Climate change - Knowledge

2287: 2846: 3521: 2028: 1995: 3306: 2786: 1383: 53: 1938: 1957: 3448: 3417: 614: 1980: 1215: 311: 3235: 2268: 3951:, pp. 8–9: "Effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence)...Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)." 2831: 331: 2418: 73: 2237: 2253: 12938: 2882: 2563: 1555: 322: 2306: 2336: 1068: 884: 4893:: "The U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have each independently concluded that warming of the climate system in recent decades is "unequivocal". This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming (e.g. rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice)." 1668: 1622: 796: 622: 1453: 24750: 2613: 9716:, p. 300: "The global benefits of pathways limiting warming to 2 °C (>67%) outweigh global mitigation costs over the 21st century, if aggregated economic impacts of climate change are at the moderate to high end of the assessed range, and a weight consistent with economic theory is given to economic impacts over the long term. This holds true even without accounting for benefits in other sustainable development dimensions or nonmarket damages from climate change (medium confidence)." 2402: 4293:, p. 120: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." 2809: 3068: 1727: 1907: 556: 22239: 972: 3056: 25246: 24628: 23798: 23786: 3599: 22137: 22205: 23822: 23810: 22222: 22188: 2438:). Fossil fuel use is expected to peak in absolute terms prior to 2030 and then to decline, with coal use experiencing the sharpest reductions. Renewables represented 75% of all new electricity generation installed in 2019, nearly all solar and wind. Other forms of clean energy, such as nuclear and hydropower, currently have a larger share of the energy supply. However, their future growth forecasts appear limited in comparison. 21992: 22171: 22027: 24617: 22154: 3137:. The agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol. Unlike Kyoto, no binding emission targets were set in the Paris Agreement. Instead, a set of procedures was made binding. Countries have to regularly set ever more ambitious goals and reevaluate these goals every five years. The Paris Agreement restated that developing countries must be financially supported. As of October 2021, 194 states and the 10272:, p. 97: "Limiting warming to 1.5 °C can be achieved synergistically with poverty alleviation and improved energy security and can provide large public health benefits through improved air quality, preventing millions of premature deaths. However, specific mitigation measures, such as bioenergy, may result in trade-offs that require consideration." 4269:'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. ... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century ... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ... include the increased temperature trends described by global warming." 1294:

make local temperatures cooler. At latitudes closer to the poles, there is a cooling effect as forest is replaced by snow-covered (and more reflective) plains. Globally, these increases in surface albedo have been the dominant direct influence on temperature from land use change. Thus, land use change to date is estimated to have a slight cooling effect.

6992:, p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06 °C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land." 3819:, p. 16: "Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)." 716:. The pattern is independent of where greenhouse gases are emitted, because the gases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet. Since the pre-industrial period, the average surface temperature over land regions has increased almost twice as fast as the global average surface temperature. This is because oceans lose more heat by 1599:, and energy use affect—and interact with—the physical climate. With this information, these models can produce scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions. This is then used as input for physical climate models and carbon cycle models to predict how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change. Depending on the 1500:, and water vapour itself is a potent greenhouse gas. Warmer air can also result in clouds becoming higher and thinner, where they act as an insulator and warm the planet. Another major feedback is the reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic, reducing the reflectivity of the Earth's surface there and contributing to 3672:, p. 54: "These global-level rates of human-driven change far exceed the rates of change driven by geophysical or biosphere forces that have altered the Earth System trajectory in the past (e.g., Summerhayes, 2015; Foster et al., 2017); even abrupt geophysical events do not approach current rates of human-driven change." 3587:. Consensus has further developed that some form of action should be taken to protect people against the impacts of climate change. National science academies have called on world leaders to cut global emissions. The 2021 IPCC Assessment Report stated that it is "unequivocal" that climate change is caused by humans. 3083:(UNFCCC). The goal of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system. As stated in the convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and 2221:, within and between countries. More people are expected to be displaced because of sea level rise, extreme weather and conflict from increased competition over natural resources. Climate change may also increase vulnerability, leading to "trapped populations" who are not able to move due to a lack of resources. 1780:'s long atmospheric lifetime. When net emissions stabilize surface air temperatures will also stabilize, but oceans and ice caps will continue to absorb excess heat from the atmosphere. The result is an estimated total sea level rise of 2.3 metres per degree Celsius (4.2 ft/°F) after 2000 years. Oceanic CO 677:". After the hiatus, the opposite occurred, with years like 2023 exhibiting temperatures well above even the recent average. This is why the temperature change is defined in terms of a 20-year average, which reduces the noise of hot and cold years and decadal climate patterns, and detects the long-term signal. 2286: 1687:. Between 1993 and 2020, the rise increased over time, averaging 3.3 ± 0.3 mm per year. Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects 32–62 cm of sea level rise under a low emission scenario, 44–76 cm under an intermediate one and 65–101 cm under a very high emission scenario. 7417:

Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth's surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn't inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the

4281:: "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". 3121:

has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, and was rejected by poorer nations including the G77. Associated parties aimed to limit the global temperature rise to below 2 °C. The Accord set the goal of sending $ 100 billion per year to developing countries for mitigation

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within the next decade to limit global warming to 2 °C. An even greater level of reduction is required to meet the 1.5 °C goal. With pledges made under the Paris Agreement as of October 2021, global warming would still have a 66% chance of reaching about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C)

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is a representation of the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the climate system. Models include natural processes like changes in the Earth's orbit, historical changes in the Sun's activity, and volcanic forcing. Models are used to estimate the degree of warming future emissions

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emissions decrease, the Earth will be able to absorb up to around 70%. If they increase substantially, it'll still absorb more carbon than now, but the overall fraction will decrease to below 40%. This is because climate change increases droughts and heat waves that eventually inhibit plant growth on

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to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight. Deforestation can also modify the release of chemical compounds that influence clouds, and by changing wind patterns. In tropic and temperate areas the net effect is to produce significant warming, and forest restoration can

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Ebi, Kristie L.; Balbus, John; Luber, George; Bole, Aparna; Crimmins, Allison R.; Glass, Gregory E.; Saha, Shubhayu; Shimamoto, Mark M.; Trtanj, Juli M.; White-Newsome, Jalonne L. (2018). Chapter 14 : Human Health. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate

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Mora, Camilo; Dousset, Bénédicte; Caldwell, Iain R.; Powell, Farrah E.; Geronimo, Rollan C.; Bielecki, Coral R.; Counsell, Chelsie W. W.; Dietrich, Bonnie S.; Johnston, Emily T.; Louis, Leo V.; Lucas, Matthew P.; McKenzie, Marie M.; Shea, Alessandra G.; Tseng, Han; Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Leon, Lisa

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Hydropower generation is estimated to have increased by over 2% in 2019 owing to continued recovery from drought in Latin America as well as strong capacity expansion and good water availability in China (...) capacity expansion has been losing speed. This downward trend is expected to continue, due

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At present, local human activities, coupled with past thermal stress, threaten an estimated 75 percent of the world's reefs. By 2030, estimates predict more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by local human activities, warming, and acidification, with nearly 60% facing high, very high,

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is not possible for everybody. In agriculture, adaptation options include a switch to more sustainable diets, diversification, erosion control, and genetic improvements for increased tolerance to a changing climate. Insurance allows for risk-sharing, but is often difficult to get for people on lower

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Agriculture and forestry face a triple challenge of limiting greenhouse gas emissions, preventing the further conversion of forests to agricultural land, and meeting increases in world food demand. A set of actions could reduce agriculture and forestry-based emissions by two thirds from 2010 levels.

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Strategies to reduce energy demand vary by sector. In the transport sector, passengers and freight can switch to more efficient travel modes, such as buses and trains, or use electric vehicles. Industrial strategies to reduce energy demand include improving heating systems and motors, designing less

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is already melting, but if global warming reaches levels between 1.7 °C and 2.3 °C, its melting will continue until it fully disappears. If the warming is later reduced to 1.5 °C or less, it will still lose a lot more ice than if the warming was never allowed to reach the threshold in

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established that nitrogen and oxygen—together totalling 99% of dry air—are transparent to radiated heat. However, water vapour and gases such as methane and carbon dioxide absorb radiated heat and re-radiate that heat into the atmosphere. Tyndall proposed that changes in the concentrations of these

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proposed the greenhouse effect to explain why Earth's temperature was higher than the Sun's energy alone could explain. Earth's atmosphere is transparent to sunlight, so sunlight reaches the surface where it is converted to heat. However, the atmosphere is not transparent to heat radiating from the

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but also trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation. An example for synergy is increased food productivity, which has large benefits for both adaptation and mitigation. An example of a trade-off is that increased use of air conditioning allows people to better cope with heat, but increases energy

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Ongoing changes in climate have had no precedent for several thousand years. Multiple independent datasets all show worldwide increases in surface temperature, at a rate of around 0.2 °C per decade. The 2013–2022 decade warmed to an average 1.15 °C compared to the pre-industrial baseline

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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Barlow, Natasha L. M.; McClymont, Erin L.; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Bentley, Michael J.; Callard, S. Louise; Cofaigh, Colm Ó; Evans, David J. A.; Horrocks, Jennifer R.; Lloyd, Jerry M.; Long, Antony J.; Margold, Martin; Roberts, David H.

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Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%, and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%.

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is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action from public institutions and companies. Activists also initiate lawsuits which target governments and demand that they take ambitious action or enforce existing laws on climate change. Lawsuits against fossil-fuel companies generally seek

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issues and social inequality. According to proponents of climate justice, the costs of climate adaptation should be paid by those most responsible for climate change, while the beneficiaries of payments should be those suffering impacts. One way this can be addressed in practice is to have wealthy

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improves human health by minimizing climate change as well as reducing air pollution deaths, which were estimated at 7 million annually in 2016. Meeting the Paris Agreement goals that limit warming to a 2 °C increase could save about a million of those lives per year by 2050, whereas limiting

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While women are not inherently more at risk from climate change and shocks, limits on women's resources and discriminatory gender norms constrain their adaptive capacity and resilience. For example, women's work burdens, including hours worked in agriculture, tend to decline less than men's during

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Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild,

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Significant regional, gender, age and political differences exist in both public concern for, and understanding of, climate change. More highly educated people, and in some countries, women and younger people, were more likely to see climate change as a serious threat. Partisan gaps also exist in

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Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and

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Climate change can be mitigated by reducing the rate at which greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere, and by increasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. In order to limit global warming to less than 1.5 °C global greenhouse gas emissions needs to be

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emissions tend to be less concerned. Views on causes of climate change vary widely between countries. Concern has increased over time, to the point where in 2021 a majority of citizens in many countries express a high level of worry about climate change, or view it as a global emergency. Higher

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Adaptation is "the process of adjustment to current or expected changes in climate and its effects". Without additional mitigation, adaptation cannot avert the risk of "severe, widespread and irreversible" impacts. More severe climate change requires more transformative adaptation, which can be

378:, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century. Limiting warming to 1.5 °C would require halving emissions by 2030 and achieving 3203:

Major countries in Asia have made similar pledges: South Korea and Japan have committed to become carbon-neutral by 2050, and China by 2060. While India has strong incentives for renewables, it also plans a significant expansion of coal in the country. Vietnam is among very few coal-dependent,

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that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea-level rise. Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050. The effect of decreasing sulfur

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Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias (Brazil); Royal Society of Canada; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Académie des Sciences (France); Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany); Indian National Science Academy; Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy); Science Council of Japan, Academia

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is drawn from the atmosphere. It remains highly uncertain whether carbon dioxide removal techniques will be able to play a large role in limiting warming to 1.5 °C. Policy decisions that rely on carbon dioxide removal increase the risk of global warming rising beyond international goals.

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and onshore wind are now among the cheapest forms of adding new power generation capacity in many locations, green energy policies are needed to achieve a rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewables. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, renewable energy would become the dominant form of

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can release gases, dust and ash that partially block sunlight and reduce temperatures, or they can send water vapour into the atmosphere, which adds to greenhouse gases and increases temperatures. These impacts on temperature only last for several years, because both water vapour and volcanic

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Although there is no single pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 °C, most scenarios and strategies see a major increase in the use of renewable energy in combination with increased energy efficiency measures to generate the needed greenhouse gas reductions. To reduce pressures on

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estimates a 66% chance of global temperatures exceeding 1.5 °C warming from the preindustrial baseline for at least one year between 2023 and 2027. Because the IPCC uses a 20-year average to define global temperature changes, a single year exceeding 1.5 °C does not break the limit.

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Oxfam found that in 2023 the wealthiest 10% of people were responsible for 50% of global emissions, while the bottom 50% were responsible for just 8%. Production of emissions is another way to look at responsibility: under that approach, the top 21 fossil fuel companies would owe cumulative

3807:, p. 45: "Climate change is playing an increasing role in determining wildfire regimes alongside human activity (medium confidence), with future climate variability expected to enhance the risk and severity of wildfires in many biomes such as tropical rainforests (high confidence)." 1558:

Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Most sunlight passes through the atmosphere to heat the Earth's surface, then greenhouse gases absorb most of the heat the Earth radiates in response. Adding to greenhouse gases increases this insulating effect, causing an

3275:: creating the belief that there is significant uncertainty about climate change within the scientific community in order to delay policy changes. Strategies to promote these ideas include criticism of scientific institutions, and questioning the motives of individual scientists. An 5803:

Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3 °C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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There are different variants of climate denial: some deny that warming takes place at all, some acknowledge warming but attribute it to natural influences, and some minimize the negative impacts of climate change. Manufacturing uncertainty about the science later developed into a

3267:, the main strategy of these groups has been to manufacture doubt about climate-change related scientific data and results. People who hold unwarranted doubt about climate change are called climate change "skeptics", although "contrarians" or "deniers" are more appropriate terms. 3003:

reached $ 319 billion in 2017, and $ 5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in. Ending these can cause a 28% reduction in global carbon emissions and a 46% reduction in air pollution deaths. Money saved on fossil subsidies could be used to support the

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makes catastrophic fires less likely, and reduces human exposure. Giving rivers more space allows for more water storage in the natural system, reducing flood risk. Restored forest acts as a carbon sink, but planting trees in unsuitable regions can exacerbate climate impacts.

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uptake is slow enough that ocean acidification will also continue for hundreds to thousands of years. Deep oceans (below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft)) are also already committed to losing over 10% of their dissolved oxygen by the warming which occurred to date. Further, the

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energy-intensive products, and increasing product lifetimes. In the building sector the focus is on better design of new buildings, and higher levels of energy efficiency in retrofitting. The use of technologies like heat pumps can also increase building energy efficiency.

2094:, 14.5 million more deaths are expected due to climate change by 2050. 30% of the global population currently live in areas where extreme heat and humidity are already associated with excess deaths. By 2100, 50% to 75% of the global population would live in such areas. 3795:, p. 7: "Since the pre-industrial period, the land surface air temperature has risen nearly twice as much as the global average temperature (high confidence). Climate change... contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence)." 5994:

Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021).

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increases the uptake of carbon into organic matter. When carbon is sequestered in soils and in organic matter such as trees, there is a risk of the carbon being re-released into the atmosphere later through changes in land use, fire, or other changes in ecosystems.

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is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less. The first two decades of the 21st century saw an increase in adaptive capacity in most low- and middle-income countries with improved access to basic

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Sea ice reflects 50% to 70% of incoming sunlight, while the ocean, being darker, reflects only 6%. As an area of sea ice melts and exposes more ocean, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, raising temperatures that melt still more ice. This is a positive feedback

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Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon

4200:, p. 84: "Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2°C or 1.5°C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence)." 5502:, p. 5: "Black carbon that is deposited on snow and ice darkens those surfaces and decreases their reflectivity (albedo). This is known as the snow/ice albedo effect. This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting." 2039:

facing the greatest risk. Continued warming has potentially "severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts" for people and ecosystems. The risks are unevenly distributed, but are generally greater for disadvantaged people in developing and developed countries.

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emissions. Volcanic activity still represents the single largest natural impact (forcing) on temperature in the industrial era. Yet, like the other natural forcings, it has had negligible impacts on global temperature trends since the Industrial Revolution.

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Thomas, Zoë A.; Jones, Richard T.; Turney, Chris S.M.; Golledge, Nicholas; Fogwill, Christopher; Bradshaw, Corey J.A.; Menviel, Laurie; McKay, Nicholas P.; Bird, Michael; Palmer, Jonathan; Kershaw, Peter; Wilmshurst, Janet; Muscheler, Raimund (April 2020).

7558:, p. 93: "Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases." 5426:

dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the

3211:, which represent 40% of the parties to the Paris Agreement, estimated total greenhouse gas emissions will be 0.5% lower compared to 2010 levels, below the 45% or 25% reduction goals to limit global warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C, respectively. 2210:. In some regions, the rise in temperature and humidity may be too severe for humans to adapt to. With worst-case climate change, models project that almost one-third of humanity might live in Sahara-like uninhabitable and extremely hot climates. 1033:, naturally-occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be about 33 °C warmer than it would have been in their absence. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution, mainly extracting and burning fossil fuels ( 1890:

and cause great loss of marine life. Coastal ecosystems are under particular stress. Almost half of global wetlands have disappeared due to climate change and other human impacts. Plants have come under increased stress from damage by insects.

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over the 21st century. CDR would be used to compensate for residual emissions and, in most cases, achieve net negative emissions to return global warming to 1.5 °C following a peak (high confidence). CDR deployment of several hundreds of

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would eliminate about 3/4ths of all emissions from agriculture and other land use. Livestock also occupy 37% of ice-free land area on Earth and consume feed from the 12% of land area used for crops, driving deforestation and land degradation.

869:. However, it is clear that fossil fuel resources need to be proactively kept in the ground to prevent substantial warming. Otherwise, their shortages would not occur until the emissions have already locked in significant long-term impacts. 7418:

eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects.

7735:: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway." 3582:

There is a near-complete scientific consensus that the climate is warming and that this is caused by human activities. As of 2019, agreement in recent literature reached over 99%. No scientific body of national or international standing

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Inequalities based on wealth and social status have worsened due to climate change. Major difficulties in mitigating, adapting to, and recovering from climate shocks are faced by marginalized people who have less control over resources.

6575:, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). 5211:

While exceeding the 2 °C threshold for a number of days does not mean that we have breached the Paris Agreement targets, the more often that we exceed this threshold, the more serious the cumulative effects of these breaches will

941:. For example, solar forcing—whose fingerprint involves warming the entire atmosphere—is ruled out because only the lower atmosphere has warmed. Atmospheric aerosols produce a smaller, cooling effect. Other drivers, such as changes in 7620:: "Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade." 1337:, organic carbon from combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, and from anthropogenic dust. Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990 due to pollution controls, meaning that they no longer mask greenhouse gas warming as much. 6797:: "2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period." 2652:, and using compost and manure as soil amendments. Forest and landscape restoration yields many benefits for the climate, including greenhouse gas emissions sequestration and reduction. Restoration/recreation of coastal wetlands, 4666:, p. 57: "This report adopts the 51-year reference period, 1850–1900 inclusive, assessed as an approximation of pre-industrial levels in AR5 ... Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900" 18893:

Mexicana de Ciencias; Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (Mexico); Russian Academy of Sciences; Academy of Science of South Africa; Royal Society (United Kingdom); National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) (May 2009).

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Kennedy, J. J.; Thorne, W. P.; Peterson, T. C.; Ruedy, R. A.; et al. (2010). Arndt, D. S.; Baringer, M. O.; Johnson, M. R. (eds.). "How do we know the world has warmed?". Special supplement: State of the Climate in 2009.

4757:, pp. 4–5: "Global-scale observations from the instrumental era began in the mid-19th century for temperature and other variables ... the period 1880 to 2012 ... multiple independently produced datasets exist." 4105:, p. 36: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance." 1406:, and indirect measurements are available from the early 1600s onwards. Since 1880, there has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, in contrast to the warming of the lower atmosphere (the 365:

Many climate change impacts have been felt in recent years, with 2023 the warmest on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F) since regular tracking began in 1850. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger

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Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural

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Reducing energy demand is another major aspect of reducing emissions. If less energy is needed, there is more flexibility for clean energy development. It also makes it easier to manage the electricity grid, and minimizes

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Renewable energy is key to limiting climate change. For decades, fossil fuels have accounted for roughly 80% of the world's energy use. The remaining share has been split between nuclear power and renewables (including

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from short periods to falsely assert that global temperatures are not rising. Blue trendlines show short periods that mask longer-term warming trends (red trendlines). Blue rectangle with blue dots shows the so-called

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headcounts could decline by 7–10% by 2050, as less animal feed will be available. If the emissions continue to increase for the rest of century, then over 9 million climate-related deaths would occur annually by 2100.

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Ecosystems adapt to climate change, a process that can be supported by human intervention. By increasing connectivity between ecosystems, species can migrate to more favourable climate conditions. Species can also be

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Meinshausen, Malte; Smith, S. J.; Calvin, K.; Daniel, J. S.; Kainuma, M. L. T.; Lamarque, J-F.; Matsumoto, K.; Montzka, S. A.; Raper, S. C. B.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Velders, G. J. M.; van Vuuren, D.P. P. (2011).

2745:. Protection and restoration of natural and semi-natural areas helps build resilience, making it easier for ecosystems to adapt. Many of the actions that promote adaptation in ecosystems, also help humans adapt via 1979: 2571:

These include reducing growth in demand for food and other agricultural products, increasing land productivity, protecting and restoring forests, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production.

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Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more

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Xia, Wenwen; Wang, Yong; Chen, Siyu; Huang, Jianping; Wang, Bin; Zhang, Guang J.; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Xiaohong; Ma, Jianmin; Gong, Peng; Jiang, Yiquan; Wu, Mingxuan; Xue, Jinkai; Wei, Linyi; Zhang, Tinghan (2022).

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Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005).

6681:: "Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials." 1956: 8942: 8711: 7311:"Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report" 2468:

There are obstacles to the continued rapid growth of clean energy, including renewables. For wind and solar, there are environmental and land use concerns for new projects. Wind and solar also produce energy

21589: 2267: 597:, did not occur at the same time across different regions. Temperatures may have reached as high as those of the late 20th century in a limited set of regions. Climate information for that period comes from 21534: 20142: 3313:

Climate change came to international public attention in the late 1980s. Due to media coverage in the early 1990s, people often confused climate change with other environmental issues like ozone depletion.

2785: 8311:

Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022).

1937: 19117:

In-depth analysis accompanying the Commission Communication COM(2018) 773: A Clean Planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy

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and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase. Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but more recent models agree well with observations. The 2017 United States-published

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Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023).

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to public health and local environments exceed the costs in almost all regions. Furthermore, net importers of fossil fuels win economically from switching to clean energy, causing net exporters to face

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can smooth variability of renewable outputs. Bioenergy is often not carbon-neutral and may have negative consequences for food security. The growth of nuclear power is constrained by controversy around

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Lenton, Timothy M.; Xu, Chi; Abrams, Jesse F.; Ghadiali, Ashish; Loriani, Sina; Sakschewski, Boris; Zimm, Caroline; Ebi, Kristie L.; Dunn, Robert R.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (2023).

1906: 12341: 3152:, an international agreement to stop emitting ozone-depleting gases, may have been more effective at curbing greenhouse gas emissions than the Kyoto Protocol specifically designed to do so. The 2016 1588:

notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". Additionally, climate models may be unable to adequately predict short-term regional climatic shifts.

9049:, p. 1596: "Within 50 to 70 years, loss of hunting habitats may lead to elimination of polar bears from seasonally ice-covered areas, where two-thirds of their world population currently live." 3255:, which originated in the United States and has since spread to other countries, particularly Canada and Australia. Climate change denial has originated from fossil fuel companies, industry groups, 1652:, ice, and weather. Changes may occur gradually or rapidly. Evidence for these effects comes from studying climate change in the past, from modelling, and from modern observations. Since the 1950s, 21223: 4985:

At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature

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radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment."

2172:, who are subsistent on their land and ecosystems, will face endangerment to their wellness and lifestyles due to climate change. An expert elicitation concluded that the role of climate change in 1414:) would also be warming if the Sun was sending more energy to Earth, but instead, it has been cooling. This is consistent with greenhouse gases preventing heat from leaving the Earth's atmosphere. 1278:

have accounted for the remaining 23%. Some forests have not been fully cleared, but were already degraded by these impacts. Restoring these forests also recovers their potential as a carbon sink.

14098:

IPCC (2022). Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Tignor, M.; Poloczanska, E.S.; Mintenbeck, K.; Alegría, A.; Craig, M.; Langsdorf, S.; Löschke, S.; Möller, V.; Okem, A.; Rama, B.; et al. (eds.).

3309:

The public substantially underestimates the degree of scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change. Studies from 2019 to 2021 found scientific consensus to range from 98.7 to 100%.

