Gaines disagreed and noted that liberal and 1266:(fearsome horseman). In Valley Forge, he criticized the board's decision to attempt an invasion of Quebec in winter. The Continental Congress agreed, and Gates left the board. Meanwhile, treaties signed by America and France were made public in March 1778, and France formally recognized American independence. 3001:

The Marquis de Lafayette was far from perfect. He was sometimes vain, naive, immature, and egocentric. But he consistently stuck to his ideals, even when doing so endangered his life and fortune. Those ideals proved to be the founding principles of two of the world's most enduring nations, the United

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have also dissented from that view. Lloyd Kramer related 57 percent of the French deemed Lafayette the figure from the Revolution whom they most admired, in a survey taken just before the Revolution's bicentennial in 1989. Lafayette "clearly had more French supporters in the early 1990s than he could

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In March 1825, Lafayette began to tour the southern and western states. The general pattern of the trip was that he would be escorted between cities by the state militia, and he would enter each town through specially constructed arches to be welcomed by local politicians or dignitaries, all eager to

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President James Monroe and Congress invited Lafayette to visit the United States in 1824, in part to celebrate the nation's upcoming 50th anniversary. Monroe intended to have Lafayette travel on an American warship, but Lafayette felt that having such a vessel as transport was undemocratic and booked

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In June 1792, Lafayette criticized the growing influence of the radicals through a letter to the Assembly from his field post, and ended his letter by calling for their parties to be "closed down by force". He misjudged his timing, for the radicals were in full control in Paris. Lafayette went there,

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On his return, Lafayette found the American cause at a low ebb, rocked by several military defeats, especially in the south. Lafayette was greeted in Boston with enthusiasm, seen as "a knight in shining armor from the chivalric past, come to save the nation". He journeyed southwest and on 10 May 1780

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wrote in 1936: "Lafayette became a legendary figure and a symbol so early in his life, and successive generations have so willingly accepted the myth, that any attempt to deprive the young hero of his republican halo will probably be considered as little short of iconoclastic and sacrilegious." That

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for an audience with Emperor Francis, who granted permission for the three women to live with Lafayette in captivity. Lafayette, who had endured harsh solitary confinement since his escape attempt a year before, was astounded when soldiers opened his prison door to usher in his wife and daughters on

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almost enabled the king to escape from France on 20 June 1791. The king and queen had escaped from the Tuileries Palace, essentially under the watch of Lafayette and the National Guard. Being notified of their escape, Lafayette sent the Guard out in a multitude of directions in order to retrieve the

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Lafayette's reputation in France is more problematic. Thomas Gaines notes that the response to Lafayette's death was far more muted in France than in America, and suggested that this may have been because Lafayette was the last surviving hero of America's only revolution, whereas the changes in the

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Lafayette became an American icon in part because he was not associated with any particular region of the country; he was of foreign birth, did not live in America, and had fought in New England, the mid-Atlantic states, and the South, making him a unifying figure. His role in the French Revolution

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beginning in 1821, and by letter attempted to persuade American officials to ally with the Greeks. Louis' government considered arresting both Lafayette and Georges Washington, who was also involved in the Greek efforts, but were wary of the political ramifications if they did. Lafayette remained a

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in response to the scarcity of bread. Members of the National Guard followed the march, with Lafayette reluctantly leading them. At Versailles, the king accepted the Assembly's votes on the Declaration, but refused requests to go to Paris, and the crowd broke into the palace at dawn. Lafayette took

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and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation, and Lafayette then returned to Rhode Island to prepare the retreat made necessary by d'Estaing's departure. For these actions, he was cited by the Continental Congress for "gallantry, skill, and prudence". He wanted to expand the war to fight the

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was being prepared for her trip, and he sent word asking for information on his family's reaction. The response threw him into emotional turmoil, including letters from his wife and other relatives. Soon after departure, he ordered the ship turned around and returned to Bordeaux, to the frustration

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In the United States, President Jackson ordered that Lafayette receive the same memorial honors that had been bestowed on Washington at his death in December 1799. Both Houses of Congress were draped in black bunting for 30 days, and members wore mourning badges. Congress urged Americans to follow

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organized an event at the Champ de Mars on 17 July to gather signatures on a petition to the National Assembly that it either abolish the monarchy or allow its fate to be decided in a referendum. The assembled crowd was estimated to be anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 people. The protesters, finding

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Bollman and Huger were captured and received short sentences, after which they were released, becoming international celebrities for their attempt to free Lafayette. See Lane, p. 218. They journeyed to America where they met with Washington and briefed him on conditions at Olmütz. See Unger, loc.

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praised him for "foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers" of war when he fought "in the glorious cause of freedom". This view was shared by many contemporaries, establishing an image of Lafayette seeking to advance the freedom of all

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Lafayette remained outspoken against Charles' restrictions on civil liberties and the newly introduced censorship of the press. He made fiery speeches in the Chamber, denouncing the new decrees and advocating American-style representative government. He hosted dinners at La Grange, for Americans,

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Lafayette continued to work for order in the coming months. He and part of the National Guard left the Tuileries on 28 February 1791 to handle a conflict in Vincennes, and hundreds of armed nobles arrived at the Tuileries to defend the king while he was gone. However, there were rumors that these

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Yorktown was the last major land battle of the American Revolution, but the British still held several major port cities. Lafayette wanted to lead expeditions to capture them, but Washington felt that he would be more useful seeking additional naval support from France. Congress appointed him its

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to correct his spelling) to state officials to urge them to provide more troops and provisions to the Continental Army. This bore fruit in the coming months, as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet. However, when the fleet arrived, there were fewer men and supplies than expected, and

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troops continued to advance with their superior numbers, and Lafayette was shot in the leg. During the American retreat, Lafayette rallied the troops, allowing a more orderly pullback, before being treated for his wound. After the battle, Washington cited him for "bravery and military ardour" and

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In September 1775, when Lafayette turned 18, he returned to Paris and received the captaincy in the Dragoons he had been promised as a wedding present. In December, his first child, Henriette, was born. During these months, Lafayette became convinced that the American Revolution reflected his own

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on 14 July 1790 vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king." In the eyes of the royalist factions, Lafayette took a large risk holding a largely undisciplined

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Lafayette spoke publicly for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834. The next month, he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia. He recovered, but the following May was wet, and he became bedridden after being caught in a thunderstorm. He died at age 76 on 20 May 1834 at 6 rue

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describing the event at the Champ de Mars as "Men, Women, and Children were massacred on the altar of the nation on the Field of the Federation". Immediately after the massacre, a crowd of rioters attacked Lafayette's home and attempted to harm his wife. The Assembly finalized a constitution in

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in 1789 and a staunch opponent of slavery. His work never specifically mentioned slavery, but he made his position clear on the controversial topic through letters addressed to friends and colleagues such as Washington and Jefferson. He proposed that slaves not be owned but rather work as free

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Frenchmen, and others; all came to hear his speeches on politics, freedom, rights, and liberty. He was popular enough that Charles felt he could not be safely arrested, but Charles' spies were thorough: one government agent noted "his seditious toasts ... in honor of American liberty".

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By what right do you dare accuse the nation of ... want of perseverance in the emperor's interest? The nation has followed him on the fields of Italy, across the sands of Egypt and the plains of Germany, across the frozen deserts of Russia. ... The nation has followed him in fifty

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declared him, de Pusy, and two others to be prisoners of state for their roles in the Revolution. The tribunal ordered them held until a restored French king could render final judgment on them. On 12 September 1792, pursuant to the tribunal's order, the prisoners were transferred to Prussian

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in support. The Spanish ships did not arrive until August 1779 and were met by a faster squadron of British ships that the combined French and Spanish fleet could not catch. In September, the invasion was abandoned, and Lafayette turned his hopes toward returning to America. In December 1779,

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and Thomas Jefferson gave him an opportunity to witness the implementation of a democratic system. His views on potential government structures for France were directly influenced by the American form of government, which was in turn influenced by the British form of government. For example,

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The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789; debate began on whether the delegates should vote by head or by Estate. If by Estate, then the nobility and clergy would be able to outvote the commons; if by head, then the larger Third Estate could dominate. Before the meeting, as a member of the

844:, and it was decided that he would carry on the family martial tradition. The comte, the boy's great-grandfather, enrolled the boy in a program to train future Musketeers. Lafayette's mother and grandfather died, on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively, leaving Lafayette an income of 25,000 2012:. These accusations made Lafayette appear a royalist, damaged his reputation in the eyes of the public, and strengthened the hands of the Jacobins and other radicals in opposition to him. He continued to urge the constitutional rule of law, but he was drowned out by the mob and its leaders. 2008:, declaring in a speech directed towards Lafayette "You swore that the king would not leave. Either you sold out your country or you are stupid for having made a promise for a person whom you could not trust…. France can be free without you." He was further called a traitor to the people by 1723:, a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston, and a bust from the state of Virginia. Maryland's legislature honored him by making him and his male heirs "natural born Citizens" of the state, which made him a natural-born citizen of the United States after the 1789 ratification of the 1542:. In June 1781, Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port, in preparation for an overland attack on Philadelphia. As the British column traveled, Lafayette sent small squads that would appear unexpectedly, attacking the 2657:

by steamboat when the vessel sank beneath him, and he was put in a lifeboat by his son and secretary, then taken to the Kentucky shore and rescued by another steamboat that was going in the other direction. Its captain insisted on turning around, however, and taking Lafayette to

2509:, where there was a garrison of French troops, and assume a major role in the revolutionary government. Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy, he turned back on the road to Belfort, avoiding overt involvement. More successfully, he supported the 1987:, and it boosted Lafayette's popularity with the French people for his quick actions to protect the king. Nonetheless, the royal family were increasingly prisoners in their palace. The National Guard disobeyed Lafayette on 18 April and prevented the king from leaving for 586:. In the middle of the war, he returned home to France to lobby for an increase in French support for the American Revolution. He returned to America in 1780, and was given senior positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops under his command in Virginia blocked a 2117:. The Assembly abolished the monarchy—the king and queen would be beheaded in the coming months. On 14 August, the minister of justice, Danton, put out a warrant for Lafayette's arrest. Hoping to travel to the United States, Lafayette entered the Austrian Netherlands. 1300:

Faced with the prospect of French intervention, the British sought to concentrate their land and naval forces in New York City, and they began to evacuate Philadelphia in May 1778. Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2,200-man force on 18 May to reconnoiter near

2273:, obtained passports for her and her daughters from Connecticut, which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship. Her son Georges Washington had been smuggled out of France and taken to the United States. Adrienne and her two daughters journeyed to 2765:

Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis-Phillippe, who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them. The retired general angrily broke with his king, a breach which widened when the government used force to suppress a strike in

2258:. This was the son of Benjamin Huger, whom Lafayette had stayed with upon his first arrival in America. With their help, Lafayette managed to escape from an escorted carriage drive in the countryside outside Olmütz, but he lost his way and was recaptured. 1465:

state. Lafayette saw no significant action, and in November, Washington disbanded the division, sending the soldiers back to their state regiments. The war continued badly for the Americans, with most battles in the south going against them, and General

2904:, and his views were taken very seriously by intellectuals and others on both sides of the Atlantic. His image in the United States was derived from his "disinterestedness" in fighting without pay for the freedom of a country that was not his own. 983:

The plan to send French officers (as well as other forms of aid) to America came to nothing when the British heard of it and threatened war. Lafayette's father-in-law, de Noailles, scolded the young man and told him to go to London and visit the

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argued that Lafayette, "who had grown up loathing the British for killing his father", felt that an American victory in the conflict would diminish Britain's stature internationally. Another historian noted that Lafayette had recently become a

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Lafayette believed in a bicameral legislature, as the United States had. The Jacobins detested the idea of a monarchy in France, which led the National Assembly to vote against it. This idea contributed to his fall from favor, especially when

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then appeared with her children, but she was told to send the children back in. She returned alone and people shouted to shoot her, but she stood her ground and no one opened fire. Lafayette kissed her hand, leading to cheers from the crowd.

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During a trip to Auvergne in 1807, Adrienne became ill, suffering from complications stemming from her time in prison. She became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette:

1821:"Committee of Thirty", Lafayette agitated for voting by head, rather than estate. He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree, but the clergy was willing to join with the commons, and on the 17th, the group declared itself the 1561:

to strike British troops on the north side with roughly 800 soldiers. Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered, and, instead of retreating, led a bayonet charge. The charge bought time for the Americans, and the British did not pursue. The

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was on the throne. As king, Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch, and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived. Lafayette was the most prominent of those who opposed the king. In the

1754:. Lafayette continued to work on lowering trade barriers in France to American goods, and on assisting Franklin and Jefferson in seeking treaties of amity and commerce with European nations. He also sought to correct the injustices that 2048:

Martial law was declared, and the leaders of the mob fled and went into hiding, such as Danton and Marat. Lafayette's reputation among many political clubs decreased dramatically, especially with articles in the press, such as the

2041:, wounding and killing an unknown number of people. Accounts from those close to Lafayette claim that around ten citizens were killed in the event, whereas other accounts propose fifty-four, and the sensational newspaper publisher 2145:, Austria's ally against France, had once received Lafayette, but that was before the French Revolution—the king now saw him as a dangerous fomenter of rebellion, to be interned to prevent him from overthrowing other monarchies. 2831:. He believed that traditional and revolutionary ideals could be melded together by having a democratic National Assembly work with a monarch, as France always had. His close relationships to American Founding Fathers such as 2141:, asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers. This was initially granted, as it had been for others fleeing France, but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized. 825:. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother. Perhaps devastated by the loss of her husband, she went to live in Paris with her father and grandfather, leaving Lafayette to be raised in 980:. When Lafayette heard that French officers were being sent to America, he demanded to be among them. He met Deane, and gained inclusion despite his youth. On 7 December 1776, Deane enlisted Lafayette as a major general. 2814:

under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges Washington sprinkled upon him. King Louis-Philippe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending, and crowds formed to protest their exclusion.

