Glossary of lichen terms

1298: 18020: 1019: 18797: 6999: 9673: 2642: 652: 18612: 12872: 10854: 19731: 15296: 17902: 16428: 634: 17567: 11193: 13865: 5584: 4289: 357: 10527: 643: 15694: 7787: 4792: 11712: 6210: 15532: 8128: 2830: 5318: 1955: 6665: 2347: 19172: 10569: 8699: 10536: 7545: 13333: 20244: 6573: 2990: 14352: 8934: 1946: 1532: 20664: 12178: 3342: 19940: 476: 3743: 7895: 17228: 14017: 29020:; Andrew, Carrie J.; Cáceres, Marcela; Plata, Eimy Rivas; Gueidan, Cécile; da Silva Canêz, Luciana; Knight, Allison; Ludwig, Lars R.; Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2014). "Elucidating phylogenetic relationships and genus-level classification within the fungal family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". 265:. In the next five decades that followed, many other additions were made to the repertoire of lichen terms, subsequent to the increased understanding of lichen anatomy and physiology made possible by microscopy. For whatever reasons, there were not any new terms (still currently used) introduced from the period 1906 to 1945, when 346:

and their associated reference species; and "everyday" words that have a specialized meaning in lichenology. The list also includes a few historical terms that have been supplanted or are now considered obsolete. Familiarity with these terms is helpful for understanding older literature in the field.

17442:

Closely related species that are morphologically indistinguishable but can be distinguished by non-morphological traits, such as chemistry or genetic differences. Initially defined as species recognized mainly through cryptic or non-morphological discontinuities, the concept has evolved to

58: 18003:

A lichen species that is extremely similar (or identical) in external morphology, anatomy, chemistry, and spore size to another, but that is placed in a different genus solely based on differences in spore septation and/or spore colour. The term was introduced by Michael Wirth and

828:

in lichens. This association, unlike in lichens, does not render the fungal partner nutritionally dependent on the algae, thus all involved fungal species are capable of surviving without the algal partner. Alcobiosis represents a diverse interaction, seen in various stages of

3151:-like structure that contains cyanobacteria, found in some lichens. These structures can be located on the lichen's upper or lower surface, or within the thallus itself. These structures are found in most lichens that contain both algal and cyanobacterial 9850:

Having roughly equal dimensions in all directions, resulting in a roughly spherical or cube-like shape; often used to describe cells that are not elongated or flattened but maintain a uniform size across their width, height, and depth.

16033:. This diverse group demonstrates that ascoma morphology alone is insufficient for determining evolutionary relationships, with convergent evolution of perithecial fruiting bodies occurring multiple times across fungal lineages. 12310:

fungus is housed inside multicellular algae; the algae and fungus involved in this association are called mycophycobionts. Contrary to a lichen symbiosis, the fungal partner is the inhabitant, and the algal partner dominates.

14012:

The colorless and usually gelatinous outermost layer of a spore. This transparent layer determines the spore's shape. The other four layers of a spore, going inward, are the exospore, epispore, mesospore, and endospore.

12064:

and the formation of crystals with characteristic shapes; the crystals are examined microscopically for identification. Although this technique has largely been supplanted by the more reliable and sensitive technique of

29142:

Rapai, Sean B.; McMullin, Richard Troy; Newmaster, Steven G. (2012). "The importance of macrolichen traits and phylogeny in forest community assemblage along a high elevation gradient in southwestern British Columbia".

6926:, but it differentiates by the way the apothecia open through irregular thallus cracks, finally resembling chroodiscoid apothecia. It often has a unique elongated form at maturity and can be seen in species such as 409:

Referring to a developmental process in lichens where certain structures, such as spores or reproductive organs, fail to reach full development or maturity, often resulting in non-viable or malformed structures.

4056:

A form of growth where the lichen is pressed so tightly against the substrate upon which it grows that it is impossible to remove without destroying either it or part of the substrate. Crustose lichens have a

3169:

Having a surface texture that is deeply wrinkled or convoluted in a manner resembling the structure of a brain. The term is used to characterize the appearance of certain lichens with a complex, highly folded

1334:

A small area, typically rounded to polygonal or irregular in shape, and often with a distinct texture. In a lichen thallus, the areolae are often separated from the rest of the thallus by fissures or cracks.

293:; all four terms remain in use. In some cases, older terminology became obsolete as better understanding of the nature of the fungal–algal relationship led to changes in their terminology. For example, after 1073:

Having branches of unequal length; if the branching is anisotomic, one branch is typically stouter than the other, forming a main stem while the other appears like a lateral branch, as in the species

334:); specialized structures in lichen physiology; descriptors of types of lichens; two- and three-dimensional shapes used to describe spores and other lichen structures; terms of position and shape; 17790:

methods to analyze putative species pairs has shown that the underlying phylogenetic situation is more complex than had been assumed, and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy.

18389:

The surface or base upon which a lichen grows or is attached. Although the terms substratum and substrate are often used equivalently in lichenology, the latter term has different meanings in

11065:

that contained all of the lichen-forming fungi. This name was used when it was still erroneously believed that these fungi were quite separate from the non lichen-forming fungi; now obsolete.

70:, known as the "father of lichenology," coined many lichen terms still in use today around the turn of the 18th century. Before that, only a couple of lichen-specific terms had been proposed. 29098:

Papong, Khwanruan; Boonpragob, Kansri; Mangold, Armin; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2010). "Thelotremoid lichen species recently described from Thailand: a re-evaluation".

201:

as an aid to identifying and characterizing lichens led to the creation of new terms to describe structures that were previously too small to be visualized. Contributions were made by

29172:

Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Mangold, Armin; Kalb, Klaus; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2010). "A world-wide key to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae, excluding the

28452:

Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)".

19382:. The margins tend to peel off, meaning the overlaying thallus cortex separates from the underlying marginal thallus tissue, but no distinct, clean split between thallus margin and 1119:

morphology. Annulotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pores with an inner ring, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera

21148: 164:. His work, presented as an alternative to that of Acharius (of whom he was critical) was not well received, and the only terms he proposed to gain widespread acceptance were 11971:

morphology. Melanotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores and a black margin; pore filled with broad "stump" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic

1315: 19125:. The term is alternatively used more generally to refer to any fruit body that is delimited by a proper wall (i.e., containing only fungal cells), or, as equivalent to 15025: 20718: 16445: 28071:

Fjelde, Markus Osaland; Timdal, Einar; Haugan, Reidar; Bendiksby, Mika (2024). "Paraphyly and cryptic diversity unveils unexpected challenges in the "naked lichens" (

16584:

morphology. Rhodostromoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pore with “finger” (columella); black walls and pigment (viewed in microscopic

29207:"LIAS glossary – A Wiki-based Online Dictionary for Ascomycete Terminology used by LIAS, the Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes" 19920: 15031: 12189: 10951: 10797: 7667: 3346: 2846: 1767: 20414: 15524: 14126: 13344: 8162: 3515: 18715:

morphology. Tenuitremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores and a black margin; pore with “finger” (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic

8951: 19926: 19176: 17146: 15019: 10791: 10785: 8703: 7549: 2024: 1075: 487: 318:

This glossary includes terms defining features of lichens unique to their composite nature, such as the major components the two major components of lichens (

19240:. Thelotremataceae, a traditional family of lichens, has been included in Graphidaceae, and its species are now informally accepted as thelotremoid lichens. 18037: 17015: 16022: 13558: 10599: 8873:

in 1945. According to one source, hormocyte and hormocytangium (spelled without the "s") are more accurate terms, because the cells (indicated by the ending

1376: 8452:

Referring to a spore that is surrounded by a transparent outer layer or a gelatinous, translucent sheath. This sheath is readily observed when the spore is

10933: 10558: 10497: 7791: 667: 15066:

morphology. Praestantoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pores with "finger" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic

14720:; used as a general term to refer to all types of fungal tissue. The term (and the use of the prefixes "para-" and "proso-" to modify it) was proposed by 13312:

morphology. Pallidostegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; pale walls (viewed in microscopic

7665:

morphology. Glaucescentoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the species

27981: 19951: 19932: 19390: 17352: 14946: 14663: 11899: 10546: 5426: 1247: 10986:

morphology. Leptotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus

194:, the last of which remained in use until the 1960s. Until about 1850, there were 21 terms for features of the lichen thallus that remain in use today. 18431: 17009: 16717: 11023:

morphology. Leucodectonoid lichens have closed apothecia with tiny pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus

9638: 8989: 8628: 561: 29446:

Thüs, Holger; Schultz, Matthias (2009). "Glossary". In Büdel, Burkhard; Gärtner, Georg; Krienitz, Lothar; Preisig, Hans R.; Schagerl, Michael (eds.).

12342:

morphology. Myriotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the

342:

commonly used to form lichen terms; terminology used in methods for the chemical identification of lichens; the names of 22 standard insoluble lichen

16349:

morphology. Redingerioid lichens have immersed apothecia with linear slit; slit filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic

11881: 20293:

Having to do with the growth phase of an organism before reproduction, including spore germination, growth, development and asexual multiplication.

18179:

morphology. Stegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic

15981:) that develop from the fungal partner. Originally thought to form a natural group, molecular studies have shown pyrenocarpous lichens to be highly 4078:

A type of organism, particularly certain lichens and fungi, that live inside rocks or in the microscopic spaces within the mineral grains of rocks.

7376:. Typically present in all asci, the fuzzy coat usually forms a thin layer along the ascus sides but may also appear as an apically thickened cap. 2351: 1759:

structure. This term refers to a morphotype of lichen where the apothecia are partially embedded and partially protruding, having a dark, hardened

1706: 12850:

morphology. Ocellularioid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pores with a "finger" (columella); black walls (viewed in microscopic

12077:

A small lichen whose physical features cannot be distinguished without the aid of a 10X or greater viewing magnification; it generally refers to

9049: 6135:

A type of organism, often a lichen or microbe, that actively bores into and resides within the mineral matrix of rocks or other hard substrates.

1970: 14525: 27403: 14669: 436:

that is sometimes present, sometimes not present in a species. In literature, these are usually indicated with a ± symbol, e.g. ±usnic acid.

26981: 28712: 28271:. Bibliothecia Lichenologica. Vol. 57. Berlin-Stuttgart: J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 161–186. 28720:

Meyer, Barbara; Printzen, Christian (2000). "Proposal for a standardized nomenclature and characterization of insoluble lichen pigments".

24182: 22643: 28315:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 99. Berlin/Stuttgart: J.Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 185–204. 7741: 26267: 18072:

on different parts of the lichen and noting any color change associated with application of the reagent. The four most common tests are

15451:

A prefix meaning "false"; used in terminology to denote something is false, or that one structure resembles something else, such as the

4945:. It is distinguished from a hysterothecium, which is another type of fruiting body, by not opening through a slit but by expanding the 2737:

Growing in dense clusters or tufts, often used to describe fungi that arise from a common base or grow closely together without fusing.

27419: 21635: 18046: 27632: 25867: 23645: 23068: 6038:

Breaking through a surface. A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to

4851:

A structure that is divided into two unequal halves, often appearing as half-circles; in lichenology the term is often applied to the

29511:

Vondrák, Jan; Svoboda, Stanislav; Zíbarová, Lucie; Štenclová, Lenka; Mareš, Jan; Pouska, Václav; Košnar, Jiří; Kubásek, Jiří (2023).

28584:"Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics" 21168: 12089:

species. The prefix "micro-" is also used to indicate small versions of particular growth forms, e.g. microfruticose or microfoliose.

24782: 24210: 24147: 15397:

A powdery, frost-like or flour-like deposit on a surface. In lichens, pruina is often the result of the accumulation of crystalline

23980: 21759: 28234:(2007). "Trouble with lichen: the re-evaluation and re-interpretation of thallus form and fruit body types in the molecular era". 26155: 25309: 25131: 24575: 28704: 22615: 22309: 22221: 13767:

Referring to a rounded structure attached on the lower side at a single central point (often on a short stalk), with free edges.

28106:

Fraser, Robert H.; Pouliot, Darren; van der Sluijs, Jurjen (2021). "UAV and high resolution satellite mapping of forage lichen (

26535: 24849: 24448: 23752: 9624:

refers to the degree of obstruction caused by the sprinkling of small particles within different sections of a given structure.

5620:

A crustose lichen that grows in the interior of rocks (under and around the rock crystals), typically with little or no visible

28286:

Hawksworth, D. L. (1988). "The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance, and the nature of lichens".

21193: 611:, a branching pattern that is unusual or abnormal, like that which sometimes occurs after the original branches are damaged in 27737: 26808: 26042: 24766: 22746: 7332:

A term used to describe structures, such as hairs or other appendages, that have a dark or dusky-colored rounded tip or head.

29581: 29501: 29482: 29463: 29366: 29289: 29132: 29002: 28983: 28961: 28935: 28820: 28801: 28442: 28320: 28276: 28139: 28041: 27989: 27966: 27845: 21143: 2125:

Referring to a shape or structure that is elongated and tapers at both ends, with a constriction or narrowing in the middle.

26239: 24416: 2966:

A term used to describe the texture of certain parts of a lichen. Cartilaginous structures have a texture similar to animal

11624:

large enough that its main characteristics can be identified without the use of viewing magnification; generally refers to

28557:

Lendemer, James C.; Buck, William R.; Harris, Richard C. (September 2016). "Two new host-specific hepaticolous species of

17416:

Lacking a stem. A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to

6874:) are physically separated; as a consequence, the inner walls extend past the outer walls before the spores are released. 10771:

structure. This morphotype describes lichens where apothecia are semi-embedded to prominently protruding and have a free

3351: 24432: 28009:"The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa" 19451:; trentepohlioid cells are filamentous (elongated and cylindrical), multicellular, and have a yellow to orange colour. 9213: 8228:

that is pigmented with concentric rings, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus

25001: 29389: 28394: 28135: 27947: 1297: 14928:

to "polari-bilocular" by William Mudd in 1861, and finally shortened to polarilocular by the Henri Olivier in 1882.

2951:

A lichen thallus or structure that is cracked, split, spongy, or otherwise decayed or in a state of disintegration.

18019: 28485:"A synopsis of the Hemiphacidiaceae, a family of the Helotiales (Discomycetes) causing needle-blights of conifers" 19859:

with a single functional layer; the rigid internal and external wall layers do not separate during release of the

853:(i.e. with more or less 6-sided hollows), where the surface appears to be composed of small pits or cavities like 29299:

Smith, C.W.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.J.; Fletcher, A.; Gilbert, O.L.; James, P.W.; Wolseley, P.A., eds. (2009). "

9137: 8811: 7867: 149: 15254:

are arranged parallel to each other, such that individual hyphae can be clearly distinguished using microscopy.

10484:

structure. In this, apothecia are noticeably protruding and organized into several distinct, concentric rows of

973:

morphology. Ampliotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, black walls (viewed in microscopic

29617: 13956:

that develops from above the ascus and grows down a short distance, typically lining the internal walls of the

13574:

species, deriving benefits at the host's expense but not causing immediate harm; an intermediate state between

13420:

A prefix with several meanings, including "above", "beyond", "at the side", "against", "toward", and "almost".

11144:

technique that measures crustose lichen growth to estimate the amount of time a rock surface has been exposed.

7702:

morphology. Glaucophaenoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pale walls (viewed in microscopic

29450:. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa . Vol. 21/1. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. pp. 14–23. 6889:

A term used characterize a structure or surface displaying a pattern of narrow, elongated cracks or fissures.

3527:

A shape or form that resembles a lemon or citrus fruit. The term is used to describe structures, particularly

2823: 29218:

Sanders, William B. (2004). "Bacteria, algae, and phycobionts: maintaining useful concepts and terminology".

28742: 28269:

Studies in Lichenology with Emphasis on Chemotaxonomy, Geography and Phytochemistry. Festschrift Ch. Leuckert

21138: 19376:, and they open with multiple, typically regular "teeth" that stay relatively curved over the hardly visible 818:, primarily occurring on bark and wood surfaces. In this relationship, algae form a layer beneath the fungal 15129:. A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to 10418:

A texture that appears pitted or containing gaps or holes, giving it a somewhat rough or uneven appearance.

9490:. A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to 28708: 19062:

The body of a lichen, made up of both fungal and algal or cyanobacterial cells. The term was first used by

18142:

Brush-like, with many short, more or less perpendicular lateral branches. In lichenology, used to refer to

9617: 27009: 6998: 19132: 15594: 15593:

is exposed to air, and there are no specialized cells surrounding the cavity. The term was first used by

9689: 3652:

A shape resembling a club, broader at one end and tapering towards the other; typically used to refer to

3123: 2432:. A hepaticolous lichen is found only on liverworts, while a muscicolous lichen is found only on mosses. 1018: 222: 18993:. Thalloconidia have distinct cell layers in their walls, and comprise between 1 and about 2500 cells. 14120: 14081: 1964: 29403: 29280:, a new genus of foliicolous lichen with unique diaspores". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne (eds.). 18796: 28993:

Büdel, B.; Scheidegger, C. (2008). "4.Thallus morphology and anatomy". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.).

28763:"Phylogeny of the Lobariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales), with a reappraisal of the genus 28131: 12066: 11934:. The distinctive feature of melanotopelioid apothecia is the presence of "teeth" that are black and 10838:

morphology. Leprocarpoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules and a mealy and more or less

9672: 28484: 15829:

Characterised by a fine, powdery surface or consistency; resembling or appearing as dust or powder.

4888:

A shape that is flat and circular, resembling a disk. In lichenology, this term often refers to the

2335:

are enveloped by fungal tissue, but without forming the discrete layers that occur in most lichens.

28404:

Kantvilas, Gintaras (2023). "Three new species of siphuloid lichens, with a first key to the genus

27715: 18832: 6928: 6775:

A scar on lichen thalli resulting from the breaking of attached fibrils; associated with the genus

5449: 2641: 1291: 506:

Needle-shaped; long and slender with a taper at both ends. Typically used to describe spore shape.

27906:

Breuss, Othmar (2010). "An updated world-wide key to the catapyrenioid lichens (Verrucariaceae)".

27813: 14909: 12232: 9838:

cells. The term was first used in the sense it is used now by Georg Meyer in 1825, and adopted by

5371:

areoles that are extended and arranged radially; also defined more generally as "obscurely lobed".

3275:

A type of organism, typically a lichen or fungus, that lives within cracks and fissures of rocks.

1692:

A suffix, added to nouns, used to indicate having the appearance or characteristics of that noun.

925: 238: 28231: 28053:"Morphological diversity in the hyphopores of Gomphillaceae (Ostropales, lichenized Ascomycetes)" 27797: 20302: 17787: 12871: 11723: 10370: 5577: 2706: 2311:; subsequent blastidia are formed from the tips of the previous ones. The term was introduced by 156:("Natural History of Lichens"), in which he proposed an alternative terminology based largely on 29425:(2012). "A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae – history, phylogeny and current taxonomy". 27936: 13002:

with a thickened apex and a narrow canal ending in a pore; associated with species in the order

10650:

is surrounded by a pale thalline margin, which has both algal and fungal cells, as in the genus

4616:

A chemical property referring to a substance's ability to turn reddish-brown in the presence of

1161:

Having a short projection (an apicule) at one end; typically used to describe spore morphology.

29042: 28949: 28628:; Huhndorf, Sabine M. (2007). "Whatever happened to the pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes?". 28625: 18282:

that supports spore-bearing structures. In lichens, the stroma is often hard and carbonaceous.

17584: 17277: 14242: 13894: 13628: 9534:

Having deep, sharp notches or cuts along the edges, often describing the margins of a lichen's

6669: 2216: 929: 716:

or clustered; this group of features is characteristic of lichens now classified in the genera

71: 23: 28181: 17042:

With a crusty, rough surface often resulting from the accumulation of dead cortical material.

8930:

A microscopic fungus filament comprising one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall.

4951:

to weather or push apart the typically thin upper stromatal layer. The term was introduced by

20477: 20254: 18611: 18317: 15990: 15698: 15510:

that are not organized into a regular tissue structure; sometimes used to refer to the false

14357: 14080:

first applied the term perithecium to lichen fruit bodies, the word was originally coined by

11822: 11204: 10853: 3087: 3001: 651: 266: 28925: 19309:. Structures with this type of hyphae are called tomentose. Tomentose surfaces are found in 17630:

if they are confined to a more restricted area. If soralia originate in tubercules they are

29524: 29248: 29152: 29058: 28904: 28850: 21133: 20315: 19730: 19016: 17777: 17769: 15810: 14478: 14432: 14263: 14218: 13864: 12036: 11327: 11192: 11141: 11074: 9613: 5772:

Referring to organisms, particularly lichens or fungi, that grow on the surface of mosses (

4727: 3335: 1663: 1553: 661: 361: 29284:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 95. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 509–516. 28156:"Past, present, and future research in bipolar lichen-forming fungi and their photobionts" 27777: 21172: 18290:

A prefix meaning "below", "under", "somewhat, or "almost". Also used in front of names of

12982:

that ends in a pore, or more generally to any pore from which spores are released from an

3623:

differentiates into both horizontal (primary thallus) and vertical (secondary thallus, or

3209:

on the margins of the lobes; characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus

633: 356: 8: 29399: 29127:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. Stuttgart: J. Kramer. pp. 419–462. 21128: 19994: 19447: 18373: 17773: 17510: 17477:

Lacking branches or divisions; in lichenology, it is used to describe structures such as

15986: 15936: 15768: 15295: 14603: 14490: 13674:; this group of features is characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus 13650: 10865: 10263: 9017: 8167: 8065: 5820:, which can contain pigments and sometimes plays a role in the coloration of the lichen. 5598:

lichen; the thallus, hardly visible, grows under and around the rock crystals, while the

4617: 3590: 3185: 2677: 1567: 1046:

is brown, and the algal cells are green; asci (containing ascospores) are visible in the

1012: 850: 695: 673: 29528: 29418: 29252: 29156: 29062: 28908: 28854: 28346: 17901: 17563:

Shaped like the sole of a shoe, with a flat, elongated, and slightly curved appearance.

16427: 10447:, lamellae are flattened plate- or strap-like structures that project downward from the 7786: 3316:

produced by a species; this typically includes one or more major compounds and a set of

2769:

and tends to avoid, or is intolerant of, alkaline conditions often associated with high

642: 625:

A suffix used to indicate a relation to, or having the form and character of something.

29547: 29512: 29378: 29340: 29313: 29081: 29047:"The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens" 29046: 28545: 28382: 28299: 28218: 21122: 20918: 20712: 20707: 20681: 20409: 18788: 18661: 18426: 18364:. The texture of the subiculum can be described as net-like, wool-like, or crust-like. 18059: 17566: 17411: 17347: 17245: 17197: 17141: 16712: 16263: 16258: 15531: 14941: 14057: 13706: 11894: 11876: 11153: 10946: 10928: 10594: 9633: 8984: 8747: 8623: 7973: 7111: 7017: 6583: 6209: 5947: 5421: 3960: 3533:

or other components of a lichen, that have an elongated, oval shape with tapered ends.

3510: 2697: 2405: 2019: 1719: 1701: 1434: 1371: 1242: 1030: 1006: 854: 718: 343: 315:

for lichen components, recommendations that were generally accepted by lichenologists.

259:, and "polari-dyblastae", later anglicized to "polari-bilocular" and then shortened to 198: 157: 28887: 28862: 28699:

Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Gould, William A.; González, Grizelle; Lücking, Robert (2015).

28652:(1968). "Appendix II. Glossary of Technical Terms". Antarctic Lichens. II. The Genera 18773:

Describing a shape that is nearly cylindrical or rod-like, similar to but not exactly

17780:

reproductive strategies; the fertile taxon is known as the primary species, while the

16475:

A root-like structure that serves as an attachment structure in many foliose lichens.

8677:

that is organized into discrete layers or strata; the term applies to the majority of

5583: 5023:, which is located within but distinct from the outer wall and surrounds the internal 4288: 2382:; various features of a branch are diagnostically valuable in distinguishing species. 29577: 29552: 29497: 29478: 29459: 29438: 29385: 29362: 29345: 29285: 29264: 29128: 29086: 28998: 28979: 28971: 28957: 28931: 28871: 28816: 28797: 28700: 28501: 28438: 28434: 28390: 28330: 28316: 28272: 28251: 28037: 28008: 27995: 27985: 27962: 27943: 27841: 19735: 19323: 18681: 18105: 16949: 15693: 15630: 15555: 14280: 14193:(known as a cyanobiont). The term "phycobiont" was proposed by George Scott in 1957. 13676: 13637: 12883: 12553: 8660: 8619: 7147:

Pitted with small, deep depressions that are widely separated by a more or less even

6559: 6006: 5588: 4809: 4717: 3506: 2770: 2746: 2261: 938: 521:

A prefix used to indicate that something is positioned on the end or the upper part.

202: 29592: 28813:

Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology

23880: 23878: 21197: 11711: 10526: 7706:), and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus 7079:, often extending in a roughly circular pattern from a center of growth, on a lower 4791: 29612: 29569: 29542: 29532: 29451: 29434: 29335: 29325: 29256: 29227: 29193: 29160: 29107: 29076: 29066: 29029: 28912: 28883: 28858: 28778: 28729: 28690: 28685: 28669: 28637: 28595: 28570: 28537: 28469: 28461: 28429:

Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008).

28417: 28370: 28342: 28295: 28243: 28210: 28167: 28119: 28092: 28084: 28020: 27931: 27915: 27892: 27867: 27829: 27391: 26126: 25053: 24989: 23996: 18721: 18677: 17551: 16006: 13462: 12057: 11989: 11249: 10390: 9410: 8052: 7906: 7362:

The outer gelatinous layer, also known as the g-layer, found on the exterior of an

7223: 5317: 4338:), which is lined with a "pseudocortex" made of loosely connected, non-gelatinized 3297: 3257: 2829: 2653: 838: 815: 449: 102: 29496:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society. 29330: 29017: 28123: 21710: 21708: 21706: 21704: 21702: 21700: 21698: 21696: 21694: 21692: 21690: 21688: 21686: 16353:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera 16029:). Pyrenocarpous lichens are notably absent from the classical pyrenomycete class 15327: 11975:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera 6664: 3432:

and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera

977:), and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera 29573: 29164: 29119:

Randlane, Tiina; Tõrra, Tiiu; Saag, Andres; Saag, Lauri (2009). "Key to European

28641: 28247: 27345: 27343: 23875: 21684: 21682: 21680: 21678: 21676: 21674: 21672: 21670: 21668: 21666: 19171: 18719:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus 18259: 18183:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus 17862: 17782: 17693:, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera 17639: 17455:

not shared with any other species. This concept is a subset of the broader terms

17452: 17444: 17316: 17209:

Having large, shallow depressions that are narrowly separated by rounded ridges.

16592: 16030: 16014: 16010: 16002: 15402: 15074: 13320: 12854:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus 12346: 12290: 12264: 12053: 11062: 10568: 9783:, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera 8870: 8698: 8127: 8071: 6723:

Pitted with large, deep depressions that are narrowly separated by sharp ridges.

6214: 6117: 4952: 4665:

describing the essential characteristics that distinguish it from its relatives.

4214: 4051: 3932: 2172:

by forming an opening with a lip on each side; bilabiate asci occur in the genus

1724: 546: 294: 29455: 29361:. Vol. 1: Diversity Patterns and Distribution Ecology. New York: Springer. 29206: 28660:(Report). British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports. British Antarctic Survey. 28356:"First report on the occurrence of plasticolous lichens from Uttarakhand, India" 28088: 28052: 28024: 27919: 24123: 17126:, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus 13332: 9428:

Overlapping partially, like roof tiles; used to refer to lichen structures like

8758:, usually near the base, that is adapted for attachment to the growing surface. 7544: 4036:, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus 29537: 28743:"De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis" 28649: 28600: 28583: 27927: 27723: 27530: 27017: 26721: 26006: 25297: 22945: 22021: 21548: 20267: 20243: 20048: 19231: 18765:

Describing a cylindrical or rod-like structure that is round in cross-section.

18665: 18616: 18291: 17919: 17865:, it refers to a small cylindrical outgrowth, with a narrow base, in which the 16402:, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus 16026: 15806: 15625: 15569: 15406: 14351: 14241:

in 1995 to address what he believed were deficiencies in related terms such as

14222: 13797: 13717: 13571: 12952:

Used to describe lichens that grow or proliferate in environments rich in bird

12260: 12049: 11430: 11254: 10897: 10699:. The term is also used more generally to refer to apothecia with a blackened ( 10535: 10271: 9517: 9133: 8933: 7746: 7062: 6572: 5785: 5742:) that are smooth and unbroken, without any notches, teeth, or irregularities. 5576:

of a lichen without producing any visible symptoms of disease; these fungi are

3771: 3760: 3634: 3313: 3256:

A distinguishing feature that is characteristic for an organism; equivalent to

3021: 2989: 2685: 834: 445: 433: 212: 161: 89: 29231: 29197: 29111: 28916: 28783: 28762: 28574: 28421: 27897: 27880: 27871: 27858:(1982). "The morphological interpretation of cladoniiform thalli in lichens". 27340: 26836: 22109: 21663: 19364:

structure. It pertains to lichens where the apothecia are either prominent or

17626:

if they are spread out on the upper thallus surface as a continuous layer, or

16306:

Curved or bent back; in lichens, these terms are used to describe the tips of

2346: 1625: 1548: 1531: 106:. Acharius introduced numerous terms to describe lichen structures, including 29606: 29376:

Silverstein, Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia B.; Silverstein, Robert A. (1996).

27237: 26597: 26595: 26593: 26171: 25970: 23404: 23402: 22700: 22698: 22588: 22586: 22199: 22197: 19063: 18977: 18885: 18739: 18406: 18065: 17958: 17749: 17332: 17281: 15994: 15204: 15109: 14925: 14838: 14721: 14190: 13442: 11995: 11810: 11038: 8971: 8866: 8656: 8100:); often used to describe spores. More precisely, spores can be described as 7575: 7279: 6106:, refers to cortical tissue made entirely of fungal cells originating from a 5558: 4868: 4705: 4363: 4282: 3993:

Having a finely scalloped edge; similar to crenate but with smaller notches.

3966: 3770:

fungus; the inset shows the fungus (visible as black spots) parasitizing its

3301: 3158: 2701: 2658: 2332: 2049: 2037: 1954: 1945: 1187: 67: 61: 39: 29071: 28355: 27999: 27881:"A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales)" 23520: 21425: 21423: 20941:

Having concentric lines that form alternating light and dark zones near the

20663: 19787:

only by its central part, called an umbilicus, umbilical cord or funiculus.

18218: 16517: 16491: 15665:; it grows downward from the top of the cavity to the base of the ascomata. 12246: 12177: 10736:

that is smooth and without folds or protrusions. The term was introduced by

8605: 7003: 2800: 29556: 29513:"Alcobiosis, an algal-fungal association on the threshold of lichenisation" 29422: 29349: 29268: 29090: 28997:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–68. 28978:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–39. 28733: 28665: 28525: 28374: 28255: 27554: 27413: 27099: 27097: 27095: 26580: 26578: 26513: 26511: 26145: 26143: 26141: 25488: 25486: 25484: 25188: 25186: 25082: 25080: 24940: 24938: 24683: 24681: 24343: 24341: 24339: 23623: 23621: 23619: 23606: 23604: 23576: 23574: 23462: 23460: 23458: 23456: 22899: 22897: 22884: 22882: 22779: 22777: 21587: 20017: 19196: 18819: 18390: 18013: 17448: 16588:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the 15982: 15964: 15774: 15661:

that forms in the locule or perithecial cavity before the formation of the

15070:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the 14828: 14740: 14702: 14519: 14427: 14345: 14331: 14238: 13815: 13447: 13224: 12917: 11760:

A flat or non-reflective surface texture, lacking gloss or shine; contrast

11135: 10783:

bulges and remains whole, while the excipulum is prominent and wavy-lobed.

10737: 10509:

All over the thallus surface, rather than in the center or on the margins.

9132:

are almost immersed in tree bark; characteristic of several species in the

8861: 8794: 8556: 7555: 7294: 4921: 3630: 3434: 3317: 3044: 2202: 2010:

Shaped like a small rod, typically with a length:width ratio of about 3:1.

1668: 1281: 1153:

Located at the highest point (the apex), the tip, or the end of something.

607: 551: 28701:

Lichens in Puerto Rico: an ecosystem approach. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-46

26991: 26590: 26346: 25816: 23399: 22695: 22653: 22583: 22194: 20903: 19521: 19201: 19037: 17991: 14746: 14728: 14661:

that forms a distinct double margin. It is exemplified in species such as

12566: 8663:

by the lichen thallus, as well as in the multiplication of cyanobacteria.

8507: 7257: 6578: 5895: 5475: 4192: 4143: 4137: 3341: 2981: 2943:

Blackened and brittle tissue resulting from the accumulation of pigments.

920: 824: 28956:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–8. 28830: 28307:

Hertel, Hannes (2009). "A new key to cryptothalline species of the genus

25171: 24192: 23008: 22482: 22045: 21420: 20949: 20047:; a positive test (abbreviated as UV+) indicates the presence of certain 20036: 19939: 19866: 19476: 19417: 19396: 19082: 19031: 18989: 18965: 18913: 18889: 18211: 17794: 17701: 17545: 17539: 17068: 16662: 16597: 15998: 15960: 15762: 15537: 15411: 15352: 15313: 15208: 15199: 15079: 14920: 14914: 14859:, the presence (POL+) or absence (POL−) of POL-sensitive crystals in the 14824: 14578: 14531: 14341: 14251: 14115: 14077: 13821: 13803: 13617: 13458: 12912: 12856: 12560: 11983: 11977: 11025: 10779: 10663: 10658: 10443: 9839: 9791: 9176: 9165: 9100: 8843: 7968: 7833: 7797: 7735: 6201: 6103: 5969: 5964: 5681: 5387: 4941: 4270: 4225: 4109: 3776: 3370: 3135: 3112: 2911: 2818: 2378: 2328: 2312: 1761: 1358: 1221:-like form, like that of the irregularly oriented and loosely interwoven 985: 979: 903: 830: 819: 736: 475: 29123:

species". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark R. D.; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.).