834:. The warming will continue past 2100 in the intermediate and high emission scenarios, with future projections of global surface temperatures by year 2300 being similar to millions of years ago. 21980: 1698:. While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2 °C. Higher atmospheric CO 1536:

distribution. Uncertainty over feedbacks, particularly cloud cover, is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

19638: 2640:(planting forests where there were none before) are among the most mature sequestration techniques, although the latter raises food security concerns. Farmers can promote sequestration of 19559: 6593: 3008:

instead. More direct methods to reduce greenhouse gases include vehicle efficiency standards, renewable fuel standards, and air pollution regulations on heavy industry. Several countries

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have typically been responsible for a small share of global emissions. This raises questions about justice and fairness. Limiting global warming makes it much easier to achieve the UN's

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infrastructure development. Major increases in energy efficiency investment will be required to achieve climate goals, comparable to the level of investment in renewable energy. Several

4133:, p. 17, SPM C.3: "All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 °C with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100–1000 GtCO 24151: 23860: 11662: 7644:: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. 641:

records began to provide global coverage. Between the 18th century and 1970 there was little net warming, as the warming impact of greenhouse gas emissions was offset by cooling from

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and lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets. They also reduce the

7522:, p. 58: "The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence)" 3160:, a group of powerful greenhouse gases which served as a replacement for banned ozone-depleting gases. This made the Montreal Protocol a stronger agreement against climate change. 21560: 21475: 2305: 845:

to greenhouse gases. According to the IPCC, global warming can be kept below 1.5 °C with a two-thirds chance if emissions after 2018 do not exceed 420 or 570 gigatonnes of CO

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in the atmosphere. Per-capita emissions were also still relatively low in developing countries and developing countries would need to emit more to meet their development needs.

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by 2050, or by 2070 with a 2 °C target. This requires far-reaching, systemic changes on an unprecedented scale in energy, land, cities, transport, buildings, and industry.

991:, and greenhouse gases absorb a portion of it. This absorption slows the rate at which heat escapes into space, trapping heat near the Earth's surface and warming it over time. 21981: 19516: 5839:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3 °C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 3087:

can be sustained. The UNFCCC does not itself restrict emissions but rather provides a framework for protocols that do. Global emissions have risen since the UNFCCC was signed.

937:

To determine the human contribution to climate change, unique "fingerprints" for all potential causes are developed and compared with both observed patterns and known internal

19776:. The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee. UK Parliament. 19014: 3846: 21644: 21353: 20844:"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act" 23522: 9763:, p. 266: "Where reforestation is the restoration of natural ecosystems, it benefits both carbon sequestration and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services." 998:(≈50%) and clouds (≈25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they primarily change as a function of temperature and are therefore mostly considered to be 19713: 14101:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023).

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Electrification & Decarbonization: Exploring U.S. Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Scenarios with Widespread Electrification and Power Sector Decarbonization

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which is to "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". The goals on food, clean water and ecosystem protection have synergies with climate mitigation.

2383:(SRM) is also a possible supplement to deep reductions in emissions. However, SRM raises significant ethical and legal concerns, and the risks are imperfectly understood. 2049: 1846:

The oceans have heated more slowly than the land, but plants and animals in the ocean have migrated towards the colder poles faster than species on land. Just as on land,

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and electricity, but progress is slow. Many countries have implemented adaptation policies. However, there is a considerable gap between necessary and available finance.

21323: 19658: 13854:

IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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appears committed to practically irreversible melting, which would increase the sea levels by at least 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) over approximately 2000 years.

20158:

Van Oldenborgh, Geert-Jan; Philip, Sjoukje; Kew, Sarah; Vautard, Robert; et al. (2019). "Human contribution to the record-breaking June 2019 heat wave in France".

19334: 17643:

Sand, M.; Berntsen, T. K.; von Salzen, K.; Flanner, M. G.; et al. (2015). "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".

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the first place. While the ice sheets would melt over millennia, other tipping points would occur faster and give societies less time to respond. The collapse of major

806:

changes for the year 2090 relative to the 1850–1900 average. The current trajectory for warming by the end of the century is roughly halfway between these two extremes.

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Wuebbles, D.J.; Fahey, D.W.; Hibbard, K.A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J.P.; Taylor, P.C.; Waple, A.M.; Yohe, C.P. (23 November 2018).

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Other approaches to mitigating climate change have a higher level of risk. Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C typically project the large-scale use of

23698: 19794: 4723: 1664:, and the geographic range likely expanding poleward in response to climate warming. Frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased as a result of climate change. 14871: 14116:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

7049: 23366: 22823: 21626: 20138: 19374: 18968: 18591:

Wild, M.; Gilgen, Hans; Roesch, Andreas; Ohmura, Atsumu; et al. (2005). "From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface".

14175:

Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

21528: 21021: 19082:

Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2015). "Chapter 10: Challenging Climate Change: The Denial Countermovement". In Dunlap, Riley E.; Brulle, Robert J. (eds.).

15466:"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" 7678:

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation".

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demonstrated that the warming effect of the Sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and that the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide (CO

2502:. Hydropower growth is limited by the fact that the best sites have been developed, and new projects are confronting increased social and environmental concerns. 831: 21670: 21936: 21231: 19063:

Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). "Chapter 10: Organized climate change denial". In Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David (eds.).

18471: 18258: 15202:"AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism – Recent Progress and Future Challenges" 5229:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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period have increased in India and East Asia. Monsoonal precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere has increased since 1980. The rainfall rate and intensity of

23853: 19777: 17202: 16842: 3962: 3520: 1489:

to space in response to rising temperature. In addition to temperature feedbacks, there are feedbacks in the carbon cycle, such as the fertilizing effect of CO

1206:

is only removed from the atmosphere for the long term when it is stored in the Earth's crust, which is a process that can take millions of years to complete.

24049: 23539: 20102: 19899:

Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

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Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

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Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

19467:

Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C

14704: 3080: 3050: 2505: 2027: 2035:

The effects of climate change are impacting humans everywhere in the world. Impacts can be observed on all continents and ocean regions, with low-latitude,

24027: 21860: 21723: 18481:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate" 16496:

Matthews, H. Damon; Gillett, Nathan P.; Stott, Peter A.; Zickfeld, Kirsten (2009). "The proportionality of global warming to cumulative carbon emissions".

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Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

2461:(cycling and walking). For shipping and flying, low-carbon fuels would reduce emissions. Heating could be increasingly decarbonized with technologies like 1576:. Models also predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. 6114:"Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability" 5752: 5260:

The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.

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Economic damages due to climate change may be severe and there is a chance of disastrous consequences. Severe impacts are expected in South-East Asia and

1730:

Different levels of global warming may cause different parts of Earth's climate system to reach tipping points that cause transitions to different states.

823: 23990: 22975: 22791: 21054: 17498:"The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms" 12034: 11297:

Khalfan, Ashfaq; Lewis, Astrid Nilsson; Aguilar, Carlos; Persson, Jacqueline; Lawson, Max; Dab, Nafkote; Jayoussi, Safa; Acharya, Sunil (November 2023).

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Hilaire, Jérôme; Minx, Jan C.; Callaghan, Max W.; Edmonds, Jae; Luderer, Gunnar; Nemet, Gregory F.; Rogelj, Joeri; Zamora, Maria Mar (17 October 2019).

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Electricity generated from renewable sources would also need to become the main energy source for heating and transport. Transport can switch away from

2446:

electricity generation, rising to 85% or more by 2050 in some scenarios. Investment in coal would be eliminated and coal use nearly phased out by 2050.

25280: 22970: 849:. This corresponds to 10 to 13 years of current emissions. There are high uncertainties about the budget. For instance, it may be 100 gigatonnes of CO 21127: 1579:

The physical realism of models is tested by examining their ability to simulate current or past climates. Past models have underestimated the rate of

910:

events cause short term cooling. Their relative frequency can affect global temperature trends on a decadal timescale. Other changes are caused by an

23846: 22838: 15593: 6833: 5882: 2540:

related changes in energy use patterns, energy efficiency investments, and funding have made forecasts for this decade more difficult and uncertain.

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emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range)"

2566:

Taking into account direct and indirect emissions, industry is the sector with the highest share of global emissions. Data as of 2019 from the IPCC.

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calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Scientists have warned about the irreversible harms it poses.

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Grabe, Grose and Dutt, 2014; FAO, 2011; FAO, 2021a; Fisher and Carr, 2015; IPCC, 2014; Resurrección et al., 2019; UNDRR, 2019; Yeboah et al., 2019.

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lead to increased illness and death. Climate change increases the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. It can affect transmission of

1691:

processes in Antarctica may add substantially to these values, including the possibility of a 2-meter sea level rise by 2100 under high emissions.

827: 724:. The thermal energy in the global climate system has grown with only brief pauses since at least 1970, and over 90% of this extra energy has been 21370: 19631: 2160:

can prevent outdoor labourers from working. If warming reaches 4 °C then labour capacity in those regions could be reduced by 30 to 50%. The

22818: 22765: 22113: 19762: 19258: 16006: 14356: 13640: 9629: 9009: 5394: 4598:

Marcott, S. A.; Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. (2013). "A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years".

3420:

This 1912 article succinctly describes the greenhouse effect, how burning coal creates carbon dioxide to cause global warming and climate change.

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extended the UNFCCC and included legally binding commitments for most developed countries to limit their emissions. During the negotiations, the

574:, with global average temperature ranging between 1 °C warmer and 5–6 °C colder than current levels. One of the hotter periods was the 20818: 19566: 18894: 18182: 11657: 11298: 7490:. Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. 7362: 6589: 3494:

to be around 5–6 °C. Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed that the greenhouse effect was saturated so that adding more CO

3373:. In this initiative, young people across the globe have been protesting since 2018 by skipping school on Fridays, inspired by Swedish teenager 2364:

ecosystems and enhance their carbon sequestration capabilities, changes would also be necessary in agriculture and forestry, such as preventing

1744:'—thresholds beyond which certain major impacts can no longer be avoided even if temperatures return to their previous state. For instance, the 617:

In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9 °C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1 °C.

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created a detailed computer model that included different atmospheric layers and the infrared spectrum. This model predicted that increasing CO

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levels could have produced a drop in temperature initiating an ice age. Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO

2830: 21034: 17461: 1947: 22474: 19674:(2007). "The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we're not wrong?". In DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (eds.). 8285: 8259: 7401: 7328: 6711:: "Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina ( 4689:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for September from 1951-2023" 3305: 2590:

emissions. In these industries, carbon-intensive materials such as coke and lime play an integral role in the production, so that reducing CO

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mainly to less large-project development in China and Brazil, where concerns over social and environmental impacts have restricted projects.

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on plant growth. Feedbacks are expected to trend in a positive direction as greenhouse gas emissions continue, raising climate sensitivity.

24017: 23965: 22707: 19354: 14739: 12703: 12292: 12057: 1643: 713: 689: 20058: 19202:"Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022: annual update of large-scale indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence" 5192: 799: 562:

reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores in blue. Directly observed data is in red.

25206: 24039: 24012: 23985: 23960: 22591: 21832: 16895: 15364: 10054: 2075: 1754: 772: 20785: 20716: 20640: 3584: 2676:, the gas can be captured and stored instead of released to the atmosphere. Although its current use is limited in scale and expensive, 1823:

productivity in some regions. The future balance of these opposing effects is unclear. A related phenomenon driven by climate change is

657:. After 1970, the increasing accumulation of greenhouse gases and controls on sulfur pollution led to a marked increase in temperature. 22860: 22808: 20699: 20422: 20083: 19802:. London: the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. 18171:"On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connection of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction" 15391: 8392: 7465: 7287:"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change" 6476: 4695:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). September 2023. 3365:

Climate protests demand that political leaders take action to prevent climate change. They can take the form of public demonstrations,

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content of fuel oil for ships since 2020 is estimated to cause an additional 0.05 °C increase in global mean temperature by 2050.

546: 20405: 12613: 12577: 11892: 1776:, sea level rise, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation. The timescale of long-term impacts are centuries to millennia due to CO 1496:

Radiative feedbacks are physical processes that influence the rate of global warming in response to warming. For instance, warmer air

24371: 24111: 23739: 22855: 22430: 22083: 21115: 19964: 13713: 12811:"Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later" 12094:"Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later" 3993: 3561: 2685: 2053: 1827:, affecting up to 500 million hectares globally. Climate change has contributed to the expansion of drier climate zones, such as the 1124: 665:

processes can make any year 0.2 °C warmer or colder than the average. From 1998 to 2013, negative phases of two such processes,

243: 133: 20658: 19116: 17864:"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'" 7268: 3842: 25290: 24641: 24636: 24356: 23980: 23070: 22781: 22499: 22276: 21349: 21186: 19135: 19033: 3528:

Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.

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Teske, Sven; Pregger, Thomas; Naegler, Tobias; Simon, Sonja; et al. (2019). "Energy Scenario Results". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

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levels would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying warming in a positive feedback loop. In 1896, he published the first

2954:, in which all countries benefit from mitigation done by other countries, but individual countries would lose from switching to a 2164:

estimates that between 2016 and 2030, climate change could drive over 120 million people into extreme poverty without adaptation.

1773: 228: 24631: 23975: 23426: 23215: 22373: 8131: 4741: 2579: 1382: 1218:

The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.

1050: 966: 165: 21140: 5386: 4999:"Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation" 4715: 2889:

ranks countries by greenhouse gas emissions (40% of score), renewable energy (20%), energy use (20%), and climate policy (20%).

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by the end of the century. Globally, limiting warming to 2 °C may result in higher economic benefits than economic costs.

866: 776: 113: 21315: 20345: 19504: 19020:(Report). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. 16039: 13869: 11572: 1390:("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) includes charts illustrating that neither solar nor volcanic activity can explain the observed warming. 24620: 24376: 24054: 23734: 22872: 21257: 20531: 20508: 20484: 20461: 20442: 20394: 20186: 20021: 20000: 19977: 19947: 19917: 19886: 19847: 19746: 19702: 19683: 19613: 19533: 19485: 19454: 19395: 19317: 19306: 19287: 19170: 19143: 19091: 19072: 18938: 18252: 17582: 16889: 16858: 16357:

Liverman, Diana M. (2009). "Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere".

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are trapping heat near the Earth's surface, and so less heat is radiating into space. Warming reduces average snow cover and

21890: 21699: 21533:(Dutch Television) (in Dutch). RIVM: Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 11 October 2016. 18345: 7491: 5904: 5231:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 25285: 25211: 24471: 24319: 23756: 22702: 22697: 20736: 18995: 15206: 5835:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 2352: 2292: 1741: 1735: 1671:

Historical sea level reconstruction and projections up to 2100 published in 2017 by the U.S. Global Change Research Program

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The climate system experiences various cycles on its own which can last for years, decades or even centuries. For example,

367: 204: 20293: 14833: 6807: 3447: 3416: 1528:. The rate at which oceans absorb atmospheric carbon will be lowered as they become more acidic and experience changes in 24324: 23970: 23955: 23237: 23015: 22833: 22755: 22745: 22728: 22635: 22442: 22125: 21803: 20993: 20063:

Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009

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over the 21st century. There are concerns, though, about over-reliance on these technologies, and environmental impacts.

2143: 2000: 1802: 1798: 1769: 1649: 1639: 224: 22760: 21618: 20320: 20192: 19297:

Haywood, Jim (2016). "Chapter 27 – Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Role in Climate Change". In Letcher, Trevor M. (ed.).

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Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023).

5068:"The global warming hiatus—a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation" 3204:

fast-developing countries that pledged to phase out unabated coal power by the 2040s or as soon as possible thereafter.

2720:

Adaptation to sea level rise consists of avoiding at-risk areas, learning to live with increased flooding, and building

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areas, mid- and low-latitude areas have been negatively affected. According to the World Economic Forum, an increase in

30:

This article is about the ongoing human-induced rise in global temperatures. For natural historical climate trends, see

24421: 24235: 24225: 24146: 24069: 23666: 23527: 23484: 22980: 21997: 21910: 21258:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays" 20678: 20268: 18895:"G8+5 Academies' joint statement: Climate change and the transformation of energy technologies for a low carbon future" 17534:"Rethinking standards of permanence for terrestrial and coastal carbon: implications for governance and sustainability" 11834:

Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J. (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

4016: 3560:". Scientists alerted the public, and the dangers were highlighted at James Hansen's 1988 Congressional testimony. The 2356: 1387: 1352:, which makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight. Indirect effects of aerosols are the largest uncertainty in 1311:

on a large scale. Aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation. From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of

259: 20913: 20218: 18480: 6722:). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because CO 5690: 5607: 3133:, which aims to keep global warming well below 2.0 °C and contains an aspirational goal of keeping warming under 24646: 24255: 24240: 24074: 24022: 23593: 23469: 23286: 22479: 21278: 20756: 20624: 20603: 20500: 20471: 14609: 13935: 13822: 13804: 13786: 13768: 13747: 9374: 5836: 3405: 3315: 3041:, people working in the fossil fuel sector would also need other jobs, and their communities would need investments. 1625:

The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in

1223: 811: 670: 613: 227:. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include 21932: 20243: 15810:

Holding, S.; Allen, D. M.; Foster, S.; Hsieh, A.; et al. (2016). "Groundwater vulnerability on small islands".

1819:

levels and an extended growing season have resulted in global greening. However, heatwaves and drought have reduced

24302: 24116: 24007: 23997: 23826: 23464: 23444: 23391: 23343: 22395: 21774: 21249: 18242: 17916: 15132:

Doney, Scott C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Feely, Richard A.; Kleypas, Joan A. (2009). "Ocean Acidification: The Other CO

13307: 3393: 3300: 3296: 3169: 2886: 1120: 137: 129: 88:. Natural forces cause some variability, but the 20-year average shows the progressive influence of human activity. 21722: 14173: 14079: 13988: 13970: 13673: 13579: 11423: 9370:

Women's leadership and gender equality in climate action and disaster risk reduction in Africa − A call for action

4507: 2625: 24952: 24679: 24436: 24185: 24163: 24121: 24091: 24044: 23927: 23910: 23893: 23869: 23583: 23534: 22960: 22922: 22867: 22327: 22050: 21590:"Statements on Climate Change from Major Scientific Academies, Societies, and Associations (January 2017 update)" 19771: 19695:

Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming

17256: 16079:

Kreidenweis, Ulrich; Humpenöder, Florian; Stevanović, Miodrag; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; et al. (July 2016).

14734: 14043: 13952: 13509: 13453: 13435: 13417: 12698: 12052: 8784: 2940: 2728:

may be needed. There are economic barriers for tackling dangerous heat impact. Avoiding strenuous work or having

2474: 1592: 1417: 109: 42: 38: 20431: 20118: 18149: 18124: 13380: 13362: 8255: 3779:) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current CO 2737:

can reduce climate vulnerability. Planting mangroves or encouraging other coastal vegetation can buffer storms.

2513:

and reduce poverty. Improving air quality also has economic benefits which may be larger than mitigation costs.

894:

for long lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented. Whiskers on each bar show the possible

24781: 24141: 24136: 23651: 22935: 22682: 19733: 19464:

Meinshausen, Malte (2019). "Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

18642: 18638:"Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling" 18385: 18295:"Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges" 17811: 17777:"Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations" 17419: 16973:"Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era" 16085: 15314: 15182: 14642:

Burke, Claire; Stott, Peter (2017). "Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on the East Asian Summer Monsoon".

14480: 12815: 12756: 12647: 12098: 11058:"Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review" 10737: 3691: 1680: 1136: 685: 680:

A wide range of other observations reinforce the evidence of warming. The upper atmosphere is cooling, because

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and switching to energy sources that do not produce significant carbon pollution. These energy sources include

196: 105: 31: 17: 17295:

Rauner, Sebastian; Bauer, Nico; Dirnaichner, Alois; Van Dingenen, Rita; Mutel, Chris; Luderer, Gunnar (2020).

14150: 13652: 13094: 12023: 11701: 10892: 6515: 4796: 3234: 2876: 1656:

and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. Extremely wet or dry events within the

1214: 24307: 24245: 23761: 23296: 22828: 21737: 21285: 21082: 19987: 17091:

Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Brown, Christopher J.; Sydeman, William J.; Kiessling, Wolfgang; et al. (2013).

15912:"Climate Change Impact: The Experience of the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Affected by Cyclones Sidr and Aila" 15662: 13597: 13289: 13271: 13253: 13235: 13148: 13125: 13071: 13040: 13018: 13000: 12977: 11778:"European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions" 11595: 6480: 5713:"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean" 4117:, pp. 95–96: "In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5 °C, global net anthropogenic CO 3455:

measured how much various gases in a tube absorb and emit infrared radiation—which humans experience as heat.

2936: 2478: 1859: 1600: 510: 21500: 19896:

Teske, Sven (2019). "Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry". In Teske, Sven (ed.).

17497: 16691: 16378:

Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; Rose, Fred G.; Kato, Seiji (2021).

9471: 2261:. Droughts, rising temperatures, and extreme weather negatively impact agriculture. Shown: Texas, US (2013). 23903: 23744: 23416: 22945: 22940: 22845: 22712: 22269: 22160: 21131: 18740: 17462:"The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels" 17092: 15685: 14961:

DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (2016). "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

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Studholme, Joshua; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Gulev, Sergey K.; Emanuel, Kerry; Hodges, Kevin (29 December 2021).

6394: 5224: 3009: 2932: 2380: 2312: 2106: 1962: 1688: 1519:

emissions have been absorbed by land plants and by the oceans. This fraction is not static and if future CO

819: 755:. As these surfaces flip from reflecting a lot of light to being dark after the ice has melted, they start 299: 220: 24456: 21193: 20432:

Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s

19201: 14061: 13476: 6825: 6388:

Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000).

1815:

has shifted northward at an average rate of 1.5 km/year over the past 55 years. Higher atmospheric CO

25123: 25045: 24274: 24158: 23915: 22955: 22798: 21075: 20939: 16047:

Kossin, J. P.; Hall, T.; Knutson, T.; Kunkel, K. E.; Trapp, R. J.; Walizer, D. E.; Wehner, M. F. (2017).

15072: 14565: 10534:"Soil organic carbon changes and distribution in cultivated and restored grassland soils in Saskatchewan" 10206: 3084: 3005: 2486: 1585: 911: 666: 22069: 20860: 19820: 18381:"Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere" 18037:

Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Anthony, Katey Walter; et al. (2019).

16081:"Afforestation to mitigate climate change: impacts on food prices under consideration of albedo effects" 14523:"Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015" 14350:

Bamber, Jonathan L.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Kopp, Robert E.; Aspinall, Willy P.; Cooke, Roger M. (2019).

13561: 7723:, pp. 58, 59: "Clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks." 1140: 822:(2023) included projections that by 2100 global warming is very likely to reach 1.0-1.8 °C under a 25050: 23814: 23578: 23381: 23338: 23111: 23033: 22887: 19246: 17751: 15255:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; et al. (2019).

14120: 14105: 14031: 13542: 13489: 13342: 13191: 13129: 13075: 12981: 10662: 10464: 7249: 7054: 3989: 3967: 3614: 2872: 2746: 2677: 2450: 1377: 979:

concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black)

818:

The IPCC expects the 20-year average global temperature to exceed +1.5 °C in the early 2030s. The

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deposits on snow and ice also contribute to Arctic warming. Arctic surface temperatures are increasing

559: 531: 21165: 19560:

Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition

13769:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development" 13178: 12752:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" 12462:

Climate Change and Ancient Societies in Europe and the Near East: Diversity in Collapse and Resilience

8024:

Liu, Fei; Wang, Bin; Ouyang, Yu; Wang, Hui; Qiao, Shaobo; Chen, Guosen; Dong, Wenjie (19 April 2022).

3687:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" 3347:

levels of worry are associated with stronger public support for policies that address climate change.

3188:

with the goal of making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050. In 2021, the European Commission released its "

578:

between 115,000 and 130,000 years ago, when sea levels were 6 to 9 metres higher than today. The most

25055: 24544: 24496: 24391: 24284: 24168: 23683: 23358: 23333: 23306: 23268: 23185: 23003: 22850: 22803: 22553: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22177: 22016: 21882: 21853: 20814: 19632:"January 2017 analysis from NOAA: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States" 18901: 18170: 17533: 15740: 15465: 13217: 12809:

Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021).

12679: 12331: 12092:

Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021).

11057: 10983: 6585: 6485: 6446: 5817: 3388: 3370: 3360: 3264: 2958:

themselves. Sometimes mitigation also has localized benefits though. For instance, the benefits of a

2702: 2470: 2330: 2110: 2059: 2022: 1616: 1345: 340: 291: 279: 275: 267: 172: 24451: 23198: 19260:

Shock Waves : Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Climate Change and Development

13119: 13065: 13064:(2007). Parry, M. L.; Canziani, O. F.; Palutikof, J. P.; van der Linden, P. J.; et al. (eds.). 12971: 10918:

Morecroft, Michael D.; Duffield, Simon; Harley, Mike; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; et al. (2019).

