403:, in which a lesion is created to reduce involuntary muscle tremors. When it comes to regulation of movement, the globus pallidus has a primarily inhibitory action that balances the excitatory action of the cerebellum. These two systems evolved to work in harmony with each other to allow smooth and controlled movements. Imbalances can result in tremors, jerks, and other movement problems, as seen in some people with progressive neurological disorders characterized by symptoms like tremors. The basal ganglia acts on a subconscious level, requiring no conscious effort to function. When someone makes a decision to engage in an activity such as petting a dog, for example, these structures help to regulate the movement to make it as smooth as possible, and to respond to sensory feedback. Likewise, the globus pallidus is involved in the constant subtle regulation of movement that allows people to walk and engage in a wide variety of other activities with a minimal level of disruption.
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516:. This data is routed to the thalamus, either directly or indirectly. In the case of the interna, one area of the globus pallidus, the structure can feed directly to the thalamus. The externa, which lies on the outside of this structure, feeds information to the interna, where it can be passed on to the thalamus.
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Overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia. Globus pallidus externa and interna are shown in green. Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures, with + and – signs at the point of the arrows indicating, respectively, whether the
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Reiner, Anton; Perkel, David J.; Bruce, Laura L.; Butler, Ann B.; Csillag, András; Kuenzel, Wayne; Medina, Loreta; Paxinos, George; Shimizu, Toru; Striedter, Georg; Wild, Martin; Ball, Gregory F.; Durand, Sarah; Gütürkün, Onur; Lee, Diane W.; Mello, Claudio V.; Powers, Alice; White, Stephanie A.;
399:, regulate movements that occur on the subconscious level. If the globus pallidus is damaged, it can cause movement disorders, as its regulatory function will be impaired. There may be cases in which damage is deliberately induced, as in a procedure known as a
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Gillies, M. J., Hyam, J. A., Weiss, A. R., Antoniades, C. A., Bogacz, R., Fitzgerald, J. J., … Green, A. L. (2017). The
Cognitive Role of the Globus Pallidus interna; Insights from Disease States. Experimental Brain Research, 235(5), 1455–1465.
288:-positive, with very large dendritic arborizations. These have the peculiarity of having the three-dimensional shape of flat discs, parallel to one another, parallel to the border of the pallidum and perpendicular to the afferent
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pars reticulata was stressed very early on due to the similarities in dendritic arborisation (and they are sometimes known as the pallidonigral set) but, in spite of strong evidence, this association remains controversial.
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Yelnik, J., Percheron, G., and François, C. (1984) A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. II- Quantitative morphology and spatial orientation of dendritic arborisations. J. Comp. Neurol. 227:200–213
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McCartney, L. K., Bau K., Stewart K., Botha B., Morrow A., (2016), Pallidotomy as a treatment option for a complex patient with severe dystonia , Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2016 58: (68–69)
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Percheron, G., Yelnik, J. and François. C. (1984) A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. III-Spatial organization of the striato-pallidal complex. J. Comp. Neurol. 227: 214–227
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motor areas. Its function is to serve as a limbic-somatic motor interface, and it is involved in the planning and inhibition of movements from the dorsal striatopallidal complex.
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Hough, Gerald; Kubikova, Lubica; Smulders, Tom V.; Wada, Kazuhiro; Dugas-Ford, Jennifer; Husband, Scott; Yamamoto, Keiko; Yu, Jing; Siang, Connie; Jarvis, Erich D. (2004).
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443:). The striatal afferents contribute more than 90% of synapses. The two pallidal nuclei receive dopaminergic axons from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.
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737:, Mercer, J.N. and Savio Chan, C. (2005) Autonomous pacemakers in the basal ganglia: who needs excitatory synapses anyway? Cur. Opin.Neurobiol. 15:312–318.
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Fox, C.A., Andrade, A.N. Du Qui, I.J., Rafols, J.A. (1974) The primate globus pallidus. A Golgi and electron microscopic study. J. Hirnforsch. 15: 75–93
253:. The latter is made up of similar neuronal elements, has similar afferents from the striatum, similar projections to the thalamus, and has a similar
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As the elements in no way have the shape of a globe, throughout the 20th century scientists proposed a simpler term (a neuter adjective),
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di Figlia, M., Pasik, P., Pasik, T. (1982) A Golgi and ultrastructural study of the monkey globus pallidus. J. Comp. Neurol. 212: 53–75
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539:(meaning "pale"). Propositions include those by Foix and Nicolesco (1925), the Vogts (1941), Crosby et al. (1962) and the
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The ultrastructure is very peculiar, as the long dendrites are everywhere, without discontinuity, covered by synapses.