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from Albany, New York. When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount an invasion. He wrote to Washington of the situation, and made plans to return to Valley Forge. Before departing, he recruited the

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similar mourning practices. Later that year, former president John Quincy Adams gave a eulogy of Lafayette that lasted three hours, calling him "high on the list of the pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind".

1967:

group at the Champs de Mars in fear for the safety of the king, whereas for Jacobins this solidified in their eyes Lafayette's royalist tendencies and an encouragement of the common people's support of the monarchy.

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nobles had come to take the king away and place him at the head of a counter-revolution. Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff. The event came to be known as the

2200:. On 17 May 1794, they were taken across the Austrian border, where a military unit was waiting to receive them. The next day, the Austrians delivered their captives to a barracks-prison, formerly a college of the 1426:. Lafayette would resume his position as a major general of American forces, serving as liaison between Rochambeau and Washington, who would be in command of both nations' forces. In March 1780, he departed from 1557:. Cornwallis sent only an advance guard to the south side of the river, hiding many of his other troops in the forest on the north side, hoping to ambush Lafayette. On 6 July, Lafayette ordered General "Mad" 2591:. He went to Mount Vernon in Virginia as he had 40 years before, this time viewing Washington's grave. He was at Yorktown on 19 October 1824 for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to 2293:. Lafayette's captivity of over five years thus came to an end. The Lafayette family and their comrades in captivity left Olmütz under Austrian escort early on the morning of 19 September 1797, crossed the 1597:’s forces had charged Redoubt 10 in hand-to-hand combat. These two redoubts were key to breaking the British defenses. After a failed British counter-attack, Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781. 976:. The king and his minister hoped that by supplying the Americans with arms and officers, they might restore French influence in North America, and exact revenge against Britain for France's defeat in the 2462:

On 22 June 1815, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated. Lafayette arranged for the former emperor's passage to America, but the British prevented this, and Napoleon ended his days on the island of

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if the king was harmed, led to the downfall of Lafayette, and of the royal family. A mob attacked the Tuileries on 10 August, and the king and queen were imprisoned at the Assembly, then taken to the

1449:. The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid. Washington, aware of Lafayette's popularity, had him write (with 2874: 12602: 2913:

befriended Lafayette during his time in Paris in the 1820s. He admired his patrician liberalism and eulogized him as a man who "dedicated youth, person, and fortune to the principles of liberty."

9726: 1187:, which there was a heavy Continental Army presence, and then bringing British troops over land to the city. After the British outflanked the Americans, Washington sent Lafayette to join General 1585:, depriving Cornwallis of naval protection. On 14 September 1781, Washington's forces joined Lafayette's. On 28 September, with the French fleet blockading the British, the combined forces laid 2630:

be seen with him. There would be special events, visits to battlefields and historic sites, celebratory dinners, and time set aside for the public to meet the legendary hero of the Revolution.

2470:

Lafayette's homes, both in Paris and at La Grange, were open to any Americans who wished to meet the hero of their Revolution, and to many other people besides. Among those whom Irish novelist

12572: 9080: 988:, the French ambassador to Britain and Lafayette's uncle by marriage, which he did in February 1777. In the interim, he did not abandon his plans to go to America. Lafayette was presented to 11389: 7087: 3159: 12562: 12557: 12502: 6541: 3009: 2977:

French government had been far more chaotic. Lafayette's roles created a more nuanced picture of him in French historiography, especially in the French Revolution. 19th-century historian

2731:, the 70-year-old Lafayette was elected to the Chamber of Deputies again. Unhappy at the outcome, Charles dissolved the Chamber, and ordered a new election: Lafayette again won his seat. 1707:

where he called for "liberty of all mankind" and urged the abolition of slavery, and he urged the Pennsylvania Legislature to help form a federal union (the states were then bound by the

1727:. Lafayette later boasted that he had become an American citizen before the concept of French citizenship existed. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia also granted him citizenship. 12507: 11088: 3239:

article contained a facsimile and transcript of the Maryland act: " An Act to naturalize Major General the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs Male Forever. ... Be it enacted by the

7908: 6636: 5321: 1915:, a 688-page document accumulating evidence and analysis on the exact events and procedures of the March on Versailles, hoping to condemn those inciting the mob (in his mind being 1829:, where the excluded members swore not to separate until a constitution was established. The Assembly continued to meet, and on 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the " 1366:

D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs, where it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport to be a desertion.

6575: 2790:, to Lafayette's outrage. He returned to La Grange until the Chamber met in November 1832, when he condemned Louis-Phillippe for introducing censorship, as Charles X had. 12582: 3056: 2327:

Adrienne was able to go to Paris, and attempted to secure her husband's repatriation, flattering Bonaparte, who had returned to France after more victories. After Bonaparte's

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Frederick William decided that he could gain little by continuing to battle the unexpectedly successful French forces, and that there were easier pickings for his army in the

1309:) and to fire upon the British periodically. His troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road, and he was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force. 2390:, President Jefferson asked him if he would be interested in the governorship, but Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France. 794:

His non-Lafayette ancestors are also notable; his great-grandfather (his mother's maternal grandfather) was the Comte de La Rivière, until his death in 1770 commander of the

12467: 5343: 5560: 2359:, but Lafayette declined, saying he was too attached to America to act in relation to it as a foreign envoy. In 1802, he was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the 1614:

in The Hague, instructing them "to communicate and agree on everything with him". Congress also sent Louis XVI an official letter of commendation on the marquis's behalf.

1379:

Lafayette reached Paris in February 1779 where he was placed under house arrest for eight days for disobeying the king by going to America. This was merely face-saving by

1817:. The Estates General, traditionally, cast one vote for each of the three Estates: clergy, nobility, and commons, meaning the much larger commons was generally outvoted. 12577: 6570: 1943:

As leader of the National Guard, Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground, even as the radicals gained increasing influence. He and Paris' mayor

12587: 1923:). However, the National Assembly thought condemning two significant revolutionaries would hurt the progress and public reception of the revolutionary administration. 12074: 7592: 5285: 7849: 3032: 9085: 2281:

Through diplomacy, the press, and personal appeals, Lafayette's sympathizers on both sides of the Atlantic made their influence felt, most importantly on the post-

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seeking glory in it. He was made a major general at age 19, but he was initially not given American troops to command. He fought with the Continental Army at the

2770:. Lafayette used his seat in the Chamber to promote liberal proposals, and his neighbors elected him mayor of the village of La Grange and to the council of the 1642:

Lafayette worked with Jefferson to establish trade agreements between the United States and France which aimed to reduce America's debt to France. He joined the

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elected him its first foreign member. Congress asked him to return to France to lobby for more men and supplies, but Lafayette refused, sending letters instead.

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were repeatedly offered by Bonaparte, but Lafayette again declined— though stating that he would gladly have accepted the honours from a democratic government.

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The National Assembly approved the Declaration on 26 August, but the king rejected it on 2 October. Three days later, a Parisian crowd led by women fishmongers

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on 22 January 1782. He witnessed the birth of his daughter, whom he named Marie-Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson's recommendation. He was promoted to

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After Bunker Hill, Lafayette went to Maine and Vermont, thus visiting all of the states. He met again with John Adams, then went back to New York and then to

2501:, Lafayette lent his support to a number of conspiracies in France and other European countries, all of which came to nothing. He was involved in the various 857:. His duties, which included marching in military parades and presenting himself to King Louis, were mostly ceremonial and he continued his studies as usual. 8838: 8306: 8153: 6941: 6629: 4165: 11329: 4130: 2610:

With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested

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Lafayette visited America in 1784–1785 where he enjoyed an enthusiastic welcome, visiting all the states. The trip included a visit to Washington's farm at

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recommended him for the command of a division in a letter to Congress, which was hastily evacuating, as the British occupied Philadelphia later that month.

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Clifford, Dale Lothrop. "The National Guard and the Parisian Community, 1789–1790." French Historical Studies 16, no. 4 (1990): 850. Accessed 18 May 2021.

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In 1824, Lafayette returned to the United States at a time when Americans were questioning the success of the republic in view of the disastrous economic

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Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid, with interest, for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783. An act was rushed through

1825:. The loyalist response was to lock out the group, including Lafayette, while those who had not supported the Assembly met inside. This action led to the 12351: 9441: 8296: 6765: 6659: 2860:, Lafayette wrote, "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America, if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of Slavery." 2844: 1830: 1790: 610: 11741: 10642: 10597: 10504: 10451: 10382: 10252: 10226: 10143: 10040: 9967: 8970: 7913: 7903: 6924: 6824: 2356: 12622: 9050: 7918: 6892: 6829: 3134: 2561: 12627: 12049: 1061:

on 25 March 1777. However, Lafayette was not on board in order to avoid being identified by British spies or the French Crown; the vessel moored in

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legend has been used politically; the name and image of Lafayette were repeatedly invoked in 1917 to gain popular support for America's entry into

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the royal family onto the palace balcony and attempted to restore order, but the crowd insisted that the king and his family move to Paris and the

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was signed between Great Britain and the United States in 1783, which made the expedition unnecessary; Lafayette took part in those negotiations.

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on 1 March 1815 with a few hundred followers. Frenchmen flocked to his banner, and he took Paris later that month, causing Louis to flee to

868:, and the duke spoke to the boy's guardian (Lafayette's uncle, the new comte) to negotiate a deal. However, the arranged marriage was opposed by 6538: 12637: 12472: 12447: 11130: 9040: 2184:. Accordingly, he stopped armed hostilities with the Republic and turned the state prisoners back over to his erstwhile coalition partner, the 1383:; Lafayette was given a hero's welcome and was soon invited to hunt with the king. The American envoy was ill, so Benjamin Franklin's grandson 8316: 2550: 12552: 11476: 8276: 641:

and tried to steer a middle course through the years of revolution. In August 1792, radical factions ordered his arrest, and he fled to the

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in south-central France. He followed the family's martial tradition and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the

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that granted the vote to only 90,000 men in a nation of 25 million. Lafayette did not stand for election in 1814, remaining at La Grange.

1916: 9213: 9075: 8999: 8488: 8427: 5329: 1505: 591: 937:, and news of the revolt "fired his chivalric—and now Masonic—imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty 605:, where representatives met from the three traditional orders of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. After the 12099: 11456: 10795: 9030: 8736: 7939: 7284: 2090:, where he was torn to pieces by the mob. One of the army commanders, Rochambeau, resigned. Lafayette, along with the third commander, 813:

Lafayette's father likewise died on the battlefield. On 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a

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That summer Washington placed Lafayette in charge of a division of troops. The marquis spent lavishly on his command, which patrolled

802:'s personal horse guard. Lafayette's paternal uncle Jacques-Roch died on 18 January 1734 while fighting the Austrians at Milan in the 11222: 8904: 8311: 7612: 7535: 7149: 985: 864:

was looking to marry off some of his five daughters. The young Lafayette, aged 14, seemed a good match for his 12-year-old daughter,

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In 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comte's apartments in

12617: 9676: 9070: 8256: 7822: 7249: 7176: 5307: 2782:, another opponent of Louis-Phillippe. He pleaded for calm, but there were riots in the streets and a barricade was erected at the 2611: 1090: 11633: 9304: 6561: 5351: 1937: 12402: 10845: 8301: 7127: 7079: 3191:. Only the one-word spelling is used in the United States. In France, the original two-word spelling is usually used. Biographer 763:

Lafayette's lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, in all of France. Males of the

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enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayette's early ancestors,

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did their best to outdo one another in the celebrations honoring Lafayette. Philadelphia renovated the Old State House (today

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Lafayette, when captured, had tried to use the American citizenship he had been granted to secure his release, and contacted

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September, and Lafayette resigned from the National Guard in early October, with a semblance of constitutional law restored.

1822: 12114: 11658: 11166: 9718: 1920: 1833:" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson. The next day, after the dismissal of Finance Minister 1504:. Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington, proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under 1422:

Lafayette worked with Benjamin Franklin to secure the promise of 6,000 soldiers to be sent to America, commanded by General

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of the officers traveling with him. The army commander there ordered Lafayette to report to his father-in-law's regiment in

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member of the restored Chamber of Deputies until 1823, when new plural voting rules helped defeat his bid for re-election.

2418:. Lafayette was received by the new king, but the staunch republican opposed the new, highly restrictive franchise for the 1643: 1111: 869: 10865: 6431: 12632: 12452: 12089: 12044: 11217: 10369: 10130: 9385: 9145: 9025: 8848: 8291: 8281: 8271: 7169: 7035: 5277: 4110: 2438: 2220: 973: 266: 131: 11590: 11544: 1362:

A 1778 French military map showing the positions of generals Lafayette and Sullivan around Narragansett Bay on 30 August

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A more direct means of aiding the former general was an escape attempt sponsored by Alexander Hamilton's sister-in-law

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beliefs, saying "My heart was dedicated." The year 1776 saw delicate negotiations between American agents, including

901:. He continued his education, both at the riding school of Versailles, where his fellow students included the future 516: 10830: 8823: 2458:

battles, in his defeats and in his victories, and in doing so we have to mourn the blood of three million Frenchmen.

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Bonaparte restored Lafayette's citizenship on 1 March 1800 and he was able to recover some of his properties. After

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After the marriage contract was signed in 1773, Lafayette lived with his young wife in his father-in-law's house in

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The British then marched from Philadelphia toward New York. The Continental Army followed and finally attacked at

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Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781 where he was welcomed as a hero, and he was received at the

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A Complete History of the Marquis de Lafayette: Major-General in the American Army in the War of the Revolution

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There was discontent in France among demobilized soldiers and others. Napoleon had been exiled only as far as

1785: 12607: 12477: 12392: 10915: 10390: 10234: 10213: 10151: 10071: 9934: 9669: 9589: 9554: 8706: 8665: 7997: 7631: 7547: 7520: 2498: 1659: 1497: 1427: 1224: 1000: 653: 38: 10825: 10815: 9502: 6781: 2094:, asked the Assembly to begin peace talks, concerned at what might happen if the troops saw another battle. 1959: 1932: 909:

in April 1773, the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the request of Lafayette's father-in-law.