8705:

Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (9 April 2024).

7354: 6879: 5753:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 3126:. As of 2020, only 83.3 billion were delivered. Only in 2023 the target is expected to be achieved. 2477:

and conventional power plants have been used when variable energy production is low. Going forward,

24857: 24771: 24549: 24504: 24406: 24131: 23947: 23693: 23688: 23678: 23619: 23459: 22965: 22930: 22813: 22740: 22581: 22410: 22346: 22307: 21924: 21698: 21561:"How leaders planned to avert climate catastrophe at the UN (while Trump hung out in the basement)" 18920: 17994: 17725:"Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions" 15736:"Negative emissions and international climate goals – learning from and about mitigation scenarios" 14733:

Cattaneo, Cristina; Beine, Michel; Fröhlich, Christiane J.; Kniveton, Dominic; et al. (2019).

13905: 13887: 11777: 11470: 8583: 3272: 3063:

emissions in China and the rest of world have surpassed the output of the United States and Europe.

2417: 2406: 2153: 1970: 1824: 1786: 1560: 1529: 1443: 1349: 1341: 1084: 999: 958: 891: 878: 780: 630: 125: 21645:"Studying the Climate of the Past Is Essential for Preparing for Today's Rapidly Changing Climate" 20095: 18689:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

16639:"Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world" 15425:

Hagmann, David; Ho, Emily H.; Loewenstein, George (2019). "Nudging out support for a carbon tax".

14030:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US:

11272: 7941: 7760: 7310: 6331:

Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999).

1394:

As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the

841:

for staying beneath certain temperature increases is determined by modelling the carbon cycle and

310: 25270: 24596: 24534: 23937: 23802: 23724: 23634: 23376: 23348: 23028: 22677: 22655: 22262: 20283: 20096:

Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement Synthesis report by the secretariat

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USGCRP (2017). Wuebbles, D. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Hibbard, K. A.; Dokken, D. J.; et al. (eds.).

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Neukom, Raphael; Steiger, Nathan; Gómez-Navarro, Juan José; Wang, Jianghao; et al. (2019a).

12859: 11126: 8780:"Woody plant encroachment enhanced global vegetation greening and ecosystem water-use efficiency" 8281: 7801: 4460: 2996: 2557: 2553: 1966: 1549: 1478: 1458: 1186:

is returned to the atmosphere when biological matter is digested, burns, or decays. Land-surface

704:

earlier in spring, and thousands of animal species have been permanently moving to cooler areas.

65: 57: 21476:"Many globally are as concerned about climate change as about the spread of infectious diseases" 20520:

Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A Menu of Solutions to Feed Nearly 10 Billion People by 2050

20518: 20011: 19428:(Report). New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and Facebook Data for Good 17862:

Smith, Joel B.; Schneider, Stephen H.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Yohe, Gary W.; et al. (2009).

13335:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects

12937: 11125:, p. 447; United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, 7786: 7147: 5631:"Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate" 3478:

concentration in air was influenced by long-term geological processes. Warming from increased CO

3444:). She concluded that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature..." 1465:

The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by

72: 52: 24539: 24366: 23401: 23221: 23163: 23080: 23065: 22950: 22586: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 21636: 20335: 15956: 15525:

Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Van den Berg, Daphne; Ellers, Jacintha; Kampen, Remko; et al. (2018).

14566:""School Strike 4 Climate": Social Media and the International Youth Protest on Climate Change" 9841:"The Role of Firm Low-Carbon Electricity Resources in Deep Decarbonization of Power Generation" 9839:

Sepulveda, Nestor A.; Jenkins, Jesse D.; De Sisternes, Fernando J.; Lester, Richard K. (2018).

8644:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century" 6390:"Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica" 5840: 4370: 3425: 3366: 3324: 3197: 2603: 2376: 1850:

occur more frequently due to climate change, harming a wide range of organisms such as corals,

1695: 1263: 1160: 417: 200: 19376:

Macroeconomic and Financial Policies for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review of the Literature

18080:

Turner, Monica G.; Calder, W. John; Cumming, Graeme S.; Hughes, Terry P.; et al. (2020).

17344:

Rogelj, Joeri; Forster, Piers M.; Kriegler, Elmar; Smith, Christopher J.; et al. (2019).

15379: 12509: 12392: 11928: 11596:"High-Income Nations Are on Track Now to Meet $ 100 Billion Climate Pledges, but They're Late" 10042: 9961: 8126: 7881:"Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations" 6644: 3963:"Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?" 3110:

to " the lead" in reducing their emissions, since developed countries contributed most to the

2562: 1807:

Recent warming has driven many terrestrial and freshwater species poleward and towards higher

255: 25275: 24824: 23922: 23790: 23436: 23313: 23121: 22571: 22494: 20881: 20632: 20453: 18928: 18924: 17724: 16608: 16591: 16429:

Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Adger, W. Neil; Buhaug, Halvard; et al. (2019).

15812: 15427: 15022: 14787: 14699: 14419: 13851:(2019). Shukla, P. R.; Skea, J.; Calvo Buendia, E.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; et al. (eds.). 13234:

Hartmann, D. L.; Klein Tank, A. M. G.; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L. V.; et al. (2013).

12902: 12569: 12496: 12426: 12358: 10920:"Measuring the success of climate change adaptation and mitigation in terrestrial ecosystems" 10812: 9102: 9063: 8648: 6754: 6467: 5423: 3603: 3553: 3552:

showed that the oceans would not absorb the increase. The two scientists subsequently helped

3499: 3334: 3292: 3244: 3225: 3000: 2495: 2396: 2218: 2176:

has been small compared to factors such as socio-economic inequality and state capabilities.

2156:, where most of the local inhabitants are dependent upon natural and agricultural resources. 1474: 1072: 1030: 751:. The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but also more seasonal snow cover and 674: 385: 263: 121: 85: 20691: 19257:

Hallegatte, Stephane; Bangalore, Mook; Bonzanigo, Laura; Fay, Marianne; et al. (2016).

17995:"Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" 16550: 15781:

Hodder, Patrick; Martin, Brian (2009). "Climate Crisis? The Politics of Emergency Framing".

15392:"Mobilising civil society: can the climate movement achieve transformational social change?" 14934:"The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860" 12460: 11127:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

9633: 7457: 6437:

Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Langenfelds, R.; Francey, R.; Barnola, J.-M.; Morgan, V. (1998).

6332: 3611:– proposed geological time interval in which humans are having significant geological impact 3498:

would make no difference, and that the climate would be self-regulating. Beginning in 1938,

24985: 24937: 24709: 24524: 24292: 23932: 23898: 23888: 23629: 23507: 23168: 22733: 22660: 22012: 20416: 19505:

Impacts of World-Class Vehicle Efficiency and Emissions Regulations in Select G20 Countries

19216: 18843: 18800: 18749: 18696: 18651: 18600: 18492: 18394: 18306: 18203: 18136: 18050: 18009: 17971: 17875: 17826: 17810:

Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P. (2019).

17788: 17685: 17652: 17597: 17545: 17428: 17415:"Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming" 17413:

Rogelj, Joeri; Meinshausen, Malte; Schaeffer, Michiel; Knutti, Reto; Riahi, Keywan (2015).

17357: 17308: 17265: 17226: 17170: 17107: 17043: 16984: 16927: 16913:"No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era" 16821: 16763: 16706: 16650: 16562: 16505: 16442: 16391: 16335: 16278: 16217: 16184: 16094: 16064: 15968: 15862: 15821: 15749: 15694: 15639: 15487: 15436: 15323: 15268: 15215: 15145: 15089: 15031: 14972: 14894: 14804: 14713: 14663: 14534: 14489: 14428: 14365: 14312: 14263: 14060:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

13934:(2019). Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D. C.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; et al. (eds.). 12824: 12765: 12656: 12643:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming" 12107: 11843: 11347: 11069: 10992: 10821: 10746: 10545: 10430:, pp. 487, 488, FIGURE 5.12 Humans on a vegan exclusive diet would save about 7.9 GtCO 10146: 9854: 9111: 8951: 8793: 8720: 8657: 8600: 8537: 8429: 8037: 7894: 7095: 6750: 6691: 6403: 6346: 6279: 6168: 5958: 5784: 5724: 5642: 5553: 5450: 5296: 5197: 5143: 5081: 5012: 4940: 4833: 4607: 4543: 4472: 4318: 3700: 3382: 3276: 3251:

Public debate about climate change has been strongly affected by climate change denial and

2795: 2734: 2607: 2522: 2339:

Global greenhouse gas emission scenarios, based on policies and pledges as of November 2021

2091: 2004: 1879: 1836: 1525: 1308: 1267: 1148: 590: 582:

20,000 years ago had sea levels that were about 125 metres (410 ft) lower than today.

579: 441: 22036: 16175:

Lapenis, Andrei G. (1998). "Arrhenius and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change".

13971:"Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities" 12641:

Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; et al. (2016).

9059: 6471: 6266:"High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present" 5797: 5772: 5512: 2881: 1325:

aerosols produced by the combustion of fossil fuels with heavy sulfur concentrations like

987:, and thus allow it to pass through the atmosphere to heat the Earth's surface. The Earth 8: 25128: 25085: 24919: 24862: 24704: 24696: 24672: 24586: 24579: 24519: 24416: 24411: 24086: 23646: 23421: 22645: 22640: 21610: 21467: 21444: 21215: 21111: 20931: 18832:"Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates" 18736:"Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming" 16840: 15157: 15016:

Dean, Joshua F.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Röckmann, Thomas; Aerts, Rien; et al. (2018).

14521:

Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; Karlsson, Mikael; Gilek, Michael; Hansson, Sven Ove (2017).

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von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (7 September 2020).

4701:(change "202309" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 09=September) 3565: 3437: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172:

became the first national government to declare a climate emergency. Other countries and

3034: 2939:, such as eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities. The connection is recognized in 2653: 2526: 2442: 2079: 1985: 1912: 1745: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1573: 1501: 1447: 1286: 1061: 1003: 938: 895: 842: 764: 748: 736: 662: 371: 232: 188: 22143: 22032: 20310: 20112:"Climate Change and the Risk of Statelessness: The Situation of Low-lying Island States" 19220: 19044: 18847: 18804: 18753: 18700: 18655: 18604: 18496: 18398: 18310: 18207: 18140: 18054: 18013: 17975: 17879: 17830: 17792: 17689: 17656: 17601: 17549: 17441: 17432: 17414: 17361: 17312: 17269: 17230: 17174: 17111: 17047: 16988: 16931: 16825: 16767: 16710: 16654: 16566: 16509: 16446: 16395: 16339: 16282: 16221: 16204:

Levermann, Anders; Clark, Peter U.; Marzeion, Ben; Milne, Glenn A.; et al. (2013).

16188: 16107: 16098: 16080: 16019: 15972: 15866: 15825: 15753: 15698: 15643: 15491: 15440: 15327: 15272: 15219: 15149: 15093: 15035: 14976: 14898: 14808: 14717: 14702:(1938). "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature". 14667: 14538: 14502: 14493: 14475: 14432: 14369: 14316: 14267: 13702:(2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.). 13533:(2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.). 12828: 12769: 12669: 12660: 12642: 12145: 12111: 11847: 11352: 11073: 10996: 10825: 10750: 10549: 10150: 9858: 9115: 8955: 8797: 8779: 8724: 8661: 8604: 8541: 8450: 8433: 8415: 8041: 7898: 7099: 6407: 6350: 6283: 6172: 5962: 5856: 5788: 5728: 5646: 5557: 5454: 5242: 5147: 5085: 5016: 4944: 4837: 4611: 4547: 4476: 4322: 4035: 3704: 3633: 2194:

Low-lying islands and coastal communities are threatened by sea level rise, which makes

1595:

add societal factors to a physical climate model. These models simulate how population,

1281:

Local vegetation cover impacts how much of the sunlight gets reflected back into space (

1022:

are added or removed independently from temperature, and are therefore considered to be

274:

in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without

24997: 24601: 24559: 24554: 24514: 24466: 24230: 24126: 24002: 23474: 23406: 23323: 23173: 23138: 23095: 23090: 23085: 22650: 21307: 20494: 20163: 19923: 19853: 19756: 19491: 19409: 19034:"The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol?" 18989:

Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene

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Chart in section titled "Annual rates of global tree cover loss have risen since 2000".

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Effects of climate change on agriculture § Global food security and undernutrition

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21001: 20527: 20504: 20480: 20457: 20438: 20390: 20182: 20167: 20049: 20017: 19996: 19973: 19943: 19927: 19913: 19882: 19857: 19843: 19742: 19698: 19679: 19609: 19529: 19495: 19481: 19450: 19413: 19401: 19391: 19302: 19283: 19166: 19149: 19139: 19087: 19068: 18962:"The Paris Agreement: Summary. Climate Focus Client Brief on the Paris Agreement III" 18934: 18871: 18767: 18722: 18616: 18579: 18538: 18526: 18518: 18479:

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is subject to multiple feasibility and sustainability constraints (high confidence)."

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On the demand side, a key component of reducing emissions is shifting people towards

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Natural carbon sinks can be enhanced to sequester significantly larger amounts of CO

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for crops and livestock. Another 24% has been lost to temporary clearing under the

1060:

levels are higher than they have been at any time during the last 2 million years.

1056:

and methane had increased by about 48% and 160%, respectively, since 1750. These CO

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has increased usage. Various scientists, politicians and media may use the terms

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has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York:

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may reduce emissions from transport and construction, but may also increase the

2198:

more common. Sometimes, land is permanently lost to the sea. This could lead to

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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covers about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon can be priced with

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that harms agriculture and can displace populations. Shown: Telly, Mali (2008).

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to refer to human impacts on the climate at this time. In the 1980s, the terms

425: 236: 161: 141: 101: 100:—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's 20717:"Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change" 20376: 20312: 19937:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. How are the world's forests changing?

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Studying what would become known as the greenhouse effect, Tyndall's pre-1861

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global warming to 1.5 °C could save millions and simultaneously increase

1079:

since 1880 have been caused by different sources ramping up one after another.

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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

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have been increasing in the past 50 years due to agricultural improvements,

1839:

more likely. Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the

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was created from a revision of this article dated 30 October 2021

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Steel and cement production are responsible for about 13% of industrial CO

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Methane and Black Carbon Impacts on the Arctic: Communicating the Science

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Global Concern about Climate Change, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions

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3099: 3010:

require utilities to increase the share of renewables in power production

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emissions by mid-century. This technique, in combination with bioenergy (

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While methane only lasts in the atmosphere for an average of 12 years, CO

1132: 1107:

emissions primarily come from burning fossil fuels to provide energy for

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Greater degrees of global warming increase the risk of passing through '

1648:

The environmental effects of climate change are broad and far-reaching,

971: 25070: 25037: 25012: 24894: 24814: 24724: 24446: 23673: 23050: 22103: 21427:"Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?" 20969:"School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners" 20898: 20385: 19279: 18513: 18450: 17932: 16726: 16463: 16078: 15531: 15291: 15254: 15054: 14838: 14623: 14604: 14474:

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11411: 10496: 9816: 8843: 7269:"Analysis: How low-sulphur shipping rules are affecting global warming" 6758: 4338: 4304: 3783:

concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."

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aerosols in the atmosphere, which reflect sunlight and cause so-called

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per year between 2007 and 2016 (23% of total anthropogenic emissions).

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Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden. "Nuclear Fission". In

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Deng, Yuanhong; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Hu, Xia (December 2021).

8087:"Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates" 7699: 6140: 6013: 5996: 5228: 4409: 4305:"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" 3369:, lawsuits and other activities. Prominent demonstrations include the 3055: 2299:(2007) is an example of catastrophic flooding from increased rainfall. 1359:

While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight,

907: 903: 661:(1850–1900). Not every single year was warmer than the last: internal 460:

became more common, often being used interchangeably. Scientifically,

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National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles

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Copenhagen 2009: Failure or final wake-up call for our leaders? EV 49

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Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet

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Curtis, P.; Slay, C.; Harris, N.; Tyukavina, A.; et al. (2018).

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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

13647: 13619:(2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.). 13252:

Rhein, M.; Rintoul, S. R.; Aoki, S.; Campos, E.; et al. (2013).

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Extreme weather will be progressively more common as the Earth warms.

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Temperatures stabilized in the current interglacial period beginning

287: 180: 21930: 21724:"What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?" 21022:"Oil and gas firms 'have had far worse climate impact than thought'" 19986: 19963: 18789:"What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?" 17238: 14172:(2023). Core Writing Team; Lee, H.; Romero, J.; et al. (eds.). 12160: 10029: 10006: 9830: 9701: 8310: 6472:"Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network" 5608:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 5066:

Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016).

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Richard Z. Poore, Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Christopher Tracey.

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to begin a record of continued increase, which has been termed the "

1194:

in the soil and photosynthesis, remove about 29% of annual global CO

21888: 21492: 20815:"Climate Action: Can We Change the Climate From the Grassroots Up?" 20517: 19942:(Report). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 19446: 19015:

The missing economic risks in assessments of climate change impacts

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Zhang, Jinlun; Lindsay, Ron; Steele, Mike; Schweiger, Axel (2008).

17583:"Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions" 16881: 16850: 16323: 15482: 14658: 13947: 13864: 13560:

Blanco, G.; Gerlagh, R.; Suh, S.; Barrett, J.; et al. (2014).

12946: 12452: 10979:"Cross-sectoral interactions of adaptation and mitigation measures" 10480: 10403: 10391: 9749: 9511: 9368: 8899: 8833: 8215: 7561: 6942: 6854: 6112:

Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015).

5691:"New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse" 5517: 5361: 5300: 5247: 4585: 4212: 4020: 3685:

Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021).

3283:

and media has further fomented misunderstanding of climate change.

2791: 2203: 2114: 1887: 1867: 1855: 1486: 1481:, and the net effect of clouds. The primary balancing mechanism is 1275: 984: 602: 586: 571: 344: 247: 184: 153: 21911:"Forests in the IPCC Special Report on Land Use: 7 Things to Know" 20994:"'Our house is on fire': EU parliament declares climate emergency" 20755:

Dunne, Daisy; Gabbatiss, Josh; Mcsweeny, Robert (7 January 2020).

18082:"Climate change, ecosystems and abrupt change: science priorities" 17294: 16841:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019).

15018:"Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World" 13724: 11154: 11130: 10532:

Nelson, J. D. J.; Schoenau, J. J.; Malhi, S. S. (1 October 2008).

9838: 9792: 9776: 9689: 8707:"Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds" 8505: 7659: 7525: 7498: 6944:

The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action

6507: 6087: 3572:, scientists assess the scientific discussion that takes place in 3506:

levels were rising, but his calculations met the same objections.

1226:, around 30% of Earth's land area is largely unusable for humans ( 1174:

lasts much longer. The Earth's surface absorbs CO2 as part of the

294:

have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for

25095: 24972: 24942: 24758: 24739: 24396: 24346: 22596: 22254: 19897: 19866: 19827: 19814:(Report). Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 19465: 18362: 16267:"Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land" 15600: 15527:"Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy" 12699:"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming" 12053:"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming" 10848: 10688: 10133:"Nuclear power in the 21st century: Challenges and possibilities" 9489: 8416:"Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet" 6560: 6436: 5539: 5513:"Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns" 3465: 3329: 2814: 2758: 2649: 2118: 2087: 1657: 1653: 1322: 1271: 1227: 1096: 927: 858: 752: 650: 356: 108:

also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The

19114: 17412: 17090: 13598:"Annex III: Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters" 13399:"Chapter 11: Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation, and Co-Benefits" 12031:

PERITIA Trust EU – The Policy Institute of King's College London

10665:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 3–33, 10605: 9060:"What a changing climate means for Rocky Mountain National Park" 8873: 8413: 4151: 1254:

contributor to global warming, as the destroyed trees release CO

290:

partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to

76:

Earth's average surface air temperature has increased almost 1.5

24962: 24829: 24809: 24220: 23609: 22109: 21692: 21424: 20737:"Analysis: Why the IPCC 1.5C report expanded the carbon budget" 20031: 20016:. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 19256: 17992: 16910: 16749: 16065:"Appendix C: Detection and attribution methodologies overview." 15849:

Joo, Gea-Jae; Kim, Ji Yoon; Do, Yuno; Lineman, Maurice (2015).

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14413:

Bednar, Johannes; Obersteiner, Michael; Wagner, Fabian (2019).

13805:"Chapter 4: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response" 10805: 9437: 8393:"Nine Tipping Points That Could Be Triggered by Climate Change" 7855: 7164: 7037: 6674: 6387: 4797:"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists" 4652: 4528: 3874:, p. 64: "Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of CO 3746: 2976: 2207: 1863: 1290: 1282: 1235: 1231: 942: 756: 61: 21499:

Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (11 December 2019).

21221: 21141:"What's in a name? Weather, global warming and climate change" 20556: 20526:. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. December 2019. 20157: 18125:"The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds" 15524: 14788:"Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather" 14059: 13925:

Special Report: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

12293:"'Historic' German ruling says climate goals not tough enough" 12011: 10787: 10520:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019

10508:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019

10435: 9665: 9536: 8917: 8759: 8704: 7828: 7720: 7629: 7555: 7519: 6638: 5436: 4927:

Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020).

4278: 4085: 3757: 3474:

noted that water vapour in air continuously varied, but the CO

3464:

gases may have caused climatic changes in the past, including

3428:

began to foresee the effects of climate change. In the 1820s,

536: 436:

Before the 1980s it was unclear whether the warming effect of

25150: 24927: 24909: 24749: 24688: 23523:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

22606: 22119: 21616: 20937: 19666:. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 18682: 18478: 18423: 18292: 17861: 17642: 17142: 16689: 15679:

He, Yanyi; Wang, Kaicun; Zhou, Chunlüe; Wild, Martin (2018).

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Our World in Data-Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?

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climate change has already decreased the rate of yield growth

918:. Examples of these include changes in the concentrations of 408:. Cleanly generated electricity can replace fossil fuels for 19009: 17775:

Sutton, Rowan T.; Dong, Buwen; Gregory, Jonathan M. (2007).

16495: 16264: 16206:"The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming" 15625: 13718: 12390: 12016: 11610: 10733:"Developing signals to trigger adaptation to sea-level rise" 10731:

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4675: 3990:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" 2950:

of climate change is complex. It has often been framed as a

906:

events cause short-term spikes in surface temperature while

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Williams, Richard G; Ceppi, Paulo; Katavouta, Anna (2020).

18150:

10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

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work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Text taken from

12860:

Weart "Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)"

11688: 11216: 10893:"How marsh grass could help protect us from climate change" 10676: 10465:"Low and zero emissions in the steel and cement industries" 9604: 8500: 8204: 6762: 5857:"Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time" 5756: 5243:"Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time" 4800: 4437: 2890: 2680:(CCS) may be able to play a significant role in limiting CO 1851: 1812: 1757:(AMOC), and irreversible damage to key ecosystems like the 1607:

concentrations that range widely between 380 and 1400 ppm.

1364: 1326: 1083:

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were

1064:

are far higher than they were over the last 800,000 years.

1034: 872: 629:

during recent decades as the oceans absorb over 90% of the

487: 21313: 20757:"Media reaction: Australia's bushfires and climate change" 20690:

McSweeney, Robert M.; Hausfather, Zeke (15 January 2018).

18036: 17957: 17809: 17343: 16845:(Report). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 16632: 16002: 13767:; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018). 13208:

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13001:"Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science" 12948:

The status of women in agrifood systems – Overview

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Hébert, R.; Herzschuh, U.; Laepple, T. (31 October 2022).

7824: 7641: 7606: 7438: 6073: 5997:"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100" 5325: 5271: 4722:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 3079:

Nearly all countries in the world are parties to the 1994

3037:

of $ 5.4 trillion over the period 2025–2050. To achieve a

2594:

emissions requires research into alternative chemistries.

1603:

and the mitigation scenario, models produce atmospheric CO

1524:

land, and soils will release more carbon from dead plants

608: 486:—used as early as 1975—became the more popular term after 23699:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

21035:"New renewable energy capacity hit record levels in 2019" 21019: 20991: 20836: 20579: 20313:"The Public and Climate Change (cont. – since 1980)" 20181:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 19832:. Springer International Publishing. pp. xiii–xxxv. 19796:

Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot

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Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H.; Lerdau, Manuel T. (2017).

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Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"

4039: 3385:

have protested by disrupting roads and public transport.

