182:
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344:. Because of the tens of thousands of different commercial glitters, identical glitter particles can be compelling evidence that a suspect has been at a crime scene. Forensic scientist Edwin Jones has one of the largest collections of glitter, consisting of over 1,000 different samples used in comparison of samples taken from crime scenes. Glitter particles are easily transferred through the air or by touch, yet cling to bodies and clothing, often unnoticed by suspects.
40:
276:
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decorate their
Christmas trees, and modern glitter was born. With his partner, Harry Goetz, Ruschmann cut mica into washers and glitter from metallized cellulose acetate film. During World War II, glass glitter became unavailable so Ruschmann found a market for scrap plastics, which were ground into glitter. In 1943, he purchased Meadowbrook Farm in
208:
Today over 20,000 varieties of glitter are manufactured in a vast number of different colors, sizes, and materials. One estimate suggests 10 million pounds (4.5 million kilograms) of glitter was either purchased or produced between the years of 1989 and 2009, however the source provides no
449:
According to Chris Flower, director-general of the
Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association, "the total contribution to marine plastic litter from glittery cosmetic products is negligible when compared to the damaging effects of bags and bottles... total effect of giving up traditional glitter
387:
Glitter is also used by nail artists and make-up artists to make statements about femininity and beauty standards. The flashy, sparkling nature of glitter allows users to push standard ideas of beauty and what is and is not considered "excessive" in terms of make-up. Glitter is usually associated
360:
Glitter can be seen as a tool of fashion used by various subcultures, as it allows for a visible statement to be worn and seen on the body. This is because it has been theorized to be a "flickering signifier", or something that destabilizes known notions of popular culture, identity, and society.
194:
The first production of modern plastic glitter is credited to the
American machinist Henry F. Ruschmann who invented a machine to cut photo films and paper in the 1930s. Sometimes, the machine "stuttered," generating small pieces of glossy cellulose that employees picked up and used as "snow" to
199:
where he founded
Meadowbrook Farm Inventions (MFI) in 1948 to produce industrial glitter. MFI became Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. in 1953. Ruschmann filed a patent for a mechanism for cross-cutting films as well as other glitter-related inventions. Substrates for cutting glitter expanded from
411:. It is possible for glitter to enter the eyes or nose and cause damage to the cornea or other soft tissues potentially irritating them or leading to infection, depending on the size of the glitter. Whether a prosecutor would pursue the charges depends on a number of factors.
445:
Biodegradable glitter made from eucalyptus tree extract is metaled with aluminium and can be coloured. It is "40% softer and more delicate on the skin than conventional glitter," and it decomposes in soil or water. Cellulose glitter is also available.
50:
is an assortment of flat, small, reflective particles that are precision cut and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Glitter particles reflect light at different angles, causing the surface to sparkle or shimmer. Glitter is similar to
361:
Glitter is associated with "fringe cultures", which often use excessive glitz and glamor (such as glitter) to evoke a deeper understanding between the relationships of commercialized popular culture and "high" culture, or "high-brow" art.
1747:
1934:
325:
Glitter is commonly used in arts and crafts to color, accessorise and texture items. The small, brightly colored particles often stick to clothing, skin, and furniture, and can be difficult to remove. It is also used in
798:
1978:
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temples were sometimes painted with red, green, and grey glitter paint made from mica dust, based on infrared scans of the remnants of paint still found on the structures in present-day
123:
However, as early as 30,000 years ago, mica flakes were used to give cave paintings a glittering appearance. Prehistoric humans are believed to have used cosmetics, made of powdered
1739:
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1389:
788:
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90:, which is rarely recycled and can find its way into aquatic habitats, eventually becoming ingested by animals, leading some scientists to call for bans on plastic glitter.