28311:(Lecanorales)". In Aptroot, A.; Seaward, M.R.D.; Sparrius, L.B. (eds.). 28172: 28155: 28097: 27696: 27648: 27429: 27328: 27280: 27133: 27092: 27080: 26997: 26942: 26918: 26824: 26772: 26709: 26670: 26575: 26551: 26508: 26423: 26421: 26382: 26370: 26358: 26295: 26277: 26255: 26138: 26097: 26018: 25958: 25931: 25883: 25774: 25711: 25687: 25558: 25534: 25510: 25481: 25469: 25433: 25373: 25361: 25273: 25261: 25251: 25249: 25183: 25147: 25107: 25077: 25041: 24962: 24935: 24756: 24754: 24752: 24678: 24615: 24365: 24336: 24307: 24226: 24198: 24135: 24099: 24075: 23917: 23835: 23833: 23831: 23728: 23616: 23601: 23571: 23559: 23484: 23472: 23453: 23387: 23363: 23285: 23261: 23147: 23084: 23056: 23032: 23020: 22921: 22894: 22879: 22867: 22806: 22804: 22774: 22762: 22734: 22209: 21645: 20909: 17907: 17424: 15453: 15222: 15137: 13623: 12134: 11930: 11924: 11862: 10871: 9498: 9484:

Embedded or sunken into the surface; in lichens, often used to describe

8120: 7049: 6311: 6177: 6046: 5645: 5639: 5481: 5285: 3937:

The lichen's outer layer(s), made up of tightly woven fungal filaments.

3742: 2866:

Having a well-formed head, usually spherical or hemispherical in shape.

2343:

Resembling rounded, bead-like structures or clusters resembling grapes.

1976: 924:. The amphithecium usually contains algal cells. The term was coined by 227: 29414: 28609: 28549: 28474: 28222: 27855: 27833: 27642: 25877: 23655: 23078: 22659: 22631: 22530: 22518: 22446: 22374: 22299: 22297: 22260: 22258: 22256: 22254: 22252: 21351: 21349: 20927:; consequently, the term is more or less obsolete and is equivalent to 20326: 19460: 19442: 18983: 18908: 18874: 18394: 18295: 18185: 18005: 17985: 17695: 17533: 17227: 17128: 16523: 16404: 16361: 16355: 16018: 15932: 15927: 15710: 15687: 15518: 14991: 14855: 14421: 14387: 14246: 14186: 14072: 13888: 13819:. The term is derived from the name of the involved green algal genus, 13579: 13480: 13325: 13316:); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in 13003: 12930: 12351: 12307: 12013: 12009: 11806: 11681: 11675: 11345:

edge; in technical descriptions, it is measured from its widest point.

10988: 10803: 10079: 9875: 9785: 9570: 9144: 9066: 9060: 8496: 8433: 8407:

A flattened attachment point formed through direct contact of a lichen

7917: 7894: 7708: 7608: 7561: 7177: 6795:, it means short branches that are perpendicular to the main branches. 6710: 6643: 6499: 6305: 6102:

made of well-differentiated tissue. Another sense of the term, used by

5927: 5552: 4218: 4210: 4185: 3782: 3766: 3356: 3293: 3007: 2870: 2750: 2174: 2096: 1523: 1516: 1438: 1127: 1121: 556: 261: 172: 132: 27660: 26891: 26889: 26887: 26116: 26114: 26112: 24925: 24923: 24921: 24919: 24792: 24220: 23990: 21982: 21823: 21811: 21799: 21775: 21769: 21623: 21599: 20956: 20725: 20687: 20483: 20078: 20005: 19884: 19565: 19421:, they are rib- or strap-shaped structures radiating outward from the 19348: 19225: 19182: 19145: 18699: 18446: 18245: 18163: 18068:

used to help identify lichens; it is performed by placing a drop of a

17873: 17867: 17671: 17457: 17310: 17167: 17104: 16987: 16969: 16770: 16568: 16380: 16333: 16074: 15682: 15271: 15244: 15093: 15050: 14973: 14651: 14645: 14627: 14363: 14016: 13981: 13882: 13500: 13296: 13259: 13017: 12877: 12834: 12610: 12358: 12326: 12169: 11955: 11918: 11667:

that break open to form a central perforation revealing a duct to the

11448: 11007: 10970: 10822: 10755: 10468: 10086: 9882: 9761: 9235: 8969:, asexual spore-producing organ (sporophore) associated with tropical 8513: 8501: 8237: 8200: 8114: 8102: 7729: 7686: 7649: 7587: 7379: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7163: 6922: 6904: 6739: 6497:

A fungus species that is commonly collected from lichens (i.e., it is

6319: 5059: 4369: 4008: 3754: 3410: 3390: 3232: 2476: 1775: 1743: 1629:

that are (at least initially) partially to completely immersed in the

1103: 957: 873: 763: 249: 184: 178: 166: 29594:

Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Graphidaceae)

29260: 28761:

Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Betancourt-Macuase, Luisa (2013).

27056: 26930: 26784: 26418: 26165: 25319: 25246: 25141: 24825: 24749: 24585: 23828: 23210: 22801: 22625: 22319: 22231: 21514: 21512: 21510: 21483: 21459: 20710:(class Xanthophyceae); an example is the lichen formed by the fungus 20381: 20066: 20044: 20040: 19981: 19879: 19465: 19343: 19163: 19157: 19151: 19121: 19076: 18942: 18802: 18716: 18694: 18180: 18158: 18009: 17940: 17721: 17666: 17099: 17080: 17058: 16964: 16585: 16563: 16375: 16350: 16328: 15750: 15748:(rather than generative) tissue. They are associated with the genera 15366: 15067: 15045: 14997: 14968: 14898:

A spore divided into two components (locules) separated by a central

14861: 14850: 14734: 14689: 14622: 14537: 14375: 14321: 14274: 14233: 14204: 14163: 14022: 13962: 13791: 13632: 13575: 13525: 13313: 13291: 12998: 12978: 12851: 12829: 12321: 12303: 12085: 12017: 11972: 11950: 11913: 11109: 11002: 10965: 10869:, seen here as greenish powder on the tree trunk, is an example of a 10859: 10817: 10750: 10463: 10383: 9817: 9756: 9659: 9196: 9039: 8945: 8838: 8806: 8457: 8230: 8195: 8160:

with concentric circles on the upper surface, as seen in the species

8108: 7993: 7939: 7934: 7822: 7703: 7681: 7644: 7265: 6899: 6829: 6258: 6237: 6112: 5824: 5773: 5695: 5439: 5395: 5328: 4990:

Positioned away from a point of origin or from the center of a body.

4783: 4723: 4003: 3405: 3329: 3153: 3107: 2967: 2840: 2812: 2795: 2429: 2425: 2324: 2286: 2112: 1738: 1098: 1083: 1042: 974: 952: 933: 807: 679: 581:

A prefix used to indicate positioning at the end or on an extremity.

289: 283: 277: 114: 43: 28541: 28214: 26545: 24859: 24458: 23762: 22294: 22249: 21524: 21346: 20929: 20897: 20702: 20669: 20338: 19861: 19747: 19741: 19543: 19513: 19507: 19372: 19264: 19219: 19139: 19115: 19103: 18971: 18868: 18863: 18360: 18273: 17738: 16762: 16066: 16043: 15977: 15949: 15915: 15909: 15744: 15651: 15474: 15389:

Positioned close to a point of origin or near the center of a body.

15377: 15340: 15301: 15187: 15182: 15007: 14513: 14495: 14467: 14409: 14301: 14110: 13975: 13809: 13605: 13453: 12972: 12897: 12601:

Cloudy or obscured, often used to describe the appearance of lichen

12277: 12206: 11936: 11841: 11789: 11783: 11740: 11632: 10883: 10683: 10640: 10580: 10061: 9834: 9486: 9471: 9202: 8939: 8855: 8776: 8685: 8589: 8519: 8156: 7945: 7930: 7900: 7887: 7862: 7579: 7192: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6675: 6297: 6291: 6139: 6001: 5989: 5958: 5860: 5849: 5796: 5711: 5651: 5594: 5540: 5340: 5334: 5323: 5309: 5019: 4978: 4904: 4760: 4565: 4277: 4161: 4149: 4097: 3903: 3863: 3654: 3601: 3529: 3467: 3026: 2995: 2899: 2834: 2647: 2297: 2194: 2168: 2162: 2090: 2084: 2056: 1674: 1542: 1449: 1294:

in 1854, who described an ardella as resembling a "sprinkled spot".

1276: 1024: 914: 909: 775: 329: 311: 271: 207: 108: 82:

in 1742 to describe the cup-shaped structures associated with genus

29597:. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Vol. 40. pp. 1–64. 29314:"Endolichenic fungi: the lesser known fungal associates of lichens" 29033: 28465: 28389:. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Biological Resources Study. 27961:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 369–382. 27747: 27566: 26884: 26818: 26109: 26052: 25994: 24916: 24776: 24087: 23804: 23685: 22756: 20923: 20456: 20344: 20332: 20320: 20274: 20052: 19999: 19969: 19945: 19914: 19890: 19783: 19501: 19423: 19384: 19354: 19305: 19236: 19026: 18923: 18705: 18354: 18348: 18299: 18169: 18025: 17857: 17842: 17820: 17744: 17677: 17521: 17272: 17219: 17213: 17191: 17122: 17110: 16992: 16975: 16751:

Having a slightly rough texture; with slight wrinkles and creases.

16574: 16386: 16339: 15955: 15704: 15056: 15002: 14995:, but with a very narrow pore that resembles the opening of a true 14979: 14867: 14833: 14819: 14805: 14763:, often used to describe closely adjacent, markedly convex thallus 14657: 14633: 14507: 14473: 14437: 14415: 14326: 14268: 14095: 13931: 13876: 13870: 13846: 13697: 13671: 13666: 13546: 13302: 12936: 12840: 12603: 12332: 11961: 11669: 11638: 11247:, with a longitudinal slit; characteristic of lichens in the genus 11119: 11118:

of many species of lichen-forming fungi. It forms a red color when

11088: 11049: 11013: 10976: 10828: 10773: 10761: 10732: 10652: 10574: 10552: 10474: 10284: 10258: 9767: 9542: 9436: 8904: 8568: 8562: 8461: 8453: 8427: 8415: 8206: 8132: 8040: 7999: 7951: 7692: 7655: 7369: 7349: 7236: 7157: 7123: 7087: 6910: 6844: 6823: 6733: 6727: 6623: 6505: 6295:; this tissue sometimes develops into a distinct margin, as in the 6219: 6168: 6160: 5726: 5630: 5600: 5495: 5469: 4916: 4890: 4853: 4803: 4773:

Spread out and scattered without any definite boundary or margin.

4754: 4580: 4358: 4306: 4129: 4014: 3837: 3816: 3613: 3543: 3479: 3416: 3211: 3206: 3201: 2919: 2905: 2775: 2672: 2462: 2357: 2291: 2188: 2079: 2044: 1749: 1511: 1476: 1417: 1309: 1177: 1109: 963: 867: 861: 742: 730: 700: 613: 321: 305: 243: 217: 120: 84: 31: 19: 29205:

Ryan, B.D.; Bungartz, F.; Hagedorn, G.; Rambold, G., eds. (2022).

28582:

Lücking, Robert; Leavitt, Steven D.; Hawksworth, David L. (2021).

28313:

Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens – Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman

28263:

Hafellner, Josef; Kalb, Klaus (1995). "Studies in Trichotheliales

26249: 24426: 24243: 24241: 22434: 21507: 20675: 20450: 20436: 19975: 19213: 19207: 19127: 18959: 18902: 18312: 18124: 17894: 17772:, anatomically, and chemically, but can be distinguished by their 17485: 17418: 17266: 17179: 16997: 16433: 16308: 15903: 15866: 15459: 15375:

in which the wall breaks down before maturity (thus releasing its

15131: 14584: 14552: 14449: 14443: 14381: 14369: 14052: 13777: 13611: 13530: 13387: 13350: 13208:

that have an outer wall that is thicker than the internal cavity.

12814: 12201: 12079: 11801: 11717: 11405: 11274: 11243: 11237: 11198: 10904: 10513: 10491: 10486: 10361:

Referring to an edge divided into delicate bands or narrow lobes.

9608: 9492: 9208: 9171: 9122: 9034: 8691: 8216:

morphology. Gyrotremoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved

8084: 8046: 7802: 7622: 7093: 6595: 6285: 6040: 5995: 5952: 5816: 5367: 5361: 5355: 4972: 4815: 4704:, resulting in the appearance of chain links; found in the family 4682: 4608:

Having small tooth-like projections or serrations along the edge.

4542: 4326:

A sharply defined, rounded, ovate, or shapeless pore in the lower

4082: 4024:

morphology. Cruentodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with erect

3625: 3595: 3426:

structure. Chroodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved

3279: 3079:

A small hollow or cavity; used to refer to the holes in the lower

3038: 2468: 2363: 2129: 1470: 1286: 1182: 1053: 481: 373: 367: 255: 190: 138: 126: 29375: 27029: 26682: 25285: 24157: 23718: 23716: 23714: 23712: 22984: 22350: 22340: 22338: 22336: 22334: 22332: 22330: 22328: 22027: 20943: 20375: 20370: 20356: 20071: 20062: 20011: 19902: 19896: 19777: 19471: 19429: 19366: 19360: 19317: 19311: 19050: 19021: 19003: 18947: 18918: 18880: 18826: 18779:; circular in cross-section, gradually tapering towards one end. 18753: 18711: 18669: 18343: 18233: 18206: 18175: 18144: 18130: 18112: 18069: 17946: 17689: 17683: 17652: 17618: 17606: 17578: 17572: 17527: 17515: 17430: 17295: 17239: 17185: 17116: 17085: 17063: 16981: 16684: 16656: 16580: 16549: 16529: 16505: 16485: 16459: 16439: 16398: 16392: 16345: 16269: 15921: 15879: 15801: 15756: 15738: 15732: 15620: 15614: 15589: 15549: 15543: 15500: 15398: 15334: 15307: 15277: 15193: 15143: 15125: 15062: 14985: 14904: 14792: 14771: 14639: 14609: 14501: 14461: 14455: 14336: 14185:. The photosynthetic component of a lichen. This can be either a 14067: 14062: 14032: 13957: 13909: 13744: 13713: 13702: 13661: 13655: 13552: 13401: 13338: 13308: 13277: 13230: 12965: 12846: 12790: 12548: 12338: 12221: 12195: 12128: 12099: 12061: 12023: 11967: 11829: 11703: 11695: 11663: 11626: 11620: 11441: 11361: 11355: 11341: 11321: 11105: 11101: 11043: 11019: 10982: 10909: 10834: 10767: 10695: 10619: 10480: 10449: 10342: 10336: 10267: 10073: 9869: 9822: 9804: 9773: 9736: 9724: 9718: 9678: 9665: 9602: 9536: 9504: 9442: 9227: 9054: 9022: 8965: 8890: 8800: 8788: 8754: 8709: 8679: 8673: 8550: 8421: 8409: 8218: 8212: 8138: 7962: 7845:

A now-obsolete, historical term for the algal layer in a lichen.

7827: 7698: 7661: 7230: 7149: 7128: 7117: 7069: 7043: 6916: 6702: 6617: 6589: 6565: 6553: 6158:

that is clearly visible and well-developed on the surface of the

6154: 6107: 6073: 6052: 5942: 5622: 5572: 5546: 5445: 5381: 5013: 4939:

The fruiting body of certain types of lichens, with cylindrical,

4797: 4738: 4625: 4346: 4328: 4294: 4206: 4180: 4175: 4123: 4103: 4026: 4020: 3877: 3833: 3803: 3748: 3675: 3619: 3607: 3473: 3461: 3428: 3422: 3375: 3244: 3190: 3172: 2806: 2766: 2681: 2308: 2303: 2281: 1765:

that forms irregular cracks. This morphotype is uniquely seen in

1755: 1651: 1631: 1571: 1352: 1303: 1229: 1115: 1048: 1036: 969: 787: 769: 724: 712: 460:

A suffix used to indicate a relation or similarity to something.

420: 299: 233: 144: 95: 77: 28760: 28698: 25740: 25738: 24906: 24904: 24710: 24708: 24706: 24704: 24702: 24700: 24698: 24696: 24442: 24129: 23884: 22671: 21714: 20350: 20057: 19833: 19299: 19289: 18953: 18775: 18278: 17979: 17732: 17726: 17612: 17491: 17479: 17366: 17233: 17173: 16543: 16511: 16396:

morphology. Reimnitzioid lichens have open apothecia with erect

16253: 15795: 15583: 15512: 15506: 15432: 15346: 15288: 15282: 15250: 14716: 14227: 14161:

fragments and dead, collapsed algal cells sloughed off from the

14151: 14118:(class Phaeophyceae); an example is lichen formed by the fungus 14028: 13851: 13813:

partner organizes the propagule and envelops (or nearly so) its

13728:

A small stalk used to support other structures, such as spores,

13599: 13536: 13512: 13506: 13437: 13271: 13265: 13204: 12970:

A small pore or opening; in lichens, it is used to refer to the

12542: 12536: 12530: 11847: 11835: 11301: 11295: 11114: 10915: 10877: 10613: 10572:

Diagrammatic representation and comparison of cross sections of

10395: 9828: 9779: 9730: 9704: 9683: 9430: 9159: 9128: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9044: 8909:

The fertile tissue of the fruit body where spores are produced.

8869:. Both terms, hormocyst and hormocystangium, were introduced by 8849: 8544: 8485: 7956: 7602: 7081: 6696: 6690: 6649: 6098: 6019: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5810: 5790: 5738: 5687: 5489: 5270: 5051: 5025: 5007: 4777: 4732: 4694: 4688: 4648: 4557: 4340: 4334: 4059: 3947: 3857: 3238: 3195: 3118: 3081: 2704:

to sordid green to black, associated with the reference species

2454: 2392: 1680: 1223: 781: 706: 57: 29510: 29312:

Suryanarayanan, Trichur S.; Thirunavukkarasu, Nagamani (2017).

29171: 28815:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 367–374. 27578: 27536: 27450: 27397: 27379: 27304: 26727: 26646: 26132: 26012: 25660: 25585: 25325: 25303: 25059: 25011: 24995: 24238: 24063: 24002: 23816: 23780: 23375: 22840: 22282: 22142: 22140: 22138: 22136: 22115: 22099: 22097: 22095: 22082: 22080: 22078: 22076: 22074: 22072: 21939: 21937: 21897: 21895: 21893: 21891: 21889: 21887: 21885: 21883: 21881: 21868: 21866: 21864: 21862: 21593: 21395: 21393: 21149:

List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names

20248: 19906:

and have a narrow pore with a smooth margin, through which the

19855: 19329: 19294: 18118: 17513:

category applied to lichen genera with a superficially similar

17497: 17386: 17379: 17177:

that are stuck closely together; present as a component of the

16314: 15657: 15371: 14899: 14765: 14590: 14286: 14157: 13952: 13475: 13218: 12984: 12581: 12227: 12183: 11762: 11435: 11375: 11315: 11159: 11123: 10846: 10840: 10067: 9564: 9448: 9406: 9028: 8782: 7373: 7364: 7075: 6984: 6934: 6533: 6529: 5732: 5037: 4700: 4621: 4352: 4300: 4038: 3797: 3704: 3493: 3440: 3056:

Arranged in chains or end-to-end; refers to spore arrangement.

3032: 3005:, seen here growing in a depression of a calcareous rock, is a 2754: 2449: 2248: 2156: 1611: 1576: 1497: 1404: 1218: 1141: 469: 339: 335: 51: 27: 29311: 29097: 28034:

Lichens: An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species

27622: 27620: 27595: 27593: 27520: 27518: 27505: 27503: 27501: 27440: 27438: 27349: 27270: 27268: 27266: 27264: 27167: 27165: 27152: 27150: 27148: 27046: 27044: 26959: 26957: 26908: 26906: 26904: 26750: 26748: 26699: 26697: 26636: 26634: 26438: 26436: 26324: 26322: 26229: 26227: 26225: 26188: 26186: 26063: 26061: 25948: 25946: 25806: 25804: 25791: 25789: 25677: 25675: 25602: 25600: 25575: 25573: 25097: 25095: 24815: 24813: 24727: 24725: 24723: 24668: 24666: 24469: 24467: 24382: 24380: 24326: 24324: 24322: 24297: 24295: 24270: 24268: 24172: 24170: 24168: 24166: 24029: 24027: 24025: 24023: 23958: 23956: 23907: 23905: 23865: 23863: 23850: 23848: 23709: 23591: 23589: 23537: 23535: 23526: 23443: 23441: 23329: 23327: 23239: 23237: 23164: 23162: 23113: 23111: 22325: 19908: 19378: 19109: 18857: 17913: 17003: 15837:

Having a pattern of minute spots or tiny holes (also known as

15176: 15013: 13730: 12902: 11795: 10726: 10705: 10689: 10646: 10330: 8714: 8491: 8224: 7912: 6637: 4947: 4910: 4032: 3660: 1601:

A sexual, fungal spore-bearing structure, typically sac-like.

1536: 1443: 1390: 29475:

Field Guide to the Lichens of White Rocks (Boulder, Colorado)

28837:

spec. nov. und die Lebeusform der Sprosseuden Flechten" [

28451: 28335:

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

25976: 25735: 24901: 24889: 24693: 23302: 23300: 22996: 20023: 20015:; these features are characteristic of lichens in the genera 18673: 18648: 17952: 17391: 16489:

that is not involved as an attachment organ; associated with

16275: 15662: 14937: 14760: 14693:

that occur in star-shaped or circular colonies; now obsolete.

14334:); it originates from the margins or on the upper surface of 13979:-like structures that grow laterally; found in some crustose 13857: 13550:. Originally used to describe a structure found on the upper 13541: 12953: 12907: 12275:

The fungal part of a lichen, which combines with one or more

11922:

lichens describing a type of apothecium structure resembling

11186: 10386: 9742: 9523: 9206:; also used to refer more generally to all tissues under the 9058:. These features are characteristic of lichens in the genera 8918: 8574: 7612:

where a bend forms due to directional changes during growth.

7106: 6791: 6777: 6283:

The cup-shaped or ring-shaped layer of tissue supporting the

6227:(Swiss lichens), published in 26 fascicles from 1823 to 1852. 4662: 4209:

crystals embedded in the thallus, associated with the family

3890: 2260:. Bitunicate asci are characteristic of the historical class 1589: 811: 47: 35: 28841:

spec. nov. and the life form of the branching lichens].

28153: 26460: 25234: 22605: 22603: 22601: 22573: 22571: 22569: 22398: 22215: 22184: 22182: 22157: 22155: 22133: 22121: 22092: 22069: 21960: 21958: 21956: 21954: 21952: 21934: 21924: 21922: 21878: 21859: 21749: 21747: 21390: 18878:, is made of tissue with a structure similar to that of the 18092: 18086: 14231:

have different forms with green algal versus cyanobacterial

12906:

with a bump in the center that gives it the appearance of a

10666:

that have rounded apothecia with thick, protruding margins.

10426:

Flask-shaped; with a swollen base tapering to a narrow top.

8877:) are not sexual propagules (which is implied by the ending 1180:

that is open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, and in which the

29412: 29298: 29204: 28930:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 28105: 28070: 27743: 27684: 27638: 27617: 27605: 27590: 27560: 27542: 27515: 27498: 27486: 27474: 27462: 27435: 27425: 27409: 27367: 27355: 27292: 27261: 27249: 27225: 27201: 27162: 27145: 27121: 27109: 27068: 27041: 27023: 26987: 26969: 26954: 26901: 26860: 26848: 26842: 26814: 26796: 26745: 26733: 26694: 26658: 26631: 26619: 26607: 26601: 26563: 26541: 26523: 26496: 26484: 26472: 26433: 26406: 26394: 26352: 26334: 26319: 26307: 26283: 26273: 26245: 26222: 26210: 26198: 26183: 26161: 26085: 26058: 26048: 26030: 25982: 25943: 25919: 25895: 25873: 25828: 25822: 25801: 25786: 25762: 25750: 25723: 25699: 25672: 25648: 25624: 25612: 25597: 25570: 25546: 25522: 25498: 25409: 25397: 25385: 25349: 25315: 25222: 25210: 25198: 25159: 25137: 25119: 25092: 25065: 25029: 25017: 25007: 24950: 24865: 24855: 24810: 24798: 24788: 24772: 24737: 24720: 24663: 24639: 24627: 24603: 24591: 24581: 24563: 24551: 24539: 24527: 24515: 24503: 24491: 24479: 24464: 24454: 24438: 24422: 24404: 24392: 24377: 24353: 24319: 24292: 24280: 24265: 24253: 24216: 24188: 24163: 24153: 24111: 24105: 24051: 24039: 24020: 23986: 23968: 23953: 23941: 23902: 23890: 23860: 23845: 23792: 23768: 23758: 23697: 23673: 23651: 23633: 23586: 23547: 23532: 23508: 23496: 23438: 23426: 23414: 23408: 23351: 23339: 23324: 23312: 23249: 23234: 23222: 23198: 23159: 23135: 23123: 23108: 23096: 23074: 22933: 22909: 22828: 22816: 22789: 22752: 22722: 22704: 22683: 22649: 22621: 22592: 22554: 22488: 22315: 22227: 21765: 21641: 21554: 21429: 21410: 21408: 21380: 21378: 21376: 19029:. In lichens, they are primarily associated with the genus 18734: 18080: 18074: 18031: 17687:

morphology. Sorediotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have

15883: 14266:

different structures formed by the interaction of a single

11658: 10399:

stain blue, and algal cells stain deep blue to blue-green.

10296: 10290: 10071:

tissue, visible as a black dot, line, or ridge, on or in a

7030: 6752:

Having perforations or gaps arranged in a regular pattern.

4350:) and bounded by a pale ring; known to occur in the genera 3977:

Shaped like a bowl or a crater; hemispherical and concave.

3555: 3549: 3148: 2440:

Having blister-like or bubble-like swellings on a surface.

2421: 849:

Used to describe a surface that has a pattern similar to a

29015: 27782:

Australian National Botanic Gardens - Botanical Web Portal

27753: 27213: 26448: 25857: 25855: 25636: 25457: 25421: 25337: 24979: 24977: 24837: 24008: 23929: 23740: 23297: 22857: 22855: 22051: 21999: 21997: 19900:

structure. In this, the fruiting bodies are noticeable to

19811:

A prefix meaning "one"; equivalent to the prefix "mono-".

17638:

if they are created in fissures. The term was proposed by

17120:

morphology. Schizotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have

14912:

in 1855 (as "polari-dyblastae") to describe the spores of

9777:

morphology. Isidiotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have

5029:. Structures with distosepta are said to be distoseptate. 3338:

characteristics, of no or unknown taxonomic significance.

1284:, which is small and round. Elongated ardellae are called 1259:

A shape or structure that is curved or arched like a bow.

997:

Bottle-shaped, i.e., with a narrow neck and swollen base.

886:

A prefix used to indicate on both sides, or on all sides.

29040: 28952:(2008). "1. Introduction". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.). 28354:

Jagtap, Vineeta; Tripathi, Manish; Joshi, Yogesh (2013).

26073: 22974: 22972: 22598: 22566: 22542: 22494: 22470: 22458: 22422: 22410: 22386: 22237: 22203: 22179: 22167: 22152: 22057: 22009: 21970: 21949: 21919: 21907: 21847: 21835: 21787: 21744: 21732: 21720: 21651: 21611: 21575: 21536: 21336: 21334: 21332: 21330: 21328: 21326: 21324: 21322: 21320: 21318: 21316: 21314: 21281: 21279: 21246: 21244: 21242: 21240: 21238: 21236: 21234: 19964: 15203:(if present). The term "proper margin" was first used by 13921:

Parallel to a surface; used to refer to hyphal alignment.

12069:, there are certain situations where it is still useful. 9600:

Terms used to describe the presence of minute, scattered

8185:

Curved backward and forward; with folds and undulations.

6615:

Having a ribbon-like or band-like structure, such as the

5724:

Refers to margins or edges of lichen structures (such as

5467:

Lacking a well-defined border or edge. When referring to

4698:

in several branches, with prominent constrictions at the

3629:) structures. Cladoniiform lichens occur in the families 29282:

Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway

28581: 28428: 28007:

Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018).

27702: 27654: 27334: 27286: 27243: 27139: 27103: 27086: 27003: 26948: 26936: 26924: 26830: 26778: 26715: 26676: 26584: 26557: 26517: 26388: 26376: 26364: 26301: 26261: 26177: 26149: 26103: 26024: 25964: 25937: 25780: 25717: 25693: 25564: 25540: 25516: 25492: 25475: 25379: 25367: 25279: 25267: 25192: 25153: 25113: 25086: 25047: 24968: 24944: 24687: 24621: 24371: 24347: 24313: 24232: 24204: 24141: 24081: 23923: 23734: 23627: 23610: 23580: 23565: 23490: 23478: 23466: 23393: 23369: 23291: 23267: 23153: 23090: 23062: 23044: 23038: 23026: 23014: 22927: 22903: 22888: 22873: 22783: 22768: 22740: 22665: 22637: 22536: 22524: 22452: 22380: 22033: 21988: 21829: 21817: 21805: 21781: 21629: 21605: 21495: 21489: 21471: 21465: 21447: 21435: 21405: 21373: 21355: 21312: 21310: 21308: 21306: 21304: 21302: 21300: 21298: 21296: 21294: 21277: 21275: 21273: 21271: 21269: 21267: 21265: 21263: 21261: 21259: 21232: 21230: 21228: 21226: 21224: 21222: 21220: 21218: 21216: 21214: 19262:

The apical, often thickened part of the inner wall in a

15344:; usually white, brown, or black, and found between the 14853:

at a lichen structure in microscopic view; in the genus

14517:; this morphology occurs in the largely tropical genera 12579:

Shiny, glossy, or polished in appearance; contrast with

6706:. The term was first used by Auguste-Marie Hue in 1906. 2252:

that has two functional layers, the internal layer, the

303:

for the algal partner, George Scott proposed the use of

28794:

Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens

28528:(1995). "On the classification of lichen photomorphs". 25852: 25840: 24974: 23186: 22852: 21994: 21565: 21563: 21361: 19967:-shaped; in lichens, the term is used to describe some 19499:

A lichen with a three-partner symbiotic association of

18743:

or lichens that are indifferent as to their substrate.

14070:) and enclosed by a distinct wall; a characteristic of 11353:

A small lobe originating from the edge or surface of a

8096:

Referring to structures containing small oil droplets (

5856:

A crustose lichen that grows on the surface of rocks.

29141: 29041:

Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Boyce, C. Kevin;

28974:(2008). "3.Mycobionts". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.). 28811:Øvstedal, D.O.; Lewis Smith, R.I. (2001). "Glossary". 28333:(1991). "Functional aspects of the lichen symbiosis". 28154:

Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2017).

27959:

Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded

27316: 27177: 26872: 24651: 24093: 22969: 22362: 20400:

A small, cone-shaped protuberance, like a small wart.

17622:

are produced. Soralia can be further characterized as

13483:, but typically branched and often forming a network. 11429:

An internal space or cavity in a structure, such as a

11359:

lichen, typically the same color and character as the

6920:

structure. This morphotype is somewhat similar to the

3334:

Chemically differing types of a species with the same

928:

in 1855, but languished in obscurity until 1898, when

29568:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 348–355. 29564:

Weber, Bettina; Büdel, Burkhard (2011). "Endoliths".

29408:. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–504. 29118: 27926: 27672: 27062: 26790: 26760: 26427: 25255: 25177: 24877: 24831: 24760: 23839: 23661: 23216: 23174: 22957: 22810: 22303: 22264: 21530: 21291: 21256: 21211: 20035:

A lichen test performed by shining a long-wavelength

19205:. Thelotremoid lichens are characterized by immersed- 16318:

that are curved up or down, or back onto themselves.

15809:

tissue. The term was used first for lichenized fungi

15381:), and which lacks differentiated apical structures. 6050:

that are more than 1/2 to 3/4 above the level of the

4982:, often pigmented and surrounded by a margin or rim. 2858:

Having one or more longitudinal grooves or channels.

2219:

areas of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

2186:

A lichen with a two-partner symbiotic association of

28874:[On thallospores in some crustose lichens]. 27189: 25907: 22710: 21560: 19918:

are not visible. This morphotype can be observed in

17786:

taxon is known as the secondary species. The use of

17370:

that is demarcated by an annular (ring-like) crack.

15778:. The term was introduced by Gustav Krabbe in 1882. 15005:

remains organized in a distinct, compact layer with

14655:, but the difference lies in the presence of a free 14330:

and has distinct upper and lower sides (i.e., it is

13659:, often closely attached to the substrate, and have 8766:

A prefix meaning "analogous", "similar", or "same".

8542:

An aerial attachment organ, made of highly adhesive

7007:

are those which grow on the surface of a plant leaf.