3192:" legislation package, which contains guidelines for the 3156:

to the Montreal Protocol aims to reduce the emissions of

3122:

and adaptation by 2020, and proposed the founding of the

2984: 2624:, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake ( 1198:

emissions. The ocean has absorbed 20 to 30% of emitted CO

468:

describes both global warming and its effects on Earth's

24657: 22110:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Climate

21224:"Arctic permafrost is thawing fast. That affects us all" 21052: 20689: 20496:

WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020

20406:

Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health

20089:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 19864: 19589:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences 19335:

Net Zero By 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector

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IOM outlook on migration, environment and climate change

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Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette

12266: 11796: 11229:

International Institute for Sustainable Development 2019

10775: 10091: 9933: 9560: 9476:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

9472:"Climate Change | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples" 9227: 9225: 9223: 9195: 9193: 7937: 7797: 7782: 7756: 7591: 7387: 7050:"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming" 5430: 4296: 3742: 3740: 3509: 1811:. For instance, the range of hundreds of North American 22079: 21804:"2019 was the year of 'climate emergency' declarations" 20904: 20812: 20754: 20734: 20093: 19995:. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 2021. 19972:. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. 19902:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 403–411. 19871:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 175–402. 19660:

Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions

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National Conference of State Legislators, 17 April 2020

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Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013).

5277: 2762:

demand. Another trade-off example is that more compact

2121:

in certain regions could cause 3.2 million deaths from

1721: 1006:. On the other hand, concentrations of gases such as CO 589:. Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the 416:, and running industrial processes. Carbon can also be 21801: 21166:"Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change" 20966: 20846:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 25 August 2016 20714: 20137:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2016).

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declared a "climate and environmental emergency". The

3141:

have signed the treaty and 191 states and the EU have

2770:

effect, exposing people to heat-related health risks.

23540:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

21700:"What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences?" 21498: 21128:"What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change" 21032: 20676: 20559:"An addition to AP Stylebook entry on global warming" 20103:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

20037:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

19247:

Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities

19084:

Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives

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Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

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Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023).

4597: 4290: 3737: 3081:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3051:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2636:

beyond naturally occurring levels. Reforestation and

2324: 783:, which further changes the distribution of heat and 164:, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, 37:"Global warming" redirects here. For other uses, see 21775:"The UK Has Declared a Climate Emergency: What Now?" 21642: 20783: 20403: 19807:

Steinberg, D.; Bielen, D.; et al. (July 2017).

19373:

Krogstrup, Signe; Oman, William (4 September 2019).

18039:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release" 17580: 17212: 16970: 16428: 15424: 13454:"Chapter 19: Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities" 12582: 12510:"Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays" 12338:. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. 11402: 11245:

Natural Resources Defense Council, 29 September 2017

11192: 10730: 9950:

IEA – Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020

9495: 9312: 9263: 8526:"A committed fourfold increase in ocean oxygen loss" 7983: 7617: 7221: 7168: 7009: 5684: 5682: 4997:

Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023).

4420: 1315:

was observed. This phenomenon is popularly known as

824:

scenario with very low emissions of greenhouse gases

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Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements

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Paris, France 19299:Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth 18343: 17914: 16046: 15180: 14219: 13577: 13559: 13378: 13360: 13269: 13251: 13233: 13146: 13034: 13019:"Chapter 8: Climate Models and their Evaluation" 13016: 12998: 12424: 12350: 12238: 11446: 11176: 10379: 10075: 9236: 9211: 9209: 9207: 8072: 7812: 7665: 7531: 7507: 7432: 7383: 7209: 7198: 7080: 7021: 6974: 6972: 6909:The Sustainability Consortium, 13 September 2018 6572: 6154: 6099: 5419: 5337: 5217: 4748: 4640: 4361: 4239: 3948: 3890: 3888: 3075:at a far faster rate than other primary regions. 2987:are being used to reduce emissions. As of 2019, 464:refers only to increased surface warming, while 22080:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC 21194:"State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals" 20081: 19657:Olivier, J. G. J.; Peters, J. A. H. W. 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Eliminating the production of livestock for 2405:Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary 2355:estimates that countries need to triple their 1371: 24673: 23854: 22475:History of climate change policy and politics 22270: 21447:"Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?" 21347: 19769: 19692: 19656: 19372: 19086:. Oxford University Press. pp. 300–332. 19067:. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–160. 18959: 16431:"Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict" 15199: 15073:"Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia" 14301:"Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife" 13820: 13802: 13784: 13763: 13745: 13693:Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 °C 13357:. Chapters 1–20, SPM, and Technical Summary. 12882: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12704:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 12058:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 11943: 11644: 11628: 11334:Grasso, Marco; Heede, Richard (19 May 2023). 11189:Union of Concerned Scientists, 8 January 2017 11142: 11122: 10854: 10694: 10597: 10367: 10355: 10343: 10320: 10293: 10103: 10025: 9982: 9804: 9760: 9725: 9622: 9352: 9204: 8692: 8635: 8378: 8286:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 7444: 6969: 6872: 6662: 5487: 4902: 4663: 4114: 3885: 3871: 3669: 2137: 1946:. Drought and high temperatures worsened the 790: 21397: 21163: 21110: 20786:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 19793:Setzer, Joana; Byrnes, Rebecca (July 2019). 19792: 17678:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 16322:Liepert, Beate G.; Previdi, Michael (2009). 15780: 14740:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 14232: 14168: 14158: 14112: 14097: 14087: 14069: 14051: 14013: 13681: 13660: 13615: 13605: 13587: 13569: 13529: 13315: 13297: 13279: 13261: 13243: 13225: 13173: 13156: 13114: 13102: 13060: 13048: 13026: 13008: 12966: 12941: This article incorporates text from a 12606:Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" 12318: 12182: 12180: 12044: 11148: 11043: 10682: 10629: 10281: 9713: 9506: 9504: 9425: 9363: 9361: 9336: 9324: 9300: 9251: 8390: 8169: 8066: 7579: 7543: 7488:"The study of Earth as an integrated system" 7250:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions" 6897: 6466: 6229: 6118:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 6061: 5809: 5533: 5349: 5065: 4996: 4878: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4657: 4398: 4251: 4224: 4197: 4185: 3936: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3219: 2688:) can result in net negative emissions as CO 2471:intermittently and with seasonal variability 2129:in children. With 2 °C warming, global 1696:shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice 1662:hurricanes and typhoons is likely increasing 1644:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 22592:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 21772: 21619:"Indian Monsoons Are Becoming More Extreme" 21350:"Polar Opposites: the Arctic and Antarctic" 20479:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2018. 19761:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 19463: 19165:. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 17752:1871.1/c8dfb143-d9e1-4eef-9bbe-67b3c338d07f 16870:"Causes and Consequences of Climate Change" 16810: 16377: 14881:"Classifying drivers of global forest loss" 13639:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 13562:"Chapter 5: Drivers, Trends and Mitigation" 13537:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 13124:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 12687: 12150: 11729: 11333: 9455: 9289: 8777: 8407: 7967: 6882:. World Resources Institute. 4 April 2024. 6880:"Indicators of Forest Extent / Forest Loss" 5413: 5283: 4791: 4789: 4766: 4508:"What's the coldest the Earth's ever been?" 4410:BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February 2020 4230: 4098: 4096: 4094: 2547: 2311:Heat wave intensification. Events like the 1755:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 1502:amplification of Arctic temperature changes 1437: 1340:Aerosols also have indirect effects on the 537:Temperature records prior to global warming 24680: 24666: 23861: 23847: 23821: 23809: 23266: 22277: 22263: 21368: 20585: 19818: 19100: 18346:"Chapter 1: Our Globally Changing Climate" 17030:O'Neill, Saffron J.; Boykoff, Max (2010). 15916:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 15389: 14641: 13996: 13978: 13960: 13930: 13913: 13895: 13877: 13847: 13484:. Contribution of Working Group II to the 13337:. Contribution of Working Group II to the 13070:. 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Ocean acidification makes it harder for 1467:"self-reinforcing" or "positive" feedbacks 767:than in the rest of the world. Melting of 547:Temperature record of the last 2,000 years 525: 110:current rise in global average temperature 25281:History of climate variability and change 24372:Environmental issues in the United States 23561: 23367:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 22500:United Nations Climate Change conferences 21617:Ogburn, Stephanie Paige (29 April 2014). 21170:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 20384: 19907: 19876: 19837: 19475: 19228: 18950:Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps 18865: 18855: 18812: 18761: 18716: 18673: 18663: 18573: 18563: 18512: 18449: 18406: 18326: 18215: 18148: 18105: 18062: 17983: 17940: 17897: 17887: 17800: 17697: 17625: 17495: 17459: 17450: 17440: 17379: 17369: 17277: 17073: 17055: 17032:"Climate denier, skeptic, or contrarian?" 17012: 16793: 16775: 16672: 16662: 16607: 16462: 16403: 16347: 16247: 16229: 16157: 16106: 15937: 15927: 15892: 15874: 15771: 15761: 15716: 15706: 15661: 15651: 15560: 15499: 15481: 15345: 15335: 15290: 15280: 15237: 15227: 15053: 15043: 14951: 14906: 14760: 14698: 14657: 14632: 14622: 14581: 14546: 14511: 14501: 14456: 14395: 14377: 14332: 14026:. 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The main reinforcing feedbacks are the 732:, melted ice, and warmed the continents. 478:can also be used more broadly to include 171:Climate change has an increasingly large 24357:Effects of climate change on agriculture 23071:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 22008:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 21991: 21859: 21198:National Conference of State Legislators 21187:National Conference of State Legislators 20542: 19136:International Organization for Migration 19115:European Commission (28 November 2018). 18733: 18365:"Appendix 3: Climate Science Supplement" 17154:; Hansen, James E.; et al. 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For instance, the change from a dark 1209: 1131:released by the chemical reactions for 671:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 609:Warming since the Industrial Revolution 442:cooling effect of airborne particulates 266:and conflict can also be a result. The 223:is forcing many species to relocate or 203:. Higher temperatures are also causing 14: 25263: 24362:Effects of climate change on livestock 23076:Economics of climate change mitigation 23039:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 22552: 22380:Scientific consensus on climate change 20861:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data" 20692:"Q&A: How do climate models work?" 20630: 20421:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 20236:"The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect" 20030: 19934: 19601: 19514: 19031: 18354: 18273: 18240: 18122: 17208:from the original on 6 September 2018. 16131: 16070: 16054: 16034: 15617:|...|checked=yes}} 15191: 13888:"Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions" 13504:. 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Smaller contributions come from 25: 25302: 24152:pharmaceuticals and personal care 23594:Satellite temperature measurement 23199:forestry for carbon sequestration 22480:History of climate change science 21955: 21831:Roberts, D. (20 September 2019). 21290:Natural Resources Defense Council 21279:Natural Resources Defense Council 20821:from the original on 23 June 2019 20784:Lindsey, Rebecca (23 June 2022). 20702:from the original on 5 March 2019 20637:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 20625:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 20501:World Meteorological Organization 20344:. American Institute of Physics. 20319:. American Institute of Physics. 20292:. American Institute of Physics. 20267:. American Institute of Physics. 20242:. American Institute of Physics. 20221:from the original on 18 June 2020 19545:from the original on 10 July 2017 18374:. 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Sulfur dioxide causes 570:in a climate that cycled through 472:, such as precipitation changes. 386:Fossil fuel use can be phased out 347:intensified by heat and drought, 296:a small share of global emissions 106:Climate change in a broader sense 25245: 25244: 24748: 24627: 24626: 24615: 24303:decline in amphibian populations 24008:Deforestation and climate change 23820: 23808: 23797: 23796: 23784: 23445:Climate Change Performance Index 22824:Destruction of cultural heritage 22237: 22220: 22203: 22186: 22169: 22152: 22135: 22025: 21990: 21710:from the original on 12 May 2019 21588:Gleick, Peter (7 January 2017). 21250:National Science Digital Library 19515:Müller, Benito (February 2010). 19441:Letcher, Trevor M., ed. (2020). 19318:"COVID-19 and energy efficiency" 19266:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 19122:(Report). Brussels. p. 188. 19102:Assessment, Volume II (Report). 19043:. Tyndall Centre. 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Additional CO 1091:. Of these emissions, 75% was CO 771:near the poles weakens both the 566:Over the last few million years 450:inadvertent climate modification 329: 320: 309: 211:. Rapid environmental change in 25291:Human impact on the environment 24953:Human impact on the environment 24437:Land surface effects on climate 23894:Environmental impact assessment 23870:Human impact on the environment 23584:Instrumental temperature record 23535:Sustainable Development Goal 13 21931:Peach, Sara (2 November 2010). 21773:Segalov, Michael (2 May 2019). 21643:Wing, Scott L. (29 June 2016). 21286:"What Is the Clean Power Plan?" 21222:Welch, Craig (13 August 2019). 21139:Shaftel, Holly (January 2016). 20602:Rigby, Sara (3 February 2020). 20456:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland. 20437:(Report). 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IPCC AR6 WGI. 5897: 5871: 5848: 5622: 5493: 5481: 5374:Sutton, Dong & Gregory 2007 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5289: 5265: 5234: 5123: 5059: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4760: 4669: 4646: 4634: 4591: 4522: 4499: 4485:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106222 4451: 4414: 4403: 4392: 4380: 4284: 4272: 4256: 4245: 4218: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4156: 4145: 4124: 4108: 4079: 4053: 4027: 4008: 3982: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3865: 3843:"Climate Impacts on Ecosystems" 3834: 3822: 2941:Sustainable Development Goal 13 2749:. For instance, restoration of 2386: 1882:enhanced by climate change and 1629:from the 1850 to 1900 baseline. 1508:, which releases methane and CO 932:variations in the Earth's orbit 828:intermediate emissions scenario 712:Different regions of the world 189:Amplified warming in the Arctic 43:Global warming (disambiguation) 39:Climate change (disambiguation) 24782:Climate variability and change 23652:Climate variability and change 23002: 22683:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 21889:Levin, Kelly (8 August 2019). 20882:"Overview of Greenhouse Gases" 20657:Yeo, Sophie (4 January 2017). 20013:The Adaptation Gap Report 2018 19608:. Cambridge University Press. 19161:Fleming, James Rodger (2007). 18643:Environmental Research Letters 18386:Environmental Research Letters 18247:. 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(February 2020). 20880:US EPA (15 September 2020). 20859:US EPA (13 September 2019). 20817:. Ecowatch. Deutsche Welle. 19741:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 19477:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_12 18793:Geophysical Research Letters 18741:Geophysical Research Letters 17964:Geophysical Research Letters 17781:Geophysical Research Letters 17590:Geophysical Research Letters 17558:10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.009 16384:Geophysical Research Letters 16150:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000154 15876:10.1371/journal.pone.0138996 15686:Geophysical Research Letters 15378:(3): 144–145. Archived from 14953:10.1016/j.chemer.2016.04.002 13706:efforts to eradicate poverty 12279:Deutsche Welle, 22 June 2019 12239:Smith & Leiserowitz 2013 11887:UN NDC Synthesis Report 2021 11633:Carbon Brief, 8 October 2018 11538:EUobserver, 20 December 2009 11363:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.012 10434:equivalent per year by 2050 9634:"What is nuisance flooding?" 9086:, p. SPM-23, Fig. SPM.6 9035:Carbon Brief, 7 January 2020 7291:science2017.globalchange.gov 6757:(11%), Oil & Gas (24%), 6395:Geophysical Research Letters 4331:10.1126/science.189.4201.460 3548:levels had been rising, and 3287:Public awareness and opinion 2933:vulnerable to climate change 2839:to provide cooling in cities 2672:continue to produce waste CO 2496:nuclear weapon proliferation 2381:Solar radiation modification 2313:2022 Southern Cone heat wave 1872:produce shells and skeletons 1837:abrupt changes in ecosystems 1702:concentrations cause more CO 1689:Marine ice sheet instability 1539: 1418:Explosive volcanic eruptions 1087:59 billion tonnes of CO 853:equivalent smaller due to CO 820:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 359:compromising water supplies. 351:occurring more often due to 300:vulnerable to climate change 258:scarcity, more disease, and 60:over the past 50 years. The 7: 25286:Global environmental issues 22819:Depopulation of settlements 22464: 21314:Rudd, Kevin (25 May 2015). 21076:International Energy Agency 20094:UNFCCC (26 February 2021). 19909:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_9 19878:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_8 19558:National Academies (2008). 18558:(Supplement 1): 3657–3664. 16049:"Chapter 9: Extreme Storms" 15257:"Global Carbon Budget 2019" 14245:Other peer-reviewed sources 13510:"Chapter 28: Polar Regions" 12263:The Guardian, 19 March 2019 11856:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512 11842:(May 2023 113512): 113512. 11742:The Verge, 27 December 2019 10207:International Energy Agency 9868:10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.006 7964:Carbon Brief, 19 April 2018 5818:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 4174:IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III 2014 3590: 2434:, wind and solar power and 2109:in multiple regions. While 1948:2020 bushfires in Australia 1860:marine calcifying organisms 1586:National Climate Assessment 1372:Solar and volcanic activity 1287:heat is lost by evaporation 1202:over the last 2 decades. CO 830:, or 3.3-5.7 °C under 826:, 2.1-3.5 °C under an 802:multi-model projections of 448:. Scientists used the term 418:removed from the atmosphere 191:has contributed to thawing 10: 25307: 24746: 23579:Global surface temperature 23470:Popular culture depictions 23382:Ecosystem-based adaptation 23112:Carbon capture and storage 23034:Carbon offsets and credits 22345: 20608:BBC Science Focus Magazine 18319:10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9 18064:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4 15981:10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0 15763:10.1007/s10584-019-02516-4 14441:10.1038/s41467-019-09782-x 14325:10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4 14225:"Summary for Policymakers" 14151:"Summary for Policymakers" 14121:Cambridge University Press 14106:Cambridge University Press 14044:"Summary for Policymakers" 14032:Cambridge University Press 13953:"Summary for Policymakers" 13906:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 13870:"Summary for Policymakers" 13730:"Summary for Policymakers" 13719:Global Warming of 1.5 °C – 13653:"Summary for Policymakers" 13543:Cambridge University Press 13490:Cambridge University Press 13343:Cambridge University Press 13218:"Summary for Policymakers" 13192:Cambridge University Press 13130:Cambridge University Press 13076:Cambridge University Press 12982:Cambridge University Press 12931: 12000:Dunlap & McCright 2011 11988:Dunlap & McCright 2015 11959:O'Neill & Boykoff 2010 11925:Dunlap & McCright 2011 11765:Politico, 11 December 2019 11412:Friedlingstein et al. 2019 9985:, p. 131, Figure 2.15 9918:The Guardian, 6 April 2020 9817:Friedlingstein et al. 2019 9678:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 9666:Van Oldenborgh et al. 2019 9279:Carbon Brief, 19 June 2017 9125:10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6 9023:or critical threat levels. 8671:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x 8550:10.1038/s41467-021-22584-4 8487:, pp. 88–89, FAQ 12.3 8442:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9 8182:DeConto & Pollard 2016 8105:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1 8051:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7 7907:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4 7840:Liepert & Previdi 2009 7802:"What is a climate model?" 7745:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 7692:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7 7406:NASA Global Climate Change 7055:American Geophysical Union 5738:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 5567:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 5274:, p. S26. Figure 2.5. 5026:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8 4953:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1 4465:Quaternary Science Reviews 4291:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014 3615:List of climate scientists 3566:interdisciplinary research 3513: 3403: 3399: 3354: 3290: 3223: 3214: 3048: 3006:transition to clean energy 2917: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2873:Politics of climate change 2870: 2747:ecosystem-based adaptation 2700: 2678:carbon capture and storage 2601: 2551: 2520: 2475:hydro dams with reservoirs 2451:internal combustion engine 2390: 2328: 2187: 2141: 2138:Livelihoods and inequality 2047: 2020: 2003:. Mild winters allow more 1796: 1772:include further ice melt, 1733: 1637: 1614: 1610: 1543: 1441: 1378:Solar activity and climate 1375: 1344:. Sulfate aerosols act as 952: 876: 804:global surface temperature 791:Future global temperatures 728:. The rest has heated the 560:Global surface temperature 540: 532:Global surface temperature 529: 438:increased greenhouse gases 280:Adapting to climate change 250:, extreme heat, increased 187:are becoming more common. 114:primarily caused by humans 36: 29: 25230: 25192: 25149: 25094: 25036: 24971: 24918: 24848: 24800: 24757: 24695: 24687: 24610: 24545:Environmental engineering 24495: 24392:Environmental degradation 24283: 24169:fishing down the food web 23946: 23876: 23791:Climate change portal 23778: 23717: 23684:Extreme event attribution 23602: 23571: 23567: 23556: 23500: 23435: 23357: 23307:School Strike for Climate 23279: 23275: 23261: 23230: 23186:Climate-smart agriculture 23147: 23104: 23014: 23010: 22997: 22921: 22774: 22721: 22564: 22560: 22547: 22470: 22459: 22388: 22357: 22353: 22340: 22323:Climate change adaptation 22318:Climate change mitigation 22313:Effects of climate change 22303: 22292: 22100:Met Office: Climate Guide 22065:Resources in your library 21915:World Resources Institute 21895:World Resources institute 21883:World Resources Institute 21865:World Health Organization 21854:World Health Organization 20377:10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8 19989:Emissions Gap Report 2021 19966:Emissions Gap Report 2019 19839:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 19819:Teske, Sven, ed. (2019). 19388:10.5089/9781513511955.001 19355:World Energy Outlook 2023 19272:10.1596/978-1-4648-0673-5 19230:10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023 19209:Earth System Science Data 18933:. John Wiley & Sons. 17839:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 17744:10.1007/s10113-015-0910-2 17371:10.1038/s41586-019-1368-z 17321:10.1038/s41558-020-0728-x 16997:10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0 16940:10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2 16874:America's Climate Choices 16719:10.1038/s41558-018-0182-1 16590:McNeill, V. Faye (2017). 16455:10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6 16371:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.08.008 16291:10.1038/s41559-020-1198-2 15449:10.1038/s41558-019-0474-0 15390:Gunningham, Neil (2018). 15282:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 15261:Earth System Science Data 13149:"Chapter 1: Introduction" 11944:Oreskes & Conway 2010 11014:10.1007/s10584-014-1214-0 11005:10.1007/s10584-014-1214-0 10671:10.1017/9781009325844.001 10558:10.1007/s10705-008-9175-1 10159:10.1007/s13280-015-0732-y 9353:Krogstrup & Oman 2019 9313:World Economic Forum 2024 9264:World Economic Forum 2024 9006:"Coral Reef Risk Outlook" 7984:Smithsonian, 26 June 2016 7618:Climate.gov, 23 June 2022 7445:Fischer & Aiuppa 2020 6663:Olivier & Peters 2019 6486:U.S. Department of Energy 6447:U.S. Department of Energy 5972:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z 5464:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 5443:Earth System Science Data 5156:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0 5094:10.1007/s00704-014-1358-x 4847:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022 4556:10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4 4510:. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 3604:Climate change portal 3371:School Strike for Climate 3361:Climate change litigation 3265:Like the tobacco industry 3220:Denial and misinformation 3170:United Kingdom parliament 2997:emissions trading systems 2703:Climate change adaptation 2626:2020 Global Carbon Budget 2331:Climate change mitigation 2315:are becoming more common. 2111:agricultural productivity 2060:World Health Organization 2023:Effects of climate change 2016: 1617:Effects of climate change 1563:that heats the planet up. 1346:cloud condensation nuclei 1075:shows how additions to CO 1062:Concentrations of methane 341:effects of climate change 268:World Health Organization 173:impact on the environment 25217:Location in the Universe 25159:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 24858:List of sovereign states 24550:Environmental mitigation 24407:Greenhouse gas emissions 24367:Environmental insecurity 23694:Global warming potential 23501:International agreements 23148:Preserving and enhancing 22582:Arctic methane emissions 22504:Years in climate change 22411:Greenhouse gas emissions 22308:Causes of climate change 21925:Yale Climate Connections 20499:. WMO-No. 1264. Geneva: 20110:Park, Susin (May 2011). 20057:UNFCCC (30 March 2010). 18665:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9 18408:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885 16575:10.1177/0309133318776490 15653:10.1175/bams-d-16-0007.1 15501:10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016 15337:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4874 14676:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0892.1 13126:Fourth Assessment Report 13072:Fourth Assessment Report 12978:Fourth Assessment Report 12961:Fourth Assessment Report 12838:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774 12779:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 12717:10.1177/0270467619886266 12319:Setzer & Byrnes 2019 12121:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774 12071:10.1177/0270467619886266 12033:. 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Paris, France 19340:(Report). Paris, France 19032:Dessai, Suraje (2001). 18857:10.1073/pnas.1701762114 18613:10.1126/science.1103215 18565:10.1073/pnas.1107482109 18546:Weart, Spencer (2013). 18217:10.1126/science.aaa4984 18190:Urban, Mark C. 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NASA. Archived from 21112:"Arctic amplification" 19127:Flavell, Alex (2014). 19108:10.7930/nca4.2018.ch14 18925:Pierrehumbert, Raymond 18709:10.1098/rsta.2014.0428 18175:Philosophical Magazine 18098:10.1098/rstb.2019.0105 16549:Matthews, Tom (2018). 16349:10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1 14726:10.1002/qj.49706427503 14583:10.17645/mac.v8i2.2768 13580:"Chapter 9: Buildings" 12951:, FAO, FAO. 12923:Gleick, 7 January 2017 12907:Gleick, 7 January 2017 11813:Climate Action Tracker 10707:IPCC AR4 WG2 Ch19 2007 9835:Vox, 20 September 2019 9450:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch13 2014 9438:Hallegatte et al. 2016 9414:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch13 2014 9161:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch19 2014 9149:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch18 2014 9047:IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch28 2014 8512:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013 8485:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013 8012:Burke & Stott 2017 7996:USGCRP Chapter 15 2017 7867:USGCRP Chapter 15 2017 6224:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 6208:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10 2013 5841:Climate Action Tracker 5655:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876 3939:, pp. 21–26, 2504 3829:IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11 2021 3771:), and nitrous oxide ( 3544:found evidence that CO 3529: 3456: 3426:Alexander von Humboldt 3421: 3367:fossil fuel divestment 3325:The Day After Tomorrow 3310: 3248: 3209:national climate plans 3198:zero-emission vehicles 3089:Its yearly conferences 3076: 3064: 2928: 2629: 2604:Carbon dioxide removal 2567: 2457:, public transit, and 2422: 2414: 2340: 2032: 1731: 1672: 1630: 1601:socioeconomic scenario 1564: 1498:can hold more moisture 1462: 1391: 1264:agricultural expansion 1219: 1161:oil and gas extraction 1127:, which include the CO 1080: 980: 945:, are less impactful. 899: 807: 634: 618: 580:recent glacial maximum 563: 480:changes to the climate 440:was stronger than the 426:capture carbon in soil 207:, droughts, and other 166:has grown by about 50% 89: 69: 24938:Biogeochemical cycles 24863:dependent territories 23923:List of global issues 23679:Earth's energy budget 23562:Background and theory 23450:Climate crisis (term) 23122:Fossil fuel phase-out 23016:Economics and finance 22981:by individual country 22923:By country and region 22898:Security and conflict 22893:Psychological impacts 22572:Abrupt climate change 22495:Charles David Keeling 22328:By country and region 21985: 21530:Documentary Sea Blind 21348:NOAA (10 July 2011). 20543:Non-technical sources 19316:IEA (December 2020). 19182:Peoples' Climate Vote 18299:Nature Communications 17819:Nature Climate Change 17301:Nature Climate Change 17100:Nature Climate Change 16814:Nature Climate Change 16699:Nature Climate Change 15813:Nature Climate Change 15609:|...}} 15582:10.1093/biosci/biy033 15545:10.1093/biosci/bix133 15428:Nature Climate Change 15347:1959.4/unsworks_66865 15023:Reviews of Geophysics 14420:Nature Communications 14129:10.1017/9781009157926 13521:. pp. 1567–1612. 13465:. pp. 1039–1099. 13319:. pp. 1029–1136. 12919:G8+5 Academies (2009) 12347:, March 1912, p. 341. 11977:Björnberg et al. 2017 11963:Björnberg et al. 2017 11948:Björnberg et al. 2017 11933:Björnberg et al. 2017 11447:IPCC AR4 WG3 Ch1 2007 11177:World Bank, June 2019 10813:Nature Climate Change 10470:. pp. 11, 19–22. 10380:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9 2014 10076:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9 2014 10043:"Transport emissions" 9605:Serdeczny et al. 2016 9187:, p. 13, SPM 2.3 9103:Nature Sustainability 9064:National Park Service 8649:Nature Climate Change 8530:Nature Communications 8501:Levermann et al. 2013 8073:USGCRP Chapter 9 2017 7852:Rahmstorf et al. 2007 7813:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch8 2007 7680:Nature Climate Change 7666:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7532:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7508:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7433:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7384:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007 7210:USGCRP Chapter 2 2017 7165:Storelvmo et al. 2016 7038:Storelvmo et al. 2016 7022:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2 2013 6755:Municipal Solid Waste 6726:is a greenhouse gas." 6573:IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007 6100:IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch5 2014 6001:Global Change Biology 5420:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3 2013 5338:USGCRP Chapter 1 2017 4933:Nature Communications 4641:IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5 2013 4240:NASA, 5 December 2008 4227:, pp. 24–25, 114 3949:IPCC AR6 SYR SPM 2023 3523: 3500:Guy Stewart Callendar 3450: 3419: 3335:An Inconvenient Truth 3308: 3293:Climate communication 3291:Further information: 3245:global warming hiatus 3237: 3226:Climate change denial 3224:Further information: 3070: 3059:Since 2000, rising CO 3058: 3049:Further information: 3001:fossil fuel subsidies 2884: 2867:Policies and politics 2735:early warning systems 2615: 2565: 2453:vehicles and towards 2420: 2404: 2397:Sustainable transport 2338: 2293:Storm intensification 2142:Further information: 2030: 1874:; and heatwaves have 1797:Further information: 1729: 1670: 1638:Further information: 1634:Environmental effects 1624: 1557: 1544:Further information: 1512:into the atmosphere. 1475:water-vapour feedback 1455: 1385: 1376:Further information: 1342:Earth's energy budget 1217: 1073:Global Carbon Project 1070: 1031:Industrial Revolution 974: 886: 798: 708:Differences by region 675:global warming hiatus 624: 616: 558: 530:Further information: 282:through efforts like 177:Deserts are expanding 122:Industrial Revolution 86:Industrial Revolution 75: 55: 24986:Computer cartography 24710:Prebiotic atmosphere 24525:Community resilience 24325:in the United States 24293:Biodiversity threats 23966:cannabis cultivation 23933:Planetary boundaries 23899:Environmental issues 23889:Ecological footprint 23508:Glasgow Climate Pact 23169:Carbon sequestration 22734:Mass mortality event 22017:More spoken articles 21745:"Carbon Pricing 101" 21151:on 28 September 2018 20912:. 20 December 2009. 19353:IEA (October 2023). 19333:IEA (October 2021). 18814:10.1029/2008gl034005 18763:10.1029/2009GL039699 18491:(10211): 1836–1878. 18436:(10006): 1861–1914. 18181:: 169–194, 273–285. 17985:10.1029/2007GL029703 17802:10.1029/2006GL028164 17699:10.1029/2010JD014287 17665:10.1038/nclimate2880 17610:10.1002/2017GL076079 17511:(10419): 2346–2394. 17475:(10363): 1619–1654. 17279:10.1029/2008JD010421 17246:Randel, William J.; 17120:10.1038/nclimate1958 16834:10.1038/nclimate3322 16405:10.1029/2021gl093047 16063:Knutson, T. (2017). 15929:10.1155/2016/9654753 15834:10.1038/nclimate3128 15708:10.1029/2018GL077424 15385:on 4 September 2012. 15229:10.1029/2019GC008690 15045:10.1002/2017RG000559 13674:"Annex II: Glossary" 13447:. pp. 979–1037. 11617:Paris Agreement 2015 11314:10.21201/2023.000001 10897:World Economic Forum 10834:10.1038/nclimate2979 10721:, pp. xii–xiii. 10600:, pp. 326–327; 10028:, pp. 142–144; 9896:, p. 32, Fig.1. 9619:, pp. 439, 464. 9151:, pp. 983, 1008 8838:Zeng & Yoon 2009 7953:Matthews et al. 2009 7656:, pp. 133, 144. 7607:Turetsky et al. 2019 7386:, pp. 702–703; 6751:Enteric fermentation 6470:; Whorf, T. (2004). 6416:10.1029/1999GL010960 6182:10.1002/2013EF000165 6131:10.1002/2014JD022576 4188:, pp. 24–25, 89 3895:Cattaneo et al. 2019 3383:Extinction Rebellion 3104:developing countries 3085:economic development 2796:habitat conservation 2751:natural fire regimes 2608:Carbon sequestration 2598:Carbon sequestration 2523:Efficient energy use 2259:Agricultural changes 2092:World Economic Forum 2076:Temperature extremes 2037:less developed areas 1880:Harmful algal blooms 1876:bleached coral reefs 1829:expansion of deserts 1526:when they are warmer 1268:shifting cultivation 1210:Land surface changes 1147:. Methane emissions 1125:industrial processes 1119:emissions come from 1051:concentrations of CO 694:atmospheric humidity 673:caused a so-called " 601:, such as trees and 591:Medieval Warm Period 568:human beings evolved 152:after it warms from 25129:Geologic time scale 24850:Culture and society 24705:Atmosphere of Earth 24587:Restoration ecology 24520:Climate engineering 24457:Ocean acidification 24447:Loss of green belts 24417:Holocene extinction 24412:Habitat destruction 24087:Environmental crime 23647:Climate sensitivity 23422:The Adaptation Fund 22878:Infectious diseases 22775:Social and economic 21677:. 