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Pallidal nuclei are made up of the same neuronal components. In primates, almost all pallidal neurons are very large,
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The globus pallidus is a structure in the brain involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. It is part of the
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This area of the basal ganglia receives input from another area, called the striatum, which has two parts, the
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SchĂĽnke, Michael; Ross, Lawrence M.; Schulte, Erik; Lamperti, Edward D.; Schumacher, Udo (2007).
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of the external globus pallidus (lower left of image) and putamen (upper right of image).
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For a long time the globus pallidus was linked to the putamen and termed the
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Transverse section of the globus pallidus from a structural MR image.
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The origin of the name is not established. It was used by
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Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia.
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The two parts receive successively a large quantity of
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primate basal ganglia#Pallidonigral set and pacemaker
237:. The globus pallidus is a major component of the
298:The globus pallidus is traversed by the numerous
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475:pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect.
33:Globus pallidus (in red) shown within the brain
643:Theme atlas of anatomy: head and neuroanathomy
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342:external globus pallidus
338:internal globus pallidus
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1076:Lateral olfactory stria
407:Pallidonigral pacemaker
334:medial medullary lamina
1145:Diagonal band of Broca
1071:Medial olfactory stria
1007:Subthalamic fasciculus
985:Pallidothalamic tracts
542:Terminologia Anatomica
530:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
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219:entopeduncular nucleus
1169:Hippocampal formation
1115:Substantia innominata
1000:Lenticular fasciculus
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330:primate basal ganglia
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259:intralaminar thalamus
487:refer to inhibitory
479:refer to excitatory
397:many other functions
221:. It is part of the
1263:Schaffer collateral
1174:Hippocampus anatomy
990:Thalamic fasciculus
460:subthalamic nucleus
264:Globus pallidus is
1191:Hippocampus proper
865:Olfactory tubercle
528:(1906) but not by
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609:10.1002/cne.20118
571:Lentiform nucleus
550:lentiform nucleus
373:prefrontal cortex
361:nucleus accumbens
322:H&E-LFB stain
318:Microscopic image
201:structure of the
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427:Common afferents
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336:. These are the
251:substantia nigra
171:edit on Wikidata
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122:birnlex_1234
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1183:Grey matter
1164:Archicortex
1107:Grey matter
1030:Grey matter
819:Grey matter
801:human brain
401:pallidotomy
286:parvalbumin
255:synaptology
227:subthalamus
199:subcortical
66:Identifiers
646:. Thieme.
577:References
485:red arrows
483:pathways,
300:myelinated
213:, and one
104:NeuroNames
83:Acronym(s)
1230:Subiculum
907:Claustrum
495:refer to
489:GABAergic
452:ROSTRAL:
433:GABAergic
381:tegmental
272:Structure
1282:Category
902:Amygdala
828:Striatum
795:Rostral
627:15116397
565:See also
554:striatum
537:pallidum
512:and the
458:CAUDAL:
454:striatum
437:striatum
387:Function
369:thalamus
363:and the
357:striatum
249:and the
247:thalamus
243:striatum
215:internal
207:external
116:NeuroLex
1253:Fimbria
841:Putamen
799:of the
753:at the
618:2518311
520:History
514:putamen
504:Pathway
462:(STN),
328:In the
229:in the
197:, is a
97:D005917
56:Part of
51:Details
1248:Alveus
1096:Other
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895:Other
359:(the
309:Parts
293:axons
266:Latin
203:brain
169:[
158:61835
72:Latin
946:Genu
713:>
648:ISBN
623:PMID
466:(SN)
415:and
379:and
347:The
181:The
146:5569
129:TA98
92:MeSH
1211:CA4
1206:CA3
1201:CA2
1196:CA1
884:GPi
879:GPe
613:PMC
605:doi
601:473
193:or
153:FMA
141:TA2
109:231
1284::
692:^
680:^
621:.
611:.
599:.
595:.
545:.
423:)
261:.
187:GP
118:ID
86:GP
1171:/
1166::
987::
788:e
781:t
774:v
656:.
629:.
607::
324:.
185:(
173:]
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