185:
44:
20:
912:
228:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
336:
327:
318:
309:
300:
291:
282:
273:
264:
255:
246:
237:
219:
210:
201:
192:
1011:
Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more difficult as one goes farther back in time. Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as
163:
This includes that the outcrop has to be located where it can be visited quickly (International airport and good roads), has to be kept in good condition (ideally a national reserve), in accessible terrain, extensive enough to allow repeated sampling and open to researchers of all
929:
Once a GSSP boundary has been agreed upon, a 'golden spike' is driven into the geologic section to mark the precise boundary for future geologists (though in practice the 'spike' need neither be golden nor an actual spike). As such, GSSPs are also sometimes referred to as
988:
is less than ideal as a marker fossil as it is not found in every
Cambrian sequence, and it is not assured that it is found at the same level in every exposure. In fact, further eroding its value as a boundary marker, it has since been identified in strata 4m
997:
bed at the boundary at
Fortune Head, but there is one slightly above the boundary in similar beds nearby. These factors have led some geologists to suggest that this GSSP is in need of reassigning.
978:. A continuous section is available from beds that are clearly Precambrian into beds that are clearly Cambrian. The boundary is set at the first appearance of a complex trace fossil
91:, though far more faunal stages have been described than GSSPs. The GSSP definition effort commenced in 1977. As of 2024, 79 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have a ratified GSSP.
1357:
184:
176:
1199:
1432:
1296:
920:
1591:"Geotime chart displaying geologic time periods compared to the fossil record – Deals with chronology and classifications for laymen (not GSSPs)"
1856:
1416:
1566:
1440:
80:
1411:
100:
76:
1598:
1222:"Guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"
924:
World map of all ratified GSSPs, SABSs, and GSSAs. GSSPs use red markers, SABSs use green markers, and GSSAs use purple markers.
2477:
1550:
1456:
1267:
1318:
1627:
1246:
1480:
1974:
2175:
1771:
1006:
713:
1811:
1488:
1526:
1503:
1163:
236:
1170:
2221:
1969:
308:
560:
551:
497:
389:
200:
1964:
848:
749:
461:
290:
209:
984:
that is found worldwide. The
Fortune Head GSSP is unlikely to be washed away or built over. Nonetheless,
839:
812:
641:
452:
2482:
2154:
2024:
866:
785:
776:
722:
704:
623:
596:
569:
515:
506:
434:
335:
254:
191:
911:
902:
893:
821:
758:
650:
605:
470:
416:
407:
398:
371:
362:
281:
272:
227:
218:
2364:
2344:
803:
767:
740:
731:
677:
668:
659:
614:
533:
488:
479:
425:
353:
344:
326:
317:
299:
263:
245:
1400:
International stratigraphic guide: A guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure
884:
875:
857:
695:
587:
578:
524:
2354:
2326:
2159:
1938:
1424:
1288:
1220:
Remane, J.; M. G. Bassett; J. W. Cowie; K.H. Gohrbandt; H.R. Lane; O. Michelsen; Wang Naiwen (1996).
1116:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1056:
830:
794:
686:
632:
542:
443:
380:
32:
2421:
1620:
1582:
1375:
2487:
2472:
2359:
2309:
2096:
1943:
1175:
2497:
2259:
2060:
1806:
1705:
1263:
115:
1558:
1448:
2502:
2492:
1861:
1096:
1081:
971:
64:
23:
The 'golden spike' (bronze disk in the lower section of the image) or 'type section' of the
2294:
2235:
2211:
2206:
1542:
1406:
1333:
1111:
126:
108:
68:
1241:
8:
2321:
2216:
2134:
2124:
1899:
1816:
1796:
1786:
1613:
1158:
1021:
157:
The outcrop should be unaffected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism.
72:
1337:
2446:
2426:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2196:
1995:
1959:
1761:
1349:
1033:
994:
133:
1590:
87:
changes. Hence GSSPs are usually described in terms of transitions between different
2254:
2050:
2045:
1889:
1725:
1353:
980:
122:
1464:
1221:
2451:
2400:
2316:
2264:
2040:
2018:
1884:
1781:
1341:
1236:
993:
the GSSP. However, no other fossil is known that would be preferable. There is no
139:
The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age.