13 September 2018 21623:Scientific American 21611:Scientific American 21468:Pew Research Center 21445:Roser, Max (2022). 21405:(15 January 2018). 21292:. 29 September 2017 21228:National Geographic 21216:National Geographic 21126:(5 December 2008). 20944:European Parliament 20932:European Parliament 20217:(online ed.). 19821:"Executive Summary" 19221:2023ESSD...15.2295F 18907:on 15 February 2010 18848:2017PNAS..114.9326Z 18805:2008GeoRL..3511505Z 18754:2009GeoRL..3617401Z 18701:2015RSPTA.37340428W 18656:2020ERL....15i40c1W 18605:2005Sci...308..847W 18497:2019Lanc..394.1836W 18399:2017ERL....12h4001W 18311:2018NatCo...9.4939V 18208:2015Sci...348..571U 18141:1977JAtS...34.1149T 18123:Twomey, S. (1977). 18055:2019Natur.569...32T 18014:2016NatGe...9..286S 17976:2007GeoRL..34.9501S 17880:2009PNAS..106.4133S 17831:2019NatCC...9..306S 17793:2007GeoRL..34.2701S 17690:2010JGRD..11520106S 17657:2016NatCC...6..286S 17602:2018GeoRL..45.1020S 17550:2020COES...45...69R 17452:20.500.11850/103371 17433:2015ERL....10g5001R 17362:2019Natur.571..335R 17313:2020NatCC..10..308R 17270:2009JGRD..114.2107R 17231:2008NatGe...1..221R 17175:2007Sci...316..709R 17112:2013NatCC...3..919P 17048:2010PNAS..107E.151O 16989:2019NatGe..12..643P 16932:2019Natur.571..550N 16826:2017NatCC...7..501M 16768:2018PNAS..115.2022N 16711:2018NatCC...8..588M 16655:2017Sci...358..101M 16567:2018PrPG...42..391M 16518:10.1038/nature08047 16510:2009Natur.459..829M 16447:2019Natur.571..193M 16396:2021GeoRL..4893047L 16340:2009JCli...22.3156L 16283:2020NatEE...4.1044L 16222:2013PNAS..11013745L 16216:(34): 13745–13750. 16189:1998EOSTr..79..271L 16132:Kvande, H. (2014). 16099:2016ERL....11h5001K 15973:2020ClCh..158..281K 15867:2015PLoSO..1038996L 15826:2016NatCC...6.1100H 15754:2019ClCh..157..189H 15718:20.500.11850/268470 15699:2018GeoRL..45.4281H 15644:2017BAMS...98.1841H 15492:2016ACP....16.3761H 15441:2019NatCC...9..484H 15328:2019ERL....14l4041G 15273:2019ESSD...11.1783F 15220:2020GGG....2108690F 15150:2009ARMS....1..169D 15094:2011Sci...333..336D 15036:2018RvGeo..56..207D 14985:10.1038/nature17145 14977:2016Natur.531..591D 14899:2018Sci...361.1108C 14893:(6407): 1108–1111. 14846:(9676): 1693–1733. 14809:2014NatGe...7..627C 14762:10.1093/reep/rez008 14753:10.1093/reep/rez008 14718:1938QJRMS..64..223C 14668:2017JCli...30.5205B 14539:2017JCPro.167..229B 14494:2016ERL....11a4012B 14433:2019NatCo..10.1783B 14370:2019PNAS..11611195B 14364:(23): 11195–11200. 14317:2020CEHR....7..404B 14268:1989Sci...245.1227A 14262:(4923): 1227–1239. 14062:"Technical Summary" 14000:. pp. 447–587. 13982:. pp. 321–445. 13917:. pp. 437–550. 13899:. pp. 131–247. 13834:. pp. 445–538. 13816:. pp. 313–443. 13798:. pp. 175–311. 13573:. pp. 351–411. 13518:IPCC AR5 WG2 B 2014 13462:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13444:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13429:. pp. 793–832. 13426:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13411:. pp. 709–754. 13408:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13392:. pp. 485–533. 13389:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13374:. pp. 229–269. 13371:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 13301:. pp. 867–952. 13283:. pp. 383–464. 13265:. pp. 255–315. 13247:. pp. 159–254. 13106:. pp. 779–810. 13052:. pp. 663–745. 13030:. pp. 589–662. 12829:2021ERL....16j4030M 12770:2021ERL....16k4005L 12661:2016ERL....11d8002C 12357:Nord, D.C. (2020). 12112:2021ERL....16j4030M 11848:2023EnPol.17613512D 11815:. 15 September 2021 11783:European Commission 11482:Kyoto Protocol 1997 11353:2023OEart...6..459G 11179:, p. 12, Box 1 11166:Mercure et al. 2018 11074:2020JCPro.27622813S 10997:2015ClCh..128..381B 10857:, pp. 336–337. 10826:2016NatCC...6..333S 10794:IPCC SRCCL Ch5 2019 10751:2018ERL....13j4004S 10697:, pp. 396–397. 10550:2008NCyAg..82..137N 10487:, pp. 189–193. 10485:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 10452:IPCC SRCCL Ch5 2019 10428:IPCC SRCCL Ch5 2019 10418:, p. 22, B.6.2 10382:, pp. 686–694. 10266:Vandyck et al. 2018 10151:2016Ambio..45S..38H 10145:(Suppl 1): S38–49. 10120:, pp. 147–149. 10106:, pp. 324–325. 10092:Berrill et al. 2016 10051:European Commission 9997:, pp. 409–410. 9859:2018Joule...2.2403S 9617:IPCC SRCCL Ch5 2019 9543:IPCC SROCC Ch4 2019 9516:. Rome: FAO. 2023. 9349:DeFries et al. 2019 9116:2023NatSu...6.1237L 8956:2022PNAS..11902852A 8950:(42): e2202852119. 8924:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8912:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8798:2021GloEB..30.2337D 8766:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 8725:2024PNAS..12107525M 8719:(15): e2307525121. 8662:2023NatCC..13.1222N 8605:2023Sci...382.1384L 8599:(6677): 1384–1389. 8542:2021NatCo..12.2307O 8434:2023Natur.622..528B 8251:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 8240:Deutsch et al. 2011 8042:2022npCAS...5...30L 7899:2022NatGe..15..899H 7856:Mitchum et al. 2018 7825:Stroeve et al. 2007 7654:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 7642:Melillo et al. 2017 7100:2022EnST...56..761X 6990:IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019 6867:IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019 6557:Schmidt et al. 2010 6408:2000GeoRL..27..735I 6351:1999Sci...283.1712F 6345:(5408): 1712–1714. 6293:10.1038/nature06949 6284:2008Natur.453..379L 6173:2013EaFut...1...19T 6102:, pp. 379–380. 6024:20.500.11850/521222 5963:2011ClCh..109..213M 5789:2022ARER...47..343S 5729:2023ComEE...4...69L 5647:2020SciA....6.4876L 5558:2022ComEE...3..168R 5474:20.500.11850/443809 5455:2020ESSD...12.2013V 5326:Kennedy et al. 2010 5272:Kennedy et al. 2010 5148:2017CCCR....3..128X 5086:2016ThApC.123..349Y 5017:2023ThApC.154.1137S 4945:2020NatCo..11.3261S 4857:20.500.11850/572791 4838:2022ACP....2212221Q 4832:(18): 12221–12239. 4773:The Washington Post 4676:Hawkins et al. 2017 4653:Neukom et al. 2019a 4612:2013Sci...339.1198M 4606:(6124): 1198–1201. 4548:2018NatGe..11..627B 4477:2020QSRv..23306222T 4421:Neukom et al. 2019b 4323:1975Sci...189..460B 4163:Hilaire et al. 2019 3705:2021ERL....16k4005L 3438:Eunice Newton Foote 3279:of climate-denying 3186:European Green Deal 3182:European Commission 3178:European Parliament 3108:developed countries 3035:climate reparations 2817:to protect against 2794:planting and other 2777: 2527:Energy conservation 2517:Energy conservation 2295:. Bangladesh after 2228: 2090:. According to the 2080:infectious diseases 1986:Habitat destruction 1973:, a greenhouse gas. 1913:Ecological collapse 1898: 1793:Nature and wildlife 1746:Greenland ice sheet 1627:standard deviations 1479:ice–albedo feedback 1448:Climate sensitivity 1350:growth of raindrops 1303:Aerosols and clouds 1190:processes, such as 1182:every year, that CO 1149:come from livestock 1047:radiative imbalance 1004:climate sensitivity 989:radiates it as heat 939:climate variability 912:imbalance of energy 843:climate sensitivity 757:absorbing more heat 749:Southern Hemisphere 737:Northern Hemisphere 726:stored in the ocean 696:, more and heavier 663:climate variability 498:. Since the 2000s, 382:emissions by 2050. 372:Greenland ice sheet 349:bleaching of corals 233:ocean acidification 205:more intense storms 197:retreat of glaciers 25124:Geological history 24998:Geodetic astronomy 24602:Waste minimization 24560:Mitigation banking 24555:Industrial ecology 24515:Cleaner production 24467:Resource depletion 24003:Corporate behavior 23961:animal agriculture 23218:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 23190:Forest management 23174:Direct air capture 23139:Sustainable energy 23096:Net zero emissions 23091:Low-carbon economy 23086:Green Climate Fund 22873:Indigenous peoples 22766:Plant biodiversity 22554:Effects and issues 22090:UN: Climate Change 22035:has a profile for 21987: 21320:The New York Times 21308:The New York Times 20940:"Renewable Energy" 19572:on 11 October 2017 19445:(Third ed.). 18695:(2054): 20140428. 17933:10.1111/risa.12140 16328:Journal of Climate 16144:(5 Suppl): S2–S4. 16038:. pp. 1–470. 15363:Grubb, M. (2003). 14645:Journal of Climate 14624:10.1039/c7ee02342a 13780:. pp. 93–174. 13160:. pp. 95–116. 13012:. pp. 93–127. 12883:Royal Society 2005 12012:Harvey et al. 2018 11645:Climate Focus 2015 11629:Climate Focus 2015 11155:Rauner et al. 2020 11143:IPCC SR15 Ch5 2018 11123:IPCC SR15 Ch5 2018 10932:(6471): eaaw9256. 10855:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10695:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10598:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10587:Ruseva et al. 2020 10370:, pp. 141–142 10368:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10358:, pp. 138–140 10356:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10344:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10321:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10294:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 10104:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 10026:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9983:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9807:, pp. 347–352 9805:IPCC SR15 Ch4 2018 9761:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 9726:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 9416:, pp. 796–797 9175:, p. 8, SPM 2 8878:Lenoir et al. 2020 8850:Turner et al. 2020 8693:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 8379:IPCC SR15 Ch3 2018 8326:(6611): eabn7950. 8262:. 5 September 2013 8193:Bamber et al. 2019 7980:Hansen et al. 2016 7388:Randel et al. 2009 7169:Samset et al. 2018 7010:Samset et al. 2018 6925:Curtis et al. 2018 6826:"The Carbon Cycle" 6226:, pp. 875–876 6074:Rogelj et al. 2019 5610:. 14 December 2021 5488:NOAA, 10 July 2011 5352:, pp. 257–260 5201:. 21 November 2023 5011:(3–4): 1137–1149. 4903:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 4664:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 4530:(September 2018). 4152:Rogelj et al. 2015 4115:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 3996:. 27 February 2022 3872:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 3670:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018 3530: 3459:Starting in 1859, 3457: 3422: 3379:civil disobedience 3316:In popular culture 3311: 3249: 3230:Fossil fuels lobby 3164:National responses 3158:hydrofluorocarbons 3124:Green Climate Fund 3077: 3065: 2956:low-carbon economy 2952:free-rider problem 2929: 2852:Selective breeding 2773: 2630: 2568: 2423: 2415: 2393:Sustainable energy 2341: 2224: 2154:sub-Saharan Africa 2033: 1925:Great Barrier Reef 1894: 1732: 1673: 1631: 1565: 1463: 1392: 1220: 1081: 1012:tropospheric ozone 981: 900: 808: 787:around the globe. 692:, leading to more 635: 627:ocean heat content 619: 564: 490:climate scientist 420:, for instance by 90: 84:2.5 °F) since the 70: 25258: 25257: 25194:Planetary science 25114:Extremes on Earth 25081:Signal processing 24655: 24654: 24477:Water degradation 24352:Ecological crisis 24298:biodiversity loss 24097:Industrialisation 24082:Genetic pollution 23928:Impact assessment 23836: 23835: 23774: 23773: 23770: 23769: 23709:Radiative forcing 23552: 23551: 23548: 23547: 23372:Adaptive capacity 23257: 23256: 23253: 23252: 23117:Energy transition 22993: 22992: 22989: 22988: 22703:Tropical cyclones 22629:Urban heat island 22543: 22542: 22455: 22454: 22451: 22450: 22416:Carbon accounting 22370:Greenhouse effect 22336: 22335: 22051:Library resources 22041: 21983: 21867:. 3 November 2023 21451:Our World in Data 21431:Our World in Data 21411:Our World in Data 21392:Our World in Data 21234:on 14 August 2019 21134:on 9 August 2010. 21089:. 9 December 2020 20589:. BBC. 1 May 2019 20533:978-1-56973-953-2 20510:978-92-63-11264-4 20486:978-92-4-151497-2 20463:978-92-4-151135-3 20444:978-92-4-150769-1 20396:978-1-4648-1435-8 20211:(February 2019). 20188:978-0-674-03189-0 20084:"Paris Agreement" 20052:. United Nations. 20023:978-92-807-3728-8 20002:978-92-807-3890-2 19979:978-92-807-3766-0 19949:978-92-5-109283-5 19919:978-3-030-05843-2 19888:978-3-030-05843-2 19849:978-3-030-05843-2 19748:978-3-948393-00-7 19704:978-1-59691-610-4 19685:978-0-262-54193-0 19678:. The MIT Press. 19615:978-0-521-02123-4 19535:978-1-907555-04-6 19487:978-3-030-05843-2 19456:978-0-08-102886-5 19397:978-1-5135-1195-5 19308:978-0-444-63524-2 19289:978-1-4648-0674-2 19172:978-1-878220-76-9 19145:978-92-9068-703-0 19093:978-0-19-935611-9 19074:978-0-19-956660-0 18940:978-1-118-68733-8 18842:(35): 9326–9331. 18599:(5723): 847–850. 18254:978-0-521-14407-0 18202:(6234): 571–573. 18002:Nature Geoscience 17874:(11): 4133–4137. 17356:(7765): 335–342. 17219:Nature Geoscience 17144:Rahmstorf, Stefan 16977:Nature Geoscience 16926:(7766): 550–554. 16891:978-0-309-14585-5 16860:978-0-309-48455-8 16649:(6359): 101–105. 16504:(7248): 829–832. 16441:(7764): 193–197. 16334:(11): 3156–3166. 16197:10.1029/98EO00206 16074:. pp. 1–470. 16058:. pp. 1–470. 15820:(12): 1100–1103. 15088:(6040): 336–339. 14971:(7596): 591–597. 14939:Nature Geoscience 14796:Nature Geoscience 14652:(14): 5205–5220. 14233:IPCC AR6 SYR 2023 14204:978-92-9169-164-7 14159:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 14138:978-1-009-15792-6 14088:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 14070:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 14052:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 13759:. pp. 49–91. 13682:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 13661:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 13606:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13588:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13570:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 13552:978-1-107-05821-7 13499:978-1-107-05816-3 13352:978-1-107-05807-1 13316:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13298:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13280:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13262:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13244:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13226:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 13201:978-1-107-05799-9 13157:IPCC AR4 WG3 2007 13139:978-0-521-88011-4 13103:IPCC AR4 WG2 2007 13085:978-0-521-88010-7 13049:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 13027:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 13009:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 12991:978-0-521-88009-1 12472:978-3-030-81103-7 12438:978-1-101-90807-5 12404:978-0-12-818173-7 12370:978-3-030-52324-4 12344:Popular Mechanics 12340:Text was earlier 11689:Goyal et al. 2019 11205:Watts et al. 2019 11044:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10899:. 24 October 2021 10683:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10630:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014 10510:, pp. 95–102 10282:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 10247:Watts et al. 2019 10231:Watts et al. 2019 10082:, pp. vi, 12 9934:Teske et al. 2019 9908:, pp. 18, 26 9853:(11): 2403–2420. 9714:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 9654:Kabir et al. 2016 9426:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9392:978-92-5-135234-2 9337:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9325:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9301:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9252:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 9110:(10): 1237–1247. 8889:Smale et al. 2019 8806:10.1111/geb.13386 8792:(12): 2337–2353. 8656:(11): 1222–1228. 8497:Smith et al. 2009 8428:(7983): 528–536. 8228:Doney et al. 2009 8205:Zhang et al. 2008 8170:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 8092:Nature Geoscience 7886:Nature Geoscience 7772:Wolff et al. 2015 7733:Wolff et al. 2015 7668:, pp. 93–95. 7592:Cohen et al. 2014 7580:NASA, 28 May 2013 7544:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013 7534:, pp. 89–90. 7510:, pp. 89–91. 6962:978-92-5-137044-5 6830:Earth Observatory 6278:(7193): 379–382. 6062:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 6014:10.1111/gcb.15871 5350:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 4879:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 4536:Nature Geoscience 4317:(4201): 460–463. 4252:NASA, 7 July 2020 4225:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 4198:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 4186:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 3937:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3925:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3901:, pp. 15, 53 3899:IPCC AR6 WG2 2022 3658:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 3568:. As part of the 3412:Early discoveries 3392:compensation for 3259:think tanks, and 3150:Montreal Protocol 3119:Copenhagen Accord 3024:tries to address 2927: 2926: 2864: 2863: 2768:urban heat island 2764:urban development 2724:. If that fails, 2576:plant-based diets 2506:Low-carbon energy 2492:radioactive waste 2481:can be expanded, 2473:. Traditionally, 2455:electric vehicles 2436:geothermal energy 2322: 2321: 2190:Climate migration 2184:Climate migration 2170:Indigenous people 2014: 2013: 1843:of many species. 1759:Amazon rainforest 1677:thermal expansion 1483:radiative cooling 1354:radiative forcing 1244:agricultural land 1111:, manufacturing, 1101:fluorinated gases 1024:external forcings 963:Greenhouse effect 916:external forcings 576:Last Interglacial 511:climate emergency 414:heating buildings 390:conserving energy 374:. Under the 2015 339:Examples of some 140:practices add to 92:In common usage, 16:(Redirected from 25298: 25248: 25247: 25141:History of Earth 24792:Paleoclimatology 24752: 24682: 24675: 24668: 24659: 24658: 24630: 24629: 24619: 24618: 24452:Phosphorus cycle 24432:Land consumption 24427:Land degradation 24402:Freshwater cycle 24201:Overexploitation 24174:marine pollution 23981:cocoa production 23863: 23856: 23849: 23840: 23839: 23824: 23823: 23812: 23811: 23800: 23799: 23789: 23788: 23787: 23752:Paleoclimatology 23569: 23568: 23558: 23557: 23319:Ecological grief 23302:Climate movement 23277: 23276: 23263: 23262: 23243:Plant-based diet 23134:Renewable energy 23012: 23011: 22999: 22998: 22834:Economic impacts 22756:Invasive species 22612:Coastal flooding 22562: 22561: 22549: 22548: 22485:Svante Arrhenius 22461: 22460: 22431:from agriculture 22421:Carbon footprint 22406:Greenhouse gases 22355: 22354: 22342: 22341: 22294: 22293: 22279: 22272: 22265: 22256: 22255: 22250: 22249:from Wikiversity 22242: 22241: 22240: 22233: 22225: 22224: 22223: 22216: 22208: 22207: 22206: 22199: 22191: 22190: 22189: 22182: 22174: 22173: 22172: 22165: 22157: 22156: 22155: 22148: 22140: 22139: 22138: 22128: 22039: 22029: 22028: 22007: 22005: 21994: 21993: 21984: 21974: 21972: 21968: 21963: 21948: 21946: 21944: 21918: 21905: 21903: 21901: 21876: 21874: 21872: 21847: 21845: 21843: 21818: 21816: 21814: 21789: 21787: 21785: 21760: 21758: 21756: 21751:. 8 January 2017 21731: 21719: 21717: 21715: 21686: 21684: 21682: 21659: 21657: 21655: 21630: 21604: 21602: 21600: 21575: 21573: 21571: 21546: 21544: 21542: 21515: 21513: 21511: 21486: 21484: 21482: 21461: 21459: 21457: 21441: 21439: 21437: 21421: 21419: 21417: 21385: 21383: 21381: 21375:NOAA Climate.gov 21365: 21363: 21361: 21335: 21333: 21331: 21301: 21299: 21297: 21272: 21270: 21268: 21243: 21241: 21239: 21230:. 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S. 14695: 14661: 14638: 14636: 14626: 14617:(5): 1062–1176. 14595: 14585: 14560: 14550: 14517: 14515: 14505: 14470: 14460: 14409: 14399: 14381: 14346: 14336: 14295: 14237: 14229: 14216: 14180: 14163: 14155: 14142: 14109: 14092: 14084: 14074: 14066: 14056: 14048: 14035: 14025: 14001: 13993: 13983: 13975: 13965: 13964:. pp. 3–35. 13957: 13944: 13942: 13918: 13910: 13900: 13892: 13882: 13881:. pp. 3–34. 13874: 13861: 13859: 13835: 13827: 13817: 13809: 13799: 13791: 13781: 13773: 13760: 13752: 13742: 13741:. pp. 3–24. 13734: 13717: 13711: 13686: 13678: 13665: 13657: 13644: 13638: 13630: 13610: 13602: 13592: 13584: 13574: 13566: 13556: 13522: 13514: 13503: 13483: 13466: 13458: 13448: 13440: 13430: 13422: 13412: 13403: 13393: 13385: 13375: 13367: 13356: 13320: 13312: 13302: 13294: 13284: 13276: 13266: 13258: 13248: 13240: 13230: 13222: 13205: 13185: 13161: 13153: 13143: 13107: 13099: 13089: 13053: 13045: 13031: 13023: 13013: 13005: 12995: 12940: 12926: 12915: 12909: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12868: 12862: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12840: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12781: 12747: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12694: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12672: 12638: 12632: 12622: 12616: 12603: 12592: 12586: 12580: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12505: 12499: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12354: 12348: 12339: 12328: 12322: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12288: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12154: 12148: 12143: 12134: 12133: 12123: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12028: 12020: 12014: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11985: 11979: 11974: 11965: 11956: 11950: 11941: 11935: 11927:, pp. 144, 11922: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11889:, pp. 4–5; 11884: 11878: 11877: 11867: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11805: 11799: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11730:Vice, 2 May 2019 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11697: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11654: 11648: 11642: 11636: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11559: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11523: 11517: 11511: 11505: 11495: 11489: 11479: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11375: 11365: 11355: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11303: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11268: 11262: 11253: 11247: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11016: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10941: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10762: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10595: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10529: 10523: 10522:, pp. 45–54 10517: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10494: 10488: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10259: 10253: 10249:, p. 1837; 10244: 10238: 10233:, p. 1854; 10228: 10222: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10178: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10039: 10033: 10023: 10014: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9958: 9952: 9943: 9937: 9927: 9921: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9828: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9786: 9780: 9775:, p. 1068; 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9740:, p. xxiii. 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9587: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9522:10.4060/cc5060en 9508: 9499: 9496:Mach et al. 2019 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9383:10.4060/cb7431en 9365: 9356: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9290:Mora et al. 2017 9287: 9281: 9276: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9234: 9229: 9218: 9213: 9202: 9197: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9127: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9012:. 2 January 2012 9002: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8967: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8886: 8880: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8747: 11009622. 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8673: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8588: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8561: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8453: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8343: 8308: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8248: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8021: 8015: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7977: 7971: 7968:Meinshausen 2019 7961: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7795: 7789: 7780: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7397: 7391: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7326: 7324:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG 7315:globalchange.gov 7306: 7300: 7298: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7246: 7240: 7238:Sand et al. 2015 7235: 7229: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7161:Wild et al. 2005 7158: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7111: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7062:on 27 March 2023 7046: 7040: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6953:10.4060/cc2510en 6938: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6906: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6772: 6766: 6763:Rice Cultivation 6744: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6641:, p. TS-35. 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6554: 6548: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6295: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6227: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6133: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6064:, pp. 43–44 6059: 6053: 6052: 6026: 6016: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5957:(1–2): 213–241. 5941: 5935: 5934:, p. SPM-17 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5832: 5830: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5759:. 29 March 2023. 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5641:(26): eaaz4876. 5635:Science Advances 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5579: 5569: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5449:(3): 2013–2041. 5434: 5428: 5422:, p. 257: " 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5391:Noaa Climate.gov 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5297:"Global Warming" 5293: 5287: 5284:Loeb et al. 2021 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5238: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5080:(1–2): 349–360. 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5028: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4974: 4964: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4849: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4803:. 15 March 2007. 4793: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4730:Top 2000 meters: 4727: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3968:The Conversation 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3911: 3902: 3892: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3630: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3472:Svante Arrhenius 3357:Climate movement 3351:Climate movement 3154:Kigali Amendment 3136: 2999:. Direct global 2975:A wide range of 2921: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2848: 2833: 2811: 2800:coastal flooding 2788: 2778: 2772: 2730:air conditioning 2670:heavy industries 2658:seagrass meadows 2534:carbon-intensive 2459:active transport 2409:sources even as 2308: 2289: 2270: 2255: 2239: 2229: 2223: 2148:Climate security 2001:Pest propagation 1997: 1982: 1967:Permafrost thaws 1959: 1940: 1923:has damaged the 1909: 1899: 1893: 1650:affecting oceans 1581:Arctic shrinkage 1561:energy imbalance 1400:Solar irradiance 1285:), and how much 1234:, etc.), 26% is 1153:rice cultivation 949:Greenhouse gases 934:around the Sun. 924:solar luminosity 920:greenhouse gases 888:Physical drivers 682:greenhouse gases 587:11,700 years ago 551:Paleoclimatology 355:, and worsening 353:marine heatwaves 333: 324: 313: 244:threatens people 209:weather extremes 158:lower atmosphere 142:greenhouse gases 83: 79: 21: 25306: 25305: 25301: 25300: 25299: 25297: 25296: 25295: 25261: 25260: 25259: 25254: 25226: 25188: 25145: 25136:Geologic record 25090: 25076:Plate tectonics 25066:Mineral physics 25046:Earth structure 25032: 24967: 24914: 24844: 24796: 24753: 24744: 24691: 24686: 24656: 24651: 24606: 24565:Organic farming 24491: 24482:Water pollution 24462:Ozone depletion 24442:Loss and damage 24342:Desertification 24279: 24191:Overconsumption 24112:cleaning agents 24013:Energy industry 23976:meat production 23942: 23872: 23867: 23837: 23832: 23785: 23783: 23766: 23713: 23704:Orbital forcing 23598: 23563: 23544: 23518:Paris Agreement 23496: 23492:Warming stripes 23431: 23397:Managed retreat 23392:Loss and damage 23353: 23287:Business action 23271: 23249: 23226: 23149: 23143: 23100: 23061:Climate finance 23006: 22985: 22917: 22770: 22746:Extinction risk 22722:Flora and fauna 22717: 22678:Permafrost thaw 22673:Ozone depletion 22602:Extreme weather 22556: 22539: 22466: 22447: 22384: 22349: 22332: 22299: 22288: 22283: 22253: 22243: 22238: 22236: 22226: 22221: 22219: 22215:from Wikisource 22209: 22204: 22202: 22192: 22187: 22185: 22175: 22170: 22168: 22158: 22153: 22151: 22147:from Wiktionary 22141: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22127:sister projects 22124:at Knowledge's 22076: 22075: 22074: 22059: 22058: 22054: 22047: 22046: 22045: 22038:climate change 22030: 22026: 22021: 22020: 22009: 22003: 22001: 21998:This audio file 21995: 21988: 21979: 21976: 21970: 21966: 21965: 21961: 21958: 21953: 21942: 21940: 21899: 21897: 21870: 21868: 21841: 21839: 21812: 21810: 21783: 21781: 21754: 21752: 21713: 21711: 21680: 21678: 21653: 21651: 21598: 21596: 21569: 21567: 21540: 21538: 21509: 21507: 21480: 21478: 21455: 21453: 21435: 21433: 21415: 21413: 21399:Ritchie, Hannah 21379: 21377: 21359: 21357: 21329: 21327: 21295: 21293: 21266: 21264: 21237: 21235: 21203: 21201: 21200:. 17 April 2020 21174: 21172: 21154: 21152: 21124:Conway, Erik M. 21092: 21090: 21063: 21061: 21043: 21041: 21010: 21008: 20982: 20980: 20948: 20946: 20919: 20917: 20886: 20884: 20870: 20868: 20849: 20847: 20824: 20822: 20794: 20792: 20765: 20763: 20745: 20743: 20725: 20723: 20705: 20703: 20667: 20665: 20612: 20610: 20592: 20590: 20567: 20565: 20545: 20540: 20534: 20523: 20511: 20487: 20476: 20464: 20445: 20434: 20414: 20413: 20408: 20397: 20368: 20351: 20349: 20326: 20324: 20299: 20297: 20274: 20272: 20258: 20249: 20247: 20224: 20222: 20207: 20198: 20196: 20189: 20174: 20148: 20146: 20127: 20125: 20121: 20114: 20098: 20086: 20082:UNFCCC (2015). 20072: 20070: 20048:UNFCCC (1997). 20040: 20024: 20003: 19992: 19980: 19969: 19954: 19952: 19950: 19939: 19935:UN FAO (2016). 19920: 19889: 19850: 19823: 19811: 19799: 19783: 19781: 19754: 19753: 19749: 19738: 19722: 19720: 19716: 19705: 19686: 19663: 19647: 19645: 19641: 19634: 19620: 19618: 19616: 19592: 19590: 19575: 19573: 19569: 19562: 19548: 19546: 19542: 19536: 19521: 19507: 19488: 19457: 19431: 19429: 19425: 19398: 19379: 19363: 19361: 19357: 19343: 19341: 19337: 19323: 19321: 19309: 19290: 19263: 19249: 19235: 19233: 19204: 19190: 19188: 19184: 19173: 19146: 19131: 19119: 19094: 19075: 19053: 19051: 19050:on 10 June 2012 19047: 19036: 19017: 19000: 18998: 18991: 18977: 18975: 18971: 18964: 18952: 18941: 18910: 18908: 18904: 18897: 18887: 18882: 18367: 18348: 18264: 18262: 18255: 18049:(7754): 32–34. 17997: 17814: 17727: 17684:(D20): D20106. 17585: 17500: 17464: 17248:Shine, Keith P. 17239:10.1038/ngeo156 17205: 17158: 17152:Church, John A. 17106:(10): 919–925. 17095: 16915: 16901: 16899: 16892: 16867: 16861: 16694: 15993: 15991: 15961:Climatic Change 15861:(9): e0138996. 15741:Climatic Change 15612: 15604: 15598: 15576:(Erratum: 15575: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15394: 15382: 15372:World Economics 15367: 15185: 15135: 15124: 15075: 14790: 14247: 14242: 14227: 14205: 14178: 14153: 14139: 14082: 14064: 14046: 14023: 13997:IPCC SROCC 2019 13991: 13979:IPCC SROCC 2019 13973: 13961:IPCC SROCC 2019 13955: 13940: 13914:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13908: 13896:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13890: 13878:IPCC SRCCL 2019 13872: 13857: 13825: 13807: 13789: 13771: 13750: 13732: 13709: 13676: 13655: 13632: 13631: 13600: 13582: 13564: 13553: 13512: 13500: 13481: 13456: 13438: 13420: 13401: 13383: 13365: 13353: 13310: 13292: 13274: 13256: 13238: 13220: 13202: 13183: 13151: 13140: 13097: 13086: 13043: 13021: 13003: 12992: 12957: 12934: 12929: 12916: 12912: 12893: 12889: 12881: 12877: 12873:, p. 3567. 12869: 12865: 12858: 12854: 12807: 12803: 12748: 12739: 12729: 12727: 12695: 12688: 12639: 12635: 12623: 12619: 12604: 12595: 12587: 12583: 12564: 12560: 12552: 12548: 12543:Huddleston 2019 12541: 12537: 12523: 12521: 12506: 12502: 12491: 12487: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12389: 12385: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12355: 12351: 12330: 12329: 12325: 12317: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12289: 12285: 12277: 12273: 12261: 12257: 12251:Gunningham 2018 12249: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12221: 12217: 12209: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12185: 12178: 12170: 12166: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12090: 12086: 12049: 12045: 12037: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12017: 12010: 12006: 11998: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11975: 11968: 11957: 11953: 11942: 11938: 11923: 11919: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11885: 11881: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11802: 11795: 11791: 11786:. 14 July 2021. 