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lane, looked about in the same way and made a sign to their companions when they discovered nobody. Thereupon a rider appeared on a white horse who had a corpse behind him with the head and arms hanging down on one side and the legs on the other and supported on both sides by the two men who had first appeared. The procession advanced to the place where the refuse is thrown into the river. At the bank they came to a halt and turned the horse with its tail to the river. Then they lifted the corpse, one holding it by its hands and arms, the other by the legs and feet, dragged it down from the horse and cast it with all their strength into the river. To the question of the rider if it was safely in, they answered, 'Yes, Sir!' Then the rider cast another look at the river and, seeing the cloak of the corpse floating on the water, asked his companions what that black thing was floating there. They answered, 'the cloak,' whereupon he threw stones at the garment to make it sink to the bottom. Then all five, including the other two who had kept watch and now rejoined the rider and his two companions, departed and took their way together through another lane that leads to the
Hospital of St. James.
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662:. A personal rivalry existed between them and, with Giovanni's death, Cesare was finally allowed to leave the Church as he wished, taking his dead brother's place as a man-at-arms. Giovanni's wife was also convinced of Cesare's guilt and tried, in vain, to have her brother-in-law tried. One salient fact is that the Pope despite his immense grief over Giovanni's death closed the investigation after a week indicating that Alexander knew or suspected the killer was a member of his own family.
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take him back to Rome. At this point, Giovanni Borgia was effectively a pawn in the hands of the
Catholic Monarchs as his presence in Spain guaranteed the alliance between the House of Aragon and the papacy against the French. He wrote to his brother: "Each day seems like a year to me in the delay of those ships which His Holiness has written in recent days he will send soon."
274:. He was the second son of the couple, after the firstborn Cesare. No exact birth dates are known for him and his brother, and Giovanni was long thought to be the couple's eldest son, but modern research agrees that he must have been younger than Cesare. Cesare and Giovanni were brought up together in a house provided by their father, probably supervised by his confidant,
840:. He is a main character in the first season and dies in that season's finale "The Serpent Rises". In this adaptation, he is the eldest child of Rodrigo and Vannozza, and his murder is perpetrated primarily by Lucrezia—with the help of her lover, Pedro Caldes. Both portrayals depict Juan as haughty, selfish, and cruel, with few redeeming features.
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by the news, but tried to persuade himself that the duke was enjoying himself somewhere with a girl and was embarrassed for that reason at leaving her house in broad daylight, and he clung to the hope that he might return at any rate in the evening. When this hope was not fulfilled, the Pope was stricken with deadly terror.
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at the beginning of the year in a
Neapolitan prison. The head of this ancient Roman family was hostile to the Pope, and Alexander planned to give his confiscated possessions to his own sons (the murder was committed in the quarter where many of their people lived, and the mule of the victim was found
632:
Vannozza dei
Cattanei obtained permission in 1500 to acquire the first chapel to the right of the high altar as the burial place for her family including her second and third husbands and the deceased sons of the pope, Pier Luigi and Giovanni Borgia. The richly decorated Borgia Chapel was demolished
572:
When the duke did not return to the palace on the next morning, which was
Thursday, 15th of June, his trusted servants became uneasy and one of them carried to the Pope the news of the late expedition of the duke and Cesare and the vain watch for the return of the former. The Pope was much disturbed
726:
No matter how much joy and happiness I felt for my promotion to the cardinalate, although it was great, my anger was still greater when I heard of the bad reports that His
Holiness Our Lord had received of you and your bad behaviour; because they have informed His Beatitude that you had been going
701:
Giovanni was the pope's favourite son, and had great influence on his father. "In dealings with His
Holiness you could have no better intercessor than His Lordship, because he is the eye of His Holiness Our Lord", wrote about him Carlo Canale, Vannozza's third husband in a letter on 18 March 1493.