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as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. He died on 20 May 1834 and is buried in

12517: 12512: 12104: 11791: 11688: 11179: 11156: 11101: 10987: 10930: 9817: 9749: 9100: 8921: 7530: 7271: 7006: 6912: 6897: 2580: 2419: 1655: 1582: 1404: 1395: 1325: 1306: 1114:, a wealthy landowner, and stayed with him for two weeks before departing for the revolutionary capital of 905:, and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles. He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles 829:

by his paternal grandmother, Mme de Chavaniac, who had brought the château into the family with her dowry.

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in 1781, the Revolutionary War's final major battle that secured American independence. After returning to

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In May 1771, aged less than 14, Lafayette was commissioned an officer in the Musketeers, with the rank of

848:. Upon the death of an uncle, the 12-year-old Lafayette inherited a yearly income of 120,000 livres. 12206: 11831: 11726: 11605: 11585: 11496: 11425: 11247: 10745: 10512: 10205: 10058: 9546: 9130: 8498: 8447: 8198: 8077: 7957: 7791: 7577: 7318: 6698: 6548: 2885: 2807: 2169:

from 19 September to 22 December 1792. When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the

1704: 1492:, in January 1781, Washington ordered Lafayette to re-form his force in Philadelphia and go south to the 1423: 1220: 1119: 582:, where he was wounded but managed to organize an orderly retreat, and he served with distinction in the 367: 12029: 11881: 10895: 10790: 10028: 8833: 8148: 2382:

in which Lafayette did not participate. The retired general remained relatively quiet, although he made

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met there every Monday and dined in company with Lafayette's family and the liberal nobility, including

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was a victory for Cornwallis, but the American army was bolstered by the display of courage by the men.

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and signed by President Washington. These funds allowed both Lafayettes privileges in their captivity.

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Blakemore, Steven, and Fred Hembree. "Edmund Burke, Marie Antoinette, and the Procédure Criminelle."

3240: 2739: 2437:. Lafayette refused Napoleon's call to serve in the new government, but accepted election to the new 2246:, a British Member of Parliament who had served in the Continental Army. They hired as agent a young 1708: 594:

until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive siege of Yorktown.

12251: 11796: 11628: 11404: 10785: 2985:, Jean-François Fayard, and Alfred Fierro note Napoleon's deathbed comment about Lafayette in their 1988: 12492: 12064: 11911: 11866: 11196: 11191: 10935: 10765: 10755: 10568: 10552: 10430: 10345: 10192: 10176: 10079: 9853: 9417: 8183: 8168: 8117: 8092: 8062: 7982: 7972: 7783: 6733: 3657: 3002:

States and France. That is a legacy that few military leaders, politicians, or statesmen can match.

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Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 249.

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Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 247.

2715: 2543:. Louis XVIII did not approve of the trip and had troops disperse the crowd that gathered at 652:

secured his release in 1797, though he refused to participate in Napoleon's government. After the

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Lafayette would later initiate an investigation within the National Assembly on the now declared

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By August, Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown, and Lafayette took up position on

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Once Adrienne was released from prison in France, she, with the help of U.S. Minister to France

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on 14 July 1790 where he, alongside the National Guard and the king, took the civic oath on the

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From Hamburg, Lafayette sent a note of thanks to General Bonaparte. The French government, the

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Lafayette's public standing continued to decline through the latter half of 1791. The radical

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on the Basque coast, and was supplied with 5,000 rifles and ammunition from the factories in

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describes him as a "mediocre idol", lifted by the mob far beyond what his talents deserved.

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presented Lafayette with the gold-encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress.

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in 1831. The following year, he served as a pallbearer and spoke at the funeral of General

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or foraging parties, and giving the impression that his forces were larger than they were.

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Gloves portraying Lafayette, possibly commemorating his visit to the United States in 1824

2020: 1751: 1693: 8: 12261: 12191: 12039: 11969: 11826: 11806: 11771: 11746: 11678: 11379: 10905: 10289: 10168: 9926: 9838: 9613: 9605: 9581: 9340: 9167: 8813: 8570: 8193: 8072: 8052: 8037: 8017: 8002: 7773: 7572: 7302: 7206: 7027: 6600: 5884: 5790: 3192: 3063: 2954: 2723: 2682: 2471: 2316:, Lafayette could not go to America as he had hoped, making him a man without a country. 2106: 1970: 1944: 1632: 977: 902: 841: 826: 746: 727: 723: 715: 697: 567: 563: 559: 86: 11946: 11901: 6580: 6393: 6364: 5710: 5691: 5659: 1623: 1581:. Lafayette's containment trapped the British when the French fleet arrived and won the 1191:. Upon his arrival, Lafayette went with the Third Pennsylvania Brigade, under Brigadier 780: 625:

to establish basic principles of the democratic nation-state. He also advocated for the

539:. Lafayette was ultimately permitted to command Continental Army troops in the decisive 12457: 11721: 11486: 11451: 11302: 11264: 11259: 11007: 10925: 10920: 10666: 10658: 10353: 10313: 10125: 10018: 9782: 9757: 9701: 9684: 9522: 9105: 9065: 8635: 8590: 8112: 8102: 8032: 7495: 7358: 7328: 7144: 7067: 7043: 6964: 6930: 6718: 6558: 6197: 6093: 5991: 5565: 5521: 5424: 5299: 4469: 2970: 2538: 2446: 2411: 2387: 2289:

Bonaparte, negotiated the release of the state prisoners at Olmütz, as a result of the

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claimed over four hundred bodies had been disposed of into the river later that night.

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assembled between 700 and 1000 armed insurgents. The king had the royal army under the

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of 1830 and continues to be celebrated as a hero in both France and the United States.

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Early 19th-century depiction of Lafayette's prison reunion with his wife and daughters

2083: 1868: 1530: 12298: 12231: 12221: 12201: 11307: 10605: 10544: 10528: 10321: 9401: 9255: 9222: 8756: 8716: 8540: 8248: 8122: 8097: 8057: 8042: 7992: 7923: 7893: 7750: 7709: 7059: 7019: 6917: 6728: 6518: 6494: 6437: 6416: 6399: 6380: 6370: 6351: 6323: 6304: 6283: 6262: 6255: 6241: 6222: 6204: 6181: 6162: 6141: 6120: 6099: 6078: 6059: 6053: 6038: 6019: 5998: 5975: 5968: 5952: 5933: 5923: 5904: 5894: 5872: 5855: 5836: 5815: 5796: 5775: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5676: 5644: 5637: 5435: 3024: 3020: 2901: 2832: 2619: 2565: 2554: 2348: 2157: 2062:

Lafayette returned to his home province of Auvergne in October 1791. France declared

1826: 1809:, to convene in 1789. Lafayette was elected as a representative of the nobility (the 1586: 1525: 1521: 1485: 1196: 1130: 1123: 1100: 925: 898: 885: 853: 833: 772: 660:, a position which he held for most of the remainder of his life. In 1824, President 548: 540: 532: 404: 397: 241: 90: 11856: 11555: 9845: 9745: 9692: 6395:

Life of General Lafayette: With a Critical Estimate of His Character and Public Acts

2474:

met at table during her month-long stay at La Grange in 1818 were the Dutch painter

1355:

at sea. The fighting was inconclusive as a storm scattered and damaged both fleets.

1203:

Lafayette returned to the field in November after two months of recuperation in the

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of 1830, he declined an offer to become the French dictator. Instead, he supported

614: 601:

in 1787, convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the

528: 469: 309: 42: 12145: 9248: 6589: 4578:

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, pp. 274.

2633: 2305:, and were officially turned over to the American consul in Hamburg on 4 October. 2173:, King Frederick William II transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at 447:

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, Marquis de La Fayette

12291: 12079: 11756: 11751: 11716: 11466: 11070: 11065: 10967: 10890: 10780: 10750: 10109: 9985: 9710: 9656: 9457: 9115: 8660: 8600: 8565: 8555: 7952: 7873: 7801: 7746: 7657: 7626: 7582: 7515: 7474: 7434: 7423: 7393: 6959: 6872: 6802: 6565: 6545: 6488: 6345: 6298: 6277: 6216: 6156: 6072: 6013: 5946: 5917: 5888: 5830: 5809: 5769: 5729: 5670: 4587:

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, p. 273.

4536: 4517:

Bokobza, Serge. "Liberty Versus Equality: The Marquis De La Fayette and France."

2961: 2811: 2798: 2705: 2442: 2407: 2368: 2282: 2091: 2042: 1948: 1926: 1759: 1577:, and who had orders to construct fortifications to protect the British ships in 1467: 1399: 1219:

in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey; with 300 soldiers, he

1204: 1058: 784: 719: 677: 669: 552: 454: 431: 120: 11936: 6490:

Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution

5672:

Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution

2939:

Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Identities in an Age of Revolutions

12361: 12303: 12109: 11931: 11711: 11431: 11294: 11289: 11239: 11234: 11054: 10242: 9476: 8711: 8605: 7607: 7439: 7428: 7373: 7348: 6907: 6834: 6787: 6514: 6337: 2978: 2787: 2775: 2743: 2675: 2623: 2579:

The towns and cities that he visited gave him enthusiastic welcomes, including

2553:

on 15 August 1824, accompanied by his son Georges Washington and his secretary

2487: 2483: 2482:, who sat alongside American tourists. Others who visited included philosopher 2213: 2114: 2005: 1984: 1963: 1834: 1391: 1180: 953: 949: 688:" for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States. 645:. He was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. 414: 2532:

1824 portrait by Ary Scheffer, now housed in the U.S. House of Representatives

2278:

15 October 1795. The family spent the next two years in confinement together.

920:, the Army of the East's commander. At dinner, both men discussed the ongoing 704:

Michel Louis Christophe Roch Gilbert Paulette du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette

12431: 12375: 12346: 12216: 12034: 11811: 11653: 11549: 11441: 11002: 10945: 9009: 8776: 8761: 8751: 8731: 8680: 8650: 8645: 8580: 8407: 8261: 7667: 7525: 7323: 7161: 6987: 6590:"Lafayette Triumphant: His 1824–1825 Tour and Reception in the United States" 6245: 5701: 3084: 2950: 2849: 2722:

When Lafayette arrived in France, Louis XVIII had been dead about a year and

2663: 2596: 2410:

that opposed Napoleon invaded France and restored the monarchy; the comte de

2177:, where they remained an entire year, from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794. 2166: 1743: 1712: 1671: 1578: 1558: 1250: 1192: 934: 788: 459: 290: 254: 110: 11841: 6594: 6226: 6063: 2793: 1738:

an important meeting place for Americans there. Benjamin Franklin, John and

1245:

in the winter of 1777–78, and shared the hardship of his troops. There, the

12382: 12327: 12241: 12196: 12024: 11906: 11698: 10855: 10840: 10810: 9004: 8721: 8701: 8675: 8595: 8402: 8347: 8332: 8178: 8163: 8158: 7687: 7617: 7418: 7403: 7297: 7265: 6703: 6476: 6403: 6355: 6208: 5908: 5800: 5792:

Essays, Historical, and Literary: Scenes and characters in American History

2905: 2491: 2475: 2464: 2449:, Lafayette called for his abdication. Responding to the emperor's brother 2429:, an island in the Tuscan archipelago; seeing an opportunity, he landed at 2383: 2352: 2270: 2251: 2193: 1700: 1683: 1570: 1474: 1458: 1367: 1259: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1234:

John Ward Dunsmore's 1907 depiction of Lafayette (right) and Washington at

1212: 1184: 1150: 1115: 929: 845: 661: 626: 372: 136: 6441: 6384: 5937: 5876: 5859: 5720: 1658:

and their establishment as tenant farmers in a 1783 letter to Washington,

527:), was a French nobleman and military officer who volunteered to join the 12236: 12094: 11984: 11761: 11731: 10880: 10200: 9993: 8771: 8726: 8630: 8550: 8437: 7837: 7832: 2982: 2966: 2588: 2415: 2332: 1024:

in the Basque Country, Spain commemorating La Fayette's departure in 1777

965: 957: 776: 731: 622: 304: 32: 12334: 5832:

Statue in Search of a Pedestal: a Biography of the Marquis de La Fayette

5751:

La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792

2678:. He also took some soil from Bunker Hill to be sprinkled on his grave. 2614:

in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the

12140: 11979: 11595: 10950: 9425: 8931: 8696: 8610: 8478: 7490: 7449: 7229: 5525: 4522: 3038:

175th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival in America in 1777, 1952 issue

2667: 2654: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2319: 2153: 1951:

whose intention was to provide balance to the influence of the radical

1880:

On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the Parisian

1872:

Lafayette's saber as general of the Garde nationale, on display at the

1719:, some of whom he had met in 1778. He received an honorary degree from 1646:, a French abolitionist group which advocated for the abolition of the 1611: 1352: 1211:, and received command of the division previously led by Major General 1046: 989: 822: 11847: 6051: 4376: 2696:

in honor of the battle where he shed his blood for the United States.

2670:

to Albany, considered a modern marvel. He laid the cornerstone of the

2254:, who acquired an assistant, a South Carolinian medical student named 1573:, stationing artillery surrounding the British, who were close to the 1339:

The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 under Admiral

1155: 944: 11974: 11620: 11531: 11114: 10483: 8808: 7567: 7413: 7088:

Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution

6135: 5869:

Lafayette: Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789)

3183:

His full name is rarely used; instead he is often referred to as the

3160:

Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution

2650: 2528: 2502: 2313: 2224: 2174: 2170: 2033: 1755: 1589:. On 14 October, Lafayette's 400 men on the American right took 1543: 1380: 969: 742: 707: 571: 9191: 6532: 5811:

For Liberty and Glory: Washington, La Fayette, and Their Revolutions

4152:

Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789)

3062:

200th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival, 1977 issue as part of the

2896:

Throughout his life, Lafayette was an exponent of the ideals of the

2192:. Lafayette and his companions were initially sent to Neisse (today 2165:, where the Frenchmen remained in verminous individual cells in the 1631:. He worked on a combined French and Spanish expedition against the 12322: 12317: 12256: 12135: 12009: 10775: 8741: 7398: 7051: 5919:

The Revolutionary War and the Military History of the United States

5517: 2571: 2544: 2286: 2185: 2149: 1716: 1607: 1606:

advisor to America's envoys in Europe, Benjamin Franklin in Paris,

1358: 1126:, who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman. 1066: 1054: 1037: 1005: 807: 799: 649: 9319: 2626:

shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on.