99:
A geologic section has to fulfill a set of criteria to be adapted as a GSSP by the
28:
1472:
2384:
2349:
2336:
2299:
2246:
2104:
1999:
1933:
1894:
1731:
975:
36:
1195:
2284:
2082:
2070:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1928:
1851:
1776:
1131:
947:
1345:
1317:
Gehling, J.; Jensen, S. R.; Droser, M.; Myrow, P.; Narbonne, G. (March 2001).
2466:
2201:
2119:
2114:
2065:
2055:
1695:
1039:
1219:
170:
2279:
2077:
1791:
1766:
1751:
1717:
1677:
1543:"Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart"
1188:
967:
88:
84:
43:
19:
934:. The first stratigraphic boundary was defined in 1972 by identifying the
1979:
1876:
1838:
1821:
1756:
1737:
1670:
1650:
1148:
974:
is a typical GSSP. It is accessible by paved road and is set aside as a
959:
132:
The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be
1496:
1746:
1741:
1636:
1534:
1511:
1126:
2436:
2416:
2149:
2109:
1846:
1655:
1319:"Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland"
1143:
114:
The lower boundary has to be defined using a primary marker (usually
2431:
2269:
1913:
1826:
1527:"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview"
1051:
963:
939:
935:
2441:
1665:
1660:
1066:
1029:
160:
The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access.
154:
Sedimentation has to be continuous without any changes in facies.
143:
1866:
1605:
1153:
943:
1800:
1682:
1196:"Latest version of international chronostratigraphic chart"
1700:
171:
Agreed-upon Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Points
63:, is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a
1574:
1316:
1281:
121:
There should also be secondary markers (other fossils,
177:
List of Global
Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
107:
A GSSP has to define the lower boundary of a geologic
1136:
subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale
1000:
2181:
Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
942:boundary with a bronze plaque at a locality called
1373:
75:. The effort to define GSSPs is conducted by the
2464:
946:, northeast of the village of Suchomasty in the
1429:ICS Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information
1374:Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.; Gibbard, P.L. (2015),
1293:ICS Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information
1091:22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years
1012:"Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages" (GSSAs).
151:The outcrop has to have an adequate thickness.
103:. The following list summarizes the criteria:
16:Boundary of a stage on the geologic time scale
1621:
1425:"GSSP table with pages on each ratified GSSP"
1289:"GSSP table with pages on each ratified GSSP"
47:The 'golden spike' marking the Ediacaran GSSP
1198:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
53:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
25:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
1628:
1614:
1383:, International Commission on Stratigraphy
1213:
1076:10 defined, several hundred million years
81:International Union of Geological Sciences
1256:
1240:
83:. Most, but not all, GSSPs are based on
2176:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1412:International Commission on Stratigraphy
77:International Commission on Stratigraphy
42:
18:
1377:International Chronostratigraphic Chart
1022:Units in geochronology and stratigraphy
2465:
1575:"GSSPs and Continental drift 3D views"
1106:34 defined, tens of millions of years
1061:4 total, half a billion years or more
67:which defines the lower boundary of a
1609:
1402:, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1976
1504:"Math Words – An alphabetical index"
953:
142:The marker should be independent of
1407:"International Stratigraphic Chart"
13:
1975:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1001:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages
14:
2514:
1519:
1266:. Geologic Timescale Foundation.
1007:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
1601:from the original on 2023-12-07.
1585:from the original on 2023-12-08.
1569:from the original on 2023-11-30.
1553:from the original on 2022-06-30.
1483:from the original on 2021-04-27.
1435:from the original on 2017-01-02.
1419:from the original on 2019-04-03.
1363:from the original on 2017-08-11.
1252:from the original on 2015-03-18.