594:
At about two o'clock in the morning two men came out of a lane by the hospital on to the public road along the river. They looked about cautiously to see whether any one was passing and when they did not see anybody they disappeared again in the lane. After a little while two others came out of the
486:
At the Battle of
Soriano "the men of the Church succumbed with great dishonor and loss", as Burchard put it in his diary; some five hundred soldiers were killed and many more were wounded, the Orsini captured all the cannons and scattered the papal forces. They quickly advanced to the walls of Rome
369:
The Duke of Gandía spent three years in Spain. He kept a court of 130 noblemen and their entourage and expanded his duchy with purchases although the pope was worried about his reckless spending. The young man was already homesick in 1494, and wrote letters to his father and Cesare to send ships to
740:. He was on friendly terms with his brother-in-law, Giovanni Sforza, and wrote an endearing letter to his sister, Lucrezia asking for more frequent communication citing his pregnant wife who "complains a great deal of you, that you have never written despite all the letters sent to you from here".
450:
was able to withstand the siege of the papal forces, and the troops suffered much from the winter weather and the rain. Montefeltro was wounded, and the leadership of the campaign devolved mainly on
Giovanni. The defendants insulted him by sending a donkey to his camp with a sign around its neck
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The Duke of Gandía was finally able to return to Italy 1496 after the French army retreated. He arrived in Rome on 10 August without his pregnant wife and his two-year-old son who remained in Spain. He was received in Rome with great pomp and ceremony. All the cardinals, led by his brother, were
577:
Alexander ordered a search for his son and a witness was found, a
Slavonian timber dealer named Georgio who made a statement that led to the discovery of Giovanni's body. He had been lying in his boat on the Tiber on the night of the murder to guard his wood and watched as five men had thrown a
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among themselves as letters between him and his family members show. These letters give an insight into his life, personal relationships and character during the time when he lived in Spain. At first the young duke apparently became unhinged in this foreign environment, and his behavior caused
599:
When asked why he had not reported the murder the witness replied: "In my day I have seen as many as a hundred corpses thrown into the river at that place on different nights without anybody troubling himself about it, and so I attached no further importance to the circumstance".
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Giovanni Borgia's only attendant, the servant who was left behind waiting, was also slain, so there were no known witnesses. After the murder, the grief-stricken Pope locked himself in his chambers and wept bitterly for hours. He did not eat and sleep until the next Sunday.
564:, the duke told his brother that he was going to find entertainment somewhere, and dismissed his retinue. He took only his valet and a masked man whose identity was unknown but who had been visiting Giovanni several times in the month before his death. The duke rode to the
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around Barcelona at night killing dogs and cats, often visiting the brothel, gambling much money, speaking improperly and imprudently to important people, not obeying Don Enrique and Doña María and finally acting in a way truly unworthy of a gentleman of your position.
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The pope's persistent efforts to promote his son ultimately created a dangerous situation: Giovanni Borgia became the primary target of the hostility against his family. As the killers were never identified, there are several theories about the perpetrators and motives:
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It was just before vespers when they found the duke still fully clad, with his stockings, shoes, waistcoat and cloak, and in his belt there was his purse with thirty ducats. He had nine wounds, one in the neck through the throat, the other eight in the head, body and
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In August 1493, Alexander VI sent his seventeen-year-old son to Spain equipped with a large amount of textiles, jewels, silver and portable goods. "He left Rome loaded with loot and was expected to return next year to make more," wrote the ambassador from
254:. Giovanni Borgia was the pope's favourite son, and Alexander VI granted him important positions and honours. He was murdered in Rome on 14 June 1497. The case remained unsolved and is still considered one of the most notorious scandals of the Borgia era.
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in June 1493 he wore a long Turkish-style cloth-of-gold robe, called turcha, its sleeves embroidered with large pearls, and expensive jewels including a chain of balas rubies and pearls. The dazzling attire was estimated to be worth 150,000 ducats.