6862:

in which the flexible layers of the inner wall (the

6700:

are aligned perpendicularly to the main axis of the

3875:

An aggregation or cluster of incompletely separated

837:

fungal group and three algal species from the class

28810: 28353: 28006: 26895: 26120: 26000: 24929: 23810: 23691: 23273: 22440: 21518: 19562:A small rounded wart-like projection on a surface. 19388:is formed. This morphotype is seen in species like 19297:. In lichens, the tomentum projects from the lower 18892:changed the noun and called it "thalline exciple". 18824:As if formed of small squares or mosaics, like the 15356:s. The term was first used by Georg Meyer in 1825. 13570:An organism that lives in close association with a 10656:. The term is also used more generally to refer to 9526:of uncertain, doubtful, or unknown classification. 8431:lichens that lack other attachment organs, such as 6983:Bending or curving in alternate directions, like a 6868:) and the more rigid layers of the outer wall (the 4261:Wedge-shaped; with one end thinner than the other. 3881:. The term was introduced by Tor Tønsberg in 1992. 1186:is exposed at maturity. The term was first used by 241:, an early proponent of using spore structure as a 29377: 28556: 27935: 27012: 22506: 22356: 16654:Marked with curvy and irregular furrows, like the 13510:that are oriented in all directions; found in the 12281:s. The term was proposed by George Scott in 1957. 4133:, making it barely visible or entirely concealed. 3292:A list of all of the species (sometimes including 2970:– firm but somewhat pliable, not brittle or soft. 2376:A lateral growth of the main stem of a thallus in 29307:. London: British Lichen Society. pp. 21–39. 27942:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 22270: 20913:. The term refers to apothecia characteristic of 15849:Very small or tiny, appearing as a point or dot. 15409:, or sometimes of the dead or dying cells of the 15211:changed the noun and called it "proper exciple". 13275:are arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the 12868:A suffix meaning "like" or "having the form of". 7105:Lichens that serve as important food sources for 537:A needle-shaped structure with lateral branches. 29604: 29275: 28992: 28791: 27784:. Australian National Herbarium. 20 October 2009 27584: 27572: 27456: 27385: 25744: 25331: 24247: 23381: 22846: 21399: 20061:tend to fluoresce yellow, orange, or red, while 18029:, a red color resulting from the application of 14817:An upright, hollow, stem-like structure bearing 9502:that are more than 3/4 beneath the level of the 8841:, produced in a cup-shaped structure called the 8659:; heterocysts are thought to be involved in the 8468:that is visible against a blackened background. 7733:lichen with algal cells belonging to the genera 7368:, often exhibiting a gelatinous consistency and 1771:, a species with uncertain taxonomic placement. 29051:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 28872:"Über Thallosporen bei einigen Krustenflechten" 28624: 28381: 28229: 27310: 26466: 22288: 22028:Silverstein, Silverstein & Silverstein 1996 18884:. The term "thalline margin" was first used by 17469:Curved upon itself twice, like the letter "S". 17346:A blackish-gray to gray-green insoluble lichen 17264:The cup-shaped part at the tip of a lichenized 14435:can be characterised with various descriptors: 12802:Egg-shaped, with the narrower end at the base. 11673:cavity. Maniciform soralia occur in the genera 11299:tissue made of closely compacted, agglutinated 9038:, combined with the presence of the substances 7783:A dense clump or aggregate of cells or spores. 5999:) formed from the coalesced tips of projecting 4924:; the term applies to the majority of lichens. 2798:. They are found in several genera of tropical 1350:The condition of being made of or covered with 1011:Turn a purple or blue color upon reaction with 29357:Upreti, Dalip K.; Rai, Himanshu, eds. (2013). 28895:Rikkinen, Jouko (April 2015). "Cyanolichens". 28869: 28648: 27878: 27298: 24714: 24130:Moncada, Lücking & Betancourt-Macuase 2013 23885:Moncada, Lücking & Betancourt-Macuase 2013 23722: 21901: 18916:); they form from indistinct swellings of the 17428:that are more than 3/4 above the level of the 17061:originating from the upper layers of a lichen 16736:Having a rough texture; wrinkled and creased. 16553:underside that serves as an attachment organ. 15821:Covered with short, soft, fine hairs or down. 15332:A fungal layer upon which an algae-containing 15141:that are more than 1/2 above the level of the 13615:; the term is now obsolete, and equivalent to 13228:, aligned perpendicularly to the plane of the 12780:A prefix meaning "inversely" or "oppositely". 11241:, which may be straight, curved, branched, or 10593:A reddish- or purplish-brown insoluble lichen 7340:A dark, grayish-brown or grayish-black color. 6503:) but is also capable of living on non-lichen 6491: 4894:of lichens that have a flat, disk-like shape. 4127:that is largely hidden or immersed within the 3731:Appearing loosely filamentous or thread-like. 3122:. The term "chondroid axis" was first used by 29590: 29125:Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume 28792:Orange, A.; James, P.W.; White, F.J. (2001). 28719: 28262: 28110:spp.) in a rocky Canadian Shield landscape". 27828: 27035: 26688: 25291: 25240: 24910: 24895: 23002: 22990: 22677: 22560: 22404: 22146: 22103: 22086: 21943: 21872: 20278:, typically able to be blown around by wind. 19287:A layer of short interwoven or coiled fungal 17083:that lives in or is associated with a lichen 15147:, and have a base that is expanded outwards. 12593:Having small, rounded elevations or nodules. 11845:layer, and usually made of loosely compacted 10844:thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus 7966:, but it is made in a special organ called a 7885:A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen 7860:A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen 7600:Having a knee-like bend; applied to parts of 6635:A bundle or cluster; can be used to refer to 4644:Having well-defined or clearly marked edges. 3923:Wrinkled; with alternate furrows and ridges. 1139:Perpendicular to a surface; used to refer to 152:published the first of his multi-volume work 29421:; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; 28713:International Institute of Tropical Forestry 27720:Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 244 (1825)" 20660:A prefix used to indicate the color yellow. 19888:lichens used to describe characteristics of 19352:lichens used to describe characteristics of 19195:A morphological group of lichens within the 18703:lichens used to describe characteristics of 18639:Having a thick, rough, and crumbly surface. 18623:refers to its coarse and fragmented surface. 18167:lichens used to describe characteristics of 18016:, a family in which sporomorphs are common. 17781: 17675:lichens used to describe characteristics of 17315: 17108:lichens used to describe characteristics of 16973:lichens used to describe characteristics of 16711:A dark red to almost black insoluble lichen 16674:Marked with thin, winding or crooked lines. 16572:lichens used to describe characteristics of 16509:, comprising tough and irregularly branched 16384:lichens used to describe characteristics of 16337:lichens used to describe characteristics of 15985:, evolving independently in multiple fungal 15975:A lichen with flask-shaped fruiting bodies ( 15628:cells; pseudoisidia are common in the genus 15286:of lichens, in which the constituent fungal 15197:, is not lichenized, and is internal to the 15054:lichens used to describe characteristics of 14977:lichens used to describe characteristics of 14759:Characterised by longitudinal folds forming 14631:lichens used to describe characteristics of 13300:lichens used to describe characteristics of 13014:Egg-shaped, with the wider end at the base. 12838:lichens used to describe characteristics of 12330:lichens used to describe characteristics of 12225:by intersecting longitudinal and transverse 12146:A prefix meaning "more than one" or "many". 12118:Having a form resembling a string of beads. 11959:lichens used to describe characteristics of 11162:) – that is, on bare wood rather than bark. 11011:lichens used to describe characteristics of 10974:lichens used to describe characteristics of 10826:lichens used to describe characteristics of 10759:lichens used to describe characteristics of 10611:Loose, loosely woven, not compact; like the 10472:lichens used to describe characteristics of 9765:lichens used to describe characteristics of 8464:of the sheath, creating a light-transparent 8204:lichens used to describe characteristics of 8030:An irregularly rounded grain-like particle. 7690:lichens used to describe characteristics of 7653:lichens used to describe characteristics of 6995:Having the texture of loose cotton or wool. 6908:lichens used to describe characteristics of 5950:material, that permeates the upper parts of 5229:A prefix meaning "not having" or "without". 4344:(often with globular cells, formed from the 4012:lichens used to describe characteristics of 3855:Stuck or glued together; usually applied to 3414:lichens used to describe characteristics of 2052:. About 0.4% of lichens are basidiolichens. 1747:lichens used to describe characteristics of 1107:lichens used to describe characteristics of 961:lichens used to describe characteristics of 779:; it is typically located between the upper 393:A prefix meaning "not having" or "without". 29491: 29445: 28201:, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". 27690: 27626: 27611: 27599: 27548: 27524: 27509: 27492: 27480: 27468: 27444: 27373: 27361: 27274: 27255: 27231: 27219: 27207: 27171: 27156: 27127: 27115: 27074: 27050: 26975: 26963: 26912: 26866: 26854: 26802: 26754: 26739: 26703: 26664: 26652: 26640: 26625: 26613: 26569: 26529: 26502: 26490: 26478: 26442: 26412: 26400: 26340: 26328: 26313: 26289: 26233: 26216: 26204: 26192: 26091: 26067: 26036: 25988: 25952: 25925: 25901: 25834: 25810: 25795: 25768: 25756: 25729: 25705: 25681: 25666: 25654: 25630: 25618: 25606: 25591: 25579: 25552: 25528: 25504: 25415: 25403: 25391: 25355: 25228: 25216: 25204: 25165: 25125: 25101: 25071: 25035: 25023: 24956: 24871: 24843: 24819: 24804: 24743: 24731: 24672: 24645: 24633: 24609: 24597: 24569: 24557: 24545: 24533: 24521: 24509: 24497: 24485: 24473: 24410: 24398: 24386: 24359: 24330: 24301: 24286: 24274: 24259: 24176: 24117: 24069: 24057: 24045: 24033: 23974: 23962: 23947: 23911: 23896: 23869: 23854: 23822: 23798: 23786: 23774: 23703: 23679: 23639: 23595: 23553: 23541: 23514: 23502: 23447: 23432: 23420: 23357: 23345: 23333: 23318: 23255: 23243: 23228: 23204: 23168: 23141: 23129: 23117: 23102: 22939: 22915: 22834: 22822: 22795: 22728: 22689: 22577: 22500: 22476: 22464: 22428: 22416: 22392: 22243: 22188: 22161: 22127: 22063: 22015: 21976: 21928: 21913: 21853: 21793: 21753: 21738: 21726: 21617: 21542: 21501: 21477: 21453: 21441: 21414: 21367: 15730:Solid, upright stalks originating from the 14714:Fungal tissue made of twisted, intertwined 12021:that often occur in pairs, as in the genus 11928:apothecia but characterized by a minimized 11805:of some lichens; associated with the order 7749:; these algae have a mucilaginous capsule. 2903:on the top of a stalk, found in the genera 29563: 29492:Ulloa, Miguel; Hanlin, Richard T. (2012). 29239:Scott, G.D. (1957). "Lichen terminology". 28664: 28285: 27975: 27759: 26454: 26079: 25642: 25463: 25427: 25343: 24014: 23935: 23746: 23527:Suryanarayanan & Thirunavukkarasu 2017 23306: 22609: 22548: 22173: 22039: 21964: 21841: 21581: 21384: 20295: 19230: 18425:An orange-brown to ochre insoluble lichen 18294:to indicate intermediate categories, e.g. 14379:shape, and are gathered in clusters along 13653:category used for lichens that are mostly 13534:, that starts as a budlike structure with 10495:. This morphotype is seen in species like 10363: 9867:The narrow middle portion between the two 9562:Swollen or blown up, and hollow, like the 6789:A tiny fibre; when referring to the genus 6528:Thin and curved with pointed ends, like a 5379:Spread out and flat; used to describe the 4174:Punctiform or elongated agglomerations of 4101:apothecium that is mostly immersed in the 3985:Having a scalloped or round-toothed edge. 3746:Microscopic view of the radially arranged 2745:A lichen that grows on substrates rich in 2718:A bluish-gray or bluish-green coloration. 2042:A lichen in which the fungal partner (the 2018:A pale to brownish-green insoluble lichen 1509:A lichen in which the fungal partner (the 100:for the furrowed fruitbodies of the genus 29546: 29536: 29356: 29339: 29329: 29080: 29070: 28782: 28689: 28599: 28499: 28473: 28403: 28171: 28096: 27896: 26878: 24983: 24106:Fraser, Pouliot & van der Sluijs 2021 22368: 19775:A lichen with a concave, circular, leafy 17748:) components. The term was first used by 16985:structure. This morphotype resembles the 15191:; this tissue, which originates from the 14989:structure. This morphotype is similar to 14340:. Phyllidia occur in some species of the 10693:lacks a thalline margin, as in the genus 10544:Comparison of the lecideine apothecia of 8655:A specialized type of cell found in some 8647:A prefix meaning "other" or "different". 3304:) that occur within a particular region. 1624: 1547: 1495:Producing or supporting the growth of an 1198:Lying flat; flattened down on a surface. 401:A prefix meaning "positioned away from". 29384:. New York: Twenty-First Century Books. 29305:The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland 28970: 28923: 28894: 28740: 28612:. North American Mycological Association 28329: 28288:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 28130: 27879:Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2016). 25846: 23667: 23050: 22861: 22216:Garrido-Benavent & Pérez-Ortega 2017 22003: 21657: 21340: 21285: 21250: 20662: 20476:A museum specimen that corresponds to a 20412:, associated with the reference species 20318:; in lichens, this can involve just the 20242: 19938: 19803:Having a wavy form, margin, or surface. 19729: 19170: 19131:. This last usage was first employed by 18969:, and similar structures arise from the 18795: 18738: 18610: 18429:, associated with the reference species 18018: 17900: 17724:that is not covered with a well-defined 17565: 17350:, associated with the reference species 17331: 17226: 17144:, associated with the reference species 16715:, associated with the reference species 16426: 15692: 15612:An outgrowth on the surface of a lichen 15530: 15294: 15108: 14944:, associated with the reference species 14350: 14225:; applied to lichen-forming fungi whose 14015: 13863: 13609:, curved upward along the margin of the 13331: 13236: 12870: 12176: 11897:, associated with the reference species 11879:, associated with the reference species 11710: 11191: 10949:, associated with the reference species 10931:, associated with the reference species 10852: 10597:, associated with the reference species 10567: 10389:commonly used to prepare semi-permanent 9671: 9636:, associated with the reference species 9032:that are swollen, inflated, and lacking 8987:, associated with the reference species 8970: 8932: 8697: 8626:, associated with the reference species 8126: 7991:A special organ, found in some tropical 7893: 7785: 7543: 6997: 6663: 6571: 6261:specimen, often part of a numbered set. 6208: 5691:are more or less immersed in tree bark. 5582: 5448:in longitudinal section and circular in 5424:, associated with the reference species 5316: 4970:The curved or flat upper surface of the 4867: 4790: 4561:that has been removed or disintegrated. 4287: 3741: 3513:, associated with the reference species 3350:, depicted in this 1843 illustration by 3340: 2988: 2828: 2640: 2345: 2022:, associated with the reference species 1722:, associated with the reference species 1704:, associated with the reference species 1530: 1519:. About 98% of lichens are ascolichens. 1374:, associated with the reference species 1296: 1245:, associated with the reference species 1017: 833:, involving multiple species across the 597:Having a tight attachment to a surface. 474: 355: 56: 29217: 28705:United States Department of Agriculture 28524: 28136:"Flora of Australia Glossary — Lichens" 28050: 27976:Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007). 25913: 25861: 23192: 20402: 20368:A cord of tissue on the underside of a 20043:) at a lichen structure to check if it 19427:that merge towards the mid-zone of the 18405:Slender and narrowing to a fine point; 18217: 16516: 16490: 16257:, symmetrical around a central axis in 15969: 15292:are aligned in a particular direction. 13631:coined the term parathecium in an 1898 12245: 12029: 11339:A rounded or elongated projection of a 11079:A lichen that grows on another lichen. 11067: 10939: 9722:, but is formed as an outgrowth of the 9612:within a tissue, typically observed in 9169:; often blackish in color, it is where 9008:A prefix meaning "beneath" or "under". 8786:) is evenly distributed throughout the 8604: 8070:A term for the general appearance (the 7972:. The term goniocyst was introduced by 7109:. For example, species from the genera 7002: 5298:A prefix meaning "outside" or "outer". 5260:Covered with small spines or bristles. 4730:; in lichens, usually used to refer to 3042:; historically classified in the genus 3014: 2897:A more-or-less spherical or cup-shaped 2799: 529:Developing on the apex of a structure. 29605: 28363:Journal of Applied and Natural Science 28306: 28196: 28031: 27905: 27778:"Vitricolous lichens – Lichen website" 27322: 26937:Lücking, Leavitt & Hawksworth 2021 24657: 22978: 22952:North American Mycological Association 22512: 19080:; typically associated with the genus 18727: 18237:that is divided into distinct layers ( 17768:Two lichen species that are identical 16631:Small, rim-like structures or cracks. 14739: 14596: 13814: 13789:A reproductive propagule found in the 13446: 13223: 11853: 11736:Having a well-defined border or edge. 11721:ascomata of the shrub stubble lichen ( 11661:-shaped; the term is used to describe 11158:A lichen that grows on stripped wood ( 9175:originate. The term was first used by 9010: 8983:A dark blue to black insoluble lichen 8860: 8859:cells; these structures occur in some 8847:, comprising heavy, gelatinous fungal 8793: 8596: 8555: 7870:in 1825, and supplanted in the 1960s. 7574:A rubbery or jelly-like lichen with a 7554: 7354:Tapered at both ends, like a spindle. 7293: 6819:Having hairs or fibres on the margin. 6767:A suffix meaning to carry or produce. 6192: 6116:. The term eucortex was first used by 5788:that is present on the surface of the 5564: 5544:that are sunk into the tissues of the 5523:A prefix meaning "inside" or "inner". 5452:; often used to refer to spore shape. 3561: 3217: 3188:category used for lichens with erect, 3110:-like central core in the branches of 3064:Having a tail or tail-like appendage. 2690: 2201: 606: 599: 426: 29472: 29398: 29238: 29016:Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; 28829: 28140:Australian Biological Resources Study 28077:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27956: 27678: 27195: 27183: 26766: 24883: 23180: 22963: 22276: 21569: 21144:List of common names of lichen genera 20902: 20462: 19520: 19200: 19074:A small thallus that originates from 19036: 18872:; this tissue, external to the inner 18781: 18352:and cushions fruiting bodies such as 18225: 18204:Tissue that provides support for the 17990: 17892:Covered with or having small spines ( 17818:In lichenology, an obsolete term for 17152: 15925:that has an inner surface lined with 15123:Sticking out from the surface of the 14849:A lichen test performed by shining a 14745: 14727: 13716:to check for the presence of certain 13283: 12946: 12565: 12237: 11146: 10777:and a distinctive double margin. The 10270:to check for the presence of certain 8506: 7308:Made of fibers or rope-like strands. 7256: 7041:A small leaf-like outgrowth from the 7010: 6577: 5894: 5474: 4628:. This color reaction is also called 4600:Having a toothlike or serrated edge. 4191: 4178:crystals that are dispersed over the 4142: 4136: 3953: 3739:Joining together, blending into one. 3030:, has simple ascospores (without any 2980: 2739: 2684:to check for the presence of certain 2398: 2012: 919: 823: 688: 545:A lichen-like association between an 29276:Sérusiaux, E.; Lücking, R. (2007). " 28948: 28482: 27854: 25451: 24094:Rapai, McMullin & Newmaster 2012 23279: 22716: 21194:"What is a lichen? - Lichen website" 20948: 19754: 19493: 19303:and serves to help it attach to its 19217:, non-branched to slightly branched 18963:. They are found in some species of 18098: 17793: 17576:is evident on the inner lobe margin 17322: 17302: 16942: 16661: 15536: 15522:, such as those found in the lichen 15410: 15351: 15256: 15198: 15017:of similar height. Examples include 14796:; used to describe spore structure. 14775:that display a "folded" appearance. 14577: 14559: 14250: 13802: 13643: 13616: 13544:on a lower side, then develops into 12559: 11940:, at least on the external surface. 11793:formed by the disintegration of the 11286:A prefix meaning "stone" or "rock". 11185:Narrow and flat, with the form of a 10778: 10657: 10587: 9413:and diluted to a light brown color. 9164: 9099: 8842: 8460:, as the ink does not penetrate the 8022:Made of small particles (granules). 7967: 7796: 7568: 7228:A lichen with a shrub-like or hairy 6682: 6200: 5757:A prefix meaning "upon" or "above". 5680: 5386: 4940: 4224: 4108: 3775: 3499: 3178: 3111: 2377: 2317: 2108:Divided into two parts or branches. 1760: 1357: 1280:, typical of lichens in the family 902: 28347:10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.003005 28036:. Slough, UK: Richmond Publishing. 27816:. Collins English Dictionary. 2022b 27812: 27800:. Collins English Dictionary. 2022a 27063:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 26428:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 25889: 25256:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 25178:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 24761:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 23840:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 23217:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 22811:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 22265:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 21531:Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001 20908: 19035:, although they also occur in some 17906: 17720:A powdery to granular reproductive 17423: 17308:The sexually infertile member of a 17134: 16497: 16483:A root-like structure similar to a 15686:made of tightly packed, angular or 15667: 15636: 15452: 15221: 15136: 14221:is determined by the nature of its 14195: 13622: 13485: 13370:A small, conically rounded growth. 12133: 11929: 11923: 11861: 10921: 10870: 9663:, often pigmented, surrounding the 9497: 9072: 8489:and tissues that exist between the 8119: 7048: 6310: 6176: 6110:-like tissue layer in or above the 6045: 5644: 5638: 5480: 5284: 4920:, somewhat analogous to the fungal 4859: 4592:Irregularly branched, like a tree. 4199: 4089: 3832:A fungal asexual spore produced by 3695:Growing together to form one mass. 3352:Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini 2180: 1975: 1364: 1235: 698:category used for lichens that are 226: 197:The increasing availability of the 13: 29591:Wirth, M.; Hale Jr., M.E. (1978). 29494:Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology 28300:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb00623.x 28112:Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 27796: 25439: 20325: 18926:covered by groups of algal cells. 18873: 18838: 17984: 17436: 16503:An attachment organ, similar to a 15926: 15709: 15517: 15099: 15085: 14990: 14958:Shaped like or resembling a pore. 14930: 14420: 14386: 14257: 14071: 13929:The protective wall surrounding a 13422: 12929: 12283: 12008: 11905: 10927:A dark red-brown insoluble lichen 9874: 9657:The tissue of the outer part of a 9405:An abbreviation for a solution of 9143: 8088:or crumbly texture or appearance. 7978: 7808: 7634:Lacking hair or bristles; smooth. 7607: 6709: 6642: 6498: 6304: 5926: 5867: 5808:A thin tissue layer of interwoven 5759: 5444:An object appearing approximately 5414: 5391:s lacking a well-defined outline. 5276: 4168: 3836:in specialized structures such as 3801:structure that produces and bears 3765: 3723:Having the same color throughout. 3459:Fine, hair-like outgrowths of the 3355: 3116:, made of longitudinally arranged 3006: 2869: 2166:splits at the top and exposes the 1522: 260: 171: 131: 14: 29629: 28924:Nash III, Thomas H., ed. (2008). 28870:Poelt, J.; Obermayer, W. (1990). 28703:(Report). San Juan, Puerto Rico: 28387:Lichens of rainforest in Tasmania 28075:, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)". 27957:Brodo, Irwin (2016). "Glossary". 26001:Jagtap, Tripathi & Joshi 2013 23811:Diederich, Lawrey & Ertz 2018 20686: 20004: 19987: 19883: 19819:Containing a single oil droplet ( 19435: 19347: 19335: 19224: 19181: 19144: 18941:A dark brown, smooth to wrinkled 18928: 18757:with widely spaced perforations. 18698: 18310:The tissue immediately below the 18244: 18162: 18116:made of numerous small scales or 17925: 17872: 17866: 17670: 17658: 17456: 17340: 17309: 17166: 17103: 16986: 16968: 16705: 16567: 16379: 16332: 16013:) and others unusually placed in 15919:. It has a circular or elongated 15886:-like structure, usually hollow. 15717: 15681: 15562: 15270: 15243: 15092: 15091:The sexually fertile member of a 15049: 14972: 14650: 14644: 14626: 14362: 13980: 13881: 13775:A basket-like structure in which 13499: 13295: 13258: 13181: 12876: 12833: 12325: 12168: 12148: 11954: 11917: 11305:that forms a dense tissue layer. 11253:. The term was first proposed by 11006: 10994: 10969: 10890: 10821: 10807:are examples of this morphotype. 10754: 10467: 10313:Shaped like or resembling a lip. 10288:performed with an application of 9859:Having branches of equal length. 9760: 9626: 9510: 8612: 8512: 8500: 8199: 8113: 8101: 7839: 7728: 7685: 7673: 7648: 7636: 7586: 7560: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7162: 6921: 6903: 6738: 6661:Arranged in bundles or clusters. 6551:Covered with a mealy powder; the 5923:Growing on the surface of bark. 5420:A fuscous brown insoluble lichen 5252:Covered with spines or bristles. 4813:) consists of mostly unbranched, 4115: 4065: 4007: 3995: 3753: 3547:performed with an application of 3409: 3389: 3381: 3262: 3231: 2209: 1742: 1662:Referring to a type of ascospore 1370:A reddish-brown insoluble lichen 1102: 956: 872: 762: 248: 183: 177: 165: 29477:. University Press of Colorado. 29439:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00008.x 27776: 27708: 27666: 25890:Collins English Dictionary 2022b 25440:Collins English Dictionary 2022a 22357:Lendemer, Buck & Harris 2016 19980: 19878: 19342: 19162: 19156: 19150: 19120: 19075: 18801: 18693: 18419: 18157: 17939: 17665: 17098: 17091: 16963: 16646:Having minute cracks or splits. 16562: 16555: 16374: 16327: 16287:Spreading from a central point. 15941: 15599: 15465: 15365: 15358: 15350:s and at the growing margins of 15248:in which the constituent fungal 15149: 15044: 14996: 14967: 14873: 14860: 14827:; typically associated with the 14733: 14688: 14675: 14621: 14483: 14394: 14374: 14320:A small leaf-like or scale-like 14273: 14232: 14203: 14162: 14021: 13961: 13790: 13769: 13290: 13210: 12997: 12977: 12828: 12821: 12320: 12091: 12084: 12016: 11949: 11942: 11912: 11887: 11827:The internal tissue of a lichen 11031: 11001: 10964: 10858: 10816: 10749: 10534: 10525: 10462: 9755: 9748: 9658: 9644: 9218: 9195: 9107: 8977: 8944: 8194: 8107: 7992: 7938: 7680: 7643: 7326: 7264: 7182:Readily crumbled or pulverized. 7099: 7073:comprising numerous small leafy 6898: 6850: 6828: 6111: 5694: 5658: 5394: 4782: 4750:Branching into two equal parts. 4002: 3404: 3363: 3306: 3152: 2953: 2839: 2676:that uses a solution of bleach ( 2111: 2088:with a soft, light-colored (not 2030: 1953: 1944: 1737: 1672:; characterized by thick-walled 1656: 1474:that is formed directly from an 1097: 1090: 1082: 1041: 951: 944: 678: 650: 641: 632: 288: 282: 276: 113: 26896:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 26121:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 24930:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 23692:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 22441:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 21519:Øvstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 20959: 20928: 20896: 20728: 20701: 20694: 20668: 20486: 20337: 20081: 19871: 19860: 19813: 19746: 19740: 19568: 19542: 19512: 19506: 19487:Containing three oil droplets ( 19481: 19459:Resembling or belonging to the 19441:Resembling or belonging to the 19371: 19263: 19218: 19189: 19138: 19114: 19102: 19019:spore produced directly in the 18970: 18894: 18867: 18862: 18686: 18449: 18359: 18272: 18122:; intermediate in form between 17964: 17801: 17762: 17737: 17616:has cracked or broken down and 17203: 16773: 16761: 16477: 16367: 16320: 16077: 16065: 16042: 16035: 15976: 15959:; characteristic of the family 15948: 15914: 15908: 15780: 15743: 15650: 15481: 15473: 15376: 15339: 15300: 15186: 15181: 15037: 15006: 14777: 14695: 14614: 14512: 14494: 14466: 14408: 14300: 14278:. Examples occur in the genera 14109: 14076:. Although it was in 1831 that 13974: 13808: 13604: 13564: 13518: 13452: 13020: 12971: 12896: 12613: 12522: 12361: 12313: 12276: 12205: 12160: 12120: 12048:A method used to identify some 11935: 11840: 11788: 11782: 11739: 11631: 11451: 11128: 10957: 10882: 10809: 10682: 10639: 10579: 10262:that uses a 10–25% solution of 10089: 10060: 9885: 9844: 9833: 9485: 9470: 9238: 9201: 8938: 8854: 8775: 8768: 8684: 8665: 8588: 8518: 8240: 8155: 7944: 7929: 7899: 7886: 7861: 7578: 7382: 7318: 7191: 7190:An informal term for a type of 7029:A lichen that grows on a plant 6869: 6863: 6857: 6848:; bordered with minute fringe. 6811:Thread-like; fine and slender. 6674: 6322: 6296: 6290: 6138: 6000: 5988: 5957: 5859: 5848: 5823: 5795: 5710: 5650: 5593: 5570:A fungus that lives within the 5539: 5339: 5333: 5322: 5308: 5062: 5018: 4977: 4926: 4903: 4843:Having finger-like outgrowths. 4759: 4564: 4372: 4304:lichen showing its crater-like 4276: 4160: 4148: 4121:Pertaining to a type of lichen 4096: 3902: 3895: 3862: 3842: 3789: 3653: 3600: 3528: 3466: 3397: 3093: 3025: 2994: 2898: 2852: 2833: 2646: 2479: 2296: 2227:Lined up in two parallel rows. 2193: 2167: 2161: 2089: 2083: 2069:A prefix meaning two or twice. 2055: 1778: 1673: 1541: 1455: 1448: 1275: 1241:A pale yellow insoluble lichen 1023: 913: 908: 888: 774: 583: 573:Gradually tapering to a point. 539: 328: 310: 270: 247:in lichen taxonomy, introduced 206: 107: 28184:. British Lichen Society. 2022 28180: 27573:Orange, James & White 2001 25332:Orange, James & White 2001 22344: 21400:Orange, James & White 2001 21186: 21161: 21101: 20917:, a defunct genus that is now 20870: 20628: 20468:A lichen that grows on glass. 20455: 20442: 20420: 20408:A dull brown insoluble lichen 20343: 20331: 20319: 20273: 20223: 19998: 19968: 19944: 19913: 19889: 19847: 19831:Containing a single cavity or 19782: 19710: 19528: 19500: 19453: 19422: 19383: 19353: 19304: 19235: 19009: 18975:of some species in the genera 18704: 18591: 18437: 18353: 18347: 18304: 18168: 18150: 18024: 17856: 17841: 17826: 17819: 17743: 17676: 17520: 17280:in 1742, and later adopted by 17218: 17212: 17121: 17109: 17073: 16974: 16954:A lichen that grows on stone. 16915: 16573: 16424:Marked like a net or network. 16385: 16338: 16219: 15954: 15823: 15703: 15516:present on the outer layer of 15229: 15055: 14978: 14866: 14818: 14656: 14632: 14506: 14472: 14436: 14414: 14325: 14267: 14132: 14102: 14094: 14086: 14037: 13968: 13930: 13923: 13875: 13869: 13845: 13736: 13696: 13665: 13584: 13545: 13467: 13393: 13301: 13162: 12990: 12922: 12889: 12839: 12810:Shaped like an inverted pear. 12755: 12602: 12503: 12331: 12154:Containing many oil droplets ( 12071: 11960: 11869: 11668: 11650:Covered with spots (maculae). 