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
379:
370:
361:
352:
343:
334:
325:
316:
307:
298:
289:
280:
271:
262:
253:
244:
235:
226:
217:
208:
199:
190:
183:
1857:English and British regnal year
1547:stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu
1299:from the original on 2017-01-02
1270:from the original on 2023-01-24
1242:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007
1202:from the original on 2014-05-30
1164:New Zealand geologic time scale
1635:
1367:
1310:
1171:North American land mammal age
1121:99 defined, millions of years
59:), sometimes referred to as a
1:
2478:Geologic time scales of Earth
1970:Old Style and New Style dates
1473:"Web Geological Time Machine"
1457:"Earth Science: Geologic Age"
1392:
1922:Pre-Julian / Julian
7:
2155:Geological history of Earth
2025:Astronomical year numbering
1461:Washington State University
1015:
10:
2519:
1559:"GSSP Table - All Periods"
1004:
174:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2335:
2327:Thermoluminescence dating
2245:
2234:
2222:Samarium–neodymium dating
2189:
2168:
2142:
2133:
2095:
2033:
1988:
1952:
1921:
1912:
1875:
1837:
1716:
1691:
1643:
1445:USA National Park Service
1398:Hedberg, H.D., (editor),
1346:10.1017/S001675680100509X
2041:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1441:"What is Geologic Time?"
1181:
94:
2255:Amino acid racemisation
1563:timescalefoundation.org
1046:geochronological units
995:radiometrically datable
27:(GSSP) for the base of
2260:Archaeomagnetic dating
1772:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
118:of a fossil species).
116:first appearance datum
48:
40:
2160:Geological time units
134:radiometrically dated
65:stratigraphic section
46:
22:
2212:Law of superposition
2207:Isotope geochemistry
1595:rocksandminerals.com
921:class=notpageimage|
127:geomagnetic reversal
2345:Fluorine absorption
2322:Luminescence dating
2217:Luminescence dating
2125:Milankovitch cycles
1965:Proleptic Gregorian
1797:Hindu units of time
1338:2001GeoM..138..213G
1326:Geological Magazine
1159:Geologic time scale
1024:
73:geologic time scale
2483:Historical geology
2447:Terminus post quem
2427:Synchronoptic view
2394:Linguistic methods
2355:Obsidian hydration
2290:Radiometric dating
2275:Incremental dating
2197:Chronostratigraphy
1034:chronostratigraphy
1028:Segments of rock (
1020:
49:
41:
2460:
2459:
2373:
2372:
2230:
2229:
2091:
2090:
2046:Geologic Calendar
1908:
1907:
1477:ucmp.berkeley.edu
1140:
1139:
986:Treptichnus pedum
981:Treptichnus pedum
966:boundary GSSP at
954:Fortune Head GSSP
2510:
2452:ASPRO chronology
2401:Glottochronology
2317:Tephrochronology
2265:Dendrochronology
2243:
2242:
2140:
2139:
1939:Proleptic Julian
1929:Pre-Julian Roman
1919:
1918:
1714:
1713:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1586:
1570:
1554:
1538:
1533:. Archived from
1531:stratigraphy.org
1515:
1510:. Archived from
1500:
1495:. Archived from
1484:
1468:
1463:. Archived from
1452:
1447:. Archived from
1436:
1420:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1025:
1019:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
455:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
187:
79:, a part of the
29:Ediacaran period
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2405:
2389:
2385:Molecular clock
2378:Genetic methods
2369:
2350:Nitrogen dating
2337:Relative dating
2331:
2300:Potassium–argon
2247:Absolute dating
2237:
2226:
2185:
2164:
2129:
2105:Cosmic Calendar
2097:Astronomic time
2087:
2029:
1984:
1948:
1934:Original Julian
1904:
1871:
1833:
1732:Ab urbe condita
1710:
1687:
1639:
1634:
1589:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1525:
1522:
1502:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1045:
1018:
1009:
1003:
976:nature preserve
956:
927:
926:
925:
923:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
898:
897:
889:
888:
880:
879:
871:
870:
862:
861:
853:
852:
844:
843:
835:
834:
826:
825:
817:
816:
808:
807:
799:
798:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
735:
727:
726:
718:
717:
709:
708:
700:
699:
691:
690:
682:
681:
673:
672:
664:
663:
655:
654:
646:
645:
637:
636:
628:
627:
619:
618:
610:
609:
601:
600:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
538:
537:
529:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
502:
501:
493:
492:
484:
483:
475:
474:
466:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
421:
420:
412:
411:
403:
402:
394:
393:
385:
384:
376:
375:
367:
366:
358:
357:
349:
348:
340:
339:
331:
330:
322:
321:
313:
312:
304:
303:
295:
294:
286:
285:
277:
276:
268:
267:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:
232:
231:
223:
222:
214:
213:
205:
204:
196:
195:
179:
173:
97:
85:paleontological
37:South Australia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Paleogeography
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Earth sciences
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:New Chronology
2419:
2413:
2411:
2410:Related topics
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2285:Paleomagnetism
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2083:New Earth Time
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1944:Revised Julian
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:Lists of kings
1859:
1854:
1852:Canon of Kings
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Before present
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
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2365:Stratigraphy
2310:Uranium–lead
2280:Lichenometry
2180:
2078:Winter count
2061:Mesoamerican
1989:Astronomical
1807:Mesoamerican
1792:Sothic cycle
1767:Seleucid era
1752:Bosporan era
1740: /
1730:
1678:Paleontology
1594:
1579:ghkclass.net
1578:
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1535:the original
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1301:. Retrieved
1292:
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1272:. Retrieved
1264:"GSSP Rules"
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1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1190:
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972:Newfoundland
968:Fortune Head
957:
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98:
61:golden spike
60:
56:
52:
50:
24:
2305:Radiocarbon
1980:Dual dating
1839:Regnal year
1817:Short Count
1757:Bostran era
1738:Anno Domini
1671:Big History
1651:Archaeology
1508:pballew.net
1493:pballew.net
1149:MN zonation
960:Precambrian
2467:Categories
1900:Vietnamese
1812:Long Count
1747:Anno Mundi
1742:Common Era
1644:Key topics
1637:Chronology
1393:References
1303:2024-03-17
1274:2024-03-17
1206:2024-03-17
1127:Chronozone
2437:Year zero
2417:Chronicle
2360:Seriation
2295:Lead–lead
2169:Standards
2150:Deep time
2110:Ephemeris
1996:Lunisolar
1960:Gregorian
1953:Gregorian
1914:Calendars
1877:Era names
1847:Anka year
1726:Human Era
1656:Astronomy
1354:131211543
1235:: 77–81.
1144:Body plan
2432:Timeline
2270:Ice core
2143:Concepts
1890:Japanese
1822:Tzolk'in
1787:Egyptian
1599:Archived
1583:Archived
1567:Archived
1551:Archived
1481:Archived
1433:Archived
1417:Archived
1358:Archived
1297:Archived
1268:Archived
1247:Archived
1229:Episodes
1200:Archived
1052:Eonothem
1044:Notes to
1016:See also
964:Cambrian
940:Devonian
936:Silurian
123:chemical
33:Ediacara
2442:Floruit
2190:Methods
2051:Iranian
2019:Islamic
1885:Chinese
1696:Periods
1666:History
1661:Geology
1334:Bibcode
1067:Erathem
71:on the
2238:dating
2034:Others
2000:Hebrew
1895:Korean
1706:Epochs
1352:
1097:Series
1087:Period
1082:System
1030:strata
144:facies
2071:Aztec
2015:Lunar
2010:Solar
2004:Hindu
1867:Limmu
1827:Haab'
1782:Hijri
1381:(PDF)
1361:(PDF)
1350:S2CID
1322:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
1182:Notes
1154:Fauna
1132:Chron
1112:Stage
1102:Epoch
1032:) in
991:below
944:Klonk
109:stage
95:Rules
69:stage
2066:Maya
1801:Yuga
1701:Eras
1683:Time
958:The
57:GSSP
1342:doi
1330:138
1237:doi
1117:Age
1072:Era
1057:Eon
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101:ICS
2469::
2002:,
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51:A
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31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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