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The killer was Antonio Maria della Mirandola, the father of a young girl, whose house was located near the Tiber. Shortly before his death, Giovanni mentioned that he dishonoured the daughter of one of the representatives of the ancient Roman
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who controlled a large part of the Roman Campagna and had sided with the French against Alexander VI in the previous years. The twenty-year-old duke was completely inexperienced as a commander, therefore he was joined by a more knowledgeable
498:, an experienced Spanish general, and ended quickly with the surrender of the garrison on 9 March 1497. A few days later Córdoba held a victory parade in Rome, where he was accompanied by the Duke of Gandía and his brother-in-law,
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was particularly annoyed that the pope was so focused on the promotion of his children, and refused to provide any assistance in this regard. But the pope was relentless in this pursuit: he managed to get the new King of Naples,
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After taking possession of the Duchy of Gandía on 4 December 1493, Giovanni tried to placate his furious father, and diligently completed the tasks assigned to him, including the procurement of floor tiles for the
926:
Evidence of this is provided by the tombstone of Vanozza dei Cattanei, rediscovered in 1947, in which Giovanni is named as the second-born, and a papal bull from 1493, in which Cesare is described as the
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where he ordered the servant to wait for him until eight o'clock, and if he had not appeared until then, return to the palace. Then he rode off with the masked man behind him on the back of his mule.
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to the Borgias. Because the groom was only twelve years old, the wedding was postponed. The situation changed four years later when Rodrigo Borgia became pope. A political alliance between the
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Although initially there were rumours, to the great dismay of the pope, that his marriage with María Enríquez was not consummated, they later had two children. The firstborn was
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Despite losing the war against the Orsini, the pope still tried to carve out a principality in Italy for his son. For this, he marked out territories that had belonged to the
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and become an important figure at the Spanish court. However, the Catholic Monarchs did not heap any favours on the duke who spent most of his time aimlessly in Barcelona.
502:. But Córdoba seems to have resented the favouritism shown towards the duke because on 19 March he refused to accept a blessed palm branch during the celebration of
705:
The Duke of Gandía was a handsome young man, often characterized as vain and arrogant. He dressed fashionably and ostentatiously. At his sister's wedding to
629:, preceded by 120 torchbearers and many prelates and servants. It was laid upon a bier with great pomp and ceremony, and later he was buried in the vault.
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Katherine Walsh: Päpstliche Kurie und Reformideologie am Beispiel von Santa Maria del Popolo in Rom, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae Vol. 20 (1982), p. 153
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Pier Luigi died in 1488 and by his will, Giovanni succeeded him as the 2nd Duke of Gandía. A marriage contract was written in 1488 for Giovanni and
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in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace after Giovanni Borgia had received one. It was a surprising rebuke from an important ally of the Borgias.
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attributed to Miguel Esteve. Allegedly the painting was commissioned by Giovanni Borgia's widow, and shows his murder by Cesare, his brother.
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and Carlo Orsini in the open field. Montefeltro was captured but Giovanni Borgia managed to escape with only minor injuries to his face.
278:. An instrument of 29 January 1483, removed the guardianship of Giovanni from his mother's family and gave it to his older half-brother,
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Others claimed the killer was his younger brother, Gioffre Borgia who murdered him due to Giovanni's relationship with his wife, Sancha.
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in 1658 when the basilica was rebuilt in Baroque style, and the tombs were lost except the tombstone of Vanozza, rediscovered in 1947.
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was born in Gandía on 15 January 1497, seven months after Giovanni's departure to Rome; she grew up to be abbess of Santa Clara in
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and recaptured their lost strongholds. The pope now had no choice but to sign a peace treaty with his enemies in February 1497.
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560:. After the dinner, his brother, Cesare urged him to return to the Papal Palace but as they approached the Palace of Cardinal
334:
1263:
813:, a fictionalised version of Juan's death is depicted at the hand of Cesare Borgia, who hires a prostitute to murder him.
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438:. They were initially successful, forcing several Orsini strongholds to surrender while they advanced north from Rome to
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Described in a letter by Pietro Gentile da Varano to Francesco II Gonzaga, the Marquis of Mantua on 18 June 1493, in:
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and is killed by Cesare in the second season of the series, in "World of Wonders". In the 2011 French/German series,
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940:. Archivio Storico Lombardo : Giornale della società storica lombarda (1914 set, Serie 5, Fascicolo 3), p. 481
31:
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Fishermen and boatmen were summoned to drag the river; on 16 June, Giovanni's body was recovered from the Tiber.