11637: 11612: 11593: 11288: 11048: 11012: 10975: 10827: 10772: 10760: 10731: 10573: 10551: 10473: 10283: 10257: 10231: 10027: 9766: 9716:A structure that resembles an 9710: 9548: 9541: 9462: 9435: 9409:crystals dissolved in aqueous 9380: 9181: 9151: 8780:partner (typically from genus 8580: 8470: 8426: 8414: 8382: 8205: 8187: 8131: 8058: 8039: 7998: 7950: 7691: 7654: 7614: 7524: 7242: 7235: 7156: 7127:are winter forage lichens for 7086: 6909: 6891: 6843: 6836: 6822: 6732: 6726: 6655: 6622: 6538: 6504: 6464: 6218: 6167: 6159: 5902: 5802: 5725: 5629: 5599: 5494: 5468: 5204: 4992: 4915: 4896: 4889: 4852: 4802: 4753: 4744: 4638: 4602: 4579: 4549: 4514: 4305: 4263: 4128: 4013: 3971: 3889:Highly branched, similar to a 3869: 3717: 3612: 3542: 3478: 3415: 3236:comprising loosely interwoven 3200: 3163: 3128: 2918: 2781: 2774: 2671: 2621: 2461: 2452:; made of loosely intertwined 2356: 2290: 2256:, and the external layer, the 2187: 2136: 2094:) margin, like those in genus 2078: 2043: 1920: 1748: 1700:A matt brown insoluble lichen 1617: 1510: 1475: 1308: 1108: 991: 962: 866: 860: 748: 699: 444:A suffix used to indicate the 320: 304: 242: 216: 119: 1: 29331:10.1080/21501203.2017.1352048 29145:Forest Ecology and Management 28897:Biodiversity and Conservation 28863:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31162-3 28124:10.1080/07038992.2021.1908118 28051:Ferraro, Lidia Itatí (2004). 27667:Australian National Herbarium 21139:Glossary of scientific naming 21096: 20865: 20674: 20623: 20449: 20435: 20434:A rough surface covered with 20280: 20218: 19974: 19839: 19825: 19705: 19212: 19206: 19126: 18958: 18901: 18812: 18793:A lichen that grows on soil. 18767: 18626: 18586: 18342:A layer of loosely-compacted 18316:. The term was first used by 18311: 18123: 17997: 17893: 17754: 17484: 17417: 17276:. The term was first used by 17265: 17178: 17044: 17001:, which eventually cover the 16996: 16910: 16753: 16535: 16432: 16418: 16307: 16214: 15963:. The term was first used by 15902: 15901:An asexual fruiting body, or 15865: 15843: 15458: 15320: 15130: 14908:. The term was first used by 14871:to help distinguish species. 14837:. The term was first used by 14583: 14551: 14477:. The term was introduced by 14448: 14442: 14380: 14368: 14307: 14292: 14237:. The term was introduced by 14211: 14189:(known as a phycobiont) or a 14169: 14051: 13937: 13915: 13801:that is similar in form to a 13776: 13610: 13529: 13457:. The term was introduced by 13386: 13349: 13157: 12916:. The term was introduced by 12813: 12804: 12750: 12552:. The term was first used by 12498: 12231:. The term was first used by 12219:Divided into compartments or 12200: 12138:that has only a single lobe. 12105: 12078: 11809:. The term was first used by 11800: 11716: 11652: 11588: 11404: 11273: 11242: 11236: 11197: 10903: 10742: 10625: 10512: 10490: 10485: 10420: 10226: 10022: 9607: 9491: 9454: 9375: 9212:. The term was first used by 9207: 9170: 9136:. The term was first used by 9121: 9033: 8957: 8810:. The term was first used by 8690: 8649: 8377: 8166:. The term was first used by 8083: 8045: 7916:margins; scale bar = 20 7866:. The term was first used by 7801: 7714: 7621: 7594: 7519: 7356: 7184: 7139:Having pits or perforations. 7092: 6955: 6797: 6746: 6594: 6459: 6284: 6230: 6184: 6146: 6122: 6058: 6039: 6005:. The term was first used by 5994: 5974: 5951: 5815: 5702: 5550:, such as seen in the genera 5525: 5454: 5402: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5300: 5262: 5254: 5199: 4971: 4814: 4681: 4610: 4541: 4509: 4362:. The term was first used by 4332:surface (typically the lower 4213:. The term was introduced by 4184:; associated with the family 4081: 4063:only on their upper surface. 3909: 3725: 3709: 3682: 3624: 3594: 3278: 3157:. The term was first used by 3037: 2972: 2926: 2822:. The term was introduced by 2720: 2616: 2467: 2362: 2266: 2229: 2142:Containing two oil droplets ( 2128: 2119: 1915: 1730: 1694: 1503: 1482: 1469: 1382: 1290:. The term was first used by 1285: 1181: 1163: 1133: 1060: 1052: 1040:is pigmented dark brown, the 793: 523: 480: 462: 372: 366: 254: 189: 137: 125: 29574:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_80 29359:Terricolous Lichens in India 29165:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.018 28642:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.04.004 28248:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.04.008 27978:Fungal Families of the World 27840:. New York: Academic Press. 27585:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 27457:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 27386:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 25745:Sérusiaux & Lücking 2007 24248:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 23382:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 22847:Büdel & Scheidegger 2008 21196:. 2014-07-02. Archived from 21171:. 2014-08-22. Archived from 21154: 21106: 20958: 20942: 20875: 20727: 20633: 20485: 20448:A surface covered with tiny 20428: 20374: 20369: 20355: 20228: 20080: 20070: 20010: 19957: 19901: 19895: 19776: 19715: 19567: 19549: 19470: 19428: 19402: 19365: 19359: 19310: 19113:and is situated between the 19020: 19002: 18946: 18917: 18906:characteristic of the genus 18879: 18825: 18752: 18745: 18710: 18596: 18448: 18366: 18322: 18232: 18205: 18174: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18111: 18052: 17995:that supports a spore mass. 17945: 17879: 17688: 17682: 17651: 17644: 17617: 17605: 17577: 17571: 17570:An accumulation of granular 17557: 17514: 17503: 17451:group, meaning they share a 17429: 17294: 17286: 17238: 17184: 17140:A dark red insoluble lichen 17115: 17084: 17062: 16980: 16920: 16772: 16683: 16655: 16579: 16548: 16504: 16484: 16438: 16397: 16391: 16344: 16224: 16076: 15920: 15888: 15851: 15815: 15800: 15737: 15731: 15619: 15613: 15588: 15548: 15542: 15499: 15333: 15328:Prothallus § In lichens 15311:is evident in this crustose 15306: 15276: 15192: 15174:A ring of tissue around the 15142: 15124: 15117: 15061: 14984: 14903: 14791: 14770: 14638: 14500: 14460: 14454: 14335: 14061: 14050:A spherical or flask-shaped 14020:Schematic illustration of a 13987: 13908: 13907:With splits or holes in the 13901: 13807:, but is unique in that the 13783: 13743: 13660: 13654: 13551: 13400: 13372: 13337: 13307: 13276: 13229: 13167: 13019: 12845: 12789: 12782: 12760: 12612: 12607:that are partially covered. 12595: 12547: 12508: 12360: 12337: 12269: 12220: 12194: 12127: 12098: 12001: 11966: 11828: 11768: 11730: 11702: 11694: 11662: 11625: 11619: 11598: 11450: 11440: 11360: 11354: 11340: 11320: 11259: 11042: 11018: 10981: 10908: 10833: 10766: 10668: 10618: 10479: 10455: 10448: 10393:. With this reagent, fungal 10348: 10341: 10335: 10307: 10236: 10088: 10077:; associated with the genus 10072: 10032: 9884: 9868: 9821: 9820:that is an outgrowth of the 9772: 9735: 9723: 9717: 9677: 9664: 9601: 9576: 9535: 9503: 9441: 9415: 9385: 9237: 9226: 9194:A layer of tissue under the 9053: 9021: 8964: 8816: 8787: 8753: 8708: 8678: 8672: 8549: 8420: 8408: 8387: 8239: 8217: 8211: 8137: 8090: 7961: 7922: 7826: 7770: 7697: 7660: 7529: 7381: 7284: 7229: 7216: 7148: 7141: 7068: 7067:Leaf-like; a type of lichen 7042: 6915: 6876: 6813: 6717: 6701: 6616: 6588: 6564: 6552: 6493:facultatively lichenicolous 6469: 6321: 6263: 6153: 6152:Describing a type of lichen 6072: 6051: 6011: 5962:; associated with the genus 5941: 5934: 5831: 5814:situated directly above the 5778: 5621: 5571: 5545: 5432: 5380: 5231: 5209: 5061: 5031: 5012: 4845: 4796: 4737: 4655: 4586: 4572: 4533: 4519: 4371: 4345: 4327: 4293: 4179: 4122: 4102: 4025: 4019: 3987: 3939: 3917: 3883: 3876: 3802: 3747: 3733: 3674: 3618: 3606: 3521: 3472: 3460: 3427: 3421: 3374: 3322: 3286: 3250: 3243: 3189: 3171: 3066: 2877: 2759: 2626: 2478: 2384: 2302: 2280: 2221: 2148: 2102: 2071: 1925: 1777: 1754: 1718:A dark red insoluble lichen 1630: 1560: 1351: 1302: 1228: 1200: 1192: 1155: 1114: 1047: 1035: 968: 843: 786: 768: 711: 704:, typically with beard-like 567: 419: 298: 232: 154:Naturgeschichte der Flechten 143: 94: 76: 7: 29456:10.1007/978-3-8274-2299-6_2 28888:10.1127/herzogia/8/1990/273 28385:& Jarman, S.J. (1999). 28089:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107944 28025:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340 27920:10.13158/heia.23.2.2010.205 27311:Kantvilas & Jarman 1999 26467:Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007 22289:Grube & Hawksworth 2007 21116: 20349: 20272:A lichen not attached to a 20056: 19985:that forms a narrow mouth. 19832: 19797: 19789: 19370:, often hidden between the 19298: 19288: 19270: 19068: 18995: 18952: 18855:A rim of tissue around the 18806:thallus of the map lichen, 18774: 18399: 18277: 18191: 17978: 17736:, and contains both algal ( 17731: 17725: 17707: 17611: 17591: 17490: 17478: 17434:, with a constricted base. 17365: 17232: 17172: 17067:. The term was proposed by 17021: 16956: 16738: 16676: 16668: 16633: 16542: 16510: 16431:Black, fibrous, and tufted 16410: 16289: 16252: 16049: 15907:, that is typically round, 15831: 15794: 15618:that somewhat resembles an 15582: 15511: 15505: 15431: 15417: 15383: 15345: 15287: 15281: 15249: 15213: 14960: 14952: 14843: 14798: 14715: 14543: 14226: 14150: 14027: 13850: 13598: 13535: 13511: 13505: 13436: 13270: 13264: 13203: 12996:Referring to asci that are 12587: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12253: 12213: 11846: 11834: 11687: 11644: 11367: 11300: 11294: 11164: 11113: 11081: 11055: 10914: 10876: 10711: 10612: 10401: 10394: 9853: 9827: 9778: 9729: 9703: 9696: 9690:Flavoparmelia baltimorensis 9687:that are characteristic of 9682: 9556: 9478: 9429: 9158: 9127: 9096:and below the algal layer. 9091: 9085: 9079: 9043: 8897: 8895:Transparent and colorless. 8848: 8740: 8543: 8525: 8484: 8439: 8148: 8005: 7960:; it is similar in form to 7955: 7872: 7847: 7628: 7601: 7342: 7324:Covered with small flakes. 7131:in northern North America. 7080: 6989: 6970: 6940: 6805: 6803:Covered with silky fibres. 6769: 6695: 6689: 6648: 6629: 6602: 6483: 6097: 6079: 6025: 6018: 5891:and above the algal layer. 5886: 5880: 5874: 5809: 5789: 5737: 5686: 5626:on the outer rock surface. 5607: 5604:are visible on the surface. 5488: 5269: 5246: 5244:Displaced from the center. 5050: 5024: 5006: 4822: 4776: 4731: 4710: 4693: 4687: 4667: 4647: 4556: 4339: 4333: 4313: 4240: 4232: 4058: 4044: 3946: 3856: 3809: 3666: 3237: 3194: 3117: 3080: 3050: 2860: 2824:Johannes Müller Argoviensis 2712: 2453: 2420:. A lichen that grows on a 2391: 2337: 1985: 1712: 1679: 1637: 1603: 1410: 1337: 1222: 780: 705: 493: 403: 26:used in the description of 10: 29634: 29566:Encyclopedia of Geobiology 29538:10.1038/s41598-023-29384-4 29045:; Ree, Richard H. (2020). 28796:. British Lichen Society. 28601:10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7 28160:American Journal of Botany 27930:; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; 27814:"Definition of phycobiont" 27769: 27299:Poelt & Obermayer 1990 23723:Aptroot & Lücking 2016 21120: 20889: 20716:and the yellow-green alga 20647: 20470: 20426:Having a wart-like shape. 20387: 20300: 20265: 20260: 20247: 20029: 19854: 19845:Lined up in a single row. 19293:with a texture similar to 19088: 19048: 19043: 18817: 18786: 18646: 18411: 18371: 18257: 18117: 18103: 18057: 18045:indicates the presence of 17871:is not connected with the 17849: 17496: 17463: 17409: 17404: 17396: 17385: 17377: 17358: 17251: 16947: 16940:Sac- or bag-like in form. 16934: 16690: 16457: 16452: 16313: 16281: 15872: 15656: 15567: 15438: 15370: 15325: 14803: 14764: 14753: 14700: 14601: 14589: 14511:often overgrowing a thick 14156: 14149:A structure, similar to a 14121:Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae 14082:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon 14060:or partly immersed in the 13951: 13827: 13750: 13722: 13682: 13474: 13357: 13217: 12983: 12963: 12958: 12796: 12580: 12288: 12226: 12182: 12034: 11893:A purple insoluble lichen 11875:A purple insoluble lichen 11820: 11815: 11761: 11434: 11374: 11314: 11211: 11151: 11133: 11086: 11072: 10902:A lichen made entirely of 10895: 10839: 10550:(left) and the lecanorine 10503: 10428: 10368: 10315: 10276: 10066: 9861: 9802: 9797: 9632:A yellow insoluble lichen 9563: 9528: 9515: 9447: 9027: 8916: 8902: 8888: 8883: 8745: 8721: 8634: 8076: 8063: 8032: 8024: 7898:Microscopic view of young 7751: 7363: 7347: 7334: 7310: 7272: 7221: 7175: 7170: 7133: 7074: 7060: 7055: 7035: 7015: 6563:are covered with farinose 6511: 6235: 5731: 5538:Referring to lichens with 5437: 4875: 4767: 4715: 4699: 4594: 4584:with the edges curled up. 4268: 4248: 4049: 3979: 3958: 3930: 3901:With a somewhat leathery ( 3814: 3796: 3697: 3639: 3535: 3492: 3485: 3327: 3133: 3058: 3036:), and lacks algae in the 3031: 2945: 2442: 2434: 2403: 2247: 2155: 2035: 1965:Lichenomphalia umbellifera 1610: 1587: 1575: 1496: 1415: 1403: 1316:Porpidia flavocaerulescens 1261: 1253: 1233:ry layer of some lichens. 1140: 1004: 999: 531: 454: 412: 29232:10.1017/s0024282904014343 29198:10.1017/s0024282909990491 29112:10.1017/s0024282909990405 28917:10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8 28784:10.1017/s0024282912000825 28608: 28575:10.1017/S0024282916000438 28500:Krzewicka, Beata (2004). 28483:Korf, Richard P. (1962). 28422:10.1017/s0024282922000421 28032:Dobson, Frank S. (2011). 27898:10.1017/s0024282916000487 27872:10.1017/s0024282982000255 27798:"Definition of mycobiont" 27036:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 26689:Meyer & Printzen 2000 25292:Meyer & Printzen 2000 25241:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 24911:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 24896:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 23003:Hafellner & Kalb 1995 22991:Hafellner & Kalb 1995 22951: 22678:Meyer & Printzen 2000 22561:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 22405:Ahmadjian & Hale 1973 22147:Meyer & Printzen 2000 22104:Meyer & Printzen 2000 22087:Meyer & Printzen 2000 21944:Meyer & Printzen 2000 21873:Meyer & Printzen 2000 21169:"Introduction to Lichens" 20935: 20310:vegetative multiplication 20075:fluoresce blue to white. 19907: 19377: 19242: 19229:ascospores, and mostly a 19108: 18951:, particularly the lower 18856: 18759: 18417:With grooves or furrows. 18252: 17912: 17471: 17384:A wall or partition in a 17372: 17002: 16723: 16648: 16618: 16616:Having cracks or splits. 16603: 16238: 15931:. Pycnidia are common in 15391: 15175: 15012: 14831:, particularly the genus 14066:, with a single opening ( 13729: 13479:l structure similar to a 12934:spore, characteristic of 12901: 12140: 12067:thin-layer chromatography 11794: 11727:) rest atop short stalks. 11396: 11381: 11347: 11307: 11280: 11208:; scale bar = 0.5 mm 11061:The name of a historical 11041:source that is devoid of 10945:A brown insoluble lichen 10725: 10704: 10688: 10645: 10329: 10250: 8713: 8554:to its substrate in some 8490: 8401: 8223: 8172: 7943:lichens that consists of 7911: 7768:Approximately spherical. 7302: 6783: 6636: 5968:. The term was coined by 5956:but is distinct from the 5718: 5373: 4984: 4946: 4909: 4031: 3925: 3915:With a leathery texture. 3659: 3589:A lichen with a two-fold 3446: 3320:related minor compounds. 3242:with holes; found in the 2664: 2370: 2327:interaction where either 1768:"Thelotrema" dislaceratum 1535: 1442: 1389: 1321: 1147: 880: 761:The layer of tissue in a 591: 438: 29427:Nordic Journal of Botany 28691:10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 28514:Polish Botanical Studies 28510:in the Polish Tatra mts" 28197:Goward, Trevor (1986). " 27938:Lichens of North America 21715:Mercado-Díaz et al. 2015 20966: 20735: 20719:Heterococcus caespitosus 20493: 20297:vegetative reproduction 20088: 20003:lichens with an elastic 19575: 19469:; trebouxioid cells are 19199:, the largest family of 18945:arising directly from a 18833:Rhizocarpon geographicum 18808:Rhizocarpon geographicum 18737:. In general, these are 18641: 18456: 17898:) or spiny projections. 17783:vegetatively reproducing 17171:comprising thick-walled 16780: 16703:A beak-like projection. 16521:, such as in the genera 16446:Peltigera neopolydactyla 16261:, such as in the genera 16084: 15498:A boundary layer of the 14790:Having many cavities or 14493:characterized by mostly 13844:Hanging down, as in the 13407: 13027: 13008: 12620: 12573: 12368: 12259:A suffix indicating the 11747: 11458: 11412: 11037:A zone around a city or 10365:lactophenol cotton blue 10294:followed immediately by 10096: 9892: 9740:of species in the genus 9245: 8995: 8911: 8760: 8247: 7389: 7085:that is attached to the 6929:Acanthotrema brasilianum 6329: 5987:Tissue on the top of an 5578:transmitted horizontally 5502: 5292: 5069: 4379: 3703:Spherical; resembling a 3553:followed immediately by 2486: 2215:A lichen that occurs in 1974:(right) are examples of 1785: 1582: 1396: 1292:William Allport Leighton 822:—structures akin to the 508: 418:Having a worn or eroded 22:provides an overview of 29417:; Divakar, Pradeep K.; 29072:10.1073/pnas.2001913117 28741:Mitchell, M.E. (2014). 28431:Dictionary of the Fungi 27691:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27627:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27612:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27600:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27549:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27537:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 27525:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27510:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27493:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27481:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27469:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27445:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27398:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 27374:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27362:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27275:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27256:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27232:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27220:Thüs & Schultz 2009 27208:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27172:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27157:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27128:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27116:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27075:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 27051:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26976:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26964:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26913:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26867:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26855:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26803:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26755:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26740:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26728:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 26704:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26665:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26653:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26641:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26626:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26614:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26570:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26530:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26503:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26491:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26479:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26443:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26413:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26401:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26341:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26329:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26314:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26290:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26234:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26217:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26205:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26193:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26133:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 26092:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26068:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26037:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 26013:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 25989:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25953:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25926:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25902:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25835:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25811:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25796:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25769:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25757:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25730:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25706:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25682:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25667:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25655:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25631:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25619:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25607:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25592:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25580:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25553:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25529:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25505:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25416:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25404:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25392:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25356:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25304:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 25229:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25217:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25205:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25166:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25126:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25102:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25072:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25060:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 25036:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 25024:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24996:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 24957:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24872:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24844:Thüs & Schultz 2009 24820:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24805:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24744:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24732:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24673:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24646:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24634:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24610:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24598:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24570:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24558:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24546:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24534:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24522:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24510:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24498:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24486:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24474:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24411:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24399:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24387:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24360:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24331:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24302:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24287:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24275:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24260:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24177:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24118:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24070:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24058:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24046:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24034:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 24003:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 23975:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23963:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23948:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23912:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23897:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23870:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23855:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23823:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23799:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23787:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23775:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23704:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23680:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23640:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23596:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23554:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23542:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23515:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23503:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23448:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23433:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23421:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23358:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23346:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23334:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23319:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23256:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23244:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23229:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23205:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23169:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23142:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23130:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23118:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 23103:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22940:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22916:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22835:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22823:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22796:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22729:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22690:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22578:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22501:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22477:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22465:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22429:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22417:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22393:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22244:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22189:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22162:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22128:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22116:Rivas Plata et al. 2010 22064:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 22016:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21977:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21929:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21914:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21854:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21794:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21754:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21739:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21727:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21618:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21543:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21502:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21478:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21454:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21442:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21415:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 21368:Ulloa & Hanlin 2012 20362: 20303:Vegetative reproduction 19921:Thelotrema isidiophorum 19869:have unitunicate asci. 19805: 18733:A lichen that lives on 18284: 18091: 18085: 17855:A small spine; in some 17461:and "cryptic species". 16991:but features recurring 16041:A lichen that produces 15953:that originates from a 15702:features rounded black 15587:of a lichen, where the 14608:A lichen that grows on 13473:A threadlike, sterile, 13245:palisade plectenchymata 12862: 12190:Arthothelium spectabile 11724:Allocalicium adaequatum 11333: 10952:Hafellia leptoclinoides 10798:Myriotrema costaricense 10371:Lactophenol cotton blue 10046: 9693:; scale bar = 1 mm 7997:lichens, that produces 7937:found in some tropical 7668:Leucodecton glaucescens 7255:A smaller version of a 6754: 5744: 5042: 4957: 4624:due to the presence of 3965:A lichen that grows on 3347:Chlorococcum infusionum 2847:Badimiella pteridophila 2707:Aspicilia caesiocinerea 2154:Referring to a type of 1686: 1666:prevalent in the genus 1650:Lacking an opening, or 1441:fungus, containing the 297:objected to the use of 29448:Fungi. Part 1: Lichens 28734:10.1006/lich.2000.0294 28375:10.31018/jans.v5i2.329 27760:Cannon & Kirk 2007 26455:Cannon & Kirk 2007 26080:McCune & Wang 2014 25643:Cannon & Kirk 2007 25428:Cannon & Kirk 2007 25344:Cannon & Kirk 2007 24015:Cannon & Kirk 2007 23936:Cannon & Kirk 2007 23747:Cannon & Kirk 2007 23307:Cannon & Kirk 2007 22610:Weber & Büdel 2011 22549:Cannon & Kirk 2007 22345:British Lichen Society 22174:Cannon & Kirk 2007 22040:Cannon & Kirk 2007 21965:Cannon & Kirk 2007 21842:Cannon & Kirk 2007 21582:Cannon & Kirk 2007 21385:Cannon & Kirk 2007 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20700:A lichen in which the 20692: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20415:Toninia verrucarioides 20379:, common in the genus 20258: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 19955: 19781:that is joined to its 19752: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19475:with a single central 19187: 18810: 18624: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18079: 18073: 18050: 18030: 17950:surface of the genera 17923: 17589: 17585:Flavoparmelia caperata 17443:specifically refer to 17270:, common in the genus 17249: 17183:tissue supporting the 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16450: 16416:Shaped like a kidney. 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 15935:fungi, including many 15736:. They are similar to 15715: 15581:Small openings in the 15560: 15525:Pycnothelia papillaria 15318: 14902:with a perforation or 14643:structure. Similar to 14594:on the circumference. 14425:; common in the genus 14392: 14127:Petroderma maculiforme 14108:A lichen in which the 14035: 13899: 13680:(in the broad sense). 13399:Having the shape of a 13355: 13345:Pycnothelia papillaria 13253:palisadoplectenchymata 13238:palisade plectenchyma 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 12887: 12794:, widest at the base. 12774: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12211: 11833:, located beneath the 11728: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11209: 10888: 10703:) ring and a blackish 10605: 10585: 10295: 10289: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9694: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 8955: 8774:A lichen in which the 8719: 8548:, that helps secure a 8483:A term describing the 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8163:Umbilicaria cylindrica 8146: 8144:Umbilicaria cylindrica 7920: 7806: 7566: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7008: 6680: 6670:Pulchrocladia retipora 6600: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6228: 6190:Lasting a short time. 5605: 5408:Lacking oil droplets ( 5345: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 4820: 4807:Arctic finger lichen ( 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4311: 4275:A lichen in which the 4205:A continuous layer of 3787: 3554: 3548: 3516:Schaereria cinereorufa 3361: 3215:(in the broad sense). 3012: 2893:sphaeridium/sphaeridia 2850: 2765:A lichen that prefers 2662: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2448:Having the texture of 2368: 2063: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1558: 1319: 1058: 619: 575: 491: 395: 378: 64: 29618:Glossaries of biology 28668:; Wang, L.S. (2014). 