2109:, which warned that Paris would be destroyed by the Austrians and 2074:

on 30 June 1791, received command of one of the three armies, the

1288: 1195:, and attempted to rally the unit to face the attack. British and 7444: 5852:

Lady-in-waiting; the Romance of Lafayette and Aglaé de Hunolstein

2506: 2294: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2110: 1852: 1667: 1590: 906: 664:

invited him to the United States as the nation's guest, where he

12603:

Peace commissioners of the French Provisional Government of 1815

6449:

Wright, Esmond (October 1957). "Lafayette: Hero of two worlds".

5426:

Political Justice in a Republic: James Fenimore Cooper's America

2595:

to meet with his old friend Jefferson—and Jefferson's successor

1896:. The king came onto the balcony and the crowd started chanting 6559:

The Marquis de Lafayette collection, Cleveland State University

3272:

Carlier Jeannie, Lafayette, Héros des deux Mondes, Payot, 1988.

3203:. Other historians differ on the spelling of Lafayette's name: 2599:, who arrived unexpectedly. He had also dined with 89-year-old 2583:, the first city named in his honor. He visited the capital in 2430: 2302: 2274: 1312: 1062: 1021: 544: 11390:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

6158:

Emblem of Liberty: The Image of Lafayette in the American Mind

912:

In 1775, Lafayette took part in his unit's annual training in

12573:

Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration

11324: 6279:

George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots

6070: 6015:

A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate of the Constitution

4149: 2434: 2162: 2161:

custody. The party traveled to the Prussian fortress-city of

2087: 2070:(today's Belgium) began. Lafayette, who had been promoted to 1911:, which led to the production of the Procédure Criminelle by 1394:, with himself to have a major command in the French forces. 478: 106: 6218:

Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette

2414:(brother of the executed Louis XVI) took the throne as 2028:

with Lafayette ordering his troops to fire on the protesters

1635:

in 1782, as no formal peace treaty had yet been signed. The

1398:

was now France's ally against Britain and sent ships to the

783:

in 1429. According to legend, another ancestor acquired the

668:

in the union and met a rapturous reception. During France's

12563:

Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy

12558:

Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy

12503:

French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War

6644: 6300:

Marquis de Lafayette:French Hero of the American Revolution

6114: 5657: 2767: 2426: 1814: 1770: 1627:, skipping numerous ranks, and he was made a Knight of the 1473:

Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 1780–81 in

1032:

lacked funds for his voyage, so he bought the sailing ship

913: 890: 490: 484: 70:

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette

12508:

French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars

11364: 2674:

in Massachusetts in June 1825 after hearing an oration by

1715:

in New York to participate in peace negotiations with the

1269: 1262:

to the American side. The Oneida referred to Lafayette as

1099:

An illustration of the Marquis de Lafayette first meeting

11204: 7593:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

6524:

Works by or about Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

6116:

Lafayette:Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General

3658:"From Geo. Washington to Benj. Harrison, August 19, 1777" 1320:

by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette

1296:

by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette

621:, which was authored primarily by Jefferson, and invoked 505: 2806:

d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré in Paris (now 8 rue d'Anjou in the

2082:, when the routed French troops dragged their commander 1538:

Lafayette evaded Cornwallis' attempts to capture him in

558:

Lafayette was born into a wealthy land-owning family in

6583:

The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries

6571:

Lafayette College, The Marquis de Lafayette Collections

5970:

George Washington and Slavery – A Documentary Portrayal

5727: 3050:

200th anniversary of the birth of Lafayette, 1957 issue

1958:

Lafayette helped organize and lead the assembly at the

1140: 1036:

with his own money for 112,000 pounds. He journeyed to

889:

Statue of Lafayette in front of the Governor Palace in

7204: 6336: 6052:

La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein, Henri (1824).

5693:

Recollections of the Private Life of General Lafayette

5689: 2997:

Marc Leepson concluded his study of Lafayette's life:

2524:

Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States

1947:

instituted a political club on 12 May 1790 called the

1845:

surround Paris. On 14 July, the fortress known as the

952:

print of Lafayette (center) being introduced by Baron

597:

Lafayette returned to France and was appointed to the

12583:

Members of the National Constituent Assembly (France)

6240:. Vol. I. Anne Cary Morris. C. Scribner's Sons. 517: 508: 499: 481: 472: 12468:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

12120:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

6576:

Marquis de Lafayette Collection, Library of Congress

6366:

The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution

3074: 1328:

in central New Jersey. Washington appointed General

502: 493: 475: 12352:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

9442:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6766:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6660:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6581:Martha Joanna Lamb, Lafayette letters from prison, 6554:

The Cornell University Library Lafayette Collection

4166:

JFK Slipped on Historical Data In Churchill Tribute

2987:

Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française

2845:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2662:. From there, he went generally northeast, viewing 2363:that made Bonaparte consul for life. A seat in the 2133:Lafayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians near 1831:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1791:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

611:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

487: 12578:Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France) 6254: 6196: 5990: 5967: 5636: 5423: 5350:. George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from 2517: 1758:in France had endured since the revocation of the 1351:, but he refused and sought to defeat the British 637:, he was appointed commander-in-chief of France's 12588:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars 6893:List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette 6071:de La Fuye, Maurice; Émile Albert Babeau (1956). 5883: 4145: 4143: 3301: 3299: 3135:List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette 2066:on 20 April 1792, and preparations to invade the 1343:, with whom General Washington planned to attack 617:'s assistance. This document was inspired by the 12429: 11278:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 6515:Works by Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 6199:Adrienne, the Life of the Marquise de La Fayette 5448: 5238: 4230:Adrienne: The Life of the Marquise de La Fayette 4154:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 146–147. 2870:Honors and memorials to the Marquis de Lafayette 2285:French government. A young, victorious general, 458:; 6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the 6599:, 30 November 1813 From the Collections at the 5241:"On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile" 4617: 3543:"Motier, Mario Pablo José Roque Ibo Gilbert de" 1936:, 14 July 1790; French School, 18th century at 1793:", proposed to the Estates-General by Lafayette 1241:Lafayette stayed at Washington's encampment at 710:, and Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière, at the 9320:Significant civil and political events by year 9041:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 7191: 6535:, site of the French Society of the Cincinnati 5376:Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776 and 1812 4140: 3970: 3968: 3518:"Siguiendo la estela del marqués de Lafayette" 3296: 2645:Lafayette visited General Jackson at his home 2622:as president; that evening, runner-up General 1974:Lafayette as a lieutenant general in 1791, by 1853:National Guard, Versailles, and Day of Daggers 1797:On 29 December 1786, King Louis XVI called an 918:Charles François de Broglie, Marquis of Ruffec 12568:Members of the American Philosophical Society 9207: 7177: 6630: 6350:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Richard Bentley. 5075: 5073: 4599: 4521:83, no. 1 (2009): 118. Accessed 18 May 2021. 3949: 3947: 3945: 2314:conflict between the United States and France 1221:defeated a numerically superior Hessian force 1183:rather than approaching the city through the 1159:Lafayette wounded at the Battle of Brandywine 893:, where he decided to join the American cause 12373: 12332: 12308: 12289: 11273:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4180: 4178: 3502: 3500: 2953:and the sectional conflict resulting in the 1861:Lafayette at the balcony of Versailles with 1534:A map of key sites in the Battle of Yorktown 1253:, asked Lafayette to prepare an invasion of 37:A portrait of Lafayette in the uniform of a 12523:French prisoners of war in the 18th century 9960: 8154:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 6074:The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette 4409: 3965: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3562: 1439: 656:of 1814, he became a liberal member of the 11477:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 9214: 9200: 9031:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 7285:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 7184: 7170: 6637: 6623: 6257:A Concise History of the French Revolution 6237:The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris 6037:. The University of North Carolina Press. 5965: 5866: 5849: 5430:. University of California Press. p. 5421: 5070: 4427: 4321: 4319: 3942: 3341: 3339: 3195:says that Lafayette spelled his name both 3179: 3177: 2714:Lafayette and duc d'Orléans on balcony of 2015: 1171:, on 11 September 1777. British commander 862:Jean-Paul-François de Noailles, Duc d'Ayen 702:Lafayette was born on 6 September 1757 to 31: 11742:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 11400:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 11223:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 6391: 6221:. Vol. 3. Saunders and Otley. 1837. 6133: 5948:George Washington: Biographical Companion 5774:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5748: 5728:Crowdy, Terry; Patrice Courcelle (2004). 5344:"Marquis de Lafayette's Plan for Slavery" 5326:Lafayette College – Lafayette and Slavery 5300:"Declaration of the Rights of Man – 1789" 5198: 5196: 4175: 4131:Churchill Acceptance 'Honors Us Far More' 3598: 3596: 3497: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3289: 3287: 2810:). He was buried next to his wife at the 1418:that brought Lafayette to America in 1780 619:United States Declaration of Independence 16:French general and politician (1757–1834) 12623:People of the War of the First Coalition 12174: 9458:Nationalization of the Church properties 6317: 6154: 6011: 5988: 5944: 5708: 5690:Cloquet, Jules; Isaiah Townsend (1835). 5608: 5606: 5141: 5139: 4535:Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (1845). 4344: 4342: 4340: 4158: 3571: 3488: 3219:, similar to his ancestor, the novelist 2873: 2792: 2753: 2749: 2709: 2632: 2603:, the other living former president, at 2570: 2527: 2445:. There, after Napoleon's defeat at the 2342: 2318: 2260: 2124: 2019: 1969: 1925: 1867: 1856: 1784: 1771:Assembly of Notables and Estates-General 1676: 1529: 1515: 1445:had a joyous reunion with Washington at 1409: 1357: 1311: 1287: 1229: 1154: 1094: 1091:France in the American Revolutionary War 1015: 999: 995: 943: 884: 875: 751: 736: 570:cause was noble, and he traveled to the 169: 12528:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 12403:Historiography of the French Revolution 11674:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 11385:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 7128:Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette 7080:Lafayette in the Somewhat United States 6820:1824–25 Grand Tour of the United States 6646:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 6481:Lafayette in the Somewhat United States 6194: 6112: 5771:Oxford history of the French Revolution 5731:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802 5499: 5232: 4703: 4701: 4316: 4123: 3336: 3174: 2505:plots, and agreed to go to the city of 1436:, arriving in Boston on 27 April 1780. 1270:Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island 547:, Lafayette became a key figure in the 455:[ʒilbɛʁdymɔtjemaʁkid(ə)lafajɛt] 12430: 11410:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 11365:Other significant figures and factions 9036:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 6448: 6429: 6322:. University of South Carolina Press. 6275: 6233: 6175: 6032: 5915: 5828: 5807: 5587: 5585: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5348:George Washington Digital Encyclopedia 5288:from the original on 26 November 2022. 5193: 5109: 4631: 4629: 4534: 4150:Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal (1950). 4103: 3593: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3329: 3327: 3308: 3284: 3266: 3223:; however, his immediate family wrote 2401: 1470:abandoning them for the British side. 1110:Upon his arrival, Lafayette met Major 1080: 12638:Continental Army officers from France 12628:Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 12473:Founding Fathers of the United States 12448:19th-century heads of state of France 12278: 12173: 11457:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 11363: 11213:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 11152:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 11110:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 10713: 9959: 9590:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 9318: 9221: 9195: 8948: 8873: 8801: 8372: 7708: 7542:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 7203: 7165: 6618: 6486: 6410: 6362: 6296: 6252: 5788: 5767: 5668: 5634: 5603: 5310:from the original on 10 January 2024. 5136: 4382: 4337: 4067: 3515: 2738:On 25 July 1830, the king signed the 2699: 2057: 1994: 1837:(who was seen as a reformer), lawyer 1600: 1484:After the Continental victory at the 453: 165: 11611:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 11023:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 10714: 9810:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 9151:Daughters of the American Revolution 8949: 7501:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 6347:The History of the French Revolution 6091: 6055:Memoirs of Gilbert Motier La Fayette 5658:An Officer in the Late Army (1858). 5372: 4698: 4671: 4653: 4538:The history of the French revolution 4523:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25613910 2357:French minister to the United States 2137:when another former French officer, 1765: 1644:Society of the Friends of the Blacks 1496:to link up with troops commanded by 1141:Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Albany 836:. The boy was sent to school at the 629:, in keeping with the philosophy of 244:(1771–1777, 1781–1791, 1814/15–1830) 12548:Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration) 12538:Knights of the Order of Saint Louis 12483:French anti–death penalty activists 12279: 11218:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 9146:Children of the American Revolution 9026:Timeline of the American Revolution 6471:The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered 5639:The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson 5582: 5392: 4626: 4377:https://www.jstor.org/stable/286325 3632: 3516:Murga, Aitziber (3 February 2020). 3348: 3324: 2827:Lafayette was a firm believer in a 2786:. The king forcefully crushed this 2190:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 1374: 1332:to lead the attacking force at the 1012:set sail to Pasaia on 25 March 1777 648:Lafayette returned to France after 609:was formed, he helped to write the 13: 12408:Influence of the French Revolution 12398:Symbolism in the French Revolution 11162:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 11123:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 9378:Convocation of the Estates General 7807:European allies of King George III 7663:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 7598:Committee of Secret Correspondence 7260:No taxation without representation 6947:Lafayette Square Historic District 6937:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. 6463: 6098:(Kindle ed.). Da Capo Press. 5712:Madame de Lafayette and Her Family 4470:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2001.tb01934.x 4464:63, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 505–520. 4186:"Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds" 2204:, in the fortress-city of Olmütz, 1179:by moving troops south by ship to 1163:Lafayette first saw combat at the 880: 775:, had been a companion-at-arms of 14: 12649: 12553:Mayors of places in Île-de-France 12050:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 11782:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 11084:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 10866:François Christophe de Kellermann 10105:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 9173:Museum of the American Revolution 6508: 6493:. Random House Publishing Group. 6140:. Alan Hoffman. Lafayette Press. 5709:Crawford, Mary MacDermot (1907). 5239:Kathleen McKenna (10 June 2007). 2900:, especially on human rights and 1991:where he planned to attend Mass. 11777:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 11684:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 11654:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 11545:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 11323: 11288: 11258: 11233: 11190: 11064: 10941:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 10722: 9494:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 9061:Continental Currency dollar coin 9046:Women in the American Revolution 7122:Georges Washington de La Fayette 6669: 6610:University of Maryland Libraries 6533:Société des Cincinnati de France 6436:. Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston. 5974:. University of Missouri Press. 5615: 5594: 5573: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5415: 5406: 5383: 5366: 5336: 5314: 5292: 5270: 5261: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5127: 5118: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4689: 4680: 4662: 4647: 4638: 4608: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4528: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4418: 4400: 4391: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4328: 4307: 4298: 4289: 3246: 3119: 3105: 3091: 3077: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3008: 2928: 2843:Lafayette was the author of the 1938:Musée de la Révolution française 972:and his foreign minister, Comte 468: 284: 272: 260: 247: 234: 204: 12618:People of the French Revolution 12115:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 11862:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 11787:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 10998:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 10993:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 10973:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 10801:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 9719:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 9156:Sons of the American Revolution 7013:Lafayette (We Hear You Calling) 6095:General and Madame de Lafayette 5916:Greene, Francis Vinton (1911). 5871:. University of Chicago Press. 5500:Chinard, Gilbert (June 1936). " 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4111:"Lafayette, Citizen of America" 4094: 4085: 4076: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3956: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3650: 3641: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3553: 3535: 3509: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3230: 2937:interview with Lloyd Kramer on 2537:passage on the merchant packet 2518:Grand tour of the United States 2497:During the first decade of the 2143:Frederick William II of Prussia 1703:on 17 August. He addressed the 1654:. He urged the emancipation of 1430:for America aboard the frigate 806:; upon his death, the title of 161: 12388:Women in the French Revolution 11990:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 11167:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 10831:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 10460:French invasion of Switzerland 9056:Continental currency banknotes 8144:Staten Island Peace Conference 6303:. The Rosen Publishing Group. 5635:Adams, William Howard (1997). 5627: 3275: 2797:The grave of Lafayette in the 2182:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1913:Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud 1479:American Philosophical Society 810:passed to his brother Michel. 798:, or "Black Musketeers", King 1: 12393:Incroyables and merveilleuses 12212:Pierre Claude François Daunou 12000:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 11131:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 11102:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 10399:Naval Engagement off Brittany 10152:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 10126:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 9935:Constitution of the Year VIII 9670:Committee of General Security 9555:National Legislative Assembly 9410:National Constituent Assembly 8874: 7850:German supporters of Congress 7548:Massachusetts Circular Letter 7055:(1997 documentary miniseries) 6539:French Founding Father at the 6276:Palmer, Dave Richard (2006). 5753:(in French). Éditions Ancre. 4219:Gaines, pp. 198–199, 204, 206 3547:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia 3260: 3155:of 1779, currently in service 2863: 2551:Lafayette arrived at New York 2378:the Emperor Napoleon after a 1931:The oath of Lafayette at the 691: 607:National Constituent Assembly 50: 12311:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 12105:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 11995:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 11892:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 11792:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 11482:Charles Malo François Lameth 11157:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 10988:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 10931:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 10131:Second Battle of Wissembourg 9818:Constitution of the Year III 7531:Committees of correspondence 6913:Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania 6898:Fayetteville, North Carolina 6862:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 6411:Unger, Harlow Giles (2002). 6320:Lafayette: Prisoner of State 6261:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6018:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5993:Lafayette, Man in the Middle 5835:. Dodd, Mead & Company. 5422:McWilliams, John P. (1972). 5379:. Philadelphia: H T Kealing. 5202:Clary, pp. 443–445, 447, 448 3241:General Assembly of Maryland 3215:. Contemporaries often used 2994:muster in the early 1790s". 2881:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 2581:Fayetteville, North Carolina 2323:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 2223:, United States minister in 1682:Lafayette and Washington at 1583:Battle of the Virginia Capes 1549:On 4 July, the British left 1405:Georges Washington Lafayette 1307:Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania 1133:, commander in chief of the 804:War of the Polish Succession 684:. He is sometimes known as " 216:The Hero of the Two Worlds ( 7: 12207:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 11832:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 11767:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 11727:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 11606:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 11591:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 11586:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 11395:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 11248:William V, Prince of Orange 10118:First Battle of Wissembourg 10075:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 9791:Closing of the Jacobin Club 9660:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 9617:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 9477:Abolition of the Parlements 9450:Women's March on Versailles 9168:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 8373: 8199:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 8184:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 7958:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 7613:Declaration of Independence 7578:Second Continental Congress 6771:Women's March on Versailles 6549:New-York Historical Society 6369:. J.B. Lippincott Company. 