11776: 11775: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11748: 11740: 11736: 11726:BBC, 1 May 2019 11724: 11720: 11710: 11708: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11683: 11668: 11666: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11643: 11639: 11627: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11592: 11588: 11578: 11576: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11548: 11544: 11524: 11520: 11512: 11508: 11496: 11492: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11465: 11457: 11453: 11445: 11441: 11433: 11429: 11422: 11418: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11269: 11265: 11254: 11250: 11239: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11203: 11199: 11187: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11160: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11121: 11117: 11109: 11105: 11054: 11050: 11042: 11038: 10975: 10971: 10916: 10912: 10902: 10900: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10876: 10874: 10866: 10865: 10861: 10853: 10849: 10804: 10800: 10792: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10729: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10681: 10677: 10656: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632:, p. 125; 10628: 10624: 10620:, p. 1068. 10618:Bui et al. 2018 10616: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10530: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10491: 10479: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10441: 10433: 10426: 10422: 10416:IPCC SRCCL 2019 10414: 10410: 10406:, pp. 1, 3 10402: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10245: 10241: 10229: 10225: 10211: 10209: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10129: 10125: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10078:, p. 697; 10074: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10041: 10040: 10036: 10024: 10017: 10011:Teske, ed. 2019 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9967: 9965: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9944: 9940: 9928: 9924: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9880: 9876: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9787: 9783: 9773:Bui et al. 2018 9771: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9744: 9738:Teske, ed. 2019 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9393: 9367: 9366: 9359: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9216:Ebi et al. 2018 9214: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9163:, p. 1077. 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9015: 9013: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8883: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8703: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8640: 8636: 8586: 8579: 8575: 8522: 8518: 8514:, p. 1112. 8510: 8506: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8309: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8254: 8253:, p. 510; 8249: 8245: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8135:. 10 July 2020. 8125: 8124: 8120: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8022: 8018: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7978: 7974: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7947: 7936: 7932: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7796: 7792: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7766: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7676: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7499: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7424: 7410: 7408: 7398: 7394: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7307: 7303: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7004:, p. 456; 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6939: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6822: 6815: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6653:, Figure SPM.1. 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6555: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6435: 6431: 6386: 6382: 6329: 6325: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6222:, p. 443; 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6153: 6149: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 5992: 5988: 5951:Climatic Change 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5881:(17 May 2023). 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5828: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5768: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5435: 5431: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5253: 5251: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5218: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5064: 5060: 4995: 4991: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4817: 4808: 4795: 4794: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4732: 4711:Top 700 meters: 4709: 4705: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4506:Michon, Scott. 4504: 4500: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4387:Joo et al. 2015 4385: 4381: 4369: 4362: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4067:. 21 April 2023 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4032: 4028: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3852: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3817:IPCC SROCC 2019 3815: 3811: 3805:IPCC SRCCL 2019 3803: 3799: 3793:IPCC SRCCL 2019 3791: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3554:Charles Keeling 3547: 3539: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3443: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3394:loss and damage 3363: 3355:Main articles: 3353: 3345: 3328:(2004) and the 3320:climate fiction 3303: 3289: 3232: 3222: 3217: 3166: 3134: 3131:Paris Agreement 3074: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3039:just transition 3022:climate justice 3018: 3016:Climate justice 2973: 2965:stranded assets 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2879: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2812: 2803: 2789: 2726:managed retreat 2705: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2642:carbon in soils 2635: 2619: 2610: 2602:Main articles: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2560: 2550: 2529: 2521:Main articles: 2519: 2511:energy security 2479:battery storage 2399: 2391:Main articles: 2389: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2309: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2244:desertification 2240: 2192: 2186: 2150: 2140: 2064:Extreme weather 2056: 2048:Main articles: 2046: 2044:Health and food 2025: 2019: 2008: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1974: 1971:release methane 1960: 1951: 1944:Extreme weather 1941: 1932: 1917:Coral bleaching 1910: 1818: 1805: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1738: 1724: 1718:are expanding. 1705: 1701: 1646: 1636: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1597:economic growth 1552: 1542: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1492: 1469:and reduced by 1450: 1442:Main articles: 1440: 1432: 1426: 1380: 1374: 1305: 1300: 1257: 1252:land use change 1212: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192:carbon fixation 1185: 1181: 1173: 1130: 1118: 1106: 1094: 1090: 1078: 1059: 1054: 1049:. In 2019, the 1009: 978: 969: 953:Main articles: 951: 930:eruptions, and 881: 875: 856: 852: 848: 793: 710: 611: 599:climate proxies 553: 541:Main articles: 539: 534: 528: 434: 376:Paris Agreement 363: 362: 361: 360: 336: 335: 334: 326: 325: 316: 315: 314: 264:Human migration 246:with increased 242:Climate change 201:sea ice decline 148:that the Earth 126:Fossil fuel use 81: 77: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25304: 25294: 25293: 25288: 25283: 25278: 25273: 25271:Climate change 25256: 25255: 25253: 25252: 25242: 25237: 25231: 25228: 25227: 25225: 25224: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25198: 25196: 25190: 25189: 25187: 25186: 25181: 25176: 25171: 25169:Atlantic Ocean 25166: 25161: 25155: 25153: 25147: 25146: 25144: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25132: 25131: 25121: 25116: 25111: 25106: 25100: 25098: 25092: 25091: 25089: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25051:Fluid dynamics 25048: 25042: 25040: 25034: 25033: 25031: 25030: 25025: 25023:Geopositioning 25020: 25018:Remote Sensing 25015: 25010: 25005: 25000: 24995: 24990: 24989: 24988: 24977: 24975: 24969: 24968: 24966: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24924: 24922: 24916: 24915: 24913: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24866: 24865: 24854: 24852: 24846: 24845: 24843: 24842: 24837: 24832: 24827: 24822: 24817: 24812: 24806: 24804: 24798: 24797: 24795: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24777:Climate change 24774: 24772:Energy balance 24769: 24767:Climate system 24763: 24761: 24755: 24754: 24747: 24745: 24743: 24742: 24737: 24732: 24727: 24722: 24717: 24712: 24707: 24701: 24699: 24693: 24692: 24685: 24684: 24677: 24670: 24662: 24653: 24652: 24650: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24634: 24623: 24611: 24608: 24607: 24605: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24592:Sustainability 24589: 24584: 24583: 24582: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24501: 24499: 24493: 24492: 24490: 24489: 24487:Water scarcity 24484: 24479: 24474: 24469: 24464: 24459: 24454: 24449: 24444: 24439: 24434: 24429: 24424: 24422:Nitrogen cycle 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24387:Forest dieback 24384: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24328: 24327: 24322: 24315:Climate change 24312: 24311: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24289: 24287: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24277: 24272: 24271: 24270: 24260: 24259: 24258: 24253: 24248: 24243: 24233: 24228: 24223: 24218: 24213: 24208: 24203: 24198: 24193: 24188: 24183: 24182: 24181: 24176: 24171: 24166: 24156: 24155: 24154: 24149: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24132:nanotechnology 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24104: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24084: 24079: 24078: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24057: 24052: 24047: 24037: 24036: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23994: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23952: 23950: 23944: 23943: 23941: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23919: 23918: 23916:on marine life 23908: 23907: 23906: 23904:list of issues 23896: 23891: 23886: 23880: 23878: 23874: 23873: 23866: 23865: 23858: 23851: 23843: 23834: 23833: 23831: 23830: 23818: 23806: 23794: 23779: 23776: 23775: 23772: 23771: 23768: 23767: 23765: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23748: 23747: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23721: 23719: 23715: 23714: 23712: 23711: 23706: 23701: 23696: 23691: 23686: 23681: 23676: 23671: 23670: 23669: 23659: 23657:Cloud feedback 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23638: 23637: 23632: 23627: 23622: 23612: 23606: 23604: 23600: 23599: 23597: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23581: 23575: 23573: 23565: 23564: 23554: 23553: 23550: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23542: 23537: 23532: 23531: 23530: 23525: 23515: 23513:Kyoto Protocol 23510: 23504: 23502: 23498: 23497: 23495: 23494: 23489: 23488: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23467: 23465:Media coverage 23462: 23457: 23455:Climate spiral 23452: 23447: 23441: 23439: 23433: 23432: 23430: 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23363: 23361: 23355: 23354: 23352: 23351: 23346: 23344:Public opinion 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23310: 23309: 23299: 23294: 23292:Climate action 23289: 23283: 23281: 23273: 23272: 23259: 23258: 23255: 23254: 23251: 23250: 23248: 23247: 23246: 23245: 23234: 23232: 23228: 23227: 23225: 23224: 23219: 23213: 23212: 23211: 23206: 23204:REDD and REDD+ 23201: 23196: 23188: 23183: 23181:Carbon farming 23178: 23177: 23176: 23171: 23161: 23155: 23153: 23145: 23144: 23142: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23125: 23124: 23114: 23108: 23106: 23102: 23101: 23099: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23042: 23041: 23031: 23026: 23020: 23018: 23008: 23007: 22995: 22994: 22991: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22984: 22983: 22978: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22927: 22925: 22919: 22918: 22916: 22915: 22913:Water security 22910: 22908:Water scarcity 22905: 22903:Urban flooding 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22864: 22863: 22853: 22848: 22843: 22842: 22841: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22795: 22794: 22789: 22778: 22776: 22772: 22771: 22769: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22753: 22751:Forest dieback 22748: 22743: 22738: 22737: 22736: 22725: 22723: 22719: 22718: 22716: 22715: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22688:Sea level rise 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22669: 22668: 22663: 22661:stratification 22658: 22653: 22648: 22643: 22633: 22632: 22631: 22626: 22616: 22615: 22614: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22568: 22566: 22558: 22557: 22545: 22544: 22541: 22540: 22538: 22537: 22536: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22471: 22468: 22467: 22457: 22456: 22453: 22452: 22449: 22448: 22446: 22445: 22440: 22439: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22426:Carbon leakage 22423: 22418: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22392: 22390: 22386: 22385: 22383: 22382: 22377: 22367: 22365:Climate system 22361: 22359: 22351: 22350: 22338: 22337: 22334: 22333: 22331: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22304: 22301: 22300: 22290: 22289: 22286:Climate change 22282: 22281: 22274: 22267: 22259: 22252: 22251: 22234: 22232:from Wikibooks 22217: 22200: 22198:from Wikiquote 22183: 22166: 22149: 22122:Climate change 22120: 22118: 22117: 22107: 22097: 22087: 22073: 22072: 22067: 22061: 22060: 22056:Climate change 22049: 22048: 22031: 22024: 22023: 22022: 22010: 21996: 21989: 21977: 21960: 21959: 21957: 21956:External links 21954: 21952: 21951: 21950: 21949: 21921: 21920: 21919: 21906: 21879: 21878: 21877: 21850: 21849: 21848: 21821: 21820: 21819: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21763: 21762: 21761: 21734: 21733: 21732: 21720: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21662: 21661: 21660: 21633: 21632: 21631: 21607: 21606: 21605: 21578: 21577: 21576: 21549: 21548: 21547: 21518: 21517: 21516: 21489: 21488: 21487: 21464: 21463: 21462: 21442: 21422: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21366: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21304: 21303: 21302: 21275: 21274: 21273: 21246: 21245: 21244: 21212: 21211: 21210: 21183: 21182: 21181: 21161: 21136: 21120: 21114:. NASA. 2013. 21101: 21100: 21099: 21072: 21071: 21070: 21050: 21030: 21017: 20989: 20957: 20956: 20955: 20928: 20927: 20926: 20910:euobserver.com 20895: 20894: 20893: 20877: 20856: 20833: 20832: 20831: 20807:Deutsche Welle 20803: 20802: 20801: 20774: 20773: 20772: 20752: 20732: 20712: 20687: 20674: 20647: 20646: 20645: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20599: 20576: 20575: 20574: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20538: 20532: 20515: 20509: 20491: 20485: 20468: 20462: 20449: 20443: 20427: 20401: 20395: 20362: 20361: 20360: 20359: 20358: 20308: 20307: 20306: 20256: 20209:Weart, Spencer 20205: 20187: 20172: 20155: 20134: 20107: 20091: 20079: 20054: 20045: 20028: 20022: 20007: 20001: 19984: 19978: 19961: 19948: 19932: 19918: 19893: 19887: 19862: 19848: 19816: 19804: 19790: 19767: 19747: 19732:REN21 (2020). 19729: 19709: 19703: 19690: 19684: 19672:Oreskes, Naomi 19668: 19654: 19627: 19614: 19599: 19582: 19555: 19534: 19512: 19500: 19486: 19461: 19455: 19438: 19418: 19396: 19370: 19350: 19330: 19313: 19307: 19294: 19288: 19254: 19242: 19197: 19177: 19171: 19158: 19144: 19124: 19112: 19098: 19092: 19079: 19073: 19060: 19029: 19022: 19007: 18984: 18957: 18945: 18939: 18917: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18880: 18827: 18784: 18748:(17): L17401. 18731: 18680: 18633: 18588: 18543: 18476: 18421: 18376: 18360: 18341: 18305:(4939): 4939. 18290: 18271: 18253: 18238: 18187: 18163: 18120: 18077: 18034: 18008:(4): 286–289. 17990: 17955: 17927:(5): 937–948. 17912: 17859: 17825:(4): 306–312. 17807: 17772: 17720: 17669: 17651:(3): 286–289. 17640: 17578: 17529: 17493: 17457: 17410: 17341: 17307:(4): 308–312. 17292: 17264:(D2): D02107. 17243: 17225:(4): 221–227. 17210: 17148:Cazenave, Anny 17140: 17088: 17027: 16983:(8): 643–649. 16968: 16908: 16890: 16882:10.17226/12781 16865: 16859: 16851:10.17226/25259 16838: 16820:(7): 501–506. 16808: 16747: 16705:(7): 588–593. 16687: 16630: 16602:(1): 427–444. 16587: 16561:(3): 391–405. 16546: 16493: 16426: 16375: 16365:(2): 279–296. 16354: 16319: 16262: 16201: 16172: 16129: 16076: 16060: 16044: 16024: 16014:(7). S26-S27. 16000: 15967:(3): 281–300. 15952: 15907: 15846: 15807: 15778: 15748:(2): 189–219. 15731: 15676: 15623: 15539:(4): 281–287. 15522: 15461: 15435:(6): 484–489. 15422: 15387: 15360: 15322:(12): 124041. 15305: 15252: 15197: 15178: 15144:(1): 169–192. 15133: 15129: 15068: 15030:(1): 207–250. 15013: 14958: 14929: 14876: 14829: 14803:(9): 627–637. 14783: 14747:(2): 189–206. 14730: 14696: 14639: 14596: 14576:(2): 208–218. 14561: 14518: 14471: 14410: 14347: 14311:(4): 404–414. 14296: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14203: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14137: 14110: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14075: 14057: 14005: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13984: 13966: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13901: 13883: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13831:IPCC SR15 2018 13818: 13813:IPCC SR15 2018 13800: 13795:IPCC SR15 2018 13782: 13777:IPCC SR15 2018 13761: 13756:IPCC SR15 2018 13743: 13738:IPCC SR15 2018 13690: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13666: 13613: 13612: 13611: 13593: 13575: 13551: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13498: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13449: 13431: 13413: 13394: 13376: 13351: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13303: 13285: 13267: 13249: 13231: 13200: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13138: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13084: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13032: 13014: 12990: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12910: 12887: 12875: 12863: 12852: 12823:(10): 104030. 12801: 12764:(11): 114005. 12737: 12711:(4): 183–184. 12686: 12633: 12625:Callendar 1938 12617: 12593: 12581: 12558: 12546: 12535: 12500: 12485: 12471: 12451: 12437: 12417: 12403: 12383: 12369: 12349: 12323: 12311: 12283: 12271: 12255: 12243: 12241:, p. 943. 12231: 12215: 12203: 12191: 12176: 12164: 12159:, p. 80; 12149: 12135: 12106:(10): 104030. 12084: 12065:(4): 183–184. 12043: 12015: 12004: 12002:, p. 146. 11992: 11990:, p. 308. 11980: 11966: 11951: 11936: 11917: 11905: 11879: 11826: 11800: 11789: 11769: 11757: 11746: 11734: 11718: 11692: 11681: 11649: 11637: 11621: 11609: 11586: 11554: 11542: 11518: 11516:, p. 290. 11506: 11490: 11488:, p. 290. 11474: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11427: 11416: 11401: 11389: 11346:(5): 459–463. 11326: 11289: 11263: 11248: 11243:, p. iv; 11233: 11221: 11209: 11207:, p. 1866 11197: 11181: 11169: 11158: 11147: 11145:, p. 477. 11135: 11115: 11103: 11048: 11036: 10991:(3): 381–393. 10984:Climate Change 10969: 10910: 10884: 10859: 10847: 10820:(4): 333–334. 10798: 10796:, p. 439. 10786: 10784:, p. 402. 10774: 10745:(10). 104004. 10723: 10711: 10709:, p. 796. 10699: 10687: 10675: 10650: 10646:IPCC SR15 2018 10638: 10622: 10610: 10590: 10579: 10544:(2): 137–148. 10524: 10512: 10500: 10489: 10473: 10456: 10444: 10439: 10431: 10420: 10408: 10396: 10384: 10372: 10360: 10348: 10336: 10325: 10313: 10308:, p. 29; 10298: 10286: 10274: 10270:IPCC SR15 2018 10264:, p. 27; 10254: 10239: 10223: 10190: 10123: 10118:Letcher (2020) 10108: 10096: 10084: 10068: 10047:Climate action 10034: 10015: 9999: 9987: 9975: 9953: 9938: 9922: 9910: 9898: 9886: 9874: 9833:, p. 46; 9820: 9809: 9797: 9791:, p. 34; 9789:IPCC SR15 2018 9781: 9765: 9753: 9742: 9730: 9728:, p. 109. 9718: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9680:, p. 125. 9670: 9658: 9646: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9592:, p. 38; 9582: 9571: 9569:, p. 399. 9559: 9547: 9545:, p. 328. 9535: 9500: 9488: 9463: 9454: 9452:, p. 796. 9442: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9391: 9357: 9341: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9293: 9282: 9268: 9256: 9235: 9232:Romanello 2022 9219: 9203: 9200:Romanello 2023 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9141: 9088: 9076: 9051: 9039: 9027: 8997: 8928: 8926:, p. 451. 8916: 8904: 8892: 8881: 8866: 8854: 8842: 8826: 8770: 8768:, p. 133. 8758: 8697: 8695:, p. 218. 8685: 8634: 8573: 8516: 8504: 8489: 8477: 8465: 8406: 8383: 8381:, p. 283. 8371: 8298: 8273: 8243: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8197: 8185: 8174: 8172:, p. 1302 8162: 8150: 8138: 8118: 8077: 8075:, p. 260. 8065: 8016: 8000: 7998:, p. 415. 7988: 7972: 7970:, p. 462. 7956: 7945: 7930: 7893:(1): 899–905. 7871: 7859: 7844: 7832: 7817: 7805: 7790: 7775: 7764: 7749: 7747:, p. 120. 7737: 7725: 7713: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7497: 7479: 7449: 7437: 7422: 7392: 7376: 7346: 7334: 7301: 7278: 7259: 7241: 7230: 7214: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7153: 7150:. 4 June 2020. 7139: 7094:(2): 761–769. 7073: 7041: 7034:He et al. 2018 7026: 7024:, p. 183. 7014: 6994: 6982: 6968: 6961: 6928: 6917: 6901: 6890: 6871: 6869:, p. 450. 6859: 6847: 6813: 6799: 6787: 6780: 6767: 6739: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6701: 6683: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6577: 6565: 6549: 6529: 6498: 6459: 6429: 6402:(5): 735–738. 6380: 6323: 6255: 6243: 6228: 6212: 6210:, p. 916. 6200: 6188: 6161:Earth's Future 6147: 6124:(2): 480–494. 6104: 6092: 6077: 6066: 6054: 6007:(2): 349–361. 5986: 5936: 5924: 5896: 5885:. The Guardian 5870: 5847: 5808: 5762: 5744: 5703: 5678: 5621: 5599: 5532: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5429: 5412: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5233: 5216: 5184: 5142:(2): 128–140. 5122: 5058: 4989: 4919: 4917:, p. 2306 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4806: 4785: 4759: 4747: 4703: 4680: 4678:, p. 1844 4668: 4656: 4645: 4633: 4590: 4577: 4542:(9): 627–634. 4521: 4498: 4450: 4425: 4413: 4402: 4391: 4379: 4360: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4255: 4244: 4229: 4217: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4176:, p. 1335 4166: 4155: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4131:IPCC SR15 2018 4123: 4118: 4107: 4090: 4078: 4052: 4026: 4007: 3981: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3903: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3864: 3833: 3831:, p. 1517 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3750: 3736: 3699:(11): 114005. 3674: 3662: 3650: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3592: 3589: 3545: 3537: 3532:In the 1950s, 3511: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3441: 3430:Joseph Fourier 3413: 3410: 3401: 3398: 3375:Greta Thunberg 3352: 3349: 3343: 3288: 3285: 3253:misinformation 3238:Data has been 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3184:presented its 3165: 3162: 3139:European Union 3102:(representing 3096:Kyoto Protocol 3072: 3060: 3046: 3043: 3017: 3014: 2989:carbon pricing 2972: 2971:Policy options 2969: 2960:coal phase-out 2925: 2924: 2922: Very low 2918: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2823:sea level rise 2813: 2806: 2804: 2790: 2783: 2722:flood controls 2701:Main article: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2633: 2617: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2580:meat and dairy 2549: 2546: 2518: 2515: 2388: 2385: 2329:Main article: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2274:Tidal flooding 2272: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2196:urban flooding 2188:Main article: 2185: 2182: 2174:armed conflict 2139: 2136: 2072:water security 2045: 2042: 2021:Main article: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1963:Arctic warming 1961: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1927:and threatens 1921:thermal stress 1911: 1904: 1884:eutrophication 1870:and corals to 1816: 1794: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1768:The long-term 1751:ocean currents 1742:tipping points 1734:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1712:are decreasing 1703: 1699: 1635: 1632: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1541: 1538: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1490: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1396:climate system 1373: 1370: 1318:global dimming 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1255: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1088: 1076: 1057: 1052: 1007: 976: 955:Greenhouse gas 950: 947: 877:Main article: 874: 871: 854: 850: 846: 837:The remaining 792: 789: 709: 706: 655:global dimming 643:sulfur dioxide 610: 607: 595:Little Ice Age 538: 535: 527: 524: 520:global warming 516:global heating 505:climate crisis 500:climate change 484:Global warming 476:Climate change 470:climate system 466:climate change 462:global warming 458:climate change 454:global warming 433: 430: 368:tipping points 338: 337: 328: 327: 319: 318: 317: 308: 307: 306: 305: 304: 237:sea level rise 225:become extinct 162:Carbon dioxide 156:, warming the 144:. These gases 102:climate system 98:global warming 94:climate change 26: 18:Global Warming 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25303: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25282: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25268: 25266: 25251: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25232: 25229: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25199: 25197: 25195: 25191: 25185: 25182: 25180: 25179:Pacific Ocean 25177: 25175: 25172: 25170: 25167: 25165: 25162: 25160: 25157: 25156: 25154: 25152: 25148: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25130: 25127: 25126: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25112: 25110: 25109:Earth science 25107: 25105: 25102: 25101: 25099: 25097: 25093: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25061:Magnetosphere 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25043: 25041: 25039: 25035: 25029: 25028:Virtual globe 25026: 25024: 25021: 25019: 25016: 25014: 25011: 25009: 25006: 25004: 25001: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24993:Earth's orbit 24991: 24987: 24984: 24983: 24982: 24979: 24978: 24976: 24974: 24970: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24925: 24923: 24921: 24917: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24900:World history 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24890:World economy 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24864: 24861: 24860: 24859: 24856: 24855: 24853: 24851: 24847: 24841: 24840:South America 24838: 24836: 24835:North America 24833: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24807: 24805: 24803: 24799: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24764: 24762: 24760: 24756: 24751: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24731: 24728: 24726: 24723: 24721: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24708: 24706: 24703: 24702: 24700: 24698: 24694: 24690: 24683: 24678: 24676: 24671: 24669: 24664: 24663: 24660: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24624: 24622: 24613: 24612: 24609: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24585: 24581: 24578: 24577: 24576: 24575:Reforestation 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24530:Cultured meat 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24510:Birth control 24508: 24506: 24503: 24502: 24500: 24498: 24494: 24488: 24485: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24470: 24468: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24332:Deforestation 24330: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24317: 24316: 24313: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24295: 24294: 24291: 24290: 24288: 24286: 24282: 24276: 24273: 24269: 24266: 24265: 24264: 24261: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24238: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24212: 24209: 24207: 24204: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24194: 24192: 24189: 24187: 24184: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24170: 24167: 24165: 24162: 24161: 24160: 24157: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24109: 24108: 24107:Manufacturing 24105: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24095: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24055:nuclear power 24053: 24051: 24050:fracking (US) 24048: 24046: 24043: 24042: 24041: 24038: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24015: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23958: 23957: 23954: 23953: 23951: 23949: 23945: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23912: 23909: 23905: 23902: 23901: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23881: 23879: 23875: 23871: 23864: 23859: 23857: 23852: 23850: 23845: 23844: 23841: 23829: 23828: 23819: 23817: 23816: 23807: 23805: 23804: 23795: 23793: 23792: 23781: 23780: 23777: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23746: 23743: 23742: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23730:Climate model 23728: 23726: 23723: 23722: 23720: 23716: 23710: 23707: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23677: 23675: 23672: 23668: 23665: 23664: 23663: 23662:Cloud forcing 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23636: 23633: 23631: 23628: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23618: 23617: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23607: 23605: 23601: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23576: 23574: 23570: 23566: 23559: 23555: 23541: 23538: 23536: 23533: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23520: 23519: 23516: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23505: 23503: 23499: 23493: 23490: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23472: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23442: 23440: 23438: 23437:Communication 23434: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23417:Vulnerability 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23387:Flood control 23385: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23364: 23362: 23360: 23356: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23308: 23305: 23304: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23284: 23282: 23278: 23274: 23270: 23264: 23260: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23236: 23235: 23233: 23229: 23223: 23220: 23217: 23214: 23210: 23209:reforestation 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23194:afforestation 23192: 23191: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23166: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23156: 23154: 23152: 23146: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23129:Nuclear power 23127: 23123: 23120: 23119: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23109: 23107: 23103: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23040: 23037: 23036: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23024:Carbon budget 23022: 23021: 23019: 23017: 23013: 23009: 23005: 23000: 22996: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22928: 22926: 22924: 22920: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22862: 22861:Mental health 22859: 22858: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22840: 22837: 22836: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22793: 22792:United States 22790: 22788: 22785: 22784: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22777: 22773: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22752: 22749: 22747: 22744: 22742: 22739: 22735: 22732: 22731: 22730: 22727: 22726: 22724: 22720: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22647: 22646:deoxygenation 22644: 22642: 22641:acidification 22639: 22638: 22637: 22634: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22621: 22620: 22617: 22613: 22610: 22609: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22569: 22567: 22563: 22559: 22555: 22550: 22546: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22505: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22472: 22469: 22462: 22458: 22444: 22441: 22437: 22436:from wetlands 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22413: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22396:Deforestation 22394: 22393: 22391: 22387: 22381: 22378: 22375: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22362: 22360: 22356: 22352: 22348: 22343: 22339: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22305: 22302: 22295: 22291: 22287: 22280: 22275: 22273: 22268: 22266: 22261: 22260: 22257: 22248: 22247: 22235: 22231: 22230: 22218: 22214: 22213: 22201: 22197: 22196: 22184: 22181:from Wikinews 22180: 22179: 22167: 22163: 22162: 22150: 22146: 22145: 22133: 22132: 22129: 22123: 22115: 22111: 22108: 22105: 22101: 22098: 22095: 22091: 22088: 22085: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22043: 22042: 22034: 22018: 22014: 21999: 21938: 21934: 21929: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21922: 21916: 21912: 21907: 21896: 21892: 21887: 21886: 21885: 21884: 21880: 21866: 21862: 21858: 21857: 21856: 21855: 21851: 21838: 21834: 21829: 21828: 21827: 21826: 21822: 21809: 21805: 21800: 21799: 21798: 21797: 21793: 21780: 21776: 21771: 21770: 21769: 21768: 21764: 21750: 21746: 21742: 21741: 21740: 21739: 21735: 21729: 21725: 21721: 21709: 21705: 21701: 21697: 21696: 21695: 21694: 21690: 21676: 21672: 21668: 21667: 21666: 21663: 21650: 21646: 21641: 21640: 21639: 21638: 21634: 21628: 21624: 21620: 21615: 21614: 21613: 21612: 21608: 21595: 21591: 21586: 21585: 21584: 21583: 21579: 21566: 21562: 21557: 21556: 21555: 21554: 21550: 21536: 21532: 21531: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21523: 21519: 21506: 21502: 21497: 21496: 21495: 21494: 21490: 21477: 21472: 21471: 21470: 21469: 21465: 21452: 21448: 21443: 21432: 21428: 21423: 21412: 21408: 21404: 21400: 21396: 21395: 21394: 21393: 21389: 21376: 21372: 21367: 21355: 21351: 21346: 21345: 21344: 21343: 21339: 21325: 21321: 21317: 21312: 21311: 21310: 21309: 21305: 21291: 21287: 21283: 21282: 21281: 21280: 21276: 21263: 21259: 21254: 21253: 21252: 21251: 21247: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21220: 21219: 21218: 21217: 21213: 21199: 21195: 21191: 21190: 21189: 21188: 21184: 21171: 21167: 21162: 21150: 21146: 21142: 21137: 21133: 21129: 21125: 21121: 21117: 21113: 21109: 21108: 21107: 21106: 21102: 21088: 21084: 21080: 21079: 21078: 21077: 21073: 21060: 21056: 21051: 21040: 21036: 21031: 21027: 21023: 21018: 21007: 21003: 20999: 20995: 20990: 20978: 20974: 20970: 20965: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20958: 20945: 20941: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20933: 20929: 20915: 20911: 20907: 20903: 20902: 20901: 20900: 20896: 20883: 20878: 20866: 20862: 20857: 20845: 20841: 20840: 20839: 20838: 20834: 20820: 20816: 20811: 20810: 20809: 20808: 20804: 20791: 20787: 20782: 20781: 20780: 20779: 20775: 20762: 20758: 20753: 20742: 20738: 20733: 20722: 20718: 20713: 20701: 20697: 20693: 20688: 20684: 20680: 20675: 20664: 20660: 20655: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20648: 20642: 20638: 20634: 20629: 20628: 20627: 20626: 20622: 20609: 20605: 20600: 20588: 20584: 20583: 20582: 20581: 20577: 20564: 20563:AP Style Blog 20560: 20555: 20554: 20553: 20552: 20548: 20547: 20535: 20529: 20522: 20521: 20516: 20512: 20506: 20502: 20498: 20497: 20492: 20488: 20482: 20475: 20474: 20469: 20465: 20459: 20455: 20450: 20446: 20440: 20433: 20428: 20424: 20418: 20407: 20402: 20398: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20367: 20363: 20347: 20343: 20339: 20334: 20333: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20309: 20295: 20291: 20287: 20282: 20281: 20270: 20266: 20262: 20257: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20232: 20231: 20220: 20216: 20215: 20210: 20206: 20194: 20190: 20184: 20180: 20179: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20161: 20156: 20144: 20140: 20135: 20120: 20113: 20108: 20104: 20097: 20092: 20085: 20080: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20055: 20051: 20046: 20039: 20038: 20033: 20029: 20025: 20019: 20015: 20014: 20010:UNEP (2018). 