25977:Kistenich et al. 2018 24158:wart page: Fruit wart 22369:Upreti & Rai 2013 20666: 20404:Verrucarioides-brown 20255:Peltigera membranacea 20246: 19963:Deeply cup-shaped or 19942: 19733: 19232:prosoplectenchymatous 19174: 18799: 18614: 18318:Gustaf Einar Du Rietz 18022: 17904: 17569: 17314:that only reproduces 17230: 16995:that produce layered 16430: 15991:Chaetothyriomycetidae 15971:pyrenocarpous lichen 15699:Pilophorus acicularis 15696: 15534: 15338:may develop, lacking 15298: 15026:L. compunctellum 14588:center and radiating 14358:Stereocaulon paschale 14354: 14019: 13867: 13861:, the beard lichens. 13597:The outside layer of 13540:on an upper side and 13445:, originating from a 13335: 13216:A terminal cell of a 12988:-bearing fruit body. 12910:; found in the genus 12874: 12540:found near or in the 12180: 12031:microcrystallization 11823:Medulla (lichenology) 11714: 11205:Graphis desquamescens 11195: 11069:lichenicolous lichen 10941:Leptoclinoides-brown 10856: 10571: 9675: 8952:Tricharia santessonii 8936: 8701: 8130: 7897: 7789: 7547: 7001: 6667: 6575: 6212: 5586: 5473:, it means lacking a 5320: 5223: 4794: 4661:A brief account of a 4291: 4107:, with an indistinct 3745: 3593:that includes both a 3344: 3226:chalaroplectenchymata 3016:catapyrenioid lichen 3002:Catapyrenium boccanum 2992: 2832: 2773:content; opposite of 2644: 2349: 2048:) is a member of the 1574:spore produced in an 1557:; 1000x magnification 1534: 1515:) is a member of the 1300: 1021: 478: 380: 359: 267:Gustaf Einar Du Rietz 239:Gustav Wilhelm Körber 60: 29473:Tripp, Erin (2017). 29400:Smith, Annie Lorrain 29043:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten 28630:Mycological Research 28626:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten 28236:Mycological Research 28232:Hawksworth, David L. 27414:page: Trentepohlioid 27246:, pp. 250, 684. 26992:page: Spongiostratum 26791:Randlane et al. 2009 26180:, pp. 250, 562. 24832:Randlane et al. 2009 22304:Randlane et al. 2009 21557:, pp. 645, 655. 21134:Glossary of mycology 20885: 20643: 20316:asexual reproduction 20252:on the underside of 20238: 19725: 19177:Thelotrema lepadinum 18729:tegulicolous lichen 18621:Ochrolechia tartarea 18606: 17983:consisting of short 17877:of the main branch. 17525:morphology, notably 17161:scleroplectenchymata 17147:Bacidia schweinitzii 17016:C. albomaculata 16930: 16251:Referring to lichen 16234: 16062:Shaped like a pear. 15811:Edvard August Vainio 15547:are apparent on the 15504:containing distinct 15032:T. patwardhanii 15020:Leucodecton bisporum 15001:. Despite this, the 14598:plasticolous lichen 13249:palisadoplectenchyma 13177: 12770: 12518: 12037:Microcrystallization 11608: 11328:Lobaria scrobiculata 11075:Lichenicolous lichen 10792:Leucodecton occultum 10786:Fibrillithecis halei 10303: 10246: 10042: 9554:Lacking an opening. 9399: 9395: 9012:hypogymnioid lichen 8792:; characteristic of 8738:Covered with hairs. 8704:Phaeophyscia hirsuta 8661:fixation of nitrogen 8598:hepaticolous lichen 8397: 7550:Collema subflaccidum 7539: 6953:Tubular and hollow. 6479: 6257:A dried and labeled 5566:endolichenic fungus 5219: 4722:A sexual or asexual 4529: 3563:cladoniiform lichen 3219:chalaroplectenchyma 2696:An insoluble lichen 2692:Caesiocinerea-brown 2636: 2301:, produced from the 2025:Bacidia bagliettoana 1935: 1626:lecanorine apothecia 1554:Opegrapha physciaria 1549:lichenicolous fungus 1076:Alectoria ochroleuca 1022:Cross section of an 918:; equivalent to the 662:Alectoria sarmentosa 601:adventive branching 488:Bacidia schweinitzii 428:accessory substance 362:Thelomma santessonii 351: 29529:2023NatSR..13.2957V 29253:1957Natur.179..486S 29157:2012ForEM.274..231R 29063:2020PNAS..11721495N 29057:(35): 21495–21503. 28909:2015BiCon..24..973R 28855:1980FMDFE.169...23P 28674:in southwest China" 28502:"The lichen genera 28182:"Glossary of Terms" 28173:10.3732/ajb.1700182 27400:, pp. 146–147. 27038:, pp. 633–634. 27026:, pp. 383–384. 26691:, pp. 579–580. 26655:, pp. 553–554. 26135:, pp. 148–149. 25669:, pp. 448–449. 25594:, pp. 442–443. 25294:, pp. 581–582. 25180:, pp. 759–760. 25062:, pp. 145–146. 24998:, pp. 143–144. 24715:MacKenzie Lamb 1968 24193:page: Fuscocapitate 24072:, pp. 229–230. 24005:, pp. 141–142. 23825:, pp. 216–217. 23789:, pp. 207–208. 22993:, pp. 163–164. 22680:, pp. 580–581. 22654:page: Chlorococcoid 21902:MacKenzie Lamb 1968 21594:Vondrák et al. 2023 21129:Glossary of biology 20960:Contents: 20729:Contents: 20487:Contents: 20464:vitricolous lichen 20082:Contents: 19569:Contents: 18851:excipulum thallinum 18783:terricolous lichen 18740:calcicolous lichens 18450:Contents: 18374:Substrate (biology) 18227:stratified thallus 18210:in some species of 18038:Dirina massiliensis 17944:found on the lower 17333:cladoniiform lichen 17154:scleroplectenchyma 17007:; examples include 16774:Contents: 16078:Contents: 16023:Protothelenellaceae 15805:tissue and bits of 15541:and larger, coarse 15265:prosoplectenchymata 15166:medullary excipulum 15110:cladoniiform lichen 14936:An orange-brown to 14604:Plasticolous lichen 14272:with two different 14124:and the brown alga 13895:M. pertransita 13559:Umbilicaria hirsuta 13451:with a green algal 13285:pallidostegoboloid 13021:Contents: 12976:-lined cavity in a 12948:ornithocoprophilic 12614:Contents: 12362:Contents: 12239:muscicolous lichen 12007:Referring to small 11855:medullary excipulum 11452:Contents: 11394:A cavity or space. 11272:Having the form of 11231:lirelline apothecia 11148:lignicolous lichen 11108:that occurs in the 10866:Lepraria harrisiana 10600:Bacidia laurocerasi 10264:potassium hydroxide 10090:Contents: 9886:Contents: 9618:compound microscope 9239:Contents: 8972:foliicolous lichens 8963:An erect, stalked, 8495:; examples include 8241:Contents: 8066:Lichen growth forms 7565:internal structure. 7383:Contents: 7278:An yellow-brown or 7240:at a single point. 7214:) characteristics. 7012:foliicolous lichen 7004:Foliicolous lichens 6323:Contents: 6213:A sample page from 6194:excipulum thallinum 5338:growth form and an 5268:Lacking bark, or a 5063:Contents: 4869:cladoniiform lichen 4373:Contents: 3955:corticolous lichen 2741:calcicolous lichen 2678:sodium hypochlorite 2645:The prominent dark 2480:Contents: 2413:hepaticolous lichen 2400:bryophilous lichen 2361:lichen with ridged 2014:Bagliettoana-brown 1779:Contents: 1678:and diamond-shaped 1377:Bacidina arnoldiana 690:alectorioid lichen 674:Sulcaria isidiifera 269:proposed replacing 29517:Scientific Reports 29423:Seaward, Mark R.D. 28839:Physcia opuntiella 28835:Physcia opuntiella 28670:"The lichen genus 28650:MacKenzie Lamb, I. 28331:Honegger, Rosmarie 27575:, pp. 10, 47. 27350:Papong et al. 2010 26843:Fjelde et al. 2024 26278:page: Pseudocortex 22204:Nelsen et al. 2020 22052:Nelsen et al. 2014 21646:page: Amphithecium 21123:Outline of lichens 20713:Verrucaria funckii 20708:yellow-green algae 20693: 20682:Verrucaria funckii 20259: 19997:category used for 19956: 19756:umbilicate lichen 19753: 19495:tripartite lichen 19188: 19107:that contains the 18811: 18789:Terricolous lichen 18625: 18219:scleroplectenchyma 18100:squamulose lichen 18060:Spot test (lichen) 18051: 17924: 17590: 17412:Sessility (botany) 17402:Arranged in rows. 17304:secondary species 17250: 17246:Cladonia fimbriata 16944:saxicolous lichen 16518:squamulose lichens 16492:umbilicate lichens 16451: 16259:transverse section 15742:, but are made of 15716: 15676:pseudoparenchymata 15561: 15319: 15258:prosoplectenchyma 14561:placodioid lichen 14491:lichen growth form 14393: 14217:An organism whose 14036: 13900: 13645:parmelioid lichen 13494:paraplectenchymata 13356: 12888: 12247:bryophilous lichen 12212: 11781:A powdery mass of 11729: 11210: 11154:Lignicolous lichen 10934:Buellia leptocline 10889: 10589:Laurocerasi-brown 10586: 10559:Lecanora allophana 10498:Chapsa lamellifera 10065:structure made of 9734:; associated with 9695: 9522:A term used for a 9138:Friedrich Wallroth 9020:category used for 8956: 8812:Friedrich Wallroth 8748:Holdfast (biology) 8720: 8606:bryophilous lichen 8419:; associated with 8147: 8050:, as in the genus 7974:Johannes M. Norman 7921: 7868:Friedrich Wallroth 7831:, as in the genus 7821:Having especially 7807: 7792:Glypholecia scabra 7570:gelatinous lichen 7567: 7025:epiphyllous lichen 7018:Foliicolous lichen 7009: 6684:fastigiate cortex 6681: 6601: 6584:Ramalina farinacea 6229: 6225:Lichenes Helvetici 5606: 5346: 4821: 4312: 4310:; scale bar = 1 mm 3961:Corticolous lichen 3788: 3570:cladoniform lichen 3501:Cinereorufa-green 3369:A term describing 3362: 3180:cetrarioid lichen 3013: 2851: 2801:foliicolous lichen 2663: 2651:on the surface of 2417:muscicolous lichen 2406:Bryophilous lichen 2369: 2319:borderline lichen 1559: 1402:A prefix meaning " 1320: 1059: 1031:Amandinea punctata 1007:Amyloid (mycology) 773:that contains the 668:Bryoria capillaris 492: 379: 199:optical microscope 150:Friedrich Wallroth 65: 29583:978-1-4020-9211-4 29503:978-0-89054-400-6 29484:978-1-60732-554-3 29465:978-3-8274-1594-3 29419:Kärnefelt, Ingvar 29368:978-1-4614-8736-4 29291:978-3-443-58074-2 29247:(4557): 486–487. 29220:The Lichenologist 29186:The Lichenologist 29134:978-3-443-58079-7 29100:The Lichenologist 29004:978-0-521-69216-8 28985:978-0-521-69216-8 28963:978-0-521-69216-8 28937:978-0-521-69216-8 28822:978-0-521-66241-3 28803:978-0-9540418-0-9 28771:The Lichenologist 28722:The Lichenologist 28563:The Lichenologist 28561:(Ramalinaceae)". 28444:978-1-84593-933-5 28435:CAB International 28410:The Lichenologist 28322:978-3-443-58078-0 28278:978-3-44-358036-0 28166:(11): 1660–1674. 28043:978-0-85546-315-1 27991:978-0-85199-827-5 27968:978-0-300-19573-6 27932:Sharnoff, Stephen 27885:The Lichenologist 27860:The Lichenologist 27847:978-0-12-044950-7 27830:Ahmadjian, Vernon 27716:"Record Details: 27643:page: Verruciform 27561:Thell et al. 2012 27430:page: Trebouxioid 27024:Smith et al. 2009 26845:, p. 107944. 26602:Smith et al. 2009 26353:Smith et al. 2009 25878:page: Phenocortex 25823:Smith et al. 2009 23656:page: Epiphloedal 23409:Smith et al. 2009 23079:page: Decorticate 22705:Smith et al. 2009 22593:Thell et al. 2012 22489:Smith et al. 2009 22130:, pp. 54–55. 21660:, pp. 14–15. 21555:Thell et al. 2012 21430:Smith et al. 2009 20055:compounds in the 19952:Stictis urceolata 19927:T. subweberi 19736:Umbilicaria phaea 19391:Chapsa meridensis 19324:Pseudocyphellaria 18888:in 1803; in 1825 18684:and even higher. 18106:Squamulose lichen 17977:A cushion-shaped 17634:, while they are 17353:Toninia sedifolia 17324:secondary thallus 17136:Schweinitzii-red 16950:Saxicolous lichen 16499:rhizinose strand 15989:. Most belong to 15669:pseudoparenchyma 15638:pseudoparaphysis 15631:Pseudocyphellaria 15556:Punctelia caseana 15207:in 1803; in 1825 14947:Bacidia polychroa 14940:insoluble lichen 14741:prosoplectenchyma 14664:Chapsa platycarpa 14281:Pseudocyphellaria 13950:A short, sterile 13816:mycobiont partner 13710:-phenylenediamine 13701:that uses a 1–5% 13516:of many lichens. 13487:paraplectenchyma 13448:squamulose lichen 13225:fastigiate cortex 12884:Umbilicaria phaea 12554:Alexander Elenkin 12193:containing eight 12181:A balloon-shaped 12126:Referring to the 12052:that involves re- 12044:microcrystal test 11900:Micarea melaenida 10923:Leptocline-brown 10584:(right) apothecia 10547:Lecidea fuscoatra 9074:hyponecral layer 8862:gelatinous lichen 8795:gelatinous lichen 8707:is named for its 8622:insoluble lichen 8557:fruticose lichens 8479:interascal tissue 7949:cells wrapped in 7556:gelatinous lichen 7295:umbilicate lichen 6560:Cladonia deformis 6007:Julius von Flotow 5589:Lecidea laboriosa 5427:Micarea elachista 4810:Dactylina arctica 4718:Diaspore (botany) 4201:crystallostratum 4091:cryptolecanorine 3715:Flat and smooth. 3585:secondary thallus 3509:insoluble lichen 3248:of some lichens. 2771:calcium carbonate 2747:calcium carbonate 2262:Loculoascomycetes 2203:tripartite lichen 2182:bipartite lichen 1366:Arnoldiana-brown 1248:Bacidia arceutina 1237:Arceutina-yellow 608:fruticose lichens 203:Julius von Flotow 29625: 29598: 29587: 29560: 29550: 29540: 29507: 29488: 29469: 29442: 29409: 29395: 29383: 29372: 29353: 29343: 29333: 29308: 29295: 29272: 29261:10.1038/179486b0 29235: 29214: 29201: 29168: 29138: 29115: 29094: 29084: 29074: 29037: 29008: 28989: 28967: 28941: 28920: 28891: 28866: 28826: 28807: 28788: 28786: 28757: 28747: 28737: 28716: 28695: 28693: 28661: 28645: 28636:(9): 1064–1074. 28621: 28619: 28617: 28605: 28603: 28588:Fungal Diversity 28578: 28553: 28526:Laundon, Jack R. 28521: 28496: 28479: 28477: 28448: 28433:. Vol. 10. 28425: 28400: 28378: 28360: 28350: 28326: 28303: 28282: 28259: 28242:(9): 1116–1132. 28226: 28193: 28191: 28189: 28177: 28175: 28150: 28148: 28146: 28127: 28102: 28100: 28067: 28060:Fungal Diversity 28057: 28047: 28028: 28003: 27972: 27953: 27941: 27923: 27902: 27900: 27875: 27851: 27825: 27823: 27821: 27809: 27807: 27805: 27793: 27791: 27789: 27763: 27757: 27751: 27744:Ryan et al. 2022 27741: 27735: 27734: 27732: 27730: 27712: 27706: 27703:Kirk et al. 2008 27700: 27694: 27688: 27682: 27676: 27670: 27664: 27658: 27655:Kirk et al. 2008 27652: 27646: 27639:Ryan et al. 2022 27636: 27630: 27624: 27615: 27609: 27603: 27597: 27588: 27582: 27576: 27570: 27564: 27558: 27552: 27546: 27540: 27534: 27528: 27522: 27513: 27507: 27496: 27490: 27484: 27478: 27472: 27466: 27460: 27454: 27448: 27442: 27433: 27426:Ryan et al. 2022 27423: 27417: 27410:Ryan et al. 2022 27407: 27401: 27395: 27389: 27383: 27377: 27371: 27365: 27359: 27353: 27347: 27338: 27335:Kirk et al. 2008 27332: 27326: 27320: 27314: 27308: 27302: 27296: 27290: 27287:Kirk et al. 2008 27284: 27278: 27272: 27259: 27253: 27247: 27244:Kirk et al. 2008 27241: 27235: 27229: 27223: 27217: 27211: 27205: 27199: 27193: 27187: 27181: 27175: 27169: 27160: 27154: 27143: 27140:Kirk et al. 2008 27137: 27131: 27125: 27119: 27113: 27107: 27104:Kirk et al. 2008 27101: 27090: 27087:Kirk et al. 2008 27084: 27078: 27072: 27066: 27060: 27054: 27048: 27039: 27033: 27027: 27021: 27015: 27007: 27004:Kirk et al. 2008 27001: 26995: 26988:Ryan et al. 2022 26985: 26979: 26973: 26967: 26961: 26952: 26949:Kirk et al. 2008 26946: 26940: 26934: 26928: 26925:Kirk et al. 2008 26922: 26916: 26910: 26899: 26893: 26882: 26876: 26870: 26864: 26858: 26852: 26846: 26840: 26834: 26831:Kirk et al. 2008 26828: 26822: 26815:Ryan et al. 2022 26812: 26806: 26800: 26794: 26788: 26782: 26779:Kirk et al. 2008 26776: 26770: 26764: 26758: 26752: 26743: 26737: 26731: 26725: 26719: 26716:Kirk et al. 2008 26713: 26707: 26701: 26692: 26686: 26680: 26677:Kirk et al. 2008 26674: 26668: 26662: 26656: 26650: 26644: 26638: 26629: 26623: 26617: 26611: 26605: 26599: 26588: 26585:Kirk et al. 2008 26582: 26573: 26567: 26561: 26558:Kirk et al. 2008 26555: 26549: 26542:Ryan et al. 2022 26539: 26533: 26527: 26521: 26518:Kirk et al. 2008 26515: 26506: 26500: 26494: 26488: 26482: 26476: 26470: 26464: 26458: 26452: 26446: 26440: 26431: 26425: 26416: 26410: 26404: 26398: 26392: 26389:Kirk et al. 2008 26386: 26380: 26377:Kirk et al. 2008 26374: 26368: 26365:Kirk et al. 2008 26362: 26356: 26350: 26344: 26338: 26332: 26326: 26317: 26311: 26305: 26302:Kirk et al. 2008 26299: 26293: 26287: 26281: 26274:Ryan et al. 2022 26271: 26265: 26262:Kirk et al. 2008 26259: 26253: 26246:Ryan et al. 2022 26243: 26237: 26231: 26220: 26214: 26208: 26202: 26196: 26190: 26181: 26178:Kirk et al. 2008 26175: 26169: 26162:Ryan et al. 2022 26159: 26153: 26150:Kirk et al. 2008 26147: 26136: 26130: 26124: 26118: 26107: 26104:Kirk et al. 2008 26101: 26095: 26089: 26083: 26077: 26071: 26065: 26056: 26049:Ryan et al. 2022 26046: 26040: 26034: 26028: 26025:Kirk et al. 2008 26022: 26016: 26010: 26004: 25998: 25992: 25986: 25980: 25974: 25968: 25965:Kirk et al. 2008 25962: 25956: 25950: 25941: 25938:Kirk et al. 2008 25935: 25929: 25923: 25917: 25911: 25905: 25899: 25893: 25887: 25881: 25874:Ryan et al. 2022 25871: 25865: 25859: 25850: 25844: 25838: 25832: 25826: 25820: 25814: 25808: 25799: 25793: 25784: 25781:Kirk et al. 2008 25778: 25772: 25766: 25760: 25754: 25748: 25742: 25733: 25727: 25721: 25718:Kirk et al. 2008 25715: 25709: 25703: 25697: 25694:Kirk et al. 2008 25691: 25685: 25679: 25670: 25664: 25658: 25652: 25646: 25640: 25634: 25628: 25622: 25616: 25610: 25604: 25595: 25589: 25583: 25577: 25568: 25565:Kirk et al. 2008 25562: 25556: 25550: 25544: 25541:Kirk et al. 2008 25538: 25532: 25526: 25520: 25517:Kirk et al. 2008 25514: 25508: 25502: 25496: 25493:Kirk et al. 2008 25490: 25479: 25476:Kirk et al. 2008 25473: 25467: 25461: 25455: 25449: 25443: 25437: 25431: 25425: 25419: 25413: 25407: 25401: 25395: 25389: 25383: 25380:Kirk et al. 2008 25377: 25371: 25368:Kirk et al. 2008 25365: 25359: 25353: 25347: 25341: 25335: 25329: 25323: 25316:Ryan et al. 2022 25313: 25307: 25301: 25295: 25289: 25283: 25280:Kirk et al. 2008 25277: 25271: 25268:Kirk et al. 2008 25265: 25259: 25253: 25244: 25238: 25232: 25226: 25220: 25214: 25208: 25202: 25196: 25193:Kirk et al. 2008 25190: 25181: 25175: 25169: 25163: 25157: 25154:Kirk et al. 2008 25151: 25145: 25138:Ryan et al. 2022 25135: 25129: 25123: 25117: 25114:Kirk et al. 2008 25111: 25105: 25099: 25090: 25087:Kirk et al. 2008 25084: 25075: 25069: 25063: 25057: 25051: 25048:Kirk et al. 2008 25045: 25039: 25033: 25027: 25021: 25015: 25008:Ryan et al. 2022 25005: 24999: 24993: 24987: 24981: 24972: 24969:Kirk et al. 2008 24966: 24960: 24954: 24948: 24945:Kirk et al. 2008 24942: 24933: 24927: 24914: 24908: 24899: 24893: 24887: 24881: 24875: 24869: 24863: 24856:Ryan et al. 2022 24853: 24847: 24841: 24835: 24829: 24823: 24817: 24808: 24802: 24796: 24793:page: Inspersion 24789:Ryan et al. 2022 24786: 24780: 24773:Ryan et al. 2022 24770: 24764: 24758: 24747: 24741: 24735: 24729: 24718: 24712: 24691: 24688:Kirk et al. 2008 24685: 24676: 24670: 24661: 24655: 24649: 24643: 24637: 24631: 24625: 24622:Kirk et al. 2008 24619: 24613: 24607: 24601: 24595: 24589: 24582:Ryan et al. 2022 24579: 24573: 24567: 24561: 24555: 24549: 24543: 24537: 24531: 24525: 24519: 24513: 24507: 24501: 24495: 24489: 24483: 24477: 24471: 24462: 24455:Ryan et al. 2022 24452: 24446: 24439:Ryan et al. 2022 24436: 24430: 24423:Ryan et al. 2022 24420: 24414: 24408: 24402: 24396: 24390: 24384: 24375: 24372:Kirk et al. 2008 24369: 24363: 24357: 24351: 24348:Kirk et al. 2008 24345: 24334: 24328: 24317: 24314:Kirk et al. 2008 24311: 24305: 24299: 24290: 24284: 24278: 24272: 24263: 24257: 24251: 24245: 24236: 24233:Kirk et al. 2008 24230: 24224: 24221:page: Fuzzy coat 24217:Ryan et al. 2022 24214: 24208: 24205:Kirk et al. 2008 24202: 24196: 24189:Ryan et al. 2022 24186: 24180: 24174: 24161: 24154:Ryan et al. 2022 24151: 24145: 24142:Kirk et al. 2008 24139: 24133: 24127: 24121: 24115: 24109: 24103: 24097: 24091: 24085: 24082:Kirk et al. 2008 24079: 24073: 24067: 24061: 24055: 24049: 24043: 24037: 24031: 24018: 24012: 24006: 24000: 23994: 23987:Ryan et al. 2022 23984: 23978: 23972: 23966: 23960: 23951: 23945: 23939: 23933: 23927: 23924:Kirk et al. 2008 23921: 23915: 23909: 23900: 23894: 23888: 23882: 23873: 23867: 23858: 23852: 23843: 23837: 23826: 23820: 23814: 23808: 23802: 23796: 23790: 23784: 23778: 23772: 23766: 23759:Ryan et al. 2022 23756: 23750: 23744: 23738: 23735:Kirk et al. 2008 23732: 23726: 23720: 23707: 23701: 23695: 23689: 23683: 23677: 23671: 23665: 23659: 23652:Ryan et al. 2022 23649: 23643: 23637: 23631: 23628:Kirk et al. 2008 23625: 23614: 23611:Kirk et al. 2008 23608: 23599: 23593: 23584: 23581:Kirk et al. 2008 23578: 23569: 23566:Kirk et al. 2008 23563: 23557: 23551: 23545: 23539: 23530: 23524: 23518: 23512: 23506: 23500: 23494: 23491:Kirk et al. 2008 23488: 23482: 23479:Kirk et al. 2008 23476: 23470: 23467:Kirk et al. 2008 23464: 23451: 23445: 23436: 23430: 23424: 23418: 23412: 23406: 23397: 23394:Kirk et al. 2008 23391: 23385: 23379: 23373: 23370:Kirk et al. 2008 23367: 23361: 23355: 23349: 23343: 23337: 23331: 23322: 23316: 23310: 23304: 23295: 23292:Kirk et al. 2008 23289: 23283: 23277: 23271: 23268:Kirk et al. 2008 23265: 23259: 23253: 23247: 23241: 23232: 23226: 23220: 23214: 23208: 23202: 23196: 23190: 23184: 23178: 23172: 23166: 23157: 23154:Kirk et al. 2008 23151: 23145: 23139: 23133: 23127: 23121: 23115: 23106: 23100: 23094: 23091:Kirk et al. 2008 23088: 23082: 23075:Ryan et al. 2022 23072: 23066: 23063:Kirk et al. 2008 23060: 23054: 23048: 23042: 23039:Kirk et al. 2008 23036: 23030: 23027:Kirk et al. 2008 23024: 23018: 23015:Kirk et al. 2008 23012: 23006: 23000: 22994: 22988: 22982: 22976: 22967: 22961: 22955: 22949: 22943: 22937: 22931: 22928:Kirk et al. 2008 22925: 22919: 22913: 22907: 22904:Kirk et al. 2008 22901: 22892: 22889:Kirk et al. 2008 22886: 22877: 22874:Kirk et al. 2008 22871: 22865: 22859: 22850: 22844: 22838: 22832: 22826: 22820: 22814: 22808: 22799: 22793: 22787: 22784:Kirk et al. 2008 22781: 22772: 22769:Kirk et al. 2008 22766: 22760: 22753:Ryan et al. 2022 22750: 22744: 22741:Kirk et al. 2008 22738: 22732: 22726: 22720: 22714: 22708: 22702: 22693: 22687: 22681: 22675: 22669: 22666:Kirk et al. 2008 22663: 22657: 22650:Ryan et al. 2022 22647: 22641: 22638:Kirk et al. 2008 22635: 22629: 22622:Ryan et al. 2022 22619: 22613: 22607: 22596: 22590: 22581: 22575: 22564: 22558: 22552: 22546: 22540: 22537:Kirk et al. 2008 22534: 22528: 22525:Kirk et al. 2008 22522: 22516: 22510: 22504: 22498: 22492: 22486: 22480: 22474: 22468: 22462: 22456: 22453:Kirk et al. 2008 22450: 22444: 22438: 22432: 22426: 22420: 22414: 22408: 22402: 22396: 22390: 22384: 22381:Kirk et al. 2008 22378: 22372: 22366: 22360: 22354: 22348: 22342: 22323: 22316:Ryan et al. 2022 22313: 22307: 22301: 22292: 22286: 22280: 22274: 22268: 22262: 22247: 22241: 22235: 22228:Ryan et al. 2022 22225: 22219: 22213: 22207: 22206:, p. 21496. 22201: 22192: 22186: 22177: 22171: 22165: 22159: 22150: 22144: 22131: 22125: 22119: 22113: 22107: 22101: 22090: 22084: 22067: 22061: 22055: 22049: 22043: 22037: 22031: 22025: 22019: 22013: 22007: 22001: 21992: 21989:Kirk et al. 2008 21986: 21980: 21974: 21968: 21962: 21947: 21941: 21932: 21926: 21917: 21911: 21905: 21899: 21876: 21870: 21857: 21851: 21845: 21839: 21833: 21830:Kirk et al. 2008 21827: 21821: 21818:Kirk et al. 2008 21815: 21809: 21806:Kirk et al. 2008 21803: 21797: 21791: 21785: 21782:Kirk et al. 2008 21779: 21773: 21770:page: Anisotomic 21766:Ryan et al. 2022 21763: 21757: 21751: 21742: 21736: 21730: 21724: 21718: 21712: 21661: 21655: 21649: 21642:Ryan et al. 2022 21639: 21633: 21630:Kirk et al. 2008 21627: 21621: 21615: 21609: 21606:Kirk et al. 2008 21603: 21597: 21591: 21585: 21579: 21573: 21567: 21558: 21552: 21546: 21540: 21534: 21528: 21522: 21516: 21505: 21499: 21493: 21490:Kirk et al. 2008 21487: 21481: 21475: 21469: 21466:Kirk et al. 2008 21463: 21457: 21451: 21445: 21439: 21433: 21427: 21418: 21412: 21403: 21397: 21388: 21382: 21371: 21365: 21359: 21356:Kirk et al. 2008 21353: 21344: 21338: 21289: 21283: 21254: 21248: 21209: 21208: 21206: 21205: 21190: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21180: 21165: 20961: 20951: 20945: 20931: 20911: 20905: 20904:thalline exciple 20899: 20730: 20704: 20689: 20677: 20671: 20488: 20478:field collection 20458: 20452: 20438: 20377: 20372: 20358: 20352: 20346: 20340: 20334: 20328: 20322: 20276: 20250: 20083: 20073: 20059: 20039:light (350 20013: 20007: 20001: 19983: 19977: 19971: 19947: 19916: 19910: 19904: 19898: 19892: 19886: 19881: 19877:A morphotype of 19863: 19857: 19835: 19785: 19779: 19749: 19743: 19570: 19545: 19523: 19522:bipartite lichen 19515: 19509: 19503: 19473: 19431: 19425: 19386: 19380: 19374: 19368: 19362: 19356: 19350: 19345: 19341:A morphotype of 19313: 19307: 19301: 19291: 19281:. Also defined: 19266: 19265:bitunicate ascus 19238: 19233: 19227: 19221: 19215: 19209: 19203: 19202:crustose lichens 19184: 19165: 19159: 19153: 19147: 19141: 19133:William Nylander 19129: 19123: 19117: 19111: 19105: 19078: 19039: 19038:crustose lichens 19023: 19005: 18973: 18961: 18955: 18949: 18920: 18904: 18882: 18876: 18870: 18865: 18859: 18847:thalline exciple 18840:thalline margin 18828: 18804: 18777: 18755: 18741: 18722:Clandestinotrema 18713: 18707: 18701: 18696: 18692:A morphotype of 18668:; this includes 18451: 18443:On the surface. 18432:Porpidia superba 18362: 18356: 18350: 18346:that covers the 18314: 18280: 18275: 18271:A dense mass of 18247: 18235: 18220: 18208: 18177: 18171: 18165: 18160: 18156:A morphotype of 18146: 18132: 18126: 18120: 18114: 18110:A lichen with a 18094: 18088: 18082: 18076: 18033: 18027: 17993: 17992:pseudoparenchyma 17987: 17981: 17948: 17942: 17915: 17909: 17896: 17875: 17869: 17859: 17844: 17822: 17796: 17784: 17746: 17740: 17734: 17730:(in contrast to 17728: 17691: 17685: 17679: 17673: 17668: 17664:A morphotype of 17654: 17620: 17614: 17608: 17580: 17574: 17552:Knightiellastrum 17523: 17517: 17499: 17493: 17487: 17481: 17459: 17438:sibling species 17432: 17426: 17420: 17388: 17368: 17334: 17318: 17312: 17297: 17278:Johann Dillenius 17268: 17241: 17235: 17221: 17215: 17187: 17181: 17175: 17169: 17124: 17118: 17112: 17106: 17101: 17097:A morphotype of 17087: 17065: 17010:Chapsa aggregata 17005: 16999: 16989: 16983: 16977: 16971: 16966: 16962:A morphotype of 16775: 16764: 16718:Toninia ruginosa 16686: 16664: 16658: 16582: 16576: 16570: 16565: 16561:A morphotype of 16551: 16545: 16519: 16515:; found in some 16513: 16507: 16493: 16487: 16441: 16435: 16400: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16377: 16373:A morphotype of 16347: 16341: 16335: 16330: 16326:A morphotype of 16316: 16310: 16255: 16079: 16068: 16045: 16007:Arthopyreniaceae 16001:), with some in 15979: 15957: 15951: 15929: 15923: 15917: 15911: 15905: 15868: 15803: 15797: 15746: 15740: 15734: 15712: 15706: 15684: 15659: 15653: 15622: 15616: 15595:William Nylander 15591: 15585: 15551: 15545: 15539: 15520: 15514: 15508: 15502: 15476: 15461: 15455: 15434: 15413: 15379: 15373: 15368: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15309: 15303: 15299:A fibrous white 15290: 15284: 15279: 15275:, common in the 15273: 15252: 15246: 15224: 15201: 15195: 15189: 15184: 15178: 15145: 15139: 15133: 15127: 15111: 15095: 15087:primary species 15064: 15058: 15052: 15047: 15043:A morphotype of 15015: 15009: 14999: 14993: 14987: 14981: 14975: 14970: 14966:A morphotype of 14932:Polychroa-brown 14906: 14869: 14863: 14821: 14794: 14773: 14767: 14748: 14747:pseudoparenchyma 14742: 14736: 14730: 14729:paraplectenchyma 14718: 14691: 14659: 14653: 14647: 14641: 14635: 14629: 14624: 14620:A morphotype of 14592: 14586: 14580: 14554: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14475: 14469: 14463: 14457: 14451: 14445: 14439: 14423: 14417: 14411: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14338: 14328: 14303: 14276: 14270: 14259:photosymbiodeme 14253: 14235: 14229: 14206: 14197:photobiont layer 14165: 14159: 14153: 14112: 14097: 14074: 14064: 14054: 14030: 14024: 13983: 13977: 13964: 13954: 13933: 13911: 13884: 13878: 13872: 13853: 13848: 13817: 13811: 13805: 13793: 13779: 13746: 13732: 13699: 13668: 13663: 13657: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13554: 13548: 13538: 13532: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13477: 13463:Helmut Mayrhofer 13455: 13449: 13439: 13424:paracephalodium 13403: 13389: 13352: 13348:is covered with 13340: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13293: 13289:A morphotype of 13279: 13273: 13267: 13261: 13232: 13226: 13220: 13206: 13022: 13000: 12986: 12980: 12974: 12932: 12904: 12899: 12879: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12831: 12827:A morphotype of 12816: 12792: 12615: 12605: 12583: 12568: 12567:hyponecral layer 12562: 12550: 12544: 12538: 12534:with indistinct 12532: 12528:A layer of dead 12363: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12323: 12319:A morphotype of 12285:mycophycobiosis 12279: 12248: 12229: 12223: 12208: 12203: 12197: 12185: 12171: 12136: 12130: 12101: 12087: 12081: 12060:from a range of 12058:microscope slide 12019: 12011: 11990:Clandestinotrema 11969: 11963: 11957: 11952: 11948:A morphotype of 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11915: 11911:A morphotype of 11907:melanotopelioid 11864: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11764: 11742: 11719: 11705: 11697: 11671: 11665: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11618:A lichen with a 11453: 11443: 11437: 11407: 11377: 11363: 11357: 11343: 11323: 11317: 11303: 11297: 11276: 11245: 11239: 11200: 11116: 11051: 11045: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11004: 11000:A morphotype of 10984: 10978: 10972: 10967: 10963:A morphotype of 10917: 10911: 10906: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10861: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10819: 10815:A morphotype of 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10752: 10748:A morphotype of 10734: 10728: 10707: 10691: 10685: 10660: 10648: 10642: 10621: 10615: 10582: 10576: 10554: 10538: 10529: 10515: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10465: 10461:A morphotype of 10451: 10397: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10260: 10091: 10075: 10069: 10063: 9887: 9877: 9871: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9758: 9754:A morphotype of 9738: 9732: 9728:rather than the 9726: 9720: 9706: 9685: 9680: 9667: 9661: 9639:Carbonea intrusa 9610: 9604: 9566: 9544: 9538: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9473: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9411:potassium iodide 9240: 9229: 9214:Carl von Martius 9210: 9204: 9198: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9146: 9130: 9124: 9102: 9094: 9088: 9084:with indistinct 9082: 9078:A layer of dead 9056: 9046: 9036: 9030: 9024: 8990:Lecidea hypnorum 8973: 8967: 8947: 8941: 8865:s in the family 8863: 8857: 8853:enclosing a few 8851: 8845: 8827:. Also defined: 8796: 8790: 8778: 8756: 8716: 8711: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8629:Biatora hertelii 8607: 8591: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8508:pseudoparaphyses 8503: 8493: 8487: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8242: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8197: 8193:A morphotype of 8158: 8140: 8134: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8086: 8048: 8042: 8001: 7995: 7980:goniocystangium 7970: 7964: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7932: 7914: 7907:Gabura borbonica 7902: 7889: 7864: 7829: 7810:glypholecideous 7804: 7799: 7731: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7683: 7679:A morphotype of 7675:glaucophaenoid 7663: 7657: 7651: 7646: 7642:A morphotype of 7624: 7610: 7604: 7589: 7581: 7563: 7557: 7384: 7366: 7296: 7267: 7259: 7258:fruticose lichen 7238: 7234:attached to the 7232: 7224:Fruticose lichen 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7165: 7159: 7151: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7051: 7045: 7005: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6901: 6897:A morphotype of 6872: 6866: 6860: 6859:bitunicate ascus 6846: 6831: 6825: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6688:A region of the 6677: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6625: 6619: 6597: 6591: 6580: 6579:fruticose lichen 6567: 6555: 6507: 6501: 6324: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6221: 6203: 6179: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6141: 6114: 6100: 6075: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6021: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5960: 5954: 5944: 5929: 5897: 5896:hyponecral layer 5889: 5883: 5879:with indistinct 5877: 5873:A layer of dead 5869:epinecral layer 5862: 5851: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5798: 5792: 5784:A thin layer of 5761:epibryophyllous 5740: 5734: 5728: 5713: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5632: 5624: 5602: 5596: 5574: 5548: 5542: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5477: 5476:thalline exciple 5471: 5416:Elachista-brown 5397: 5389: 5383: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5344:thallus outline. 5342: 5336: 5325: 5311: 5287: 5272: 5064: 5053: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 4980: 4974: 4949: 4943: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4892: 4870: 4861:dimorphic lichen 4855: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4734: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4650: 4618:Melzer's reagent 4582: 4578:Lying flat on a 4567: 4559: 4544: 4374: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4308: 4296: 4279: 4227: 4194: 4193:crystallostratum 4182: 4170:crystallocumuli 4163: 4151: 4145: 4144:cryptoendolithic 4139: 4138:chasmoendolithic 4131: 4125: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4074:cryptoendolithic 4061: 4034: 4030:and a pigmented 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4005: 4001:A morphotype of 3949: 3905: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3840:and campylidia. 