6363:Tower, Charlemagne (1894). 6234:Morris, Gouverneur (1888). 5922:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 5561:"U.S. honors an old friend" 4842:Spalding, pp. 66–69, 84–124 3070: 2808:8th arrondissement of Paris 2120: 1705:Virginia House of Delegates 1510:the Chevalier de la Luzerne 1424:Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau 1120:Second Continental Congress 1028:Lafayette learned that the 922:revolt against British rule 343:Lieutenant Général (France) 10: 12654: 12633:University of Paris alumni 12453:Burials at Picpus Cemetery 12342:French Republican calendar 11897:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 11522:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 10876:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 10826:Charles François Dumouriez 10816:Jacques François Dugommier 10630:League of Armed Neutrality 10463:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 10415:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 10238:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 10217:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 9881:Second Congress of Rastatt 9665:Committee of Public Safety 9652:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 9051:Financial costs of the war 7558:First Continental Congress 7409:Royal Proclamation of 1763 7354:Second Rockingham ministry 7193:American Revolutionary War 7007:1825 Samuel Morse painting 6798:War of the First Coalition 6430:Wright, Constance (1959). 6392:Tuckerman, Bayard (1889). 6318:Spalding, Paul S. (2010). 6134:Levasseur, August (2006). 5966:Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). 5890:Lafayette Comes to America 5867:Gottschalk, Louis (1950). 5850:Gottschalk, Louis (1939). 5502:Lafayette Comes to America 4190:Cornell University Library 3620:Unger, loc. 864, 1023–1053 2867: 2822: 2703: 2653:. He was traveling up the 2521: 2439:Chamber of Representatives 2139:Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy 1774: 1553:and prepared to cross the 1519: 1490:Province of South Carolina 1273: 1144: 1084: 1075:Georgetown, South Carolina 741:Lafayette's birthplace in 695: 686:The Hero of the Two Worlds 680:in Paris, under soil from 537:American Revolutionary War 427:War of the First Coalition 358:American Revolutionary War 12543:Legion of Honour refusals 12463:Continental Army generals 12357:Cult of the Supreme Being 12285: 12274: 12180: 12169: 12128: 11962: 11955: 11840: 11697: 11619: 11530: 11517:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 11423: 11372:Patriotic Society of 1789 11370: 11359: 11321: 11286: 11256: 11231: 11188: 11175:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 11097:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 11062: 11053: 11031: 10736: 10720: 10709: 10678: 10641: 10614:Convention of Alessandria 10596: 10503: 10450: 10381: 10251: 10225: 10142: 10039: 9966: 9955: 9911: 9900:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 9892: 9865: 9802: 9738: 9633: 9566: 9515: 9469: 9361:What Is the Third Estate? 9352: 9325: 9314: 9229: 9018: 8987: 8963: 8959: 8944: 8905:Constitutional Convention 8885:Society of the Cincinnati 8880: 8869: 8794: 8689: 8533: 8526: 8471: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8368: 8325: 8247: 8233: 8207: 8174:Carlisle Peace Commission 8136: 8008:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 7937: 7862: 7815: 7782: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7704: 7673:Hutchinson letters affair 7640: 7623:Articles of Confederation 7483: 7470:Proclamation of Rebellion 7382: 7334:First Rockingham ministry 7311: 7278:All men are created equal 7217: 7213: 7199: 7150:Honorary U.S. citizenship 7137: 7106: 6999: 6881: 6848: 6812: 6742: 6678: 6667: 6652: 6564:10 September 2015 at the 6483:(Riverhead, 2015). Print. 6415:. John Wiley & Sons. 6178:The Philadelphia Campaign 5808:Gaines, James R. (2007). 5749:Demerliac, Alain (2004). 5643:. Yale University Press. 5506:Journal of Modern History 3506:Demerliac, p. 190 no 1887 3149:(2014), a replica of the 2927: 2922: 2879:Lafayette in the Park of 2759:Mort du général Lafayette 2740:Ordinances of Saint-Cloud 1709:Articles of Confederation 1169:Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 580:Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 440: 350: 333: 323: 297: 229: 224: 212: 200: 190: 179: 143: 127: 116: 96: 65: 60: 30: 23: 12065:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 12030:Joséphine de Beauharnais 11912:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 11882:François-Nicolas Vincent 11867:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 11041:Charles-Alexandre Linois 10936:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 10916:François Séverin Marceau 10896:François Joseph Lefebvre 10791:Jean-Étienne Championnet 10766:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 10761:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 10756:Alexandre de Beauharnais 10746:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 10468:French Invasion of Egypt 10346:Second Battle of Bassano 10080:Battle of Kaiserslautern 9854:Conspiracy of the Equals 9547:The Constitution of 1791 9418:Storming of the Bastille 8169:Entry of France into war 7784:Kingdom of Great Britain 7063:(2002 television series) 6971:Lafayette College statue 6734:Franco-American alliance 6487:Clary, David A. (2007). 5989:Holbrook, Sabra (1977). 5945:Grizzard, Frank (2002). 5829:Gerson, Noel B. (1976). 5814:. W.W. Norton & Co. 5373:Nell, William C (1902). 3281:Gottschalk, pp. 153–154. 3167: 2780:Jean Maximilien Lamarque 2607:, his home near Boston. 2355:offered him the post of 2240:Angelica Schuyler Church 1690:Thomas Prichard Rossiter 1440:Second voyage to America 1390:Lafayette pushed for an 1087:Franco-American alliance 866:Marie Adrienne Françoise 769:Gilbert de Lafayette III 758:Marie Adrienne Francoise 635:storming of the Bastille 218:Le Héros des Deux Mondes 12613:People from Haute-Loire 12593:Musketeers of the Guard 12045:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 11917:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 11877:Antoine-François Momoro 11872:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 11689:François de Neufchâteau 11639:Charles-François Lebrun 11581:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 11462:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 11338:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 11144:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 11139:Karl Mack von Leiberich 10771:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 10585:Second Battle of Zurich 10476:Irish Rebellion of 1798 10322:First Battle of Bassano 10160:Second Battle of Boulou 9961:Revolutionary campaigns 9919:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 9834:Council of Five Hundred 9622:First republic declared 9558:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 9539:Declaration of Pillnitz 9263:Constitutional monarchy 8900:Ratification Day (1784) 8225:Second Anglo-Mysore War 7909:Northern after Saratoga 7889:New York and New Jersey 7563:Continental Association 7460:Conciliatory Resolution 7319:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 7292:Consent of the governed 7036:La Révolution française 6761:National Guard (France) 6756:Estates General of 1789 6606:Lafayette Family papers 6596:Thomas Jefferson Letter 6473:(Vintage, 2014). Print. 6297:Payan, Gregory (2002). 6195:Maurois, André (1961). 6155:Loveland, Anne (1971). 6035:Lafayette in Two Worlds 6012:Kaminsky, John (2005). 5854:. Johns Hopkins Press. 5768:Doyle, William (1990). 5696:. Baldwin and Cradock. 5531:(subscription required) 5257:(subscription required) 4119:(subscription required) 3023:, honors Lafayette and 3017:Lafayette silver dollar 2848:tenants on the land of 2829:constitutional monarchy 2374:In 1804, Bonaparte was 2016:Champs de Mars massacre 1781:Estates-General of 1789 1403:Adrienne gave birth to 1385:William Temple Franklin 1227:, on 24 November 1777. 603:Estates General of 1789 315:National Guard (France) 12374: 12333: 12309: 12290: 11802:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 11797:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 11707:Maximilien Robespierre 11540:Jacques Pierre Brissot 11405:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 10836:Louis-Charles de Flers 10821:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 10786:Jean François Carteaux 10561:First Battle of Zurich 10524:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 10479:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 10439:Treaty of Campo Formio 10185:Glorious First of June 10113:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 10072:Expedition to Sardinia 9750:Desmoulins guillotined 9685:Assassination of Marat 9677:Fall of the Girondists 9649:Revolutionary Tribunal 9641:Execution of Louis XVI 9531:Champ de Mars massacre 9434:Abolition of Feudalism 9161:Sons of the Revolution 8890:Treaty of Paris (1783) 8220:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 8215:Cherokee–American wars 7828:Franco-American Treaty 7683:Philadelphia Tea Party 7653:Treaty of Paris (1763) 7632:Confederation Congress 7225:American Enlightenment 7116:Adrienne de La Fayette 6793:Champ de Mars massacre 6724:Battle of Green Spring 6714:Battle of Rhode Island 6544:6 October 2007 at the 6282:. Regnery Publishing. 6253:Neely, Sylvia (2008). 6176:Martin, David (2003). 6119:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6113:Leepson, Marc (2011). 6033:Kramer, Lloyd (1996). 5504:by Louis Gottschalk". 5278:"Marquis De Lafayette" 4109:Speare, Morris Edmund 3004: 2893: 2886:Louise-Adéone Drölling 2838:Maximilien Robespierre 2802: 2762: 2719: 2642: 2576: 2560:New York, Boston, and 2533: 2460: 2324: 2291:Treaty of Campo Formio 2266: 2152:, then transferred to 2148:Lafayette was held at 2130: 2029: 2026:Champ de Mars massacre 2010:Maximilien Robespierre 1979: 1940: 1877: 1865: 1803:France's fiscal crisis 1794: 1696: 1674:to house the project. 1564:Battle of Green Spring 1535: 1447:Morristown, New Jersey 1419: 1363: 1321: 1297: 1284:Battle of Rhode Island 1238: 1215:. He assisted General 1160: 1107: 1025: 1013: 960: 894: 760: 749: 584:Battle of Rhode Island 568:American revolutionary 420:Champ de Mars massacre 393:Battle of Green Spring 383:Battle of Rhode Island 12247:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 11512:Jean-Charles Pichegru 11492:Jean-François Rewbell 10978:Jean-Charles Pichegru 10861:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 10851:Jacques Maurice Hatry 10622:Battle of Hohenlinden 10495:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 10330:Battle of Emmendingen 10277:Battle of Castiglione 10164:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 10095:Battle of Hondschoote 9766:Thermidorian Reaction 9730:(throughout the year) 9503:Fête de la Fédération 9429:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 9413:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 9397:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 9106:Washington's Birthday 8911:The Federalist Papers 8895:Evacuation Day (1783) 7948:Lexington and Concord 7648:French and Indian War 7588:Olive Branch Petition 6858:(birthplace and home) 6782:Fête de la Fédération 6709:Battle of Barren Hill 5734:. Osprey Publishing. 5669:Clary, David (2007). 5664:. J. & H. Miller. 5541:Loveland, pp. 154–157 5220:Unger, loc. 9301–9393 5211:Unger, loc. 8117–8295 5133:Unger, loc. 8008–8069 5124:Unger, loc. 8006–8038 5097:Unger, loc. 7961–7990 5088:Unger, loc. 7904–7968 5067:Unger, loc. 7913–7937 5058:Unger, loc. 7840–7868 5040:Unger, loc. 7791–7819 5013:Unger, loc. 7737–7753 4986:Unger, loc. 7695–7720 4977:Unger, loc. 7664–7695 4914:Unger, loc. 7403–7435 4905:Unger, loc. 7309–7403 4896:Unger, loc. 7151–7309 4887:Spalding, pp. 173–227 4869:Spalding, pp. 140–156 4797:Unger, loc. 6460–6475 4259:Unger, loc. 4963–4978 4241:Unger, loc. 4710–4766 4164:Folliard, Edward T. " 4129:Cornell, Douglas B. " 4055:Unger, loc. 3824–3840 4010:Unger, loc. 3714–3730 3992:Unger, loc. 3526–3585 3939:Unger, loc. 3033–3134 3930:Unger, loc. 2982–3011 3185:Marquis de La Fayette 2999: 2911:James Fenimore Cooper 2877: 2868:Further information: 2858:mayor of Philadelphia 2796: 2761:by Gondelfinger, 1834 2757: 2750:Final years and death 2716:Hôtel de Ville, Paris 2713: 2636: 2574: 2531: 2455: 2386:addresses. After the 2343:Retreat from politics 2322: 2264: 2256:Francis Kinloch Huger 2252:Justus Erich Bollmann 2128: 2023: 1973: 1960:Fête de la Fédération 1933:Fête de la Fédération 1929: 1889:marched to Versailles 1871: 1860: 1788: 1680: 1660:who was a slave owner 1650:and equal rights for 1533: 1520:Further information: 1516:Virginia and Yorktown 1413: 1361: 1345:Newport, Rhode Island 1315: 1294:Battle of Barren Hill 1291: 1276:Battle of Barren Hill 1274:Further information: 1233: 1158: 1145:Further information: 1098: 1057:on the shores of the 1019: 1003: 996:Departure for America 947: 888: 876:Departure from France 755: 740: 696:Further information: 666:visited all 24 states 378:Battle of Barren Hill 324:Years of service 279:French First Republic 47:Charles Willson Peale 12608:People from Auvergne 12478:French abolitionists 12175:Influential thinkers 11922:Jean-François Varlet 11822:Jean-Lambert Tallien 11817:Jean Bon Saint-André 11644:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 11566:Marquis de Condorcet 11415:Nicolas de Condorcet 11180:Dagobert von Wurmser 11013:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 10956:Pierre-Jacques Osten 10871:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 10806:Louis-Nicolas Davout 10796:Chapuis de Tourville 10338:Battle of Schliengen 10285:Battle of Theiningen 10206:Battle of Aldenhoven 10090:Battle of Wattignies 10059:Battle of Neerwinden 9873:Coup of 18 Fructidor 9386:Death of the Dauphin 9111:Jefferson's Birthday 9101:Pulaski Memorial Day 8108:Guilford Court House 7759:Continental Congress 7536:Committees of safety 7511:Daughters of Liberty 7506:Virginia Association 7255:Rights of Englishmen 6983:Lafayette Escadrille 6925:New York City statue 6903:Lafayette, Louisiana 6868:Lafayette Land Grant 6856:Château de Chavaniac 6825:New York City parade 6750:Assembly of Notables 6699:Battle of Gloucester 6694:Battle of Brandywine 6686:French frigate 6137:Lafayette in America 6092:Lane, Jason (2003). 5789:Fiske, John (1902). 5600:Gaines, pp. 349, 440 5322:"La Belle Gabrielle" 5190:Leepson, pp. 166–167 4968:Unger, pp. 7603–7633 4734:Leepson, pp. 151–153 4725:Leepson, pp. 150–151 4695:Leepson, pp. 146–148 4668:Unger, pp. 6207–6238 4596:Gaines, pp. 345, 346 4499:Leepson, pp. 138–139 4481:Leepson, pp. 136–140 4388:Leepson, pp. 132–135 4082:Leepson, pp. 120–121 3777:Holbrook, pp. 28, 29 3759:Greene, pp. 140, 141 3741:Palmer, pp. 276, 277 3522:Noticias de Gipuzkoa 3293:Clary, pp. 7, 8 3221:Madame de La Fayette 3127:North America portal 3113:United States portal 2898:Age of Enlightenment 2784:Place de la Bastille 2689:but was renamed the 2672:Bunker Hill Monument 2660:Louisville, Kentucky 2453:, Lafayette argued: 2396:Je suis toute à vous 2068:Austrian Netherlands 2051:Revolutions de Paris 1999:A plot known as the 1847:Bastille was stormed 1799:Assembly of Notables 1777:Assembly of Notables 1652:free people of color 1648:Atlantic slave trade 1629:Order of Saint Louis 1619:Palace of Versailles 1165:Battle of Brandywine 1147:Battle of Brandywine 1103:on 5 August 1777 by 1030:Continental Congress 974:Charles de Vergennes 817:-German army at the 796:Mousquetaires du Roi 712:Château de Chavaniac 643:Austrian Netherlands 627:abolition of slavery 599:Assembly of Notables 576:Battle of Brandywine 564:province of Auvergne 368:Battle of Gloucester 363:Battle of Brandywine 340:Major general (U.S.) 195:Order of Saint Louis 168:; died 150:Adrienne de Noailles 83:Château de Chavaniac 12518:French slave owners 12513:French philhellenes 12262:Mary Wollstonecraft 12040:Jean Sylvain Bailly 11827:Pierre Louis Prieur 11772:Jean-Henri Voulland 11747:Jacques-Louis David 11679:Jean Joseph Mounier 11380:Jean Sylvain Bailly 11018:Belgrand de Vaubois 10906:Jean-Antoine Marbot 10846:Emmanuel de Grouchy 10651:Treaty of Lunéville 10290:Battle of Neresheim 10235:Siege of Luxembourg 10214:Siege of Luxembourg 10169:Battle of Tourcoing 10100:Siege of Bellegarde 9927:Coup of 18 Brumaire 9839:Council of Ancients 9614:National Convention 9606:September Massacres 9582:Brunswick Manifesto 9574:France declares war 9341:Assembly of Vizille 8239:colony or location) 8194:Newburgh Conspiracy 8053:Sullivan Expedition 7573:Provincial Congress 7364:Fox–North coalition 7303:Settler colonialism 7250:Freedom of religion 7207:American Revolution 6830:Philadelphia parade 6679:American Revolution 6601:Library of Congress 6433:Madame de Lafayette 6077:. Thomas Yoseloff. 5715:. J. Pot & Co. 5481:Loveland, pp. 36–37 5463:Loveland, pp. 21–23 5412:Loveland, pp. 17–18 5115:Kramer, pp. 190–191 5079:Clary, pp. 443, 444 5031:Kramer, pp. 100–105 4824:Spalding, pp. 34–35 4806:Spalding, pp. 32–33 4788:Spalding, pp. 26–29 4779:Spalding, pp. 21–25 4770:Spalding, pp. 16–18 4210:Holbrook, pp. 67–68 4117:, 7 September 1919. 4100:Gaines, pp. 201–202 4073:Kaminsky, pp. 34–35 3974:Holbrook, pp. 53–54 3953:Gaines, pp. 153–155 3660:. National Archives 3629:Unger, loc. 940–955 3590:Holbrook, pp. 15–16 3494:Holbrook, pp. 19–20 3476:Unger, loc. 604–682 3458:Unger, loc. 581–598 3449:Unger, loc. 565–581 3404:Unger, loc. 491–506 3359:Gottschalk, pp. 3–5 3193:Louis R. Gottschalk 3064:Bicentennial Series 2969:, culminating with 2955:Missouri Compromise 2941:, 15 September 1996 2499:Bourbon Restoration 2486:, American scholar 2472:Sydney, Lady Morgan 2420:Chamber of Deputies 2402:Bourbon restoration 2129:Lafayette in prison 2107:Brunswick Manifesto 1976:Joseph-Désiré Court 1945:Jean Sylvain Bailly 1849:by the insurgents. 