697:. The mounted male figure in a fashionable Turkish robe on the far right may be a depiction of Giovanni Borgia.
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804:, Giovanni Borgia's murder by his younger brother Geoffre is central to the drama and plot of the story.
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he was last seen alive when he left the home of his mother, Donna Vannozza who lived near the Church of
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scandal. Directed by the pope, Cesare wrote a strongly worded letter of rebuke to his younger brother:
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claimed that the Spanish ambassador also objected and warned the pope that his plan was unacceptable.
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were granted to the Duke of Gandía and his legitimate descendants. Out of the cardinals present, only
1154:
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The pope had great plans for his favourite son: entrusted him with the campaign against the powerful
419:
322:, Giovanni Lucido Cattanei. The illegitimate son of the pope was received with great ceremony by the
103:
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Algunos documentos y cartas privadas que pertenecieron al segundo duque de Gandía, don Juan de Borja
748:
The murder occasioned the witty and cruel epigram by the contemporary Neapolitan poet and humanist,
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410:, as well as the ambassadors, the Roman nobles and the officials. On 26 October he was invested in
358:, worth 12,000 ducats a year, to Giovanni on the occasion of his coronation in May 1494. Soon the
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Giovanni Borgia was born in Rome around 1476 to then-cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his mistress,
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Lest we do not think you are not a fisher of men, Sixth, you fish for your own son with nets
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Giovanni's next military endeavour was more successful: he took part in the recapture of
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Sent by Cesare Borgia to his brother in September 1493, published in Miguel Batllori:
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The Orsini Castle in Bracciano that Giovanni Borgia besieged unsuccessfully in 1496
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Alexander hoped that his son would receive large estates in the recently conquered
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María Enríquez de Luna, Diccionario Biográfico de la Real Academia de la Historia
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Although Giovanni was born in Italy from an Italian mother, the Borgias used the
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Giovanni Borgia was murdered on the night of 14 June 1497 in Rome. According to
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The banks of the Tiber in Rome with barges by Willem van Nieulandt (c. 1602-05)
561:
439:
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313:
Gothic main entrance of the Ducal Palace in Gandía with the Borgia coat-of-arms
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1095:
Christopher Hibbert: The Borgias and Their Enemies. Harcourt, Inc. 2008, p. 30
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Piscatorem hominum ne te non Sexte putemus / Piscaris natum retibus ecce tuum
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on Pope Alexander VI. The poem plays with the apostolic title of the pope as
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which was still held by forces loyal to the French. The campaign was led by
854:
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In most adaptations, Giovanni is referred to by his Spanish name, Juan. In
694:
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565:
1159:. Vol. 1 (1910 English ed.). New York: P. F. Collier. p. 48
827:
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alluding to the scandal when his son's body was dragged from the river:
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and the papacy made the long-planned union more urgent for both sides.
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There was even a rude personal message stuck under the animal's tail.
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Lassatime andar per la mia via, che vado ambasador al ducha di Chandia
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347:
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Iacobi Sannazarii opera omnia, Seb. Gryphium, Lugdunum, 1536, p. 159
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Delle vita e de'fatti di Guidobaldo I. da Montefeltro, Duca d'Urbino
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raised his voice against the alienation of the lands of the papacy.
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for centuries. On 7 June a secret consistory was held, in which the
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154:
625:, then on the same evening, it was transferred to the Basilica of
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when the two captains tried to fight an Orsini relief army led by
975:
Die Borgia: Faszination einer machtbesessenen Renaissance-Familie
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On 24 January 1497, the Borgia army was severely defeated at
462:
Let me pass because I am an ambassador to the Duke of Gandía
546:
Miracle of Our Lady of the Rosary and the Knight of Cologne
366:
made these Neapolitan estates unavailable for the Borgias.
330:. The wedding was celebrated at the end of September 1493.