3805: 3799: 3778: 3768: 3756: 3750: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3574:dimorphic lichen 3557: 3551: 3545: 3531: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3407: 3403:A morphotype of 3392: 3377: 3358: 3318:biosynthetically 3281: 3271:chasmoendolithic 3258:phenotypic trait 3246: 3240: 3234: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3174: 3155: 3124:William Nylander 3120: 3114: 3083: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3020:A member of the 3009: 2997: 2983: 2982:pseudoparaphysis 2921: 2901: 2872: 2842: 2836: 2802: 2794:A helmet-shaped 2777: 2674: 2654:Peltigera venosa 2649: 2481: 2470: 2464: 2456: 2394: 2380: 2365: 2359: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2283: 2250: 2204: 2196: 2190: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2131: 2114: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2058: 2046: 1978: 1957: 1948: 1780: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1736:A morphotype of 1682: 1676: 1633: 1627: 1613: 1578: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1525: 1513: 1499: 1478: 1472: 1451: 1445: 1406: 1392: 1360: 1354: 1311: 1305: 1301:Closeup of some 1288: 1278: 1231: 1225: 1184: 1143: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1096:A morphotype of 1085: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1026: 1013:Melzer's reagent 971: 965: 959: 954: 950:A morphotype of 922: 921:thalline exciple 916: 911: 905: 875: 869: 863: 839:Trebouxiophyceae 826: 825:photobiont layer 816:corticioid fungi 789: 783: 777: 771: 765: 757:photobiont layer 714: 708: 702: 681: 677:are examples of 654: 645: 636: 609: 589:Stuck together. 562:Chlorella xantha 483: 422: 375: 369: 331: 323: 313: 307: 301: 291: 285: 279: 273: 263: 257: 251: 245: 235: 229: 223:William Nylander 219: 209: 192: 186: 180: 174: 168: 146: 140: 134: 128: 122: 116: 110: 97: 88:, while in 1794 79: 72:Johann Dillenius 29633: 29632: 29628: 29627: 29626: 29624: 29623: 29622: 29603: 29602: 29601: 29584: 29504: 29485: 29466: 29392: 29369: 29292: 29135: 29005: 28986: 28964: 28938: 28823: 28804: 28745: 28615: 28613: 28610:"Lichen Basics" 28542:10.2307/1223409 28445: 28397: 28358: 28323: 28279: 28230:Grube, Martin; 28215:10.2307/3243288 28187: 28185: 28144: 28142: 28134:(6 June 2022). 28055: 28044: 27992: 27980:. Wallingford: 27969: 27950: 27928:Brodo, Irwin M. 27848: 27819: 27817: 27803: 27801: 27787: 27785: 27772: 27767: 27766: 27758: 27754: 27742: 27738: 27728: 27726: 27714: 27713: 27709: 27701: 27697: 27689: 27685: 27677: 27673: 27665: 27661: 27653: 27649: 27637: 27633: 27625: 27618: 27610: 27606: 27598: 27591: 27583: 27579: 27571: 27567: 27559: 27555: 27547: 27543: 27535: 27531: 27523: 27516: 27508: 27499: 27491: 27487: 27479: 27475: 27467: 27463: 27455: 27451: 27443: 27436: 27424: 27420: 27408: 27404: 27396: 27392: 27384: 27380: 27372: 27368: 27360: 27356: 27348: 27341: 27333: 27329: 27321: 27317: 27309: 27305: 27297: 27293: 27285: 27281: 27273: 27262: 27254: 27250: 27242: 27238: 27230: 27226: 27218: 27214: 27206: 27202: 27194: 27190: 27186:, p. xxii. 27182: 27178: 27170: 27163: 27155: 27146: 27138: 27134: 27126: 27122: 27114: 27110: 27102: 27093: 27085: 27081: 27073: 27069: 27061: 27057: 27049: 27042: 27034: 27030: 27022: 27018: 27010: 27002: 26998: 26986: 26982: 26974: 26970: 26962: 26955: 26947: 26943: 26935: 26931: 26923: 26919: 26911: 26902: 26894: 26885: 26877: 26873: 26865: 26861: 26853: 26849: 26841: 26837: 26829: 26825: 26813: 26809: 26801: 26797: 26789: 26785: 26777: 26773: 26765: 26761: 26753: 26746: 26738: 26734: 26726: 26722: 26714: 26710: 26702: 26695: 26687: 26683: 26675: 26671: 26663: 26659: 26651: 26647: 26639: 26632: 26624: 26620: 26612: 26608: 26600: 26591: 26583: 26576: 26568: 26564: 26556: 26552: 26540: 26536: 26528: 26524: 26516: 26509: 26501: 26497: 26489: 26485: 26477: 26473: 26465: 26461: 26453: 26449: 26441: 26434: 26426: 26419: 26411: 26407: 26399: 26395: 26387: 26383: 26375: 26371: 26363: 26359: 26351: 26347: 26339: 26335: 26327: 26320: 26312: 26308: 26300: 26296: 26288: 26284: 26272: 26268: 26260: 26256: 26244: 26240: 26232: 26223: 26215: 26211: 26203: 26199: 26191: 26184: 26176: 26172: 26166:page: Prominent 26160: 26156: 26148: 26139: 26131: 26127: 26119: 26110: 26102: 26098: 26090: 26086: 26078: 26074: 26066: 26059: 26047: 26043: 26035: 26031: 26023: 26019: 26011: 26007: 25999: 25995: 25987: 25983: 25975: 25971: 25963: 25959: 25951: 25944: 25936: 25932: 25924: 25920: 25912: 25908: 25900: 25896: 25888: 25884: 25872: 25868: 25860: 25853: 25845: 25841: 25833: 25829: 25821: 25817: 25809: 25802: 25794: 25787: 25779: 25775: 25767: 25763: 25755: 25751: 25743: 25736: 25728: 25724: 25716: 25712: 25704: 25700: 25692: 25688: 25680: 25673: 25665: 25661: 25653: 25649: 25641: 25637: 25629: 25625: 25617: 25613: 25605: 25598: 25590: 25586: 25578: 25571: 25563: 25559: 25551: 25547: 25539: 25535: 25527: 25523: 25515: 25511: 25503: 25499: 25491: 25482: 25474: 25470: 25466:, pp. 4–5. 25464:Hawksworth 1988 25462: 25458: 25450: 25446: 25438: 25434: 25426: 25422: 25414: 25410: 25402: 25398: 25390: 25386: 25378: 25374: 25366: 25362: 25354: 25350: 25342: 25338: 25330: 25326: 25320:page: Micareoid 25314: 25310: 25302: 25298: 25290: 25286: 25278: 25274: 25266: 25262: 25254: 25247: 25239: 25235: 25227: 25223: 25215: 25211: 25203: 25199: 25191: 25184: 25176: 25172: 25164: 25160: 25152: 25148: 25142:page: Lirellate 25136: 25132: 25124: 25120: 25112: 25108: 25100: 25093: 25085: 25078: 25070: 25066: 25058: 25054: 25046: 25042: 25034: 25030: 25022: 25018: 25006: 25002: 24994: 24990: 24982: 24975: 24967: 24963: 24955: 24951: 24943: 24936: 24928: 24917: 24909: 24902: 24894: 24890: 24882: 24878: 24870: 24866: 24854: 24850: 24842: 24838: 24830: 24826: 24818: 24811: 24803: 24799: 24787: 24783: 24771: 24767: 24759: 24750: 24742: 24738: 24730: 24721: 24713: 24694: 24686: 24679: 24671: 24664: 24656: 24652: 24644: 24640: 24632: 24628: 24620: 24616: 24608: 24604: 24596: 24592: 24586:page: Hormocyte 24580: 24576: 24568: 24564: 24556: 24552: 24544: 24540: 24532: 24528: 24520: 24516: 24508: 24504: 24496: 24492: 24484: 24480: 24472: 24465: 24453: 24449: 24437: 24433: 24421: 24417: 24409: 24405: 24397: 24393: 24385: 24378: 24370: 24366: 24358: 24354: 24346: 24337: 24329: 24320: 24312: 24308: 24300: 24293: 24285: 24281: 24273: 24266: 24258: 24254: 24246: 24239: 24231: 24227: 24215: 24211: 24203: 24199: 24187: 24183: 24175: 24164: 24152: 24148: 24140: 24136: 24128: 24124: 24120:, pp. 231. 24116: 24112: 24104: 24100: 24092: 24088: 24080: 24076: 24068: 24064: 24056: 24052: 24044: 24040: 24032: 24021: 24013: 24009: 24001: 23997: 23991:page: Fissurine 23985: 23981: 23973: 23969: 23961: 23954: 23946: 23942: 23934: 23930: 23922: 23918: 23910: 23903: 23895: 23891: 23887:, p. 2015. 23883: 23876: 23868: 23861: 23853: 23846: 23838: 23829: 23821: 23817: 23809: 23805: 23797: 23793: 23785: 23781: 23773: 23769: 23757: 23753: 23745: 23741: 23733: 23729: 23721: 23710: 23702: 23698: 23690: 23686: 23678: 23674: 23666: 23662: 23650: 23646: 23638: 23634: 23626: 23617: 23609: 23602: 23594: 23587: 23579: 23572: 23564: 23560: 23552: 23548: 23540: 23533: 23525: 23521: 23513: 23509: 23501: 23497: 23489: 23485: 23477: 23473: 23465: 23454: 23446: 23439: 23431: 23427: 23419: 23415: 23407: 23400: 23392: 23388: 23380: 23376: 23368: 23364: 23356: 23352: 23344: 23340: 23332: 23325: 23317: 23313: 23305: 23298: 23290: 23286: 23278: 23274: 23266: 23262: 23254: 23250: 23242: 23235: 23227: 23223: 23215: 23211: 23203: 23199: 23191: 23187: 23179: 23175: 23167: 23160: 23152: 23148: 23140: 23136: 23128: 23124: 23116: 23109: 23101: 23097: 23089: 23085: 23073: 23069: 23061: 23057: 23049: 23045: 23037: 23033: 23025: 23021: 23017:, p. 1842. 23013: 23009: 23001: 22997: 22989: 22985: 22977: 22970: 22962: 22958: 22950: 22946: 22938: 22934: 22926: 22922: 22914: 22910: 22902: 22895: 22887: 22880: 22872: 22868: 22860: 22853: 22845: 22841: 22833: 22829: 22821: 22817: 22809: 22802: 22794: 22790: 22782: 22775: 22767: 22763: 22751: 22747: 22739: 22735: 22727: 22723: 22715: 22711: 22703: 22696: 22688: 22684: 22676: 22672: 22664: 22660: 22648: 22644: 22636: 22632: 22626:page: Checklist 22620: 22616: 22608: 22599: 22591: 22584: 22576: 22567: 22559: 22555: 22547: 22543: 22535: 22531: 22523: 22519: 22511: 22507: 22499: 22495: 22487: 22483: 22475: 22471: 22463: 22459: 22451: 22447: 22439: 22435: 22427: 22423: 22415: 22411: 22403: 22399: 22391: 22387: 22379: 22375: 22367: 22363: 22355: 22351: 22343: 22326: 22320:page: Branchlet 22314: 22310: 22302: 22295: 22291:, p. 1117. 22287: 22283: 22275: 22271: 22263: 22250: 22242: 22238: 22232:page: Biseriate 22226: 22222: 22214: 22210: 22202: 22195: 22187: 22180: 22172: 22168: 22160: 22153: 22145: 22134: 22126: 22122: 22114: 22110: 22102: 22093: 22085: 22070: 22062: 22058: 22050: 22046: 22038: 22034: 22026: 22022: 22014: 22010: 22002: 21995: 21987: 21983: 21975: 21971: 21963: 21950: 21942: 21935: 21927: 21920: 21912: 21908: 21900: 21879: 21871: 21860: 21852: 21848: 21840: 21836: 21828: 21824: 21816: 21812: 21804: 21800: 21792: 21788: 21780: 21776: 21764: 21760: 21752: 21745: 21737: 21733: 21725: 21721: 21713: 21664: 21656: 21652: 21640: 21636: 21628: 21624: 21616: 21612: 21604: 21600: 21592: 21588: 21580: 21576: 21568: 21561: 21553: 21549: 21541: 21537: 21529: 21525: 21517: 21508: 21500: 21496: 21488: 21484: 21476: 21472: 21464: 21460: 21452: 21448: 21440: 21436: 21428: 21421: 21413: 21406: 21398: 21391: 21383: 21374: 21366: 21362: 21354: 21347: 21339: 21292: 21284: 21257: 21249: 21212: 21203: 21201: 21192: 21191: 21187: 21178: 21176: 21167: 21166: 21162: 21157: 21125: 21119: 21114: 21113: 21112: 21111: 20962: 20950:crustose lichen 20938: 20892: 20888: 20883: 20882: 20881: 20880: 20731: 20697: 20650: 20646: 20641: 20640: 20639: 20638: 20489: 20473: 20465: 20445: 20431: 20423: 20405: 20390: 20365: 20330:), or both the 20305: 20298: 20283: 20270: 20263: 20241: 20236: 20235: 20234: 20233: 20084: 20049:lichen products 20032: 19990: 19989:usneoid lichen 19960: 19943:Closeup of the 19874: 19850: 19842: 19828: 19816: 19808: 19800: 19792: 19757: 19728: 19723: 19722: 19721: 19720: 19571: 19552: 19531: 19496: 19484: 19456: 19438: 19437:trentepohlioid 19405: 19338: 19337:topeliopsidoid 19315:genera such as 19273: 19245: 19192: 19101:The part of an 19091: 19071: 19053: 19046: 19012: 18998: 18931: 18930:thalloconidium 18897: 18841: 18822: 18815: 18791: 18784: 18770: 18762: 18748: 18730: 18689: 18651: 18644: 18629: 18609: 18604: 18603: 18602: 18601: 18452: 18440: 18422: 18414: 18402: 18376: 18369: 18325: 18307: 18292:taxonomic ranks 18287: 18262: 18260:Stroma (tissue) 18255: 18228: 18194: 18153: 18139: 18108: 18101: 18062: 18055: 18000: 17967: 17928: 17927:spongiostratum 17905:Closeup of the 17882: 17863:Lecanoromycetes 17861:lichens of the 17852: 17829: 17804: 17795:sibling species 17770:morphologically 17765: 17757: 17710: 17661: 17660:sorediotremoid 17647: 17640:Johannes Reinke 17594: 17560: 17506: 17474: 17466: 17453:common ancestor 17445:cryptic species 17439: 17414: 17407: 17399: 17382: 17375: 17364:A section of a 17361: 17343: 17342:Sedifolia-gray 17325: 17305: 17289: 17254: 17206: 17155: 17137: 17094: 17076: 17047: 17024: 16959: 16952: 16945: 16937: 16933: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16925: 16776: 16756: 16741: 16726: 16708: 16707:Ruginosa-brown 16693: 16679: 16671: 16663:crustose lichen 16651: 16636: 16621: 16606: 16558: 16538: 16500: 16480: 16462: 16455: 16421: 16413: 16370: 16323: 16292: 16284: 16241: 16237: 16232: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16080: 16052: 16038: 16031:Sordariomycetes 16015:Lecanoromycetes 16011:Trypetheliaceae 16003:Dothideomycetes 15972: 15944: 15891: 15875: 15854: 15846: 15834: 15826: 15818: 15783: 15720: 15719:pseudopodetium 15670: 15639: 15602: 15577:pseudocyphellae 15572: 15565: 15564:pseudocyphella 15538:pseudocyphellae 15484: 15468: 15457:resembling the 15441: 15420: 15412:epinecral layer 15407:lichen products 15403:calcium oxalate 15394: 15386: 15361: 15353:crustose lichen 15330: 15323: 15259: 15232: 15216: 15200:thalline margin 15162:ectal excipulum 15152: 15120: 15102: 15101:primary thallus 15088: 15040: 14963: 14955: 14933: 14890:polaribilocular 14886:polar-diblastic 14882:placodiomorphic 14876: 14851:polarized light 14846: 14808: 14801: 14780: 14756: 14705: 14698: 14678: 14617: 14606: 14599: 14579:crustose lichen 14562: 14546: 14486: 14397: 14361:shows that its 14310: 14295: 14264:Morphologically 14260: 14252:photosymbiodeme 14214: 14198: 14172: 14135: 14105: 14089: 14040: 13990: 13971: 13940: 13926: 13918: 13904: 13830: 13804:goniocystangium 13786: 13772: 13753: 13739: 13725: 13718:lichen products 13685: 13646: 13629:Otto Darbishire 13618:ectal excipulum 13587: 13567: 13528:, similar to a 13521: 13488: 13470: 13425: 13410: 13396: 13375: 13360: 13286: 13239: 13213: 13184: 13183:pachydermatous 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13023: 13011: 12993: 12968: 12961: 12949: 12925: 12892: 12865: 12824: 12807: 12799: 12785: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12616: 12598: 12590: 12576: 12561:epinecral layer 12525: 12521: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12364: 12316: 12293: 12291:Mycophycobiosis 12286: 12272: 12256: 12240: 12216: 12163: 12151: 12150:multiguttulate 12143: 12123: 12108: 12094: 12074: 12054:crystallization 12050:lichen products 12039: 12032: 12004: 11945: 11908: 11890: 11882:Micarea melaena 11872: 11856: 11825: 11818: 11771: 11750: 11733: 11690: 11655: 11647: 11615: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11454: 11415: 11399: 11384: 11370: 11350: 11336: 11310: 11291: 11283: 11262: 11214: 11196:Closeup of the 11167: 11156: 11149: 11138: 11131: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11058: 11034: 10997: 10996:leucodectonoid 10960: 10942: 10924: 10900: 10893: 10892:leprose lichen 10812: 10780:thalline margin 10745: 10714: 10671: 10662:s of the order 10659:crustose lichen 10628: 10608: 10590: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10531: 10530: 10506: 10458: 10431: 10423: 10404: 10373: 10366: 10351: 10318: 10310: 10306: 10279: 10272:lichen products 10253: 10249: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10092: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10037: 9888: 9864: 9856: 9847: 9807: 9800: 9751: 9713: 9699: 9676:Closeup of the 9647: 9629: 9628:Intrusa-yellow 9579: 9559: 9551: 9531: 9520: 9513: 9481: 9465: 9460:Without spots. 9457: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9241: 9221: 9184: 9166:crustose lichen 9154: 9110: 9101:epinecral layer 9090:found near the 9075: 9013: 8998: 8980: 8960: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8871:Gunnar Degelius 8844:hormocystangium 8829:hormocystangium 8819: 8771: 8763: 8750: 8743: 8724: 8668: 8652: 8637: 8615: 8614:Hertelii-green 8599: 8583: 8528: 8473: 8442: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8243: 8190: 8175: 8151: 8093: 8079: 8074:) of a lichen. 8068: 8061: 8044:in the form of 8035: 8027: 8008: 7981: 7969:goniocystangium 7925: 7875: 7850: 7842: 7841:gonidial layer 7811: 7798:glypholecideous 7773: 7754: 7717: 7676: 7639: 7638:glaucescentoid 7631: 7617: 7597: 7571: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7385: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7287: 7275: 7245: 7226: 7219: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7144: 7136: 7102: 7065: 7058: 7038: 7020: 7013: 6992: 6973: 6958: 6943: 6894: 6879: 6853: 6839: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6786: 6772: 6757: 6749: 6720: 6685: 6658: 6632: 6605: 6541: 6514: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6325: 6266: 6240: 6233: 6215:Ludwig Schaerer 6202:thalline margin 6195: 6187: 6149: 6125: 6118:Gunnar Degelius 6082: 6061: 6028: 6014: 5977: 5937: 5905: 5885:found near the 5870: 5834: 5805: 5786:polysaccharides 5781: 5762: 5747: 5721: 5705: 5682:crustose lichen 5661: 5610: 5567: 5528: 5505: 5457: 5442: 5435: 5417: 5405: 5388:crustose lichen 5376: 5350: 5303: 5295: 5279: 5278:ectal excipulum 5265: 5257: 5249: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5065: 5045: 5034: 4995: 4987: 4960: 4953:Richard P. Korf 4942:bitunicate asci 4929: 4908:s that produce 4899: 4878: 4862: 4848: 4825: 4770: 4747: 4720: 4713: 4670: 4658: 4641: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4575: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4375: 4316: 4298:underside of a 4292:Closeup of the 4273: 4266: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4226:crystallocumuli 4215:Josef Hafellner 4202: 4171: 4118: 4117:cryptothalline 4110:thalline margin 4092: 4068: 4067:cryptoendolith 4054: 4052:Crustose lichen 4047: 3998: 3997:cruentodiscoid 3990: 3982: 3974: 3963: 3956: 3942: 3935: 3933:Cortex (botany) 3928: 3920: 3912: 3898: 3886: 3872: 3845: 3819: 3812: 3792: 3777:crustose lichen 3736: 3728: 3720: 3712: 3700: 3685: 3669: 3642: 3581:primary thallus 3564: 3538: 3524: 3502: 3488: 3449: 3400: 3384: 3366: 3354:, is a typical 3332: 3325: 3314:lichen products 3309: 3289: 3265: 3264:chasmoendolith 3253: 3220: 3181: 3166: 3138: 3131: 3113:usneoid lichens 3096: 3069: 3061: 3053: 3017: 2975: 2956: 2948: 2929: 2880: 2863: 2855: 2784: 2762: 2757:rocks or soil. 2742: 2723: 2715: 2693: 2686:lichen products 2667: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2482: 2445: 2437: 2408: 2401: 2387: 2379:usneoid lichens 2373: 2340: 2320: 2269: 2232: 2224: 2212: 2211:bipolar lichen 2183: 2151: 2139: 2122: 2105: 2074: 2066: 2040: 2033: 2015: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1781: 1762:thalline margin 1733: 1725:Tephromela atra 1715: 1697: 1689: 1659: 1640: 1620: 1606: 1592: 1585: 1563: 1506: 1485: 1458: 1420: 1413: 1399: 1385: 1367: 1359:areolate lichen 1340: 1324: 1264: 1256: 1238: 1203: 1195: 1166: 1158: 1150: 1136: 1093: 1063: 1009: 1002: 994: 947: 930:Otto Darbishire 904:thalline margin 891: 883: 846: 796: 751: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 657: 656: 655: 647: 646: 638: 637: 622: 602: 594: 586: 578: 570: 547:actinobacterium 542: 534: 526: 511: 496: 465: 457: 441: 429: 415: 406: 398: 383: 354: 295:Gunnar Degelius 12: 11: 5: 29631: 29621: 29620: 29615: 29600: 29599: 29588: 29582: 29561: 29523:(2957): 2957. 29508: 29502: 29489: 29483: 29470: 29464: 29443: 29433:(6): 641–664. 29410: 29396: 29390: 29373: 29367: 29354: 29324:(3): 189–196. 29309: 29296: 29290: 29278:Gallaicolichen 29273: 29236: 29226:(5): 269–275. 29215: 29202: 29192:(2): 139–185. 29169: 29139: 29133: 29116: 29106:(2): 131–137. 29095: 29038: 29034:10.12705/635.9 29028:(5): 974–992. 29018:Aptroot, André 29012: 29011: 29010: 29009: 29003: 28995:Lichen Biology 28990: 28984: 28976:Lichen Biology 28968: 28962: 28954:Lichen Biology 28950:Nash, T.H. III 28943: 28942: 28936: 28927:Lichen Biology 28921: 28903:(4): 973–993. 28892: 28867: 28827: 28821: 28808: 28802: 28789: 28777:(2): 203–263. 28758: 28738: 28728:(6): 571–583. 28717: 28709:Forest Service 28696: 28662: 28646: 28622: 28606: 28579: 28569:(5): 441–449. 28554: 28536:(3): 387–389. 28522: 28497: 28480: 28466:10.12705/675.1 28460:(5): 871–904. 28449: 28443: 28426: 28401: 28395: 28379: 28369:(2): 342–344. 28351: 28341:(1): 553–578. 28327: 28321: 28304: 28283: 28277: 28260: 28227: 28209:(3): 219–223. 28203:The Bryologist 28194: 28178: 28151: 28132:Galloway, D.J. 28128: 28103: 28068: 28048: 28042: 28029: 28019:(3): 340–425. 28013:The Bryologist 28004: 27990: 27973: 27967: 27954: 27948: 27924: 27914:(2): 205–216. 27903: 27891:(6): 763–982. 27876: 27866:(2): 105–113. 27852: 27846: 27834:Hale, Mason E. 27826: 27810: 27794: 27773: 27771: 27768: 27765: 27764: 27762:, p. 437. 27752: 27736: 27724:Index Fungorum 27707: 27705:, p. 742. 27695: 27693:, p. 700. 27683: 27681:, p. 152. 27671: 27659: 27657:, p. 724. 27647: 27631: 27629:, p. 687. 27616: 27614:, p. 683. 27604: 27602:, p. 682. 27589: 27577: 27565: 27563:, p. 655. 27553: 27551:, p. 675. 27541: 27539:, p. 147. 27529: 27527:, p. 674. 27514: 27512:, p. 673. 27497: 27495:, p. 671. 27485: 27483:, p. 670. 27473: 27471:, p. 669. 27461: 27449: 27447:, p. 663. 27434: 27418: 27402: 27390: 27378: 27376:, p. 653. 27366: 27364:, p. 171. 27354: 27352:, p. 131. 27339: 27337:, p. 685. 27327: 27325:, p. 482. 27315: 27313:, p. 206. 27303: 27291: 27289:, p. 684. 27279: 27277:, p. 647. 27260: 27258:, p. 646. 27248: 27236: 27234:, p. 644. 27224: 27212: 27210:, p. 642. 27200: 27188: 27176: 27174:, p. 639. 27161: 27159:, p. 629. 27144: 27142:, p. 672. 27132: 27130:, p. 627. 27120: 27118:, p. 625. 27108: 27106:, p. 671. 27091: 27089:, p. 670. 27079: 27077:, p. 621. 27067: 27065:, p. 763. 27055: 27053:, p. 610. 27040: 27028: 27016: 27008: 27006:, p. 657. 26996: 26980: 26978:, p. 598. 26968: 26966:, p. 596. 26953: 26951:, p. 647. 26941: 26929: 26927:, p. 645. 26917: 26915:, p. 586. 26900: 26898:, p. 373. 26883: 26879:Kantvilas 2023 26871: 26869:, p. 581. 26859: 26857:, p. 580. 26847: 26835: 26833:, p. 632. 26823: 26807: 26805:, p. 574. 26795: 26793:, p. 423. 26783: 26781:, p. 627. 26771: 26769:, p. 487. 26759: 26757:, p. 567. 26744: 26742:, p. 565. 26732: 26730:, p. 144. 26720: 26718:, p. 610. 26708: 26706:, p. 558. 26693: 26681: 26679:, p. 607. 26669: 26667:, p. 555. 26657: 26645: 26643:, p. 553. 26630: 26628:, p. 552. 26618: 26616:, p. 549. 26606: 26589: 26587:, p. 597. 26574: 26572:, p. 548. 26562: 26560:, p. 595. 26550: 26546:page: Recurved 26534: 26532:, p. 541. 26522: 26520:, p. 588. 26507: 26505:, p. 533. 26495: 26493:, p. 527. 26483: 26481:, p. 526. 26471: 26459: 26457:, p. 582. 26447: 26445:, p. 525. 26432: 26430:, p. 762. 26417: 26415:, p. 523. 26405: 26403:, p. 522. 26393: 26391:, p. 582. 26381: 26379:, p. 581. 26369: 26367:, p. 573. 26357: 26345: 26343:, p. 517. 26333: 26331:, p. 515. 26318: 26316:, p. 514. 26306: 26304:, p. 568. 26294: 26292:, p. 513. 26282: 26266: 26264:, p. 566. 26254: 26238: 26236:, p. 511. 26221: 26219:, p. 510. 26209: 26207:, p. 507. 26197: 26195:, p. 506. 26182: 26170: 26154: 26152:, p. 646. 26137: 26125: 26123:, p. 372. 26108: 26106:, p. 553. 26096: 26094:, p. 492. 26084: 26072: 26070:, p. 490. 26057: 26041: 26039:, p. 487. 26029: 26027:, p. 544. 26017: 26015:, p. 143. 26005: 26003:, p. 342. 25993: 25991:, p. 482. 25981: 25979:, p. 872. 25969: 25967:, p. 528. 25957: 25955:, p. 475. 25942: 25940:, p. 527. 25930: 25928:, p. 470. 25918: 25906: 25904:, p. 471. 25894: 25882: 25866: 25864:, p. 269. 25851: 25839: 25837:, p. 463. 25827: 25815: 25813:, p. 460. 25800: 25798:, p. 459. 25785: 25783:, p. 508. 25773: 25771:, p. 457. 25761: 25759:, p. 454. 25749: 25734: 25732:, p. 455. 25722: 25720:, p. 503. 25710: 25708:, p. 452. 25698: 25696:, p. 497. 25686: 25684:, p. 449. 25671: 25659: 25657:, p. 448. 25647: 25645:, p. 419. 25635: 25633:, p. 446. 25623: 25621:, p. 445. 25611: 25609:, p. 444. 25596: 25584: 25582:, p. 442. 25569: 25567:, p. 489. 25557: 25555:, p. 439. 25545: 25543:, p. 488. 25533: 25531:, p. 432. 25521: 25519:, p. 479. 25509: 25507:, p. 428. 25497: 25495:, p. 477. 25480: 25478:, p. 451. 25468: 25456: 25444: 25432: 25430:, p. 415. 25420: 25418:, p. 392. 25408: 25406:, p. 390. 25396: 25394:, p. 389. 25384: 25382:, p. 437. 25372: 25370:, p. 435. 25360: 25358:, p. 374. 25348: 25346:, p. 414. 25336: 25324: 25308: 25306:, p. 582. 25296: 25284: 25282:, p. 412. 25272: 25270:, p. 402. 25260: 25258:, p. 760. 25245: 25233: 25231:, p. 358. 25221: 25219:, p. 357. 25209: 25207:, p. 352. 25197: 25195:, p. 391. 25182: 25170: 25168:, p. 347. 25158: 25156:, p. 389. 25146: 25130: 25128:, p. 346. 25118: 25116:, p. 382. 25106: 25104:, p. 341. 25091: 25089:, p. 376. 25076: 25074:, p. 339. 25064: 25052: 25050:, p. 367. 25040: 25038:, p. 337. 25028: 25026:, p. 336. 25016: 25000: 24988: 24984:Krzewicka 2004 24973: 24971:, p. 359. 24961: 24959:, p. 328. 24949: 24947:, p. 358. 24934: 24932:, p. 371. 24915: 24913:, p. 637. 24900: 24898:, p. 636. 24888: 24886:, p. 374. 24876: 24874:, p. 315. 24864: 24860:page: Isotomic 24848: 24836: 24834:, p. 422. 24824: 24822:, p. 313. 24809: 24807:, p. 310. 24797: 24781: 24765: 24763:, p. 759. 24748: 24746:, p. 303. 24736: 24734:, p. 301. 24719: 24692: 24690:, p. 335. 24677: 24675:, p. 296. 24662: 24660:, p. 219. 24650: 24648:, p. 295. 24638: 24636:, p. 294. 24626: 24624:, p. 328. 24614: 24612:, p. 288. 24602: 24600:, p. 285. 24590: 24574: 24572:, p. 284. 24562: 24560:, p. 283. 24550: 24548:, p. 282. 24538: 24536:, p. 280. 24526: 24524:, p. 278. 24514: 24512:, p. 275. 24502: 24500:, p. 274. 24490: 24488:, p. 273. 24478: 24476:, p. 268. 24463: 24459:page: Halonate 24447: 24431: 24415: 24413:, p. 264. 24403: 24401:, p. 263. 24391: 24389:, p. 262. 24376: 24374:, p. 294. 24364: 24362:, p. 260. 24352: 24350:, p. 290. 24335: 24333:, p. 257. 24318: 24316:, p. 288. 24306: 24304:, p. 256. 24291: 24289:, p. 255. 24279: 24277:, p. 252. 24264: 24262:, p. 247. 24252: 24237: 24235:, p. 271. 24225: 24209: 24207:, p. 270. 24197: 24181: 24179:, p. 239. 24162: 24146: 24144:, p. 263. 24134: 24132:, p. 205. 24122: 24110: 24098: 24086: 24084:, p. 260. 24074: 24062: 24060:, p. 229. 24050: 24048:, p. 227. 24038: 24036:, p. 226. 24019: 24017:, p. 412. 24007: 23995: 23979: 23977:, p. 225. 23967: 23965:, p. 224. 23952: 23950:, p. 222. 23940: 23938:, p. 402. 23928: 23926:, p. 256. 23916: 23914:, p. 221. 23901: 23899:, p. 220. 23889: 23874: 23872:, p. 219. 23859: 23857:, p. 218. 23844: 23842:, p. 758. 23827: 23815: 23813:, p. 342. 23803: 23801:, p. 216. 23791: 23779: 23777:, p. 211. 23767: 23763:page: Eucortex 23751: 23749:, p. 401. 23739: 23737:, p. 246. 23727: 23725:, p. 774. 23708: 23706:, p. 203. 23696: 23694:, p. 369. 23684: 23682:, p. 200. 23672: 23660: 23644: 23642:, p. 199. 23632: 23630:, p. 461. 23615: 23613:, p. 241. 23600: 23598:, p. 197. 23585: 23583:, p. 240. 23570: 23568:, p. 237. 23558: 23556:, p. 190. 23546: 23544:, p. 188. 23531: 23519: 23517:, p. 186. 23507: 23505:, p. 185. 23495: 23493:, p. 232. 23483: 23481:, p. 231. 23471: 23469:, p. 338. 23452: 23450:, p. 184. 23437: 23435:, p. 183. 23425: 23423:, p. 182. 23413: 23398: 23396:, p. 228. 23386: 23374: 23372:, p. 226. 23362: 23360:, p. 177. 23350: 23348:, p. 176. 23338: 23336:, p. 175. 23323: 23321:, p. 170. 23311: 23309:, p. 399. 23296: 23294:, p. 217. 23284: 23272: 23270:, p. 216. 23260: 23258:, p. 167. 23248: 23246:, p. 166. 23233: 23231:, p. 163. 23221: 23219:, p. 293. 23209: 23207:, p. 162. 23197: 23195:, p. 154. 23185: 23183:, p. 372. 23173: 23171:, p. 157. 23158: 23156:, p. 201. 23146: 23144:, p. 156. 23134: 23132:, p. 153. 23122: 23120:, p. 152. 23107: 23105:, p. 151. 23095: 23093:, p. 196. 23083: 23067: 23065:, p. 187. 23055: 23053:, p. 973. 23043: 23041:, p. 183. 23031: 23029:, p. 184. 23019: 23007: 23005:, p. 163. 22995: 22983: 22981:, p. 185. 22968: 22966:, p. 371. 22956: 22944: 22942:, p. 134. 22932: 22930:, p. 176. 22920: 22918:, p. 133. 22908: 22906:, p. 173. 22893: 22891:, p. 172. 22878: 22876:, p. 170. 22866: 22851: 22839: 22837:, p. 121. 22827: 22825:, p. 124. 22815: 22813:, p. 757. 22800: 22798:, p. 122. 22788: 22786:, p. 163. 22773: 22771:, p. 162. 22761: 22745: 22743:, p. 153. 22733: 22731:, p. 107. 22721: 22719:, p. 105. 22709: 22694: 22692:, p. 106. 22682: 22670: 22668:, p. 143. 22658: 22642: 22640:, p. 135. 22630: 22614: 22612:, p. 348. 22597: 22595:, p. 645. 22582: 22565: 22553: 22551:, p. 392. 22541: 22539:, p. 122. 22529: 22527:, p. 121. 22517: 22505: 22493: 22481: 22469: 22457: 22455:, p. 114. 22445: 22443:, p. 368. 22433: 22421: 22409: 22407:, p. 635. 22397: 22385: 22383:, p. 106. 22373: 22361: 22359:, p. 441. 22349: 22324: 22308: 22306:, p. 421. 22293: 22281: 22269: 22267:, p. 756. 22248: 22236: 22220: 22208: 22193: 22178: 22176:, p. 390. 22166: 22151: 22149:, p. 580. 22132: 22120: 22118:, p. 141. 22108: 22106:, p. 581. 22091: 22089:, p. 579. 22068: 22056: 22054:, p. 982. 22044: 22032: 22020: 22008: 22006:, p. 555. 21993: 21981: 21969: 21967:, p. 388. 21948: 21946:, p. 578. 21933: 21918: 21906: 21877: 21875:, p. 582. 21858: 21846: 21844:, p. 387. 21834: 21822: 21810: 21798: 21786: 21774: 21758: 21743: 21731: 21719: 21662: 21650: 21634: 21622: 21610: 21598: 21586: 21584:, p. 385. 21574: 21572:, p. 369. 21559: 21547: 21535: 21533:, p. 755. 21523: 21521:, p. 367. 21506: 21494: 21482: 21470: 21458: 21446: 21434: 21419: 21404: 21389: 21387:, p. 384. 21372: 21360: 21345: 21290: 21255: 21210: 21185: 21159: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21152: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21121:Main article: 21118: 21115: 21110: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20963: 20957: 20955: 20954: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20910:proper exciple 20893: 20890: 20887: 20884: 20879: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20732: 20726: 20724: 20723: 20698: 20695: 20661: 20651: 20648: 20645: 20642: 20637: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20490: 20484: 20482: 20481: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20301:Main article: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20268:Vagrant lichen 20266:Main article: 20264: 20261: 20240: 20237: 20232: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20085: 20079: 20077: 20076: 20033: 20030: 20028: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19973:with a sunken 19961: 19958: 19937: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19771:umbilical cord 19761:Also defined: 19758: 19755: 19727: 19724: 19719: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19572: 19566: 19564: 19563: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19433:undersurface. 19406: 19403: 19401: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19193: 19190: 19169: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19049:Main article: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19013: 19010: 19008: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18818:Main article: 18816: 18813: 18794: 18787:Main article: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18680:, etc., up to 18647:Main article: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18630: 18627: 18608: 18605: 18600: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18453: 18447: 18445: 18444: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18423: 18421:Superba-brown 18420: 18418: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18372:Main article: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18258:Main article: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18104:Main article: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18058:Main article: 18056: 18053: 18017: 18008:in their 1978 18001: 17998: 17996: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17929: 17926: 17920:Anzia colpodes 17917:undersides of 17908:spongiostratum 17899: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17760:Spoon-shaped. 17758: 17755: 17753: 17742:) and fungal ( 17711: 17708: 17706: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17604:A part of the 17595: 17592: 17564: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17425:pseudostromata 17410:Main article: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17378:Main article: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17255: 17252: 17225: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17189:in the genera 17156: 17153: 17151: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17095: 17093:schizotremoid 17092: 17090: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17025: 17022: 17020: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16948:Main article: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16935: 16932: 16929: 16924: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16777: 16771: 16769: 16768: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16559: 16557:rhodostromoid 16556: 16554: 16547:strand on the 16539: 16536: 16534: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16458:Main article: 16456: 16453: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16242: 16239: 16236: 16233: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16081: 16075: 16073: 16072: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16027:Thelenellaceae 15973: 15970: 15968: 15945: 15943:pycnoascocarp 15942: 15940: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15789:pseudostromata 15784: 15781: 15779: 15721: 15718: 15708:at the end of 15691: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15626:photosynthetic 15603: 15601:pseudoisidium 15600: 15598: 15570:Pseudocyphella 15568:Main article: 15566: 15563: 15529: 15494:pseudocortexes 15490:pseudocortices 15485: 15482: 15480: 15469: 15467:pseudoamyloid 15466: 15464: 15454:pseudocyphella 15442: 15439: 15437: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15362: 15360:prototunicate 15359: 15357: 15326:Main article: 15324: 15321: 15305:bordering the 15293: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15223:proper exciple 15217: 15214: 15212: 15158:proper exciple 15153: 15151:proper margin 15150: 15148: 15138:pseudostromata 15121: 15118: 15116: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15041: 15038: 15036: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14910:Wilhelm Körber 14877: 14875:polarilocular 14874: 14872: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14804:Main article: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14710:plectenchymata 14701:Main article: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14679: 14677:platygonidium 14676: 14674: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14602:Main article: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14487: 14485:phyllopsoroid 14484: 14482: 14398: 14396:phyllocladium 14395: 14349: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14223:photosynthesis 14215: 14212: 14210: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14176:Also defined: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14041: 14038: 14014: 13994:Also defined: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13905: 13902: 13862: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13798:Gallaicolichen 13787: 13784: 13782: 13781:are produced. 