108:
Glittering surfaces have been found to be used since prehistoric times in the arts and in cosmetics. The modern
English word "glitter" comes from the Middle English word
1970:
438:
into the environment. Furthermore, plastic glitter takes about one thousand years to biodegrade, according to
Victoria Miller, a materials and engineering scientist at
566:
399:
in which activists throw glitter on people at public events. Glitter bombers have frequently been motivated by, though not limited to, their targets' opposition to
1686:
1357:
1885:
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evidence or reference point. Commercial glitter ranges in size from 0.002 to .25 inches (0.05 to 6.35 mm) a side. First, flat multi-layered sheets are
1088:
1065:
533:
391:
Because of its tendency to shed off items it is applied to and stick onto unwanted surfaces, including skin, hair, and clothes, glitter is also used for
1628:
1262:
380:, glitter is also used as a tool to help blur gender lines. This helped to create the more extreme "glitter rock" – an even more heightened version of
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2001:
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metalized cellulose and aluminum foil to metalized and iridescent film, polyester, PVC, and laminations cut into various shapes.
978:
442:. When dozens of British music festivals pledged to ban single-use plastics by 2021, the proposed ban included plastic glitter.
1908:
2130:
78:. Uses for glitter include clothing, arts, crafts, cosmetics and body paint. Modern glitter is usually manufactured from the
556:
1683:
1136:
507:
229:. These sheets are then cut into tiny particles of many shapes including squares, triangles, rectangles, and hexagons.
2036:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
1349:
897:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
645:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
1579:
299:
1877:
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and other "rinse-off" cosmetics has been discontinued in the US; since 2015 the industry has shifted toward using
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439:
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181:
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529:
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1096:
822:"Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment"
388:
with nightlife and not professionalism, but wearing it in different settings can push these boundaries.
590:"Glitters as a Source of Primary Microplastics: An Approach to Environmental Responsibility and Ethics"
427:
2035:
896:
719:
644:
62:
Since prehistoric times, glitter has been made from many different materials including stones such as
1971:"Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 - Restriction of microplastics intentionally added to products"
1446:"TikTok Is Going Deep On The Glitter Conspiracy Theories–Is It Toothpaste, Boats, Or Something Else?"
450:
might not be great in comparison with other harmful plastics, we should still do everything we can."
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were sewn or woven on to fabric to give it a glittering appearance. Edible glitter made from
2047:
1326:
908:
833:
731:
720:"Is this your glitter? An overlooked but potentially environmentally-valuable microplastic"
656:
601:
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8:
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226:
157:, a form of lead, to produce a bright greyish-white glittering paint used for objects of
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produced "glitter-like substances from crushed beetles" as well as finely ground green
2034:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
1935:"Could festivals ban glitter? Here's why it's time to switch to biodegradable sparkle"
1572:
Producing women : the
Internet, traditional femininity, queerness, and creativity
895:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
643:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
2126:
2109:
Blackledge, Robert D.; Jones, Edwin L. (July 17, 2007), Blackledge, Robert D. (ed.),
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2009:
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native peoples, for regional trade both raw and crafted into beads or other objects.
139:
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Glitter is used in cosmetics to make the face and nails shiny or sparkly. After the
2118:
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1939:
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1161:. Paper Film & Foil Converter (PPFC.online.com). p. 18-20. Archived from
920:
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Crossman, Jill; Hurley, Rachel R.; Futter, Martyn; Nizzetto, Luca (July 1, 2020).
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Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002).
503:
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373:
1652:
All music guide to rock : the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul
856:
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Due to its unique characteristics, glitter has also proven to be useful
118:
1481:
307:
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292:
263:
222:
1846:"61 UK festivals are banning glitter - make the switch to eco sparkle"
453:
Since
October 2023, some types of glitter have been restricted in the
789:"Glitter should be banned over environmental impact, scientists warn"
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1740:"Eye doctor warns of dangers of political protest on gay marriage"
1477:"The Glitter Conspiracy Theory: Who Is Taking All Of The Glitter?"
1156:
718:
Tagg, Alexander S.; Ivar do Sul, Juliana A. (September 1, 2019).