1732:Hôtel de La Fayette 1730:Lafayette made the 1633:British West Indies 1392:invasion of Britain 1326:Monmouth Courthouse 1177:occupy Philadelphia 1081:American Revolution 1004:Plaza Lafayette in 986:Marquis de Noailles 842:University of Paris 827:Chavaniac-Lafayette 779:'s army during the 716:Chavaniac-Lafayette 698:House of La Fayette 658:Chamber of Deputies 654:Bourbon Restoration 410:March on Versailles 12100:Loménie de Brienne 12075:Madame de Lamballe 12010:Napoléon Bonaparte 11807:Prieur de la Marne 11722:Camille Desmoulins 11576:Marie Jean Hérault 11452:Jean-Sifrein Maury 11447:Arnaud de La Porte 11303:Alexander Korsakov 11089:Count of Clerfayt 11008:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 10921:Auguste de Marmont 10776:Napoléon Bonaparte 10667:Algeciras campaign 10659:Treaty of Florence 10537:Battle of Stockach 10370:Ireland expedition 10354:Battle of Calliano 10314:Battle of Rovereto 10306:Battle of Würzburg 9758:Law of 22 Prairial 9727:Anti-clerical laws 9702:The Death of Marat 9523:Flight to Varennes 9141:Semiquincentennial 9066:Libertas Americana 7496:Stamp Act Congress 7386:Acts of Parliament 7359:Shelburne ministry 7329:Grenville ministry 7145:Order of Lafayette 7044:Jefferson in Paris 6977:Los Angeles statue 6965:Lafayette Memorial 6931:LaFayette Fountain 6719:Battle of Monmouth 6469:Auricchio, Laura. 5997:. Atheneum Books. 5566:The New York Times 4707:Andress, pp. 72–75 4348:Doyle, pp. 112–113 4313:de La Fuye, p. 83. 4091:Hirschfeld, p. 126 4001:Clary, pp. 330–338 3921:Leepson, pp. 82–83 3912:Leepson, pp. 78–79 3903:Leepson, pp. 77–78 3867:Leepson, pp. 74–75 3804:Leepson, pp. 67–68 3795:Leepson, pp. 62–67 3696:Leepson, pp. 34–35 3485:Unger, pp. 709–740 3440:Leepson, pp. 12–13 3413:Leepson, pp. 10–11 3237:The New York Times 3163:, a 2021 biography 2991:Marxist historians 2971:Charles E. Stanton 2894: 2803: 2763: 2720: 2700:Revolution of 1830 2643: 2577: 2534: 2478:and the historian 2447:Battle of Waterloo 2388:Louisiana Purchase 2325: 2267: 2244:John Barker Church 2229:Secretary of State 2156:where a coalition 2131: 2080:Battle of Marquain 2076:Army of the Centre 2072:Lieutenant General 2058:Conflict and exile 2030: 2001:Flight to Varennes 1995:Flight to Varennes 1980: 1941: 1878: 1866: 1839:Camille Desmoulins 1795: 1762:a century before. 1721:Harvard University 1711:). He visited the 1697: 1601:Hero of two worlds 1595:Alexander Hamilton 1536: 1502:Yorktown, Virginia 1494:Colony of Virginia 1451:Alexander Hamilton 1420: 1364: 1334:Battle of Monmouth 1322: 1318:Battle of Monmouth 1298: 1280:Battle of Monmouth 1239: 1161: 1108: 1026: 1014: 961: 895: 838:Collège du Plessis 761: 756:Lafayette's wife, 750: 650:Napoleon Bonaparte 388:Battle of Monmouth 185:Georges Washington 12533:House of Noailles 12498:French marquesses 12488:French Freemasons 12425: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12299:Cockade of France 12270: 12269: 12232:Antoine Lavoisier 12222:Benjamin Franklin 12202:Anacharsis Cloots 12165: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12085:Louis de Breteuil 11927:Theophile Leclerc 11355: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11308:Alexander Suvorov 11049: 11048: 10983:Józef Poniatowski 10901:Étienne Macdonald 10705: 10704: 10606:Battle of Marengo 10569:Battle of Trebbia 10553:Battle of Cassano 10545:Battle of Magnano 10529:Battle of Ostrach 10431:Battle of Neuwied 10193:Battle of Fleurus 10177:Battle of Tournay 10054:War in the Vendée 9990:Royalist Revolts 9951: 9950: 9508: 9484:Abolition of the 9402:Tennis Court Oath 9394:National Assembly 9223:French Revolution 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 8940: 8939: 8927:Shays's Rebellion 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8790: 8789: 8757:Richard Henry Lee 8522: 8521: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8208:Related conflicts 8078:Connecticut Farms 7858: 7857: 7751:Thirteen Colonies 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7159: 7158: 7099:(2024 miniseries) 6918:Lafayette College 6864:(home and museum) 6743:French Revolution 6729:Siege of Yorktown 6519:Project Gutenberg 6500:978-0-5539-0342-3 6422:978-0-4713-9432-7 6376:978-0-8369-5998-7 6329:978-1-5700-3911-9 6310:978-0-8239-5733-0 6289:978-1-5969-8020-4 6268:978-0-7425-3411-7 6187:978-0-3068-1258-3 6180:. Da Capo Press. 6168:978-0-8071-2462-8 6147:978-0-9787-2240-1 6126:978-0-2301-0504-1 6105:978-1-5897-9018-6 6084:978-0-8010-5555-3 6058:. Charles Wiley. 6025:978-0-9456-1233-9 6004:978-0-6893-0585-6 5981:978-0-8262-1135-4 5958:978-1-5760-7082-6 5929:978-0-7222-8008-9 5900:978-1-4067-2793-7 5885:Gottschalk, Louis 5842:978-0-3960-7341-3 5821:978-0-3930-6138-3 5781:978-0-1928-5221-2 5741:978-1-8417-6660-7 5682:978-0-5538-0435-5 5650:978-0-3000-8261-6 5389:Kramer, pp. 15–16 4743:Spalding, pp. 1–3 4541:. pp. 61–62. 4519:The French Review 4357:Tuckerman, p. 230 4325:Gerson, pp. 81–83 4304:Tuckerman, p. 213 4295:Doyle, pp. 74, 90 4277:Tuckerman, p. 210 4250:Tuckerman, p. 198 4135:Sumter Daily Item 4046:Tuckerman, p. 154 3025:George Washington 3021:Charles E. Barber 2947: 2946: 2902:civic nationalism 2850:plantation owners 2833:George Washington 2729:elections of 1827 2620:John Quincy Adams 2616:Electoral College 2566:Independence Hall 2555:Auguste Levasseur 2188:Austrian monarch 2158:military tribunal 2102:on 12 July 1792. 2100:Army of the North 2039:fire on the crowd 2024:Depiction of the 1827:Tennis Court Oath 1823:National Assembly 1801:, in response to 1766:French Revolution 1748:Clermont-Tonnerre 1694:Louis Rémy Mignot 1664:slave plantations 1587:siege to Yorktown 1526:Siege of Yorktown 1522:Yorktown campaign 1498:Baron von Steuben 1486:Battle of Cowpens 1131:George Washington 1124:Benjamin Franklin 1101:George Washington 1077:on 13 June 1777. 926:Thirteen Colonies 834:Luxembourg Palace 773:Marshal of France 549:French Revolution 541:Siege of Yorktown 533:George Washington 531:, led by General 444: 443: 405:French Revolution 398:Siege of Yorktown 291:Kingdom of France 267:Kingdom of France 242:Kingdom of France 111:Kingdom of France 91:Kingdom of France 87:Auvergne Province 25:Gilbert du Motier 12645: 12379: 12367:Temple of Reason 12338: 12314: 12295: 12276: 12275: 12227:Thomas Jefferson 12171: 12170: 12090:de Chateaubriand 12020:Joseph Bonaparte 12015:Lucien Bonaparte 12005:Marie Antoinette 11960: 11959: 11947:Sylvain Maréchal 11902:François Hanriot 11737:Louis Philippe I 11664:Louis Philippe I 11659:Philippe Égalité 11601:Olympe de Gouges 11571:Charlotte Corday 11561:Étienne Clavière 11361: 11360: 11343:Antonio Ricardos 11328: 11327: 11313:Andrei Rosenberg 11293: 11292: 11263: 11262: 11238: 11237: 11208:Ralph Abercromby 11195: 11194: 11170: 11147: 11134: 11126: 11118: 11105: 11092: 11069: 11068: 11060: 11059: 10964: 10911:Marcellin Marbot 10734: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10715:Military leaders 10711: 10710: 10698: 10690: 10686:Treaty of Amiens 10671: 10663: 10655: 10634: 10626: 10618: 10610: 10589: 10588:(25–26 Sep 1799) 10581: 10573: 10572:(17–20 Jun 1799) 10565: 10557: 10556:(27–28 Apr 1799) 10549: 10541: 10533: 10532:(20–21 Mar 1799) 10525: 10517: 10513:Second Coalition 10496: 10488: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10443: 10435: 10427: 10423:Treaty of Leoben 10419: 10411: 10410:(14–15 Jan 1797) 10407:Battle of Rivoli 10403: 10395: 10391:Italian campaign 10374: 10366: 10365:(15–17 Nov 1796) 10362:Battle of Arcole 10358: 10350: 10342: 10334: 10326: 10318: 10310: 10302: 10298:Battle of Amberg 10294: 10281: 10273: 10269:Battle of Lonato 10265: 10261:Italian campaign 10239: 10218: 10210: 10197: 10189: 10181: 10173: 10165: 10156: 10135: 10134:(26–27 Dec 1793) 10122: 10114: 10076: 10068: 10064:Battle of Famars 10032: 9957: 9956: 9939: 9931: 9923: 9904: 9885: 9877: 9858: 9850: 9830: 9822: 9814: 9795: 9787: 9779: 9770: 9762: 9754: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9661: 9653: 9645: 9626: 9618: 9610: 9602: 9594: 9586: 9578: 9559: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9526:(20–21 Jun 1791) 9506: 9498: 9490: 9481: 9462: 9454: 9446: 9438: 9430: 9422: 9414: 9406: 9398: 9390: 9382: 9374: 9366: 9345: 9337: 9333:Day of the Tiles 9316: 9315: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9131:Sesquicentennial 9091:Independence Day 8995:Founding Fathers 8961: 8960: 8946: 8945: 8871: 8870: 8799: 8798: 8531: 8530: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8369: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8068:Cape St. Vincent 7743: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7706: 7705: 7678:Boston Tea Party 7603:Halifax Resolves 7553:Suffolk Resolves 7344:Grafton ministry 7339:Chatham ministry 7235:Colonial history 7215: 7214: 7201: 7200: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7163: 7162: 6954:Lafayette dollar 6673: 6653:Principal author 6639: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6528:Internet Archive 6504: 6458: 6445: 6426: 6407: 6388: 6359: 6342:Frederic Shoberl 6333: 6314: 6293: 6272: 6260: 6249: 6230: 6212: 6202: 6191: 6172: 6151: 6130: 6109: 6088: 6067: 6048: 6029: 6008: 5996: 5985: 5973: 5962: 5941: 5912: 5880: 5863: 5846: 5825: 5804: 5785: 5764: 5745: 5724: 5705: 5686: 5675:. Bantam Books. 5665: 5654: 5642: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5557: 5551: 5550:Loveland, p. 160 5548: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5429: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5354:on 20 March 2017 5340: 5334: 5333: 5328:. Archived from 5318: 5312: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5282:Encyclopedia.com 5274: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5163:Unger, loc. 8089 5161: 5155: 5154:Unger, loc. 7982 5152: 5146: 5143: 5134: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5106:Unger, loc. 7990 5104: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5049:Unger, loc. 7839 5047: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5004:Unger, loc. 7737 5002: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4950:Crawford, p. 318 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932:Holbrook, p. 146 4930: 4924: 4923:Unger, loc. 7539 4921: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4878:Holbrook, p. 129 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4833:Unger, loc. 6649 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4815:Unger, loc. 6553 4813: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4761:Unger, loc. 6458 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4716:Broadwell, p. 36 4714: 4708: 4705: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4686:Broadwell, p. 28 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4654:Woodward, W. E. 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4614:Unger, loc. 6188 4612: 4606: 4605:Holbrook, p. 100 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4532: 4526: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451:Unger, loc. 5729 4449: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286:Unger, loc. 5026 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4173: 4170:Sarasota Journal 4162: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4138: 4137:, 10 April 1963. 4127: 4121: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3963: 3962:Unger, loc. 3430 3960: 3954: 3951: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3894:Unger, loc. 2730 3892: 3886: 3885:Unger, loc. 2685 3883: 3877: 3876:Unger, loc. 2670 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3840:Unger, loc. 2583 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3786:Fiske, pp. 89–92 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3750:Unger, loc. 1827 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3714:Grizzard, p. 175 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368:Leepson, pp. 8–9 3366: 3360: 3357: 3346: 3345:Clary, pp. 11–13 3343: 3334: 3331: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3234: 3228: 3181: 3140:LaFayette Motors 3129: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3099:Biography portal 3096: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3012: 2932: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2890:Musée de l'armée 2854:Matthew Clarkson 2547:to see him off. 2511:Greek Revolution 2480:Augustin Thierry 2301:border north of 2242:and her husband 1901:Marie Antoinette 1894:Tuileries Palace 1874:Musée de l'Armée 1863:Marie Antoinette 1624:maréchal de camp 1375:Return to France 1349:Narragansett Bay 1217:Nathanael Greene 1173:Sir William Howe 1135:Continental Army 1105:Currier and Ives 1069:. He joined the 1053:set sail out of 978:Seven Years' War 940: 819:Battle of Minden 781:Siege of Orléans 765:Lafayette family 615:Thomas Jefferson 551:of 1789 and the 529:Continental Army 524: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 501: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 457: 452: 310:Continental Army 289: 288: 287: 277: 276: 275: 265: 264: 263: 253: 251: 250: 240: 238: 237: 225:Military service 208: 173: 171: 167: 163: 103: 80:6 September 1757 79: 77: 61:Personal details 55: 52: 43:Continental Army 35: 21: 20: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12493:French generals 12428: 12427: 12426: 12417: 12292:La Marseillaise 12281: 12280:Cultural impact 12266: 12176: 12157: 12124: 12080:Madame du Barry 12070:Catherine Théot 12060:Thérésa Tallien 11951: 11942:Gracchus Babeuf 11887:François Chabot 11844: 11836: 11757:Georges Couthon 11752:Marquis de Sade 11717:Jean-Paul Marat 11693: 11649:Bertrand Barère 11615: 11526: 11507:Boissy d'Anglas 11502:Madame de Staël 11467:Antoine Barnave 11435: 11428: 11419: 11366: 11347: 11322: 11317: 11287: 11282: 11257: 11252: 11232: 11227: 11189: 11184: 11168: 11145: 11132: 11124: 11116: 11103: 11090: 11079:József Alvinczi 11063: 11045: 11027: 10968:Nicolas Oudinot 10958: 10891:Claude Lecourbe 10886:Charles Leclerc 10781:Guillaume Brune 10751:Pierre Augereau 10721: 10716: 10701: 10696: 10694:Treaty of Paris 10688: 10674: 10669: 10661: 10653: 10637: 10632: 10624: 10616: 10608: 10592: 10587: 10579: 10571: 10563: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10515: 10499: 10494: 10486: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10446: 10441: 10433: 10425: 10417: 10409: 10401: 10393: 10377: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10348: 10340: 10332: 10324: 10316: 10308: 10300: 10292: 10279: 10271: 10263: 10247: 10237: 10221: 10216: 10208: 10195: 10187: 10179: 10171: 10163: 10154: 10138: 10133: 10120: 10112: 10110:Siege of Toulon 10074: 10066: 10049:First Coalition 10035: 10026: 9962: 9947: 9937: 9929: 9921: 9907: 9902: 9888: 9883: 9875: 9861: 9856: 9848: 9828: 9820: 9812: 9798: 9793: 9785: 9777: 9768: 9760: 9752: 9734: 9729: 9721: 9713: 9711:Law of Suspects 9705: 9695: 9687: 9679: 9659: 9657:Reign of Terror 9651: 9643: 9629: 9624: 9616: 9608: 9600: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9562: 9557: 9549: 9541: 9533: 9525: 9511: 9496: 9488: 9479: 9465: 9460: 9452: 9444: 9437:(4–11 Aug 1789) 9436: 9428: 9420: 9412: 9404: 9396: 9388: 9380: 9372: 9370:Réveillon riots 9364: 9348: 9343: 9335: 9321: 9310: 9225: 9220: 9190: 9177: 9116:Von Steuben Day 9014: 8983: 8955: 8936: 8876: 8853: 8795:Colonial allies 8786: 8685: 8518: 8479:King George III 8467: 8375: 8352: 8321: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8229: 8203: 8132: 8113:Lochry's Defeat 7998:Assunpink Creek 7988:Fort Washington 7933: 7867: 7865: 7854: 7845:Hortalez et Cie 7816:Colonial allies 7811: 7778: 7747:United Colonies 7730: 7692: 7658:Boston Massacre 7636: 7627:Perpetual Union 7583:United Colonies 7516:Sons of Liberty 7479: 7387: 7385: 7384:Related British 7378: 7307: 7209: 7205:Origins of the 7195: 7190: 7160: 7155: 7133: 7102: 7071:(2015 musical, 6995: 6960:Mount Lafayette 6884: 6877: 6873:Picpus Cemetery 6844: 6808: 6803:July Revolution 6776:Society of 1789 6738: 6674: 6665: 6648: 6643: 6566:Wayback Machine 6546:Wayback Machine 6511: 6501: 6466: 6464:Further reading 6461: 6423: 6377: 6330: 6311: 6290: 6269: 6215: 6203:. McGraw-Hill. 6188: 6169: 6148: 6127: 6106: 6085: 6045: 6026: 6005: 5982: 5959: 5930: 5901: 5843: 5822: 5782: 5761: 5742: 5683: 5651: 5630: 5625: 5621:Leepson, p. 176 5620: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5569:. 30 July 2002. 5559: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472:Loveland, p. 39 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454:Loveland, p. 16 5453: 5449: 5442: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5284:. 18 May 2018. 