13773: 13771:peltidiangium 13770: 13768: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13624:proper exciple 13588: 13585: 13583: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13431:paracephalodia 13426: 13423: 13421: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13361: 13358: 13330: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13214: 13212:palisade cell 13211: 13209: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13012: 13009: 13007: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12964:Main article: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12893: 12890: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12825: 12823:ocellularioid 12822: 12820: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12772: 12769: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12298:mycophycobiont 12296:Also defined: 12289:Main article: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12261:taxonomic rank 12257: 12254: 12252: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233:Wilhelm Körber 12217: 12214: 12175: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12135:foliose lichen 12124: 12121: 12119: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12097:Having minute 12095: 12093:microphylline 12092: 12090: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12035:Main article: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11946: 11944:melanotremoid 11943: 11941: 11931:thallus margin 11925:topeliopsidoid 11909: 11906: 11904: 11891: 11889:Melaenida-red 11888: 11886: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11863:proper exciple 11857: 11854: 11852: 11821:Main article: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11734: 11731: 11709: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11602: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11319:, such as the 11311: 11308: 11306: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255:Michel Adanson 11215: 11212: 11190: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11152:Main article: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11134:Main article: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11087:Main article: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11073:Main article: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11035: 11033:lichen desert 11032: 11030: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10898:leprose lichen 10896:Main article: 10894: 10891: 10872:leprose lichen 10851: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10591: 10588: 10543: 10542: 10533: 10532: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:undersurface. 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10369:Main article: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9803:Main article: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9752: 9750:isidiotremoid 9749: 9747: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9700: 9697: 9670: 9648: 9646:involucrellum 9645: 9643: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9583:Also defined: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9518:Incertae sedis 9516:Main article: 9514: 9512:incertae sedis 9511: 9509: 9499:pseudostromata 9482: 9479: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9222: 9220:hysterothecia 9219: 9217: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9134:Thelenellaceae 9126:lichens whose 9111: 9109:hypophloeodic 9108: 9106: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9014: 9011: 9009: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8981: 8979:Hypnorum-blue 8978: 8976: 8961: 8958: 8931: 8917:Main article: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8903:Main article: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8889:Main article: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8833:hormocystangia 8820: 8817: 8815: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8752:A part of the 8746:Main article: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8725: 8722: 8696: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8446:Also defined: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8152: 8149: 8125: 8121:multiguttulate 8094: 8091: 8089: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8064:Main article: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8038:A lichen with 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8009: 8006: 8004: 7987:goniocystangia 7982: 7979: 7977: 7926: 7923: 7910:formed at the 7892: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7812: 7809: 7784: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747:Chlorococcales 7718: 7715: 7713: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7576:cyanobacterial 7572: 7569: 7541: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7348:Main article: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328:fuscocapitate 7327: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7222:Main article: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7176:Main article: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7103: 7101:forage lichen 7100: 7098: 7097:or at a base. 7063:Foliose lichen 7061:Main article: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7050:foliose lichen 7039: 7036: 7034: 7016:Main article: 7014: 7011: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6854: 6852:fissitunicate 6851: 6849: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6686: 6683: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6606: 6603: 6570: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312:thallin margin 6267: 6264: 6262: 6236:Main article: 6234: 6231: 6207: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6178:cryptothalline 6150: 6147: 6145: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6047:pseudostromata 6029: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6012: 6010: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5662: 5660:endophloeodal 5659: 5657: 5646:cryptoendolith 5640:chasmoendolith 5611: 5608: 5581: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5482:proper exciple 5479:, or a raised 5458: 5455: 5453: 5438:Main article: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5351: 5348: 5315: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5286:proper exciple 5280: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5011:found in some 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4902:A grouping of 4900: 4897: 4895: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4826: 4823: 4789: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4716:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4317: 4314: 4286: 4269:Main article: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4050:Main article: 4048: 4045: 4043: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3959:Main article: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3931:Main article: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3815:Main article: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3795:A specialized 3793: 3790: 3761:Minutoexcipula 3740: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635:Baeomycetaceae 3579:Also defined: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3541:A seldom-used 3539: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3401: 3399:chroodiscoid 3398: 3396: 3385: 3383:chondroid axis 3382: 3380: 3367: 3365:chlorococcoid 3364: 3339: 3328:Main article: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3310: 3308:chemosyndrome 3307: 3305: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3134:Main article: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3102:chondroid axis 3097: 3094: 3092: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3022:Verrucariaceae 3018: 3015: 2987: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2957: 2955:cartilaginous 2954: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2827: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2668: 2665: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2411:Also defined: 2404:Main article: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2352:Usnea angulata 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2236:Also defined: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2036:Main article: 2034: 2032:basidiolichen 2031: 2029: 2016: 2013: 2011: 1989: 1986: 1977:basidiolichens 1962: 1961: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1707:Opegrapha atra 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1660: 1658:astrothelioid 1657: 1655: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1588:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1564: 1561: 1529: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1416:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1356:, such as the 1341: 1338: 1336: 1325: 1322: 1295: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1094: 1092:annulotremoid 1091: 1089: 1064: 1061: 1028:of the lichen 1016: 1005:Main article: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 992: 990: 948: 946:ampliotremoid 945: 943: 926:Wilhelm Körber 892: 889: 887: 884: 881: 879: 847: 844: 842: 835:Agaricomycetes 797: 794: 792: 752: 749: 747: 692: 689: 659: 658: 649: 648: 640: 639: 631: 630: 629: 628: 627: 626: 623: 620: 618: 603: 600: 598: 595: 592: 590: 587: 584: 582: 579: 576: 574: 571: 568: 566: 543: 540: 538: 535: 532: 530: 527: 524: 522: 512: 509: 507: 497: 494: 473: 468:Shaped like a 466: 463: 461: 458: 455: 453: 446:taxonomic rank 442: 439: 437: 434:lichen product 430: 427: 425: 416: 413: 411: 407: 404: 402: 399: 396: 394: 384: 381: 353: 350: 228:pseudocyphella 213:Edmond Tulasne 162:Greek language 90:Michel Adanson 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29630: 29619: 29616: 29614: 29611: 29610: 29608: 29596: 29595: 29589: 29585: 29579: 29575: 29571: 29567: 29562: 29558: 29554: 29549: 29544: 29539: 29534: 29530: 29526: 29522: 29518: 29514: 29509: 29505: 29499: 29495: 29490: 29486: 29480: 29476: 29471: 29467: 29461: 29457: 29453: 29449: 29444: 29440: 29436: 29432: 29428: 29424: 29420: 29416: 29413:Thell, Arne; 29411: 29407: 29406: 29401: 29397: 29393: 29391:0-8050-3520-6 29387: 29382: 29381: 29374: 29370: 29364: 29360: 29355: 29351: 29347: 29342: 29337: 29332: 29327: 29323: 29319: 29315: 29310: 29306: 29302: 29297: 29293: 29287: 29283: 29279: 29274: 29270: 29266: 29262: 29258: 29254: 29250: 29246: 29242: 29237: 29233: 29229: 29225: 29221: 29216: 29212: 29211:LIAS Glossary 29208: 29203: 29199: 29195: 29191: 29187: 29183: 29179: 29175: 29170: 29166: 29162: 29158: 29154: 29150: 29146: 29140: 29136: 29130: 29126: 29122: 29117: 29113: 29109: 29105: 29101: 29096: 29092: 29088: 29083: 29078: 29073: 29068: 29064: 29060: 29056: 29052: 29048: 29044: 29039: 29035: 29031: 29027: 29023: 29019: 29014: 29013: 29006: 29000: 28996: 28991: 28987: 28981: 28977: 28973: 28969: 28965: 28959: 28955: 28951: 28947: 28946: 28945: 28944: 28939: 28933: 28929: 28928: 28922: 28918: 28914: 28910: 28906: 28902: 28898: 28893: 28889: 28885: 28881: 28878:(in German). 28877: 28873: 28868: 28864: 28860: 28856: 28852: 28848: 28844: 28840: 28836: 28832: 28828: 28824: 28818: 28814: 28809: 28805: 28799: 28795: 28790: 28785: 28780: 28776: 28772: 28768: 28766: 28759: 28755: 28751: 28744: 28739: 28735: 28731: 28727: 28723: 28718: 28714: 28710: 28706: 28702: 28697: 28692: 28687: 28683: 28679: 28675: 28673: 28667: 28663: 28659: 28655: 28651: 28647: 28643: 28639: 28635: 28631: 28627: 28623: 28611: 28607: 28602: 28597: 28594:(1): 99–154. 28593: 28589: 28585: 28580: 28576: 28572: 28568: 28564: 28560: 28555: 28551: 28547: 28543: 28539: 28535: 28531: 28527: 28523: 28519: 28515: 28511: 28509: 28505: 28498: 28494: 28490: 28486: 28481: 28476: 28471: 28467: 28463: 28459: 28455: 28450: 28446: 28440: 28436: 28432: 28427: 28423: 28419: 28415: 28411: 28407: 28402: 28398: 28396:0-642-56802-2 28392: 28388: 28384: 28383:Kantvilas, G. 28380: 28376: 28372: 28368: 28364: 28357: 28352: 28348: 28344: 28340: 28336: 28332: 28328: 28324: 28318: 28314: 28310: 28305: 28301: 28297: 28293: 28289: 28284: 28280: 28274: 28270: 28266: 28261: 28257: 28253: 28249: 28245: 28241: 28237: 28233: 28228: 28224: 28220: 28216: 28212: 28208: 28204: 28200: 28195: 28183: 28179: 28174: 28169: 28165: 28161: 28157: 28152: 28141: 28137: 28133: 28129: 28125: 28121: 28117: 28113: 28109: 28104: 28099: 28094: 28090: 28086: 28082: 28078: 28074: 28069: 28065: 28061: 28054: 28049: 28045: 28039: 28035: 28030: 28026: 28022: 28018: 28014: 28010: 28005: 28001: 27997: 27993: 27987: 27983: 27979: 27974: 27970: 27964: 27960: 27955: 27951: 27949:0-300-08249-5 27945: 27940: 27939: 27933: 27929: 27925: 27921: 27917: 27913: 27909: 27904: 27899: 27894: 27890: 27886: 27882: 27877: 27873: 27869: 27865: 27861: 27857: 27853: 27849: 27843: 27839: 27835: 27831: 27827: 27815: 27811: 27799: 27795: 27783: 27779: 27775: 27774: 27761: 27756: 27749: 27748:page: Zeorine 27745: 27740: 27725: 27721: 27719: 27711: 27704: 27699: 27692: 27687: 27680: 27675: 27668: 27663: 27656: 27651: 27644: 27640: 27635: 27628: 27623: 27621: 27613: 27608: 27601: 27596: 27594: 27587:, p. 46. 27586: 27581: 27574: 27569: 27562: 27557: 27550: 27545: 27538: 27533: 27526: 27521: 27519: 27511: 27506: 27504: 27502: 27494: 27489: 27482: 27477: 27470: 27465: 27459:, p. 43. 27458: 27453: 27446: 27441: 27439: 27431: 27427: 27422: 27415: 27411: 27406: 27399: 27394: 27388:, p. 54. 27387: 27382: 27375: 27370: 27363: 27358: 27351: 27346: 27344: 27336: 27331: 27324: 27319: 27312: 27307: 27300: 27295: 27288: 27283: 27276: 27271: 27269: 27267: 27265: 27257: 27252: 27245: 27240: 27233: 27228: 27222:, p. 21. 27221: 27216: 27209: 27204: 27198:, p. 24. 27197: 27192: 27185: 27180: 27173: 27168: 27166: 27158: 27153: 27151: 27149: 27141: 27136: 27129: 27124: 27117: 27112: 27105: 27100: 27098: 27096: 27088: 27083: 27076: 27071: 27064: 27059: 27052: 27047: 27045: 27037: 27032: 27025: 27020: 27013: 27005: 27000: 26993: 26989: 26984: 26977: 26972: 26965: 26960: 26958: 26950: 26945: 26938: 26933: 26926: 26921: 26914: 26909: 26907: 26905: 26897: 26892: 26890: 26888: 26880: 26875: 26868: 26863: 26856: 26851: 26844: 26839: 26832: 26827: 26820: 26819:page: Seriate 26816: 26811: 26804: 26799: 26792: 26787: 26780: 26775: 26768: 26763: 26756: 26751: 26749: 26741: 26736: 26729: 26724: 26717: 26712: 26705: 26700: 26698: 26690: 26685: 26678: 26673: 26666: 26661: 26654: 26649: 26642: 26637: 26635: 26627: 26622: 26615: 26610: 26604:, p. 38. 26603: 26598: 26596: 26594: 26586: 26581: 26579: 26571: 26566: 26559: 26554: 26547: 26543: 26538: 26531: 26526: 26519: 26514: 26512: 26504: 26499: 26492: 26487: 26480: 26475: 26468: 26463: 26456: 26451: 26444: 26439: 26437: 26429: 26424: 26422: 26414: 26409: 26402: 26397: 26390: 26385: 26378: 26373: 26366: 26361: 26355:, p. 36. 26354: 26349: 26342: 26337: 26330: 26325: 26323: 26315: 26310: 26303: 26298: 26291: 26286: 26279: 26275: 26270: 26263: 26258: 26251: 26247: 26242: 26235: 26230: 26228: 26226: 26218: 26213: 26206: 26201: 26194: 26189: 26187: 26179: 26174: 26167: 26163: 26158: 26151: 26146: 26144: 26142: 26134: 26129: 26122: 26117: 26115: 26113: 26105: 26100: 26093: 26088: 26082:, p. 28. 26081: 26076: 26069: 26064: 26062: 26054: 26053:page: Plicate 26050: 26045: 26038: 26033: 26026: 26021: 26014: 26009: 26002: 25997: 25990: 25985: 25978: 25973: 25966: 25961: 25954: 25949: 25947: 25939: 25934: 25927: 25922: 25915: 25910: 25903: 25898: 25891: 25886: 25879: 25875: 25870: 25863: 25858: 25856: 25849:, p. 17. 25848: 25847:Mitchell 2014 25843: 25836: 25831: 25825:, p. 30. 25824: 25819: 25812: 25807: 25805: 25797: 25792: 25790: 25782: 25777: 25770: 25765: 25758: 25753: 25746: 25741: 25739: 25731: 25726: 25719: 25714: 25707: 25702: 25695: 25690: 25683: 25678: 25676: 25668: 25663: 25656: 25651: 25644: 25639: 25632: 25627: 25620: 25615: 25608: 25603: 25601: 25593: 25588: 25581: 25576: 25574: 25566: 25561: 25554: 25549: 25542: 25537: 25530: 25525: 25518: 25513: 25506: 25501: 25494: 25489: 25487: 25485: 25477: 25472: 25465: 25460: 25453: 25448: 25441: 25436: 25429: 25424: 25417: 25412: 25405: 25400: 25393: 25388: 25381: 25376: 25369: 25364: 25357: 25352: 25345: 25340: 25334:, p. 40. 25333: 25328: 25321: 25317: 25312: 25305: 25300: 25293: 25288: 25281: 25276: 25269: 25264: 25257: 25252: 25250: 25243:, p. 46. 25242: 25237: 25230: 25225: 25218: 25213: 25206: 25201: 25194: 25189: 25187: 25179: 25174: 25167: 25162: 25155: 25150: 25143: 25139: 25134: 25127: 25122: 25115: 25110: 25103: 25098: 25096: 25088: 25083: 25081: 25073: 25068: 25061: 25056: 25049: 25044: 25037: 25032: 25025: 25020: 25013: 25009: 25004: 24997: 24992: 24985: 24980: 24978: 24970: 24965: 24958: 24953: 24946: 24941: 24939: 24931: 24926: 24924: 24922: 24920: 24912: 24907: 24905: 24897: 24892: 24885: 24880: 24873: 24868: 24861: 24857: 24852: 24846:, p. 17. 24845: 24840: 24833: 24828: 24821: 24816: 24814: 24806: 24801: 24794: 24790: 24785: 24778: 24777:page: Inspers 24774: 24769: 24762: 24757: 24755: 24753: 24745: 24740: 24733: 24728: 24726: 24724: 24717:, p. 86. 24716: 24711: 24709: 24707: 24705: 24703: 24701: 24699: 24697: 24689: 24684: 24682: 24674: 24669: 24667: 24659: 24654: 24647: 24642: 24635: 24630: 24623: 24618: 24611: 24606: 24599: 24594: 24587: 24583: 24578: 24571: 24566: 24559: 24554: 24547: 24542: 24535: 24530: 24523: 24518: 24511: 24506: 24499: 24494: 24487: 24482: 24475: 24470: 24468: 24460: 24456: 24451: 24444: 24440: 24435: 24428: 24424: 24419: 24412: 24407: 24400: 24395: 24388: 24383: 24381: 24373: 24368: 24361: 24356: 24349: 24344: 24342: 24340: 24332: 24327: 24325: 24323: 24315: 24310: 24303: 24298: 24296: 24288: 24283: 24276: 24271: 24269: 24261: 24256: 24250:, p. 41. 24249: 24244: 24242: 24234: 24229: 24222: 24218: 24213: 24206: 24201: 24194: 24190: 24185: 24178: 24173: 24171: 24169: 24167: 24159: 24155: 24150: 24143: 24138: 24131: 24126: 24119: 24114: 24107: 24102: 24095: 24090: 24083: 24078: 24071: 24066: 24059: 24054: 24047: 24042: 24035: 24030: 24028: 24026: 24024: 24016: 24011: 24004: 23999: 23992: 23988: 23983: 23976: 23971: 23964: 23959: 23957: 23949: 23944: 23937: 23932: 23925: 23920: 23913: 23908: 23906: 23898: 23893: 23886: 23881: 23879: 23871: 23866: 23864: 23856: 23851: 23849: 23841: 23836: 23834: 23832: 23824: 23819: 23812: 23807: 23800: 23795: 23788: 23783: 23776: 23771: 23764: 23760: 23755: 23748: 23743: 23736: 23731: 23724: 23719: 23717: 23715: 23713: 23705: 23700: 23693: 23688: 23681: 23676: 23669: 23668:Galloway 2022 23664: 23657: 23653: 23648: 23641: 23636: 23629: 23624: 23622: 23620: 23612: 23607: 23605: 23597: 23592: 23590: 23582: 23577: 23575: 23567: 23562: 23555: 23550: 23543: 23538: 23536: 23528: 23523: 23516: 23511: 23504: 23499: 23492: 23487: 23480: 23475: 23468: 23463: 23461: 23459: 23457: 23449: 23444: 23442: 23434: 23429: 23422: 23417: 23411:, p. 31. 23410: 23405: 23403: 23395: 23390: 23384:, p. 42. 23383: 23378: 23371: 23366: 23359: 23354: 23347: 23342: 23335: 23330: 23328: 23320: 23315: 23308: 23303: 23301: 23293: 23288: 23282:, p. 25. 23281: 23276: 23269: 23264: 23257: 23252: 23245: 23240: 23238: 23230: 23225: 23218: 23213: 23206: 23201: 23194: 23189: 23182: 23177: 23170: 23165: 23163: 23155: 23150: 23143: 23138: 23131: 23126: 23119: 23114: 23112: 23104: 23099: 23092: 23087: 23080: 23076: 23071: 23064: 23059: 23052: 23051:Rikkinen 2015 23047: 23040: 23035: 23028: 23023: 23016: 23011: 23004: 22999: 22992: 22987: 22980: 22975: 22973: 22965: 22960: 22953: 22948: 22941: 22936: 22929: 22924: 22917: 22912: 22905: 22900: 22898: 22890: 22885: 22883: 22875: 22870: 22864:, p. 16. 22863: 22862:Mitchell 2014 22858: 22856: 22849:, p. 64. 22848: 22843: 22836: 22831: 22824: 22819: 22812: 22807: 22805: 22797: 22792: 22785: 22780: 22778: 22770: 22765: 22758: 22757:page: Coccoid 22754: 22749: 22742: 22737: 22730: 22725: 22718: 22713: 22707:, p. 13. 22706: 22701: 22699: 22691: 22686: 22679: 22674: 22667: 22662: 22655: 22651: 22646: 22639: 22634: 22627: 22623: 22618: 22611: 22606: 22604: 22602: 22594: 22589: 22587: 22580:, p. 98. 22579: 22574: 22572: 22570: 22563:, p. 49. 22562: 22557: 22550: 22545: 22538: 22533: 22526: 22521: 22514: 22509: 22503:, p. 92. 22502: 22497: 22491:, p. 24. 22490: 22485: 22479:, p. 89. 22478: 22473: 22467:, p. 84. 22466: 22461: 22454: 22449: 22442: 22437: 22431:, p. 82. 22430: 22425: 22419:, p. 81. 22418: 22413: 22406: 22401: 22395:, p. 77. 22394: 22389: 22382: 22377: 22370: 22365: 22358: 22353: 22346: 22341: 22339: 22337: 22335: 22333: 22331: 22329: 22321: 22317: 22312: 22305: 22300: 22298: 22290: 22285: 22278: 22273: 22266: 22261: 22259: 22257: 22255: 22253: 22246:, p. 68. 22245: 22240: 22233: 22229: 22224: 22217: 22212: 22205: 22200: 22198: 22191:, p. 61. 22190: 22185: 22183: 22175: 22170: 22164:, p. 60. 22163: 22158: 22156: 22148: 22143: 22141: 22139: 22137: 22129: 22124: 22117: 22112: 22105: 22100: 22098: 22096: 22088: 22083: 22081: 22079: 22077: 22075: 22073: 22066:, p. 48. 22065: 22060: 22053: 22048: 22042:, p. 63. 22041: 22036: 22030:, p. 32. 22029: 22024: 22018:, p. 42. 22017: 22012: 22005: 22004:Honegger 1991 22000: 21998: 21991:, p. 54. 21990: 21985: 21979:, p. 41. 21978: 21973: 21966: 21961: 21959: 21957: 21955: 21953: 21945: 21940: 21938: 21931:, p. 38. 21930: 21925: 21923: 21916:, p. 37. 21915: 21910: 21904:, p. 85. 21903: 21898: 21896: 21894: 21892: 21890: 21888: 21886: 21884: 21882: 21874: 21869: 21867: 21865: 21863: 21856:, p. 36. 21855: 21850: 21843: 21838: 21832:, p. 45. 21831: 21826: 21820:, p. 44. 21819: 21814: 21808:, p. 42. 21807: 21802: 21796:, p. 30. 21795: 21790: 21784:, p. 40. 21783: 21778: 21771: 21767: 21762: 21756:, p. 26. 21755: 21750: 21748: 21741:, p. 22. 21740: 21735: 21729:, p. 21. 21728: 21723: 21717:, p. 16. 21716: 21711: 21709: 21707: 21705: 21703: 21701: 21699: 21697: 21695: 21693: 21691: 21689: 21687: 21685: 21683: 21681: 21679: 21677: 21675: 21673: 21671: 21669: 21667: 21659: 21658:Mitchell 2014 21654: 21647: 21643: 21638: 21632:, p. 26. 21631: 21626: 21620:, p. 20. 21619: 21614: 21608:, p. 23. 21607: 21602: 21595: 21590: 21583: 21578: 21571: 21566: 21564: 21556: 21551: 21545:, p. 16. 21544: 21539: 21532: 21527: 21520: 21515: 21513: 21511: 21503: 21498: 21491: 21486: 21479: 21474: 21467: 21462: 21455: 21450: 21443: 21438: 21432:, p. 22. 21431: 21426: 21424: 21416: 21411: 21409: 21401: 21396: 21394: 21386: 21381: 21379: 21377: 21369: 21364: 21357: 21352: 21350: 21343:, p. 15. 21342: 21341:Mitchell 2014 21337: 21335: 21333: 21331: 21329: 21327: 21325: 21323: 21321: 21319: 21317: 21315: 21313: 21311: 21309: 21307: 21305: 21303: 21301: 21299: 21297: 21295: 21288:, p. 14. 21287: 21286:Mitchell 2014 21282: 21280: 21278: 21276: 21274: 21272: 21270: 21268: 21266: 21264: 21262: 21260: 21253:, p. 13. 21252: 21251:Mitchell 2014 21247: 21245: 21243: 21241: 21239: 21237: 21235: 21233: 21231: 21229: 21227: 21225: 21223: 21221: 21219: 21217: 21215: 21200:on 2014-07-02 21199: 21195: 21189: 21175:on 2014-08-22 21174: 21170: 21164: 21160: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21126: 21124: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20964: 20952: 20946: 20940: 20932: 20926: 20925: 20920: 20916: 20912: 20906: 20900: 20894: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20733: 20721: 20720: 20715: 20714: 20709: 20705: 20699: 20696:xantholichen 20690: 20684: 20683: 20678: 20672: 20665: 20659: 20657: 20652: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20491: 20479: 20475: 20467: 20459: 20454:; delicately 20453: 20447: 20439: 20433: 20425: 20417: 20416: 20411: 20407: 20399: 20397: 20392: 20384: 20383: 20378: 20373: 20367: 20359: 20353: 20347: 20341: 20335: 20329: 20327:thalloconidia 20323: 20317: 20313: 20311: 20306: 20304: 20292: 20290: 20285: 20277: 20271: 20269: 20257: 20256: 20251: 20245: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20074: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20054: 20050: 20046: 20042: 20038: 20034: 20026: 20025: 20020: 20019: 20014: 20008: 20002: 19996: 19992: 19984: 19979:and elevated 19978: 19972: 19966: 19962: 19954: 19953: 19949:apothecia of 19948: 19941: 19935: 19934: 19929: 19928: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19911: 19905: 19899: 19893: 19887: 19882: 19876: 19873:urceolarioid 19868: 19864: 19858: 19852: 19844: 19836: 19830: 19822: 19818: 19815:uniguttulate 19810: 19802: 19795:Hook-shaped. 19794: 19786: 19780: 19774: 19772: 19768: 19764: 19759: 19750: 19744: 19738: 19737: 19732: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19573: 19561: 19559: 19554: 19546: 19541:Covered with 19540: 19538: 19533: 19526: 19524: 19519:See related: 19516: 19510: 19504: 19498: 19490: 19486: 19483:triguttulate 19478: 19474: 19468: 19467: 19462: 19458: 19450: 19449: 19444: 19440: 19432: 19426: 19420: 19419: 19415:In the genus 19414: 19412: 19407: 19399: 19398: 19393: 19392: 19387: 19381: 19375: 19369: 19363: 19357: 19351: 19346: 19340: 19332: 19331: 19326: 19325: 19320: 19319: 19314: 19308: 19302: 19296: 19292: 19286: 19284: 19280: 19275: 19267: 19261: 19259: 19254: 19252: 19247: 19239: 19234: 19228: 19222: 19216: 19210: 19204: 19198: 19194: 19191:thelotremoid 19185: 19179: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19166: 19160: 19154: 19148: 19142: 19137:See related: 19134: 19130: 19124: 19118: 19112: 19106: 19100: 19098: 19093: 19085: 19084: 19079: 19073: 19065: 19064:Erik Acharius 19061: 19059: 19054: 19052: 19040: 19034: 19033: 19028: 19024: 19018: 19014: 19006: 19001:Similar to a 19000: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18985: 18980: 18979: 18978:Protoparmelia 18974: 18968: 18967: 18962: 18956: 18950: 18944: 18940: 18938: 18937:thalloconidia 18933: 18925: 18921: 18915: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18899: 18896:thallinocarp 18891: 18887: 18886:Erik Acharius 18883: 18877: 18875:proper margin 18871: 18866: 18860: 18854: 18852: 18848: 18843: 18835: 18834: 18829: 18823: 18821: 18809: 18805: 18798: 18792: 18790: 18778: 18772: 18764: 18756: 18750: 18742: 18736: 18732: 18724: 18723: 18718: 18714: 18708: 18702: 18697: 18691: 18688:tenuitremoid 18683: 18679: 18675: 18671: 18667: 18664:group of any 18663: 18659: 18657: 18652: 18650: 18638: 18636: 18631: 18622: 18618: 18613: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18442: 18434: 18433: 18428: 18424: 18416: 18408: 18404: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18386: 18382: 18377: 18375: 18363: 18357: 18351: 18345: 18341: 18339: 18334: 18332: 18327: 18319: 18315: 18309: 18301: 18297: 18293: 18289: 18281: 18276: 18270: 18268: 18263: 18261: 18250: 18248: 18243:See related: 18240: 18236: 18230: 18223: 18221: 18216:See related: 18213: 18209: 18203: 18201: 18196: 18188: 18187: 18182: 18178: 18172: 18166: 18161: 18155: 18147: 18141: 18133: 18127: 18121: 18115: 18109: 18107: 18095: 18089: 18083: 18077: 18071: 18067: 18066:spot analysis 18063: 18061: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18034: 18028: 18021: 18015: 18011: 18007: 18002: 17994: 17988: 17986:conidiophores 17982: 17976: 17974: 17969: 17966:sporodochium 17961: 17960: 17959:Pannoparmelia 17955: 17954: 17949: 17943: 17937: 17935: 17934:spongiostrata 17930: 17922: 17921: 17916: 17910: 17903: 17897: 17891: 17889: 17884: 17876: 17870: 17864: 17860: 17854: 17847: 17845: 17838: 17836: 17831: 17823: 17817: 17815: 17811: 17806: 17803:spermogonium 17799: 17797: 17792:See related: 17789: 17785: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17764:species pair 17759: 17751: 17750:Erik Acharius 17747: 17741: 17735: 17729: 17723: 17719: 17717: 17712: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17697: 17692: 17686: 17680: 17674: 17669: 17663: 17655: 17649: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17625: 17621: 17615: 17609: 17603: 17601: 17596: 17587: 17586: 17581: 17575: 17568: 17562: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17547: 17542: 17541: 17536: 17535: 17530: 17529: 17524: 17518: 17512: 17508: 17500: 17494: 17488: 17482: 17476: 17468: 17460: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17441: 17433: 17427: 17421: 17415: 17413: 17401: 17393: 17389: 17383: 17381: 17369: 17363: 17355: 17354: 17349: 17345: 17338: 17336: 17335: 17327: 17319: 17313: 17307: 17300: 17298: 17291: 17283: 17282:Carl Linnaeus 17279: 17275: 17274: 17269: 17263: 17261: 17256: 17248: 17247: 17242: 17236: 17229: 17224: 17222: 17216: 17208: 17205:scrobiculate 17200: 17199: 17194: 17193: 17188: 17182: 17176: 17170: 17164: 17162: 17157: 17149: 17148: 17143: 17139: 17131: 17130: 17125: 17119: 17113: 17107: 17102: 17096: 17088: 17082: 17078: 17070: 17066: 17060: 17057:A scale-like 17056: 17054: 17049: 17041: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17026: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17011: 17006: 17000: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16978: 16972: 16967: 16961: 16953: 16951: 16939: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16767: 16765: 16758: 16750: 16748: 16743: 16735: 16733: 16728: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16710: 16702: 16700: 16695: 16687: 16681: 16673: 16665: 16659: 16653: 16645: 16643: 16638: 16630: 16628: 16623: 16615: 16613: 16608: 16600: 16599: 16595:of the genus 16594: 16591: 16587: 16583: 16577: 16571: 16566: 16560: 16552: 16546: 16540: 16532: 16531: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16514: 16508: 16502: 16494: 16488: 16482: 16479:rhizinomorph 16474: 16472: 16468: 16463: 16461: 16448: 16447: 16443:underside of 16442: 16436: 16429: 16423: 16415: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16395: 16389: 16383: 16378: 16372: 16369:reimnitzioid 16364: 16363: 16358: 16357: 16352: 16348: 16342: 16336: 16331: 16325: 16322:redingerioid 16317: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16294: 16286: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16265: 16260: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16243: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16071: 16069: 16064:See related: 16061: 16059: 16054: 16046: 16040: 16037:pyrenolichen 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15995:Verrucariales 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15974: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15952: 15946: 15938: 15937:lichenicolous 15934: 15930: 15928:conidiophores 15924: 15918: 15912: 15906: 15900: 15898: 15893: 15885: 15881: 15877: 15869: 15864:Covered with 15863: 15861: 15856: 15848: 15840: 15836: 15828: 15820: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15799:made of both 15798: 15792: 15790: 15785: 15782:pseudostroma 15777: 15776: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15764: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15729: 15727: 15726:pseudopodetia 15722: 15713: 15711:pseudopodetia 15707: 15701: 15700: 15695: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15677: 15672: 15664: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15646: 15641: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15623: 15617: 15611: 15609: 15604: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15580: 15578: 15573: 15571: 15558: 15557: 15552: 15546: 15540: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15521: 15519:pseudopodetia 15515: 15509: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15486: 15483:pseudocortex 15479: 15477: 15470: 15462: 15456: 15450: 15448: 15443: 15435: 15430:Covered with 15429: 15427: 15422: 15414: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15388: 15380: 15374: 15369: 15363: 15355: 15349: 15343: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15316: 15315: 15310: 15304: 15297: 15291: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15268: 15266: 15261: 15253: 15247: 15241: 15239: 15238:prosenchymata 15234: 15227: 15225: 15218: 15210: 15206: 15205:Erik Acharius 15202: 15196: 15190: 15185: 15179: 15173: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15154: 15146: 