404:
396:
288:
71:
56:
2117:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–32,
470:
154:
2002:"EU to crack down further on microplastics after glitter ban"
1237:"Operating upon sheets of foil – US 3156283 A"
87:
75:
1772:"All that glitters is not gold, in the eyes of legal system"
819:
403:. Some legal officials argue glitter bombing is technically
275:
98:
1413:"What Is Glitter? A strange journey to the glitter factory"
102:
67:
1124:
Archaeology of
Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia
1956:
1121:
Gibbon, Guy E. (August 1, 1998). Ames, Kenneth M. (ed.).
337:
to draw attention by simulating the scales of prey fish.
311:
2033:
1649:
1089:"Ancient Maya Used "Glitter" Paint to Make Temple Gleam"
894:
642:
295:
and other ingredients is even used by culinary artists.
333:
Glitter coatings or finishes are frequently used on
1654:(3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books.
1509:"Fishing lure – Patent US 2547240 A"
530:"Beauty, Hairstyles and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt"
1770:
522:
1474:
2160:
1185:"All That Glitters: The History of Shiny Things"
594:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
2108:
1541:. National Forensic Science Technology Center.
717:
1909:"Losing its sparkle: the dark side of glitter"
1443:
1350:"Should You Really Be Eating Edible Glitter?"
1325:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
1265:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
1213:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
1001:"Neanderthal 'make-up' containers discovered"
779:
777:
1768:
1709:"'Glitter advocates' plot their next victim"
1410:
557:"Restoring The Glitter And Sheen Of Jewelry"
213:, coloring, and reflective material such as
1676:
554:
501:
287:Prior to fabrics made with modern glitter,
1907:Bramley, Ellie Violet (January 21, 2018).
1602:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1533:
1157:Robert Seeley, Henry W. Ruschmann (2021).
774:
426:, has called for a ban on glitter made of
1616:
1317:
1315:
1152:
1150:
1148:
855:
845:
783:
587:
1999:
1769:van der Pool, Lisa (September 2, 2011).
1348:Weinberg, Caroline (February 14, 2018).
1347:
1323:"Glitter and Sequins Sizing and Shaping"
1086:
351:
274:
180:
97:
38:
1906:
1783:from the original on September 29, 2011
1682:Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 27, 2011).
1569:
1475:Dr. Beccy Corkill (December 21, 2022).
1392:from the original on September 27, 2022
1159:"The Discovery, Development of Glitter"
414:
14:
2161:
1932:
1822:from the original on December 11, 2022
1801:
1750:from the original on December 21, 2022
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1425:from the original on December 11, 2022
1312:
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1145:
1120:
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801:from the original on November 15, 2020
555:Blumenthall, Deborah (March 3, 1988).
2115:Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge
1981:from the original on October 27, 2023
1888:from the original on October 30, 2018
1858:from the original on October 23, 2018
1839:
1837:
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1489:from the original on January 10, 2023
1456:from the original on December 8, 2022
1300:from the original on October 21, 2018
1116:
1114:
1056:Sharma, Ruchira (November 17, 2017).
1037:from the original on December 5, 2012
569:from the original on October 15, 2022
510:from the original on October 22, 2013
422:, an environmental anthropologist at
347:
1380:"What Are Microbeads In Toothpaste?"
497:
495:
493:
491:
153:8,000 years ago were using powdered
27:Shiny and small reflective particles
2139:from the original on March 25, 2023
2000:Niranjan, Ajit (October 17, 2023).
1878:"The eco-friendly guide to glitter"
1802:Weaver, Caity (December 21, 2018).
1631:from the original on August 5, 2019
1560:
1548:from the original on March 20, 2023
1515:from the original on April 21, 2016
1243:from the original on April 12, 2016
1191:from the original on August 2, 2012
1087:Hansford, Dave (February 7, 2008).
24:
1975:single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu
1843:
1834:
1444:Trisha Bartle (October 17, 2022).
1411:Caity Weaver (December 21, 2018).