1121:, ed. Danilo Romei and Patrizia Rosini, Lulu, 2012, p. 44
1200:
Diario Borja – Borgia Tres siglos de Historia día a día
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Suspicions at the time centred on Giovanni's brother,
646:
To date, historical consensus generally indicates the
1134:, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1999, p. 176
381:) who was born on 10 November 1494. Their daughter,
1007:. Milan, Giovanni Silvestri, 1821, Vol. 1, 5th Book
853:features a song portraying the Borgia family, with
578:corpse into the river next to the fountain at the
230:; c. 1476 – 14 June 1497) was the second child of
897:. London, Thames and Hudson, 1997, page 158–159,
1235:
953:. Valencia, Imp. La Voz Valenciana, 1919. p. 111
392:
736:of the Apostolic Palace and the restoration of
455:
994:, Venice, F. Visentini, 1879, Vol. 1, p. 410
650:as the culprits in revenge for the death of
621:The corpse of the duke was first brought to
180:Juan de Borja y Enríquez, 3rd Duke of Gandía
1020:, Vol. 5, 1898, B. Herder,St. Louis, p. 493
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30:For the child of mysterious parentage, see
1279:Illegitimate children of Pope Alexander VI
1031:Historia del rey don Hernando el Catholico
56:
27:Son of Pope Alexander VI (c. 1476 – 1497)
917:. London, Chapman and Hall, 1913, p. 26;
791:(1839), he is referred to as Francesco.
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1119:Regesto dei documenti di Giulia Farnese
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377:(the 3rd Duke of Gandía and father of
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282:and another relative, Otto Borgia.
1054:Johannes Burchardus Diary pp90-.91
212:Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía
62:Alleged portrait of Giovanni Borgia
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18:Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia
1043:Johannes Burchardus Diary pp.88-90
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389:with the name Francisca de Jesús.
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1106:Cesare Borgia: His Life and Times
836:, Juan is played by French actor
807:In the 2010 animated short film,
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1227:Juan de Borja y Enríquez de Luna
977:. Callwey, München 1988, p. 131.
949:Cited by José Sanchis y Sivera:
527:Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini
32:Giovanni Borgia (Infans Romanus)
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915:Cesare Borgia: A Biography
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867:List of unsolved murders
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511:Patrimony of Saint Peter
375:Juan de Borja y Enríquez
346:to grant the fiefdom of
242:. He was the brother of
90:Juan de Borja y Enríquez
406:waiting for him on the
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857:as Giovanni Borgia.
826:, Juan is played by
798:'s historical novel
412:St. Peter's Basilica
379:Saint Francis Borgia
350:and the counties of
238:and a member of the
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132:(1497-06-14)
130:14 June 1497
96:Other titles
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1249:1497 deaths
1244:1475 births
828:David Oakes
823:The Borgias
777:Epigrammata
504:Palm Sunday
432:condottiero
117: 1476
76:Predecessor
1238:Categories
801:The Family
796:Mario Puzo
523:Pontecorvo
344:Alfonso II
280:Pier Luigi
258:Early life
674:Character
519:Terracina
451:reading:
448:Bracciano
348:Tricarico
166:Spouse(s)
86:Successor
71:1488–1497
1188:Archived
861:See also
820:series,
818:Showtime
770:—
637:Suspects
554:Burchard
465:—
352:Carinola
717:of the
695:Vatican
693:in the
689:in the
669:family.
655:there).
648:Orsinis
477:Soriano
326:in the
248:Gioffre
224:Catalan
216:Spanish
1163:15 May
927:elder.
901:
833:Borgia
617:Burial
537:Murder
442:. But
387:Gandía
356:Lauria
320:Mantua
250:, and
244:Cesare
200:Mother
190:Father
160:Borgia
141:Buried
878:Notes
608:legs.
492:Ostia
176:Issue
68:Reign
1165:2017
899:ISBN
845:CBBC
843:The
521:and
418:and
234:and
136:Rome
127:Died
121:Rome
110:Born
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