20008: 20004: 19998: 19991: 19990: 19985: 19981: 19975: 19968: 19967: 19962: 19951: 19945: 19938: 19933: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19901: 19900: 19894: 19890: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19870: 19869: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19851: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19831: 19830: 19822: 19817: 19810: 19805: 19798: 19797: 19791: 19779: 19775: 19774: 19768: 19764: 19758: 19750: 19744: 19737: 19736: 19730: 19715: 19710: 19706: 19700: 19696: 19691: 19687: 19681: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19662: 19661: 19655: 19640: 19633: 19628: 19617: 19611: 19607: 19606: 19600: 19588: 19583: 19568: 19561: 19556: 19541: 19537: 19531: 19528:. p. i. 19527: 19520: 19519: 19513: 19506: 19501: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19469: 19468: 19462: 19458: 19452: 19448: 19444: 19439: 19424: 19419: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19393: 19389: 19385: 19378: 19377: 19371: 19356: 19351: 19336: 19331: 19319: 19314: 19310: 19304: 19300: 19295: 19291: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19269: 19262: 19261: 19255: 19248: 19243: 19231: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19214: 19210: 19203: 19198: 19183: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19164: 19159: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19141: 19137: 19130: 19125: 19118: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19099: 19095: 19089: 19085: 19080: 19076: 19070: 19066: 19061: 19046: 19042: 19035: 19030: 19027: 19023: 19016: 19012: 19011:DeFries, Ruth 19008: 18997: 18990: 18985: 18970: 18963: 18958: 18951: 18946: 18942: 18936: 18932: 18931: 18926: 18922: 18921:Archer, David 18918: 18903: 18896: 18890: 18889: 18877: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18841: 18837: 18833: 18828: 18824: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18806: 18802: 18798: 18794: 18790: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18773: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18747: 18743: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18675:10044/1/80154 18671: 18666: 18661: 18657: 18653: 18650:(9): 0940c1. 18649: 18645: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18630: 18626: 18622: 18618: 18614: 18610: 18606: 18602: 18598: 18594: 18589: 18585: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18557: 18553: 18549: 18544: 18540: 18536: 18532: 18528: 18524: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18506: 18502: 18498: 18494: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18477: 18473: 18469: 18465: 18461: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18443: 18439: 18435: 18431: 18427: 18422: 18418: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18400: 18396: 18393:(8): 084001. 18392: 18388: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18373: 18366: 18361: 18357: 18356: 18347: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18320: 18316: 18312: 18308: 18304: 18300: 18296: 18291: 18287: 18283: 18279: 18278: 18272: 18260: 18256: 18250: 18246: 18245: 18239: 18235: 18231: 18227: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18209: 18205: 18201: 18197: 18193: 18188: 18184: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18167:Tyndall, John 18164: 18160: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18142: 18138: 18134: 18130: 18129:J. Atmos. Sci 18126: 18121: 18117: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18099: 18095: 18091: 18087: 18083: 18078: 18074: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18056: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18035: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18019: 18015: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17977: 17973: 17970:(9): L09501. 17969: 17965: 17961: 17956: 17952: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17926: 17922: 17921:Risk Analysis 17918: 17913: 17909: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17881: 17877: 17873: 17869: 17865: 17860: 17856: 17852: 17848: 17844: 17840: 17836: 17832: 17828: 17824: 17820: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17787:(2): L02701. 17786: 17782: 17778: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17733: 17726: 17721: 17717: 17713: 17709: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17691: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17584: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17499: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17382: 17381:10044/1/78011 17377: 17372: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17310: 17306: 17302: 17298: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17258: 17253: 17249: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17211: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17169:(5825): 709. 17168: 17164: 17157: 17153: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17105: 17101: 17094: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16914: 16909: 16897: 16893: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16866: 16862: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16839: 16835: 16831: 16827: 16823: 16819: 16815: 16809: 16805: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16693: 16688: 16684: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16619: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16552: 16547: 16543: 16539: 16535: 16531: 16527: 16523: 16519: 16515: 16511: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16494: 16490: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16427: 16423: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16381: 16376: 16372: 16368: 16364: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16272: 16268: 16263: 16259: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16241: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16207: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16093:(8): 085001. 16092: 16088: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16073: 16072: 16066: 16061: 16057: 16056: 16050: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16036: 16030: 16025: 16021: 16017: 16013: 16009: 16008: 16001: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15953: 15949: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15908: 15904: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15856: 15852: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15814: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15789:(36): 53–60. 15788: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15773:10044/1/74820 15769: 15764: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15728: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15624: 15616: 15608: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15572: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15534: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15519: 15515: 15511: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15429: 15423: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15393: 15388: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15366: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15214:(3): e08690. 15213: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15194: 15193: 15184: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15155: 15151: 15147: 15143: 15139: 15130: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15082: 15074: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14965: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14797: 14789: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14706: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14646: 14640: 14635: 14634:10044/1/55714 14630: 14625: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14602: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14513:11250/2465014 14509: 14504: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14488:(1): 014012. 14487: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14256: 14250: 14249: 14235: 14234: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14177: 14176: 14171: 14167: 14161: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14117: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14102: 14096: 14090: 14089: 14081: 14076: 14072: 14071: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14029: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14009: 13999: 13998: 13990: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13972: 13967: 13963: 13962: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13916: 13915: 13907: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13889: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13843: 13833: 13832: 13824: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13806: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13788: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13757: 13749: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13715: 13708: 13707: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13694: 13684: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13642: 13636: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13581: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13563: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13527: 13520: 13519: 13511: 13506: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13463: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13372: 13364: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13318: 13317: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13299: 13291: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13273: 13268: 13264: 13263: 13255: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13237: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13203: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13159: 13158: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13141: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13105: 13104: 13096: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13068: 13063: 13059: 13058: 13051: 13050: 13042: 13038: 13037:Braconnot, P. 13033: 13029: 13028: 13020: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12974: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12924: 12920: 12914: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12897:, p. 2; 12896: 12891: 12884: 12879: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12856: 12848: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12805: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12693: 12691: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12655:(4): 048002. 12654: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12637: 12630: 12626: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12562: 12555: 12550: 12544: 12539: 12531: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12498: 12494: 12489: 12474: 12468: 12464: 12463: 12455: 12440: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12421: 12406: 12400: 12396: 12395: 12387: 12372: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12353: 12346: 12345: 12342:published in 12337: 12333: 12327: 12320: 12315: 12300: 12299: 12294: 12287: 12280: 12275: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12229:, p. 15. 12228: 12225:, p. 9; 12224: 12219: 12212: 12207: 12201:, p. 15. 12200: 12195: 12188: 12183: 12181: 12174:, p. 10. 12173: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12142: 12140: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12088: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12047: 12036: 12032: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12008: 12001: 11996: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11973: 11971: 11964: 11960: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11921: 11914: 11909: 11894: 11888: 11883: 11875: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11836:Energy Policy 11830: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11798: 11793: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11738: 11731: 11727: 11722: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11685: 11678: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11641: 11634: 11631:, p. 3; 11630: 11625: 11618: 11613: 11597: 11590: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11546: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11515: 11514:Liverman 2009 11510: 11503: 11500:, p. 4; 11499: 11494: 11487: 11486:Liverman 2009 11483: 11478: 11472: 11467: 11460: 11455: 11449:, p. 97. 11448: 11443: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11420: 11413: 11408: 11406: 11398: 11393: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11330: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11242: 11237: 11230: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11151: 11144: 11139: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11112: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11052: 11046:, p. 54. 11045: 11040: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10973: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10914: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10790: 10783: 10782:Matthews 2018 10778: 10770: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10685:, p. 17. 10684: 10679: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10619: 10614: 10608:, p. 188 10607: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10466: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10437: 10429: 10424: 10417: 10412: 10405: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10346:, p. 142 10345: 10340: 10334: 10329: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10307: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10284:, p. 300 10283: 10278: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9991: 9984: 9979: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9942: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9919: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9895: 9890: 9884:, pp. 18 9883: 9878: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9746: 9739: 9734: 9727: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9655: 9650: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9567:Matthews 2018 9563: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9507: 9505: 9497: 9492: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9440:, p. 12. 9439: 9434: 9428:, p. 725 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9364: 9362: 9355:, p. 10. 9354: 9351:, p. 3; 9350: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9327:, p. 748 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9303:, p. 988 9302: 9297: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9233: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9031: 9024: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8914:, p. 510 8913: 8908: 8902:, p. 13. 8901: 8896: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8839: 8836:, p. 7; 8835: 8830: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8585: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8474: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8395:. CarbonBrief 8394: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8160:, p. 12. 8159: 8154: 8147: 8142: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7722: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7234: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7212:, p. 78. 7211: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7194: 7193:Albrecht 1989 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7149: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6947:. Rome: FAO. 6946: 6945: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6926: 6921: 6915:, p. 18. 6914: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6894: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6795:Davidson 2009 6791: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6732: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6563:, p. 742 6562: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6241:, p. 20. 6240: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5879:Harvey, Fiona 5874: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5577:11250/3115996 5573: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5521:. 20 May 2021 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5424:Ocean warming 5421: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5303:. 3 June 2010 5302: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5036:11250/3088837 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4962:11250/2771093 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4905:, p. 81. 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4693:NCEI.NOAA.gov 4690: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4649: 4643:, p. 386 4642: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4132: 4127: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3914:WHO, Nov 2023 3910: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574:peer-reviewed 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558:Keeling Curve 3555: 3551: 3550:Roger Revelle 3543: 3535: 3534:Gilbert Plass 3526: 3522: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3485: 3484:climate model 3473: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3240:cherry picked 3236: 3231: 3227: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174:jurisdictions 3171: 3168:In 2019, the 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3069: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654:prairie plots 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:afforestation 2627: 2623: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2407:global energy 2403: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2370:reforestation 2367: 2366:deforestation 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2332: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2278:Venice, Italy 2275: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:statelessness 2197: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2024: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1774:ocean warming 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569:climate model 1562: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1546:Climate model 1537: 1535: 1534:phytoplankton 1531: 1527: 1513: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1298:Other factors 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1248:Deforestation 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:According to 1216: 1207: 1193: 1189: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159:, as well as 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:making cement 1126: 1122: 1121:deforestation 1114: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1086: 1085:equivalent to 1074: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020:nitrous oxide 1017: 1013: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 946: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 870: 868: 864: 861:release from 860: 844: 840: 839:carbon budget 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 813: 805: 801: 797: 788: 786: 785:precipitation 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 705: 703: 700:. Plants are 699: 698:precipitation 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 628: 623: 615: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 561: 557: 552: 548: 544: 533: 523: 521: 517: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:air pollution 443: 439: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 406:nuclear power 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 332: 323: 312: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284:flood control 281: 277: 273: 272:global health 269: 265: 261: 260:economic loss 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 229:ocean heating 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:deforestation 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 87: 74: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 25276:Anthropocene 25222:Solar System 25184:Oceanography 25174:Indian Ocean 25164:Arctic Ocean 25104:Age of Earth 25056:Geomagnetism 24776: 24730:Thermosphere 24720:Stratosphere 24314: 24268:urban sprawl 24263:Urbanization 24211:Particulates 24196:Overdrafting 23911:Human impact 23884:Anthropocene 23825: 23813: 23801: 23782: 23615:Carbon cycle 23572:Measurements 23267:Society and 23151:carbon sinks 23056:Climate debt 23046:Carbon price 22868:Human rights 22693:Season creep 22651:heat content 22577:Anoxic event 22490:James Hansen 22285: 22244: 22227: 22210: 22193: 22176: 22164:from Commons 22159: 22142: 22121: 22055: 22037: 21941:. 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In press. 12730:15 November 12568:, pp. 12495:, pp. 12157:Newell 2006 11913:Stover 2014 11865:1885/286612 11526:Müller 2010 11498:Dessai 2001 11435:UNFCCC 1992 11319:18 December 10394:, p. 1 9266:, p. 4 9254:, p. 9 8536:(1): 2307. 7344:, p. 6 7254:www.imo.org 7181:Twomey 1977 7066:18 December 6913:UN FAO 2016 6785:emissions." 6709:Kvande 2014 6542:ozone layer 6538:troposphere 6491:20 November 6468:Keeling, C. 6452:20 November 6253:, p. 7 6239:USGCRP 2009 6198:, p. 9 5783:: 343–371. 5405:20 February 5364:, p. 7 4939:(1): 3261. 4720:climate.gov 4443:23 February 4065:news.un.org 3764:, methane ( 3200:from 2035. 3135:1.5 °C 2981:regulations 2948:geopolitics 2837:Green roofs 2819:storm surge 2798:can reduce 2668:-intensive 2646:cover crops 2158:Heat stress 2099:crop yields 1929:coral reefs 1763:coral reefs 1423:volcanic CO 1408:troposphere 1331:bunker fuel 1260:carbon sink 1242:and 34% is 1188:carbon sink 1157:coal mining 1043:natural gas 1029:Before the 896:error range 718:evaporation 639:thermometer 518:instead of 496:U.S. Senate 432:Terminology 217:coral reefs 132:, and some 56:Changes in 25265:Categories 25086:Tomography 25071:Seismology 25038:Geophysics 25013:Navigation 24905:Time zones 24870:In culture 24815:Antarctica 24802:Continents 24725:Mesosphere 24697:Atmosphere 24647:mitigation 24642:assessment 24637:by country 24535:Decoupling 24497:Mitigation 24226:Reservoirs 24147:pesticides 24092:Explosives 24070:reservoirs 23971:irrigation 23674:Cryosphere 23635:permafrost 23407:Resilience 23359:Adaptation 23334:Litigation 23324:Governance 23269:adaptation 23051:Carbon tax 23004:Mitigation 22941:Antarctica 22829:Disability 22195:Quotations 22104:Met Office 22013:Audio help 22004:2021-10-30 21681:1 December 21654:8 November 21436:28 October 21416:1 December 21407:"Land Use" 21403:Roser, Max 21155:12 October 21064:6 December 20899:EUobserver 20766:11 January 20568:6 November 20141:(Report). 20101:(Report). 19955:1 December 19648:7 February 19576:9 November 19364:25 October 19236:25 October 18994:(Report). 18485:The Lancet 18430:The Lancet 18355:USGCRP2017 18265:19 January 17505:The Lancet 17469:The Lancet 17128:2160/34111 16902:28 January 16071:USGCRP2017 16055:USGCRP2017 15994:9 February 15532:BioScience 15483:1602.01393 15192:USGCRP2017 15136:Problem". 14839:The Lancet 14659:1704.00563 13765:Rogelj, J. 12901:, p. 12871:Weart 2013 12524:31 January 11711:10 January 11669:13 October 11598:. Ecowatch 11579:24 October 11569:Copenhagen 11502:Grubb 2003 11414:, Table 7. 11282:16 October 11068:: 122813. 10903:20 January 10877:20 January 10212:12 October 9995:Teske 2019 9968:19 January 9894:REN21 2020 9555:UNHCR 2011 8862:Urban 2015 8291:31 January 7815:, FAQ 8.1. 7472:10 October 7411:18 January 6759:Wastewater 6141:10161/9564 5696:3 February 5552:(1): 168. 5254:31 January 5205:31 January 5198:Copernicus 4778:18 January 4471:: 106222. 4045:13 January 3853:5 February 3643:12 January 3621:References 3579:articles. 3542:Hans Suess 3514:See also: 3389:Litigation 3261:contrarian 3190:Fit for 55 2898: High 2871:See also: 2757:There are 2715:sanitation 2697:Adaptation 2552:See also: 2463:heat pumps 2428:hydropower 2411:renewables 2162:World Bank 2082:, such as 1931:worldwide. 1841:extinction 1833:subtropics 1716:dead zones 1685:ice sheets 1506:permafrost 1404:satellites 1165:fertilizer 1151:, manure, 1145:fertilizer 1095:, 18% was 863:permafrost 769:ice sheets 745:South Pole 741:North Pole 730:atmosphere 292:adaptation 221:the Arctic 193:permafrost 181:heat waves 138:industrial 120:since the 96:describes 25003:Geomatics 24948:Ecosystem 24933:Biosphere 24895:Etymology 24875:Earth Day 24825:Australia 24735:Exosphere 24570:Recycling 24236:Transport 24221:Quarrying 24216:Pollution 24075:transport 24065:petroleum 24060:oil shale 24023:biodiesel 23689:Feedbacks 23460:Education 22961:Caribbean 22956:Australia 22883:Migration 22846:Fisheries 22787:Livestock 22713:Wildfires 22619:Heat wave 22246:Resources 22229:Textbooks 21969:hour and 21808:The Verge 21796:The Verge 21481:19 August 21380:8 October 21267:7 October 21238:25 August 21006:0261-3077 20411:(Report). 20168:199454488 19928:133961910 19858:198078901 19757:cite book 19496:133868222 19414:203245445 19406:1018-5941 19154:913058074 19001:9 January 18955:(Report). 18772:1944-8007 18539:207976337 18523:0140-6736 18468:205979317 18417:1748-9326 18226:0036-8075 18159:1520-0469 18030:1752-0908 17847:1758-6798 17760:1436-378X 17708:2156-2202 17618:1944-8007 17574:229069907 17566:1877-3435 17544:: 69–77. 17406:197542084 17390:1476-4687 17337:214619069 17329:1758-6798 17136:1758-6798 17066:0027-8424 17005:1752-0908 16964:198494930 16948:1476-4687 16786:0027-8424 16735:1758-6798 16674:1912/9383 16618:1947-5438 16583:134820599 16526:1476-4687 16489:186207310 16473:1476-4687 16422:236233508 16414:0094-8276 16315:218879068 16299:2397-334X 16240:0027-8424 16117:1748-9326 15989:207988694 15885:1932-6203 15842:1758-6798 15795:0012-9976 15727:1944-8007 15672:0003-0007 15599:. 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Local 739:and the 593:and the 572:ice ages 380:net-zero 357:droughts 345:Wildfire 248:flooding 179:, while 154:sunlight 150:radiates 116:burning 25240:History 25235:Outline 25096:Geology 25008:Gravity 24973:Geodesy 24943:Ecology 24759:Climate 24740:Weather 24621:Commons 24397:Erosion 24347:Ecocide 24285:Effects 24231:Tourism 24164:fishing 24122:fashion 24045:fashion 23998:Bitcoin 23877:General 23630:oceanic 23480:fiction 23329:Justice 23280:Society 22888:Poverty 22597:Drought 22465:History 22389:Sources 22040:(Q7942) 22033:Scholia 22002: ( 21973:minutes 21943:30 July 21784:30 June 21599:2 April 21456:4 April 21175:14 July 21093:4 April 20825:23 June 20746:28 July 20726:20 July 20706:2 March 20593:30 June 20352:19 June 20327:19 June 20300:19 June 20275:19 June 20250:19 June 20225:19 June 20199:16 June 19621:30 July 19344:4 April 19324:6 April 19217:Bibcode 19138:(IOM). 18867:5584412 18844:Bibcode 18823:9387303 18801:Bibcode 18780:1708267 18750:Bibcode 18718:4608041 18697:Bibcode 18652:Bibcode 18601:Bibcode 18593:Science 18575:3586608 18493:Bibcode 18395:Bibcode 18328:6250710 18307:Bibcode 18204:Bibcode 18196:Science 18137:Bibcode 18107:7017767 18051:Bibcode 18010:Bibcode 17972:Bibcode 17942:4298023 17899:2648893 17876:Bibcode 17827:Bibcode 17789:Bibcode 17768:3900505 17686:Bibcode 17653:Bibcode 17627:7427631 17598:Bibcode 17546:Bibcode 17429:Bibcode 17358:Bibcode 17309:Bibcode 17266:Bibcode 17227:Bibcode 17171:Bibcode 17163:Science 17108:Bibcode 17075:2947866 17044:Bibcode 17014:6675609 16985:Bibcode 16928:Bibcode 16822:Bibcode 16795:5834701 16764:Bibcode 16707:Bibcode 16651:Bibcode 16643:Science 16563:Bibcode 16542:4423773 16506:Bibcode 16443:Bibcode 16392:Bibcode 16336:Bibcode 16279:Bibcode 16249:3752235 16218:Bibcode 16185:Bibcode 16159:4131936 16125:8779827 16095:Bibcode 15969:Bibcode 15939:5102735 15894:4587979 15863:Bibcode 15822:Bibcode 15750:Bibcode 15695:Bibcode 15640:Bibcode 15615:erratum 15607:erratum 15601:erratum 15562:5894087 15518:9410444 15488:Bibcode 15437:Bibcode 15324:Bibcode 15269:Bibcode 15216:Bibcode 15146:Bibcode 15090:Bibcode 15081:Science 15032:Bibcode 14973:Bibcode 14895:Bibcode 14886:Science 14805:Bibcode 14714:Bibcode 14664:Bibcode 14535:Bibcode 14490:Bibcode 14458:6467865 14429:Bibcode 14397:6561295 14366:Bibcode 14334:7550406 14313:Bibcode 14264:Bibcode 14255:Science 12932:Sources 12825:Bibcode 12766:Bibcode 12657:Bibcode 12578:Tyndall 12108:Bibcode 11844:Bibcode 11809:"India" 11348:Bibcode 11070:Bibcode 10993:Bibcode 10925:Science 10822:Bibcode 10747:Bibcode 10546:Bibcode 10203:iea.org 10176:4678124 10147:Bibcode 9855:Bibcode 9639:8 April 9112:Bibcode 9069:9 April 9016:4 April 8983:9586316 8952:Bibcode 8819:10 June 8794:Bibcode 8721:Bibcode 8658:Bibcode 8601:Bibcode 8592:Science 8559:8052459 8538:Bibcode 8430:Bibcode 8319:Science 8038:Bibcode 7916:7614181 7895:Bibcode 7700:2242376 7096:Bibcode 6840:5 April 6697:dioxide 6404:Bibcode 6347:Bibcode 6338:Science 6318:1382081 6280:Bibcode 6169:Bibcode 5959:Bibcode 5785:Bibcode 5725:Bibcode 5664:7319730 5643:Bibcode 5554:Bibcode 5451:Bibcode 5314:causes. 5212:become. 5144:Bibcode 5082:Bibcode 5013:Bibcode 4972:7341748 4941:Bibcode 4834:Bibcode 4608:Bibcode 4600:Science 4544:Bibcode 4473:Bibcode 4339:1740491 4319:Bibcode 4310:Science 4267: 3701:Bibcode 3660:, SPM-7 3577:journal 3400:History 3377:. Mass 3330:Al Gore 3215:Society 2650:tillage 2616:Most CO 2280:(2004). 2215:climate 2119:drought 2088:malaria 1864:mussels 1831:in the 1658:monsoon 1611:Impacts 1459:process 1323:sulfate 1272:logging 1236:forests 1232:deserts 1113:heating 1097:methane 908:La Niña 904:El Niño 859:methane 753:sea ice 651:sulfate 25151:Oceans 25119:Future 24963:Nature 24885:Symbol 24830:Europe 24810:Africa 24625: 24614: 24186:Mining 24040:energy 23948:Causes 23610:Albedo 23603:Theory 23314:Denial 23105:Energy 22966:Europe 22946:Arctic 22931:Africa 22856:Health 22851:Gender 22804:Cities 22729:Biomes 22636:Oceans 22624:Marine 22347:Causes 22053:about 21900:15 May 21842:28 May 21755:15 May 21728:UNFCCC 21714:12 May 21704:UNFCCC 21693:UNFCCC 21330:26 May 21204:3 June 21044:25 May 21004: 20949:3 June 20668:18 May 20530: 20507: 20483: 20460: 20441: 20393: 20185: 20166: 20073:17 May 20032:UNFCCC 20020: 19999: 19976: 19946: 19926: 19916: 19885: 19856: 19846: 19784:9 July 19745: 19701: 19682: 19630:NOAA. 19612: 19549:18 May 19532: 19494: 19484: 19453: 19412: 19404: 19394: 19305: 19286: 19169: 19152: 19142: 19090: 19071: 18937: 18874: 18864: 18821: 18778: 18770: 18725: 18715: 18627: 18619: 18582: 18572: 18537: 18529: 18521: 18466: 18458: 18415: 18335: 18325: 18251: 18232: 18224: 18157: 18114: 18104: 18071: 18043:Nature 18028: 17949: 17939: 17906: 17896: 17853: 17845: 17766: 17758: 17714: 17706: 17645:Nature 17634: 17624: 17616: 17572: 17564: 17523: 17487: 17404: 17396: 17388: 17350:Nature 17335: 17327: 17286: 17197: 17189: 17134: 17082: 17072: 17064: 17021: 17011: 17003: 16962: 16954: 16946: 16920:Nature 16888: 16857: 16802: 16792: 16784: 16741: 16733: 16681: 16624: 16616: 16581: 16540: 16532: 16524: 16498:Nature 16487: 16479: 16471: 16435:Nature 16420: 16412: 16313: 16305: 16297: 16256: 16246: 16238: 16166: 16156: 16123: 16115: 15987: 15946: 15936: 15901: 15891: 15883: 15840: 15801: 15793: 15725: 15670: 15588: 15584:, 15569: 15559: 15551: 15516: 15508: 15455: 15354: 15299: 15246: 15174:402398 15172: 15164: 15116: 15108: 15062: 15007: 14999: 14991: 14964:Nature 14923: 14915: 14866: 14858: 14823: 14777: 14769: 14690: 14682: 14590: 14555: 14465: 14455: 14447: 14404: 14394: 14386: 14341: 14331: 14290: 14282: 14211: 14201: 14135: 13549: 13496: 13349: 13198: 13136: 13082: 12988: 12845: 12794: 12786: 12723: 12469: 12435: 12401: 12367: 12128: 12077: 11872: 11602:10 May 11380: 11096: 11088: 11029: 11021: 10962: 10954: 10946: 10840: 10767: 10661:. 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