1111:
1068:from the original on April 8, 2023
1011:from the original on June 20, 2023
536:from the original on April 8, 2023
25:
2190:
2154:
1617:Marchetti, Gina (December 1998).
1360:from the original on June 9, 2023
1288:Wagner, Sara (February 8, 2018).
981:from the original on July 8, 2023
588:Yurtsever, Meral (June 1, 2019).
488:
461:intentionally added to products.
300:Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015
176:
2090:from the original on May 5, 2024
1933:Street, Chloe (April 16, 2018).
1738:Kurtz, Judy (February 8, 2012).
951:from the original on May 5, 2024
826:Science of the Total Environment
699:from the original on May 5, 2024
430:(PETE) and aluminum, as it is a
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1062:International Business Times UK
1049:
1023:
993:
963:
847:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138334
744:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.068
502:Mangum, Aja (October 7, 2007).
440:North Carolina State University
165:of galena was prevalent in the
43:Close-up of holographic glitter
2040:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1707:Moody, Chris (June 20, 2011).
1536:"Glitter as Forensic Evidence"
1058:"Where did glitter come from?"
901:Journal of Hazardous Materials
888:
813:
711:
649:Journal of Hazardous Materials
636:
581:
548:
189:
13:
1:
2060:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
1263:"90 Seconds with Meadowbrook"
921:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
669:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
481:
203:
138:crystal. Researchers believe
2111:"All that Glitters Is Gold!"
93:
7:
1290:"Let's Talk About Glitter!"
464:
10:
2195:
614:10.1007/s10806-019-09785-0
504:"Glitter: A Brief History"
428:polyethylene terephthalate
279:Furniture made of glitter
211:produced combining plastic
59:, but somewhat smaller.
29:
2123:10.1002/9780470166932.ch1
724:Marine Pollution Bulletin
318:glitter as their primary
197:Bernardsville, New Jersey
112:, possibly by way of the
1534:Blackledge, Bob (2007).
1031:"The History of Glitter"
167:Upper Mississippi Valley
32:Glitter (disambiguation)
1777:Boston Business Journal
1689:March 22, 2017, at the
1570:Michele, White (2015).
975:www.merriam-webster.com
971:"Definition of GLITTER"
328:optically variable inks
127:, a sparkling mineral.
1127:. Routledge. pp.
357:
314:-approved "rinse-off"
284:
232:
186:
105:
44:
2169:Visual arts materials
1884:. November 18, 2017.
1329:on September 27, 2013
1217:on September 27, 2013
1211:"Company Information"
787:(November 16, 2017).
532:. Facts and Details.
506:. New York Magazine.
395:, which is an act of
355:
278:
185:Magnified nail polish
184:
161:. The collecting and
101:
42:
1165:on February 22, 2022
457:as part of a ban on
415:Environmental impact
30:For other uses, see
2052:2021JHzM..40224070G
1093:National Geographic
1007:. January 9, 2010.
913:2021JHzM..40224070G
838:2020ScTEn.72438334C
736:2019MarPB.146...50T
661:2021JHzM..40224070G
606:2019JAEE...32..459Y
436:hormonal disruptors
227:bismuth oxychloride
1947:on January 2, 2019
1808:The New York Times
1804:"What Is Glitter?"
1695:The New York Times
1418:The New York Times
1269:on January 2, 2013
358:
348:Glitter in culture
316:metallized-plastic
285:
187:
106:
45:
2132:978-0-470-16693-2
1619:"Fringe cultures"
1033:. Auntie Illumi.
424:Massey University
401:same-sex marriage
342:forensic evidence
16:(Redirected from
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2020:
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1943:. Archived from
1940:Evening Standard
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1851:Evening Standard
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1719:on June 24, 2011
1715:. Archived from
1704:
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1684:Glittering Rage.
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1450:Collective World
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1294:Cut to the Trace
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1095:. Archived from
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219:titanium dioxide
21:
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1844:Street, Chloe.
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1691:Wayback Machine
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1099:on June 6, 2013
1085:
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