15140: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15104: 15096: 15090: 15082: 15081: 15077:of the genus 15076: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15053: 15048: 15042: 15039:praestantoid 15034: 15033: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15010: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14992:ocellularioid 14988: 14982: 14976: 14971: 14965: 14957: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14917: 14916: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14897: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14878: 14870: 14864: 14858: 14857: 14852: 14848: 14840: 14839:Erik Acharius 14836: 14835: 14830: 14826: 14823:and sometime 14822: 14816: 14814: 14809: 14807: 14795: 14789: 14787: 14782: 14779:plurilocular 14774: 14769:or elongated 14768: 14762: 14758: 14751: 14749: 14743: 14737: 14731: 14726:See related: 14723: 14722:Gustav Lindau 14719: 14713: 14711: 14706: 14704: 14697:plectenchyma 14692: 14687: 14685: 14680: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14665: 14660: 14654: 14648: 14642: 14636: 14630: 14625: 14619: 14616:platycarpoid 14611: 14607: 14605: 14593: 14587: 14581: 14575: 14573: 14572:placodiomorph 14569: 14564: 14557: 14555: 14548: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14533: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14488: 14480: 14479:Theodor Fries 14476: 14470: 14464: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14424: 14422:pseudopodetia 14419:outgrowth of 14418: 14413:-containing, 14412: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14390: 14388:pseudopodetia 14384: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14359: 14355:A closeup of 14353: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14333: 14329: 14323: 14319: 14317: 14312: 14305: 14304: 14297: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14271: 14265: 14262: 14254: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14209: 14207: 14200: 14192: 14191:cyanobacteria 14188: 14184: 14183: 14179: 14174: 14166: 14160: 14155:, containing 14154: 14148: 14146: 14145:phenocortexes 14142: 14141:phenocortices 14137: 14129: 14128: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14100: 14098: 14091: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14073:pyrenolichens 14069: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14047: 14042: 14034: 14031: 14025: 14018: 14011: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13992: 13984: 13978: 13973: 13965: 13959: 13955: 13949: 13947: 13942: 13934: 13928: 13920: 13912: 13906: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13890: 13885: 13879: 13874:thallus is a 13873: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13843: 13841: 13837: 13832: 13824: 13823: 13818: 13812: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13795:lichen genus 13794: 13788: 13780: 13774: 13766: 13764: 13760: 13755: 13747: 13741: 13733: 13727: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13709: 13704: 13700: 13694: 13692: 13687: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13669: 13664: 13658: 13652: 13648: 13640: 13639: 13635:on the genus 13634: 13630: 13626: 13620: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13589: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13566:parasymbiont 13561: 13560: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13539: 13533: 13527: 13523: 13520:parasoredium 13515: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13444: 13443:cyanobacteria 13440: 13434: 13432: 13427: 13419: 13417: 13412: 13404: 13398: 13390: 13385:Covered with 13384: 13382: 13377: 13369: 13367: 13362: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13341: 13334: 13328: 13327: 13323:of the genus 13322: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13294: 13288: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13241: 13233: 13227: 13221: 13215: 13207: 13202:Referring to 13201: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13013: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12967: 12955: 12951: 12943: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12931:polarilocular 12927: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12905: 12900: 12894: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12873: 12867: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12832: 12826: 12819: 12817: 12812:See related: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12787: 12779: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12606: 12600: 12592: 12584: 12578: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12558:See related: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12524:necral layer 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12354: 12353: 12348: 12345: 12344:glaucopallens 12341: 12335: 12329: 12324: 12318: 12315:myriotremoid 12309: 12305: 12301: 12299: 12294: 12292: 12280: 12274: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12249: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12179: 12174: 12172: 12165: 12157: 12153: 12145: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12122:monophyllous 12117: 12115: 12110: 12102: 12096: 12088: 12082: 12076: 12068: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12045: 12040: 12038: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12012: 12010:chlorococcoid 12006: 11998: 11997: 11996:Trinathotrema 11992: 11991: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11939: 11933: 11927: 11921: 11916: 11910: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11874: 11867: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11812: 11811:Erik Acharius 11808: 11804: 11798: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11778: 11773: 11765: 11759: 11757: 11752: 11745: 11743: 11735: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11713: 11708: 11706: 11698: 11692: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11657: 11649: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11623: 11617: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11410: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11391: 11386: 11378: 11373:Having small 11372: 11364: 11358: 11352: 11344: 11338: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11318: 11313:Divided into 11312: 11304: 11298: 11293: 11285: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11227:hysterothecia 11223: 11221: 11216: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11194: 11188: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11169: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11143: 11139: 11137: 11130:lichenometry 11125: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11097: 11092: 11090: 11078: 11076: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11039:air pollution 11036: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11005: 10999: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10968: 10962: 10959:leptotremoid 10954: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10918: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10899: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10811:leprocarpoid 10806: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10753: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10716: 10708: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10692: 10687:in which the 10686: 10680: 10678: 10673: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644:in which the 10643: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10583: 10577: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10537: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10508: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10441:In the genus 10440: 10438: 10433: 10425: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10360: 10358: 10353: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10325: 10320: 10312: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10056: 10051: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9878: 9876:polarilocular 9872: 9866: 9858: 9849: 9846:isodiametric 9841: 9837: 9832:and contains 9831: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9808: 9806: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9759: 9753: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9701: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9654: 9653:involucrellae 9649: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9586: 9581: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9476: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9425: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9232: 9230: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9163:to grow in a 9162: 9156: 9149: 9147: 9145:endophloeodic 9142:See related: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9116:hypophloeodal 9112: 9105: 9103: 9098:See related: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9050:physodic acid 9047: 9042:in the upper 9041: 9037: 9031: 9026:lichens with 9025: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8908: 8906: 8894: 8892: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8867:Collemataceae 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8770:homoiomerous 8765: 8757: 8751: 8749: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8667:heteromerous 8662: 8658: 8657:cyanobacteria 8654: 8646: 8644: 8639: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8480: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8449: 8444: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8184: 8182: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7852: 7844: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7775: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7647: 7641: 7633: 7625: 7619: 7611: 7609:conidiophores 7605: 7599: 7591: 7590: 7585:See related: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7353: 7351: 7339: 7331: 7323: 7320:furfuraceous 7315: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7268: 7263:See related: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7179: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7152: 7146: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6847: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6826: 6821:See related: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6766: 6764: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6711:palisade cell 6708:See related: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6652: 6646: 6644:conidiophores 6640: 6634: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6500:lichenicolous 6496: 6489:Bean-shaped. 6488: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6306:proper margin 6303:See related: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6166:See related: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6137:See related: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6030: 6022: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5946:-like, often 5945: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5928:endophloeodal 5922: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5893:See related: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5768:epibryophytic 5764: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5667:endophloeodic 5663: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5637:See related: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5559:Dermatocarpon 5555: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5534:endocarpinoid 5530: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5487:See related: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5451: 5450:cross-section 5447: 5443: 5441: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5365:lichens with 5364: 5358: 5353:Referring to 5352: 5343: 5337: 5332:lichen has a 5331: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4931: 4928:discothecium 4923: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4850: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4775:See related: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4752:See related: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4707: 4706:Gomphillaceae 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4634:pseudoamyloid 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4563:See related: 4560: 4555:Having had a 4554: 4547: 4545: 4538: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4365: 4364:Erik Acharius 4361: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4283:cyanobacteria 4280: 4274: 4272: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4238:Hood-shaped. 4237: 4230: 4228: 4223:See related: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4190:See related: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4135:See related: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4080:See related: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3934: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3897:coriacellate 3892: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3851:conglutinated 3847: 3844:conglutinate 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3791:conidiophore 3785: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3767:lichenicolous 3763: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357:chlorococcoid 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3336:morphological 3333: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3277:See related: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3159:Erik Acharius 3156: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3095:central axis 3090: 3089: 3085:of the genus 3084: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3008:catapyrenioid 3004: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2962:cartilagineus 2958: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2917:See related: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871:fuscocapitate 2868:See related: 2865: 2857: 2854:canaliculate 2849: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2660: 2659:cyanobacteria 2656: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2460:See related: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2333:cyanobacteria 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2200:See related: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2160:in which the 2159: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2127:See related: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2110:See related: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2054:See related: 2051: 2050:Basidiomycota 2047: 2041: 2039: 2038:Basidiolichen 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1971:Cora glabrata 1967: 1966: 1956: 1947: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1628: 1623:Referring to 1622: 1614: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1524:basidiolichen 1521:See related: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1457:ascoconidium 1452: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1435:fruiting body 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1407: 1401: 1393: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1313:apothecia of 1312: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1197: 1189: 1188:Erik Acharius 1185: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1008: 996: 988: 987: 982: 981: 976: 972: 966: 960: 955: 949: 941: 940: 936:of the genus 935: 932:used it in a 931: 927: 923: 917: 912: 906: 900: 898: 893: 890:amphithecium 885: 878: 876: 870: 864: 856: 852: 848: 840: 836: 832: 827: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 803: 798: 790: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 758: 753: 745: 744: 739: 738: 733: 732: 727: 726: 721: 720: 715: 709: 703: 697: 693: 682: 676: 675: 670: 669: 664: 663: 653: 644: 635: 624: 616: 615: 610: 605:Referring to 604: 596: 588: 585:adglutinated 580: 572: 564: 563: 558: 554: 553: 548: 544: 541:actinolichen 536: 528: 520: 518: 513: 505: 503: 498: 490: 489: 484: 477: 471: 467: 459: 451: 447: 443: 435: 431: 423: 417: 408: 400: 392: 390: 385: 376: 370: 364: 363: 358: 349: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332: 325: 324: 316: 314: 308: 302: 296: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 264: 262:polarilocular 258: 252: 246: 240: 236: 230: 224: 220: 214: 210: 204: 200: 195: 193: 187: 181: 175: 173:hypophloeodal 169: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 141: 135: 133:proper margin 129: 123: 117: 111: 105: 104: 99: 98: 91: 87: 86: 81: 80: 73: 69: 68:Erik Acharius 63: 62:Erik Acharius 59: 55: 53: 49: 45: 44:symbiotically 41: 40:cyanobacteria 37: 34:arising from 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 29593: 29565: 29520: 29516: 29493: 29474: 29447: 29430: 29426: 29404: 29379: 29358: 29321: 29317: 29304: 29300: 29281: 29277: 29244: 29240: 29223: 29219: 29210: 29189: 29185: 29181: 29177: 29173: 29148: 29144: 29124: 29120: 29103: 29099: 29054: 29050: 29025: 29021: 28994: 28975: 28972:Honegger, R. 28953: 28926: 28900: 28896: 28879: 28875: 28849:(1): 23–31. 28846: 28842: 28838: 28834: 28812: 28793: 28774: 28770: 28764: 28753: 28749: 28725: 28721: 28684:(1): 27–76. 28681: 28677: 28671: 28657: 28653: 28633: 28629: 28614:. Retrieved 28591: 28587: 28566: 28562: 28558: 28533: 28529: 28517: 28513: 28507: 28503: 28492: 28488: 28457: 28453: 28430: 28416:(1): 17–25. 28413: 28409: 28405: 28386: 28366: 28362: 28338: 28334: 28312: 28308: 28291: 28287: 28268: 28264: 28239: 28235: 28206: 28202: 28198: 28186:. Retrieved 28163: 28159: 28143:. Retrieved 28115: 28111: 28107: 28098:10852/106762 28080: 28076: 28072: 28063: 28059: 28033: 28016: 28012: 27977: 27958: 27937: 27911: 27907: 27888: 27884: 27863: 27859: 27837: 27818:. Retrieved 27802:. Retrieved 27786:. Retrieved 27781: 27755: 27739: 27727:. Retrieved 27717: 27710: 27698: 27686: 27674: 27662: 27650: 27634: 27607: 27580: 27568: 27556: 27544: 27532: 27488: 27476: 27464: 27452: 27421: 27405: 27393: 27381: 27369: 27357: 27330: 27318: 27306: 27294: 27282: 27251: 27239: 27227: 27215: 27203: 27191: 27179: 27135: 27123: 27111: 27082: 27070: 27058: 27031: 27019: 27011: 26999: 26983: 26971: 26944: 26932: 26920: 26874: 26862: 26850: 26838: 26826: 26810: 26798: 26786: 26774: 26762: 26735: 26723: 26711: 26684: 26672: 26660: 26648: 26621: 26609: 26565: 26553: 26537: 26525: 26498: 26486: 26474: 26462: 26450: 26408: 26396: 26384: 26372: 26360: 26348: 26336: 26309: 26297: 26285: 26269: 26257: 26250:page: Pruina 26241: 26212: 26200: 26173: 26157: 26128: 26099: 26087: 26075: 26044: 26032: 26020: 26008: 25996: 25984: 25972: 25960: 25933: 25921: 25914:Laundon 1995 25909: 25897: 25885: 25869: 25862:Sanders 2004 25842: 25830: 25818: 25776: 25764: 25752: 25725: 25713: 25701: 25689: 25662: 25650: 25638: 25626: 25614: 25587: 25560: 25548: 25536: 25524: 25512: 25500: 25471: 25459: 25454:, p. 1. 25447: 25435: 25423: 25411: 25399: 25387: 25375: 25363: 25351: 25339: 25327: 25311: 25299: 25287: 25275: 25263: 25236: 25224: 25212: 25200: 25173: 25161: 25149: 25133: 25121: 25109: 25067: 25055: 25043: 25031: 25019: 25003: 24991: 24986:, p. 7. 24964: 24952: 24891: 24879: 24867: 24851: 24839: 24827: 24800: 24784: 24768: 24739: 24653: 24641: 24629: 24617: 24605: 24593: 24577: 24565: 24553: 24541: 24529: 24517: 24505: 24493: 24481: 24450: 24434: 24427:page: Hafter 24418: 24406: 24394: 24367: 24355: 24309: 24282: 24255: 24228: 24212: 24200: 24184: 24149: 24137: 24125: 24113: 24101: 24089: 24077: 24065: 24053: 24041: 24010: 23998: 23982: 23970: 23943: 23931: 23919: 23892: 23818: 23806: 23794: 23782: 23770: 23754: 23742: 23730: 23699: 23687: 23675: 23663: 23647: 23635: 23561: 23549: 23529:, p. 1. 23522: 23510: 23498: 23486: 23474: 23428: 23416: 23389: 23377: 23365: 23353: 23341: 23314: 23287: 23275: 23263: 23251: 23224: 23212: 23200: 23193:Ferraro 2004 23188: 23176: 23149: 23137: 23125: 23098: 23086: 23070: 23058: 23046: 23034: 23022: 23010: 22998: 22986: 22959: 22947: 22935: 22923: 22911: 22869: 22842: 22830: 22818: 22791: 22764: 22748: 22736: 22724: 22712: 22685: 22673: 22661: 22645: 22633: 22617: 22556: 22544: 22532: 22520: 22508: 22496: 22484: 22472: 22460: 22448: 22436: 22424: 22412: 22400: 22388: 22376: 22371:, p. 2. 22364: 22352: 22311: 22284: 22272: 22239: 22223: 22211: 22169: 22123: 22111: 22059: 22047: 22035: 22023: 22011: 21984: 21972: 21909: 21849: 21837: 21825: 21813: 21801: 21789: 21777: 21761: 21734: 21722: 21653: 21637: 21625: 21613: 21601: 21589: 21577: 21550: 21538: 21526: 21504:, p. 7. 21497: 21492:, p. 9. 21485: 21480:, p. 8. 21473: 21468:, p. 7. 21461: 21456:, p. 9. 21449: 21444:, p. 6. 21437: 21417:, p. 4. 21402:, p. 6. 21370:, p. 3. 21363: 21358:, p. 1. 21202:. Retrieved 21198:the original 21188: 21177:. Retrieved 21173:the original 21163: 20947:margin of a 20922: 20914: 20901:with both a 20717: 20711: 20688:xantholichen 20680: 20655: 20653: 20444:verruculose 20422:verruciform 20413: 20395: 20393: 20380: 20314:Any form of 20309: 20307: 20289:assimilative 20288: 20286: 20253: 20022: 20018:Dolichousnea 20016: 20006:central axis 19993:An informal 19950: 19931: 19925: 19919: 19885:thelotremoid 19849:unitunicate 19820: 19770: 19766: 19762: 19760: 19734: 19557: 19555: 19536: 19534: 19530:tuberculate 19518: 19488: 19464: 19455:trebouxioid 19448:Trentepohlia 19446: 19416: 19410: 19408: 19395: 19389: 19349:thelotremoid 19328: 19322: 19316: 19282: 19278: 19276: 19257: 19255: 19250: 19248: 19226:distoseptate 19197:Graphidaceae 19183:thelotremoid 19175: 19146:amphithecium 19136: 19096: 19094: 19081: 19057: 19055: 19030: 19011:thallospore 18988: 18982: 18976: 18964: 18936: 18934: 18907: 18850: 18846: 18844: 18831: 18820:Tessellation 18807: 18720: 18700:thelotremoid 18655: 18653: 18634: 18632: 18620: 18617:species name 18439:superficial 18430: 18391:microbiology 18384: 18380: 18378: 18337: 18335: 18330: 18328: 18306:subhymenium 18266: 18264: 18246:heteromerous 18242: 18238: 18215: 18199: 18197: 18184: 18164:thelotremoid 18152:stegoboloid 18042: 18036: 18014:Graphidaceae 17972: 17970: 17957: 17951: 17933: 17931: 17918: 17887: 17885: 17874:central axis 17868:central axis 17839: 17834: 17832: 17814:spermagonium 17813: 17809: 17807: 17791: 17715: 17713: 17700: 17694: 17672:thelotremoid 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17599: 17597: 17583: 17550: 17544: 17538: 17532: 17526: 17509:An informal 17458:species pair 17449:monophyletic 17447:that form a 17351: 17330: 17328: 17317:vegetatively 17311:species pair 17292: 17271: 17259: 17257: 17244: 17210: 17196: 17190: 17168:plectenchyma 17160: 17158: 17145: 17127: 17105:thelotremoid 17075:schizobiont 17052: 17050: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17027: 17014: 17008: 16988:leprocarpoid 16970:thelotremoid 16759: 16746: 16744: 16731: 16729: 16716: 16698: 16696: 16641: 16639: 16626: 16624: 16611: 16609: 16596: 16589: 16569:thelotremoid 16528: 16522: 16470: 16466: 16464: 16444: 16403: 16381:thelotremoid 16360: 16354: 16334:thelotremoid 16301: 16297: 16295: 16274: 16268: 16262: 16246: 16244: 16063: 16057: 16055: 15983:polyphyletic 15965:Aino Henssen 15896: 15894: 15859: 15857: 15838: 15825:pulverulent 15788: 15786: 15775:Stereocaulon 15773: 15767: 15761: 15755: 15749: 15725: 15723: 15697: 15683:plectenchyma 15675: 15673: 15644: 15642: 15629: 15624:, but lacks 15608:pseudoisidia 15607: 15605: 15576: 15574: 15554: 15523: 15493: 15489: 15487: 15471: 15446: 15444: 15425: 15423: 15312: 15272:plectenchyma 15264: 15262: 15245:plectenchyma 15237: 15235: 15231:prosenchyma 15219: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15155: 15107: 15105: 15094:species pair 15078: 15071: 15051:thelotremoid 15030: 15024: 15018: 14974:thelotremoid 14945: 14919: 14913: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14879: 14865:is a useful 14854: 14832: 14829:Cladoniaceae 14812: 14810: 14786:multilocular 14785: 14783: 14725: 14709: 14707: 14703:Plectenchyma 14684:platygonidia 14683: 14681: 14670:C. neei 14668: 14662: 14652:leprocarpoid 14646:chroodiscoid 14628:thelotremoid 14571: 14567: 14565: 14549: 14536: 14530: 14526:Eschatogonia 14524: 14520:Bacidiopsora 14518: 14499:thalli with 14428:Stereocaulon 14426: 14403:phyllocladia 14402: 14400: 14364:phyllocladia 14356: 14346:Peltigerales 14332:dorsiventral 14315: 14313: 14298: 14285: 14279: 14239:Jack Laundon 14201: 14181: 14177: 14175: 14144: 14140: 14138: 14134:phenocortex 14125: 14119: 14104:phaeolichen 14092: 14045: 14043: 14039:perithecium 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13993: 13982:pyrenolichen 13970:periphysoid 13945: 13943: 13925:perifulcrum 13893: 13887: 13883:hypogymnioid 13856: 13839: 13835: 13833: 13820: 13796: 13762: 13758: 13756: 13738:pedicellate 13707: 13705:solution of 13690: 13688: 13675: 13649:An informal 13636: 13592: 13590: 13586:parathecium 13557: 13501:plectenchyma 13493: 13491: 13469:paraphysoid 13430: 13428: 13415: 13413: 13395:papilliform 13380: 13378: 13365: 13363: 13343: 13324: 13317: 13297:thelotremoid 13260:plectenchyma 13252: 13248: 13244: 13242: 13198:pachydermous 13197: 13194:pachydermate 13193: 13189: 13187: 12992:ostropalean 12941: 12935: 12924:orcularioid 12918:George Llano 12911: 12891:omphalodisc 12882: 12878:omphalodiscs 12855: 12835:thelotremoid 12811: 12557: 12350: 12343: 12327:thelotremoid 12297: 12295: 12263:of a fungal 12243: 12188: 12170:plurilocular 12166: 12162:multilocular 12155: 12113: 12111: 12073:microlichen 12043: 12041: 12022: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11956:thelotremoid 11919:thelotremoid 11898: 11880: 11871:Melaena-red 11859: 11776: 11774: 11755: 11753: 11737: 11722: 11700: 11680: 11674: 11614:macrolichen 11424: 11420: 11418: 11402: 11389: 11387: 11326: 11290:lithocortex 11267: 11265: 11248: 11230: 11226: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11203: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11170: 11136:lichenometry 11095: 11093: 11024: 11008:thelotremoid 10987: 10971:thelotremoid 10950: 10932: 10913:, lacking a 10864: 10845: 10823:thelotremoid 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10756:thelotremoid 10738:George Llano 10719: 10717: 10700: 10694: 10676: 10674: 10651: 10633: 10631: 10598: 10557: 10545: 10510: 10496: 10469:thelotremoid 10442: 10436: 10434: 10413: 10409: 10407: 10384:histological 10377: 10375: 10356: 10354: 10323: 10321: 10078: 10054: 10052: 9811: 9809: 9790: 9784: 9762:thelotremoid 9741: 9712:isidiomorph 9688: 9652: 9650: 9637: 9621: 9603:oil droplets 9596:interspersed 9595: 9591: 9589: 9584: 9582: 9569: 9550:imperforate 9468: 9423: 9421: 9224: 9189: 9187: 9183:hypothecium 9153:hypothallus 9141: 9115: 9113: 9097: 9065: 9059: 9016:An informal 9003: 9001: 8988: 8950: 8925: 8923: 8878: 8874: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8805: 8799: 8781: 8733: 8729: 8727: 8702: 8642: 8640: 8627: 8602: 8586: 8582:hemiamyloid 8573: 8567: 8561: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8514:periphysoids 8502:paraphysoids 8478: 8476: 8472:hamathecium 8465: 8447: 8445: 8432: 8229: 8201:thelotremoid 8189:gyrotremoid 8180: 8178: 8168:George Llano 8161: 8143: 8097: 8051: 8017: 8013: 8011: 7986: 7984: 7905: 7880: 7878: 7855: 7853: 7832: 7817:glypholecine 7816: 7814: 7790: 7778: 7776: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7740: 7734: 7730:homoiomerous 7722: 7720: 7707: 7687:thelotremoid 7666: 7650:thelotremoid 7616:glabrescent 7588:homoiomerous 7584: 7562:homoiomerous 7548: 7292: 7290: 7262: 7251:fruticulous 7250: 7248: 7244:fruticulose 7211:thelotremoid 7205:pertusariate 7199:perithecioid 7164:scrobiculate 7154: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7024: 7022: 6978: 6976: 6968:Fan-shaped. 6964:flabelliform 6963: 6961: 6948: 6946: 6933: 6932:and various 6927: 6923:chroodiscoid 6905:thelotremoid 6893:fissurinoid 6884: 6882: 6838:fimbrillate 6820: 6790: 6776: 6762: 6760: 6740:scrobiculate 6724: 6707: 6668: 6657:fasciculate 6610: 6608: 6582: 6558: 6546: 6544: 6540:farinaceous 6523: 6519: 6517: 6302: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6224: 6198: 6174: 6165: 6136: 6131:euendolithic 6130: 6128: 6091: 6087: 6085: 6066: 6064: 6033: 6031: 5982: 5980: 5963: 5940:A region of 5924: 5918: 5915:epiphloeodic 5914: 5911:epiphloeodal 5910: 5908: 5904:epiphloedal 5892: 5857: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5821: 5804:epihymenium 5767: 5765: 5752: 5750: 5708: 5692: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5636: 5627: 5615: 5613: 5587: 5557: 5551: 5533: 5531: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5486: 5462: 5460: 5425: 5409: 5392: 5327: 5306: 5282: 5239: 5237: 5048: 5000: 4998: 4994:distoseptum 4965: 4963: 4934: 4932: 4922:Discomycetes 4898:discolichen 4883: 4881: 4865: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4808: 4781:. Contrast: 4774: 4758:. Contrast: 4751: 4746:dichotomous 4686:formed from 4675: 4673: 4645: 4640:determinate 4633: 4629: 4604:denticulate 4562: 4551:decorticate 4539: 4357: 4351: 4321: 4319: 4299: 4265:cyanolichen 4256: 4254: 4246:Cup-shaped. 4222: 4189: 4159: 4155: 4134: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4037: 4009:thelotremoid 3973:crateriform 3871:consoredium 3850: 3848: 3828:conidiospore 3827: 3823: 3821: 3781: 3759: 3755:conidiophore 3719:concolorous 3690: 3688: 3672: 3647: 3645: 3631:Cladoniaceae 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3514: 3471:, common in 3454: 3452: 3439: 3435:Acanthotrema 3433: 3411:thelotremoid 3391:central axis 3387: 3345: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3233:plectenchyma 3225: 3223: 3210: 3184:An informal 3165:cerebriform 3142: 3140: 3130:cephalodium 3101: 3099: 3088:Cavernularia 3086: 3074: 3072: 3045:Catapyrenium 3043: 3000: 2978: 2961: 2959: 2939:carbonaceous 2938: 2934: 2932: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2867: 2845: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2789: 2787: 2783:campylidium 2767:acidic soils 2732: 2728: 2726: 2705: 2652: 2459: 2428:– i.e. on a 2416: 2412: 2410: 2350: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2199: 2173: 2143: 2138:biguttulate 2126: 2109: 2095: 2053: 2023: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1969: 1963: 1766: 1744:thelotremoid 1723: 1705: 1669:Astrothelium 1667: 1645: 1643: 1619:aspicilioid 1596: 1594: 1552: 1520: 1490: 1488: 1463: 1461: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1375: 1345: 1343: 1329: 1327: 1314: 1282:Arthoniaceae 1269: 1267: 1246: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1171: 1169: 1126: 1120: 1104:thelotremoid 1080: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1029: 993:ampulliform 984: 978: 958:thelotremoid 937: 896: 894: 874:scrobiculate 858: 801: 799: 764:heteromerous 756: 754: 750:algal layer 741: 735: 729: 723: 717: 694:An informal 672: 666: 660: 612: 560: 552:Streptomyces 550: 516: 514: 501: 499: 486: 388: 386: 360: 327: 319: 317: 250:amphithecium 196: 185:homoiomerous 153: 101: 93: 83: 75: 66: 50:of multiple 30:, composite 17: 15: 29415:Crespo, Ana 29174:Ocellularia 29151:: 231–240. 28882:: 273–288. 28508:Umbilicaria 28495:(1): 12–33. 28475:10852/67955 28406:Parasiphula 28294:(1): 3–20. 28118:(1): 5–18. 28083:: e107944. 28073:Calvitimela 27838:The Lichens 27323:Dobson 2011 24658:Goward 1986 22979:Hertel 2009 22513:Breuss 2010 21102:Citations 20871:Citations 20706:partner is 20629:Citations 20282:vegetative 20224:Citations 20037:ultraviolet 19995:growth form 19982:parathecium 19880:corticolous 19867:ascomycetes 19841:uniseriate 19711:Citations 19477:chloroplast 19461:green algal 19443:green algal 19418:Umbilicaria 19397:Topeliopsis 19344:corticolous 19164:perithecium 19158:parathecium 19152:hamathecium 19122:hypothecium 19083:Umbilicaria 19077:rhizomorphs 19032:Umbilicaria 18990:Sporastatia 18966:Umbilicaria 18957:and/or the 18914:Lichinaceae 18890:Elias Fries 18814:tessellate 18803:tessellated 18769:teretiform 18695:corticolous 18628:tartareous 18592:Citations 18212:Lecanorales 18159:corticolous 18148:structure. 17999:sporomorph 17973:sporodochia 17941:hypothallus 17828:sphaeridium 17756:spathulate 17702:Ocellularia 17667:corticolous 17632:tuberculate 17546:Parasiphula 17540:Siphulopsis 17511:growth form 17390:, cell, or 17231:Cup-shaped 17100:corticolous 17069:Josef Poelt 17046:schizidium 16965:corticolous 16916:Citations 16598:Ocellularia 16590:rhodostroma 16564:corticolous 16537:rhizohypha 16437:are on the 16420:reticulate 16376:corticolous 16329:corticolous 16220:Citations 15999:Pyrenulales 15961:Lichinaceae 15845:punctiform 15763:Leprocaulon 15535:Both white 15367:unitunicate 15322:prothallus 15314:Coenogonium 15209:Elias Fries 15080:Ocellularia 15046:corticolous 14998:perithecium 14969:corticolous 14921:Umbilicaria 14915:Rhizocarpon 14894:polocellate 14862:hypothecium 14825:conidiomata 14735:prosenchyma 14690:Photobionts 14623:corticolous 14532:Phyllopsora 14376:dactyliform 14342:Lecanorales 14309:phyllidium 14275:photobionts 14234:photobionts 14213:photomorph 14205:algal layer 14171:photobiont 14164:algal layer 14116:brown algae 14114:partner is 14088:petricolous 14078:