5276: 5275: 5271: 5267:Leepson, p. 172 5266: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5181:Leepson, p. 166 5180: 5176: 5172:Gleeson, p. 166 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145:Leepson, p. 164 5144: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941:Kennedy, p. 210 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752:Spalding, p. 15 4751: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4533: 4529: 4516: 4512: 4508:Cloquet, p. 305 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442:Leepson, p. 136 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397:Leepson, p. 135 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4163: 4159: 4148: 4141: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064:Holbrook, p. 65 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037:Holbrook, p. 63 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019:Holbrook, p. 56 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983:Holbrook, p. 43 3982: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831:Cloquet, p. 155 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723:Cloquet, p. 203 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687:Holbrook, p. 23 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3572: 3568:Holbrook, p. 17 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377:Unger, loc. 425 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3333:Unger, loc. 383 3332: 3325: 3320: 3309: 3305:Officer, p. 171 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3051: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3027: 3013: 2962:Gilbert Chinard 2929: 2923:External videos 2872: 2866: 2825: 2812:Picpus Cemetery 2799:Picpus Cemetery 2752: 2708: 2706:July Revolution 2702: 2666:and taking the 2585:Washington City 2526: 2520: 2443:Charter of 1815 2404: 2369:Legion of Honor 2345: 2283:Reign of Terror 2167:central citadel 2123: 2092:Nicolas Luckner 2084:Théobald Dillon 2060: 2043:Jean-Paul Marat 2018: 1997: 1949:Society of 1789 1855: 1807:Estates General 1783: 1775:Main articles: 1773: 1768: 1760:Edict of Nantes 1752:Madame de Staël 1742:, and John and 1656:American slaves 1637:Treaty of Paris 1610:in Madrid, and 1603: 1528: 1518: 1506:Lord Cornwallis 1468:Benedict Arnold 1442: 1414:French frigate 1400:English Channel 1377: 1286: 1272: 1153: 1143: 1093: 1085:Main articles: 1083: 998: 938: 916:, where he met 883: 881:Finding a cause 878: 870:the duke's wife 854:sous-lieutenant 785:crown of thorns 720:Le Puy-en-Velay 700: 694: 678:Picpus Cemetery 670:July Revolution 592:Lord Cornwallis 553:July Revolution 522: 518: 498: 471: 467: 450: 436: 432:July Revolution 346: 328: 319: 285: 283: 282: 273: 271: 270: 261: 259: 258: 248: 246: 245: 235: 233: 175: 159: 155: 152: 135: 128:Political party 121:Picpus Cemetery 105: 101: 81: 75: 73: 72: 71: 56: 53: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12651: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12598:Occitan people 12595: 12590: 12585: 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11957: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11932:Claire Lacombe 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11857:Jacques Hébert 11853: 11851: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11712:Georges Danton 11709: 11703: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11556:Henri Grégoire 11552: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11497:Camille Jordan 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 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10700: 10699: 10691: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10664: 10656: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10582: 10577:Battle of Novi 10574: 10566: 10564:(4–7 Jun 1799) 10558: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10526: 10518: 10509: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10473: 10465: 10456: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10436: 10428: 10420: 10412: 10404: 10396: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10367: 10359: 10357:(6–7 Nov 1796) 10351: 10343: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10287: 10282: 10274: 10272:(3–4 Aug 1796) 10266: 10257: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10243:Peace of Basel 10240: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10211: 10203: 10198: 10190: 10182: 10174: 10166: 10157: 10148: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10128: 10123: 10115: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10085:Siege of Mainz 10082: 10077: 10069: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10021: 10016: 10014:Siege of Mainz 10011: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9996: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9932: 9924: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9851: 9846:13 Vendémiaire 9843: 9842: 9841: 9836: 9823: 9815: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9788: 9780: 9771: 9763: 9755: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9724: 9716: 9708: 9698: 9693:Levée en masse 9690: 9682: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9654: 9646: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9598:10th of August 9595: 9587: 9579: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9499: 9491: 9482: 9480:(Feb–Jul 1790) 9473: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9455: 9447: 9439: 9431: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9338: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9121:Minor holidays 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952:Related topics 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8922:Bill of Rights 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8326:Loyal colonies 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8312:South Carolina 8309: 8304: 8299: 8297:North Carolina 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8253: 8251: 8249:Rebel colonies 8242: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8189:Sint Eustatius 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8149:"First Salute" 8146: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8093:Kings Mountain 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7983:Harlem Heights 7980: 7975: 7973:Valcour Island 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7740: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7608:Lee Resolution 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7526:Black Patriots 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7374:Black Loyalist 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7349:North ministry 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7210: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7076: 7064: 7060:Liberty's Kids 7056: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6908:Fort Lafayette 6905: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6832: 6827: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788:Day of Daggers 6785: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6603: 6592: 6587: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6556: 6551: 6536: 6530: 6521: 6510: 6509:External links 6507: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6484: 6474: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6457:(10): 653–661. 6446: 6427: 6421: 6408: 6398:. Dodd, Mead. 6389: 6375: 6360: 6334: 6328: 6315: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6273: 6267: 6250: 6231: 6213: 6192: 6186: 6173: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6131: 6125: 6110: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6009: 6003: 5986: 5980: 5963: 5957: 5942: 5928: 5913: 5899: 5893:. Read Books. 5881: 5864: 5847: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5805: 5786: 5780: 5765: 5759: 5746: 5740: 5725: 5706: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5655: 5649: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5612:Gaines, p. 440 5602: 5593: 5581: 5579:Gaines, p. 447 5572: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5518:10.1086/468441 5492: 5490:Kramer, p. 185 5483: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5441:978-0520021754 5440: 5414: 5405: 5403:Loveland, p. 9 5391: 5382: 5365: 5335: 5332:on 9 May 2023. 5313: 5304:Avalon Project 5291: 5269: 5260: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4995:Gaines, p. 427 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4677:Andress, p. 61 4670: 4661: 4646: 4637: 4625: 4623:Andress, p. 51 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4527: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4406:Hampson, p. 89 4399: 4390: 4381: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4336: 4327: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4174: 4172:, 25 May 1973. 4157: 4139: 4122: 4115:New York Times 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3964: 3955: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3858:Leepson, p. 72 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3822:Leepson, p. 70 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3768:Gaines, p. 112 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3732:Leepson, p. 43 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3649: 3640: 3638:Leepson, p. 33 3631: 3622: 3613: 3611:Cloquet, p. 37 3604: 3602:Glathaar, p. 3 3592: 3570: 3561: 3559:Leepson, p. 26 3552: 3534: 3508: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3422:Leepson, p. 12 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3386:Leepson, p. 10 3379: 3370: 3361: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3229: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3116: 3102: 3088: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3019:, designed by 3014: 3007: 2979:Jules Michelet 2945: 2944: 2925: 2924: 2865: 2862: 2824: 2821: 2788:June Rebellion 2776:Seine-et-Marne 2751: 2748: 2744:Louis-Philippe 2718:, 31 July 1830 2704:Main article: 2701: 2698: 2676:Daniel Webster 2624:Andrew Jackson 2522:Main article: 2519: 2516: 2488:George Ticknor 2484:Jeremy Bentham 2403: 2400: 2344: 2341: 2214:Czech Republic 2122: 2119: 2064:war on Austria 2059: 2056: 2017: 2014: 2006:Georges Danton 1996: 1993: 1985:Day of Daggers 1964:Champs de Mars 1898:"Vive le Roi!" 1882:National Guard 1854: 1851: 1843:duc de Broglie 1835:Jacques Necker 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1736:rue de Bourbon 1602: 1599: 1593: 9 after 1517: 1514: 1441: 1438: 1376: 1373: 1271: 1268: 1207:settlement of 1181:Chesapeake Bay 1175:made plans to 1142: 1139: 1112:Benjamin Huger 1082: 1079: 997: 994: 954:Johann de Kalb 950:Alonzo Chappel 882: 879: 877: 874: 860:At this time, 840:, part of the 693: 690: 674:Louis-Philippe 639:National Guard 631:natural rights 442: 441: 438: 437: 435: 434: 429: 424: 423: 422: 417: 415:Day of Daggers 412: 402: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 354: 352: 348: 347: 345: 344: 341: 337: 335: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 312: 307: 301: 299: 298:Branch/service 295: 294: 231: 227: 226: 222: 221: 214: 210: 209: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 181: 177: 176: 157: 153: 148: 147: 145: 141: 140: 129: 125: 124: 118: 114: 113: 104:(aged 76) 98: 94: 93: 69: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 1779–80 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12650: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376:Sans-culottes 12372: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12347:Metric system 12345: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12277: 12273: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12172: 12168: 12154: 12151: 12147: 12146:Panthéon Club 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12035:Joachim Murat 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11812:Gilbert Romme 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11634:de Cambacérès 11632: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11551: 11550:Madame Roland 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11487:André Chénier 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11442:Grace Elliott 11440: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11358: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11129: 11127: 11121: 11119: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11003:Joseph Souham 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10946:Joachim Murat 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:André Masséna 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10712: 10708: 10697:(25 Jun 1802) 10695: 10692: 10689:(25 Mar 1802) 10687: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10668: 10665: 10662:(18 Mar 1801) 10660: 10657: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10631: 10628: 10623: 10620: 10617:(15 Jun 1800) 10615: 10612: 10609:(14 Jun 1800) 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10586: 10583: 10580:(15 Aug 1799) 10578: 10575: 10570: 10567: 10562: 10559: 10554: 10551: 10546: 10543: 10540:(25 Mar 1799) 10538: 10535: 10530: 10527: 10522: 10521:Siege of Acre 10519: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10493: 10492:Peasants' War 10490: 10485: 10482: 10477: 10474: 10469: 10466: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10442:(17 Oct 1797) 10440: 10437: 10434:(18 Apr 1797) 10432: 10429: 10426:(17 Apr 1797) 10424: 10421: 10418:(25 Jan 1797) 10416: 10413: 10408: 10405: 10402:(13 Jan 1797) 10400: 10397: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10371: 10368: 10363: 10360: 10355: 10352: 10347: 10344: 10341:(26 Oct 1796) 10339: 10336: 10333:(19 Oct 1796) 10331: 10328: 10323: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10307: 10304: 10301:(24 Aug 1796) 10299: 10296: 10293:(11 Aug 1796) 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10278: 10275: 10270: 10267: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10215: 10212: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10196:(26 Jun 1794) 10194: 10191: 10186: 10183: 10180:(22 May 1794) 10178: 10175: 10172:(18 May 1794) 10170: 10167: 10161: 10158: 10155:(24 Apr 1794) 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10121:(13 Oct 1793) 10119: 10116: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10073: 10070: 10067:(23 May 1793) 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9941: 9938:(24 Dec 1799) 9936: 9933: 9928: 9925: 9922:(18 Jun 1799) 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9903:(11 May 1798) 9901: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9882: 9879: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9852: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9821:(22 Aug 1795) 9819: 9816: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9794:(11 Nov 1794) 9792: 9789: 9784: 9781: 9778:(28 Jul 1794) 9775: 9772: 9769:(27 Jul 1794) 9767: 9764: 9761:(10 Jun 1794) 9759: 9756: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9728: 9725: 9722:(16 Oct 1793) 9720: 9717: 9714:(17 Sep 1793) 9712: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9696:(23 Aug 1793) 9694: 9691: 9688:(13 Jul 1793) 9686: 9683: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9650: 9647: 9644:(21 Jan 1793) 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9625:(22 Sep 1792) 9623: 9620: 9615: 9612: 9607: 9604: 9601:(10 Aug 1792) 9599: 9596: 9591: 9588: 9585:(25 Jul 1792) 9583: 9580: 9577:(20 Apr 1792) 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9556: 9553: 9548: 9545: 9542:(27 Aug 1791) 9540: 9537: 9534:(17 Jul 1791) 9532: 9529: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9507:(14 Jul 1790) 9505: 9504: 9500: 9497:(12 Jul 1790) 9495: 9492: 9489:(23 Jun 1790) 9487: 9483: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9459: 9456: 9451: 9448: 9445:(26 Aug 1789) 9443: 9440: 9435: 9432: 9427: 9424: 9421:(14 Jul 1789) 9419: 9416: 9411: 9408: 9405:(20 Jun 1789) 9403: 9400: 9395: 9392: 9389:(4 June 1789) 9387: 9384: 9379: 9376: 9373:(28 Apr 1789) 9371: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9344:(21 Jul 1788) 9342: 9339: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9249:Ancien Régime 9246: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9096:Patriots' Day 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9071:Commemoration 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9010:Yankee Doodle 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8872: 8868: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8839:de Rochambeau 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8367: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8282:New Hampshire 8280: 8278: 8277:Massachusetts 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7930: 7929:Naval battles 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7864:Campaigns and 7861: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668:Gaspee affair 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7324:Bute ministry 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7273: 7272:Spirit of '76 7270: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7245:Republicanism 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7015:" (1918 song) 7014: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6585:, pp. 353–376 6584: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6477:Vowell, Sarah 6475: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6456: 6452: 6451:History Today 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6338:Thiers, M. A. 6335: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161:. LSU Press. 6160: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6044:0-8078-2258-2 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5795:. Macmillan. 5794: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5760:2-9063-8123-3 5756: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5618: 5609: 5607: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5576: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5264: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5022:Kramer, p. 93 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4959:Clary, p. 438 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4860:Clary, p. 418 4857: 4851:Clary, p. 413 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4702: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4560:Jones, p. 445 4557: 4551:Doyle, p. 148 4548: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4490:Thiers, p. vi 4487: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4433:Clary, p. 392 4430: 4424:Doyle, p. 122 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4378: 4372: 4366:Crowdy, p. 42 4363: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4028:Clary, p. 350 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3849:Clary, p. 257 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3813:Clary, p. 243 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3705:Gaines, p. 75 3702: 3693: 3684: 3678:Clary, p. 100 3675: 3659: 3653: 3647:Gaines, p. 70 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3395:Lane, pp. 7–8 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3321:Gaines, p. 33 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3103: 3100: 3089: 3086: 3085:France portal 3075: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2951:Panic of 1819 2942: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664:Niagara Falls 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:The Hermitage 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:1824 election 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:James Madison 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2530: 2525: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2490:, and writer 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406:In 1814, the 2399: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:William Short 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1921:Duc d'Orléans 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811:Second Estate 1808: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:Abigail Adams 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Mohawk Valley 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1672:French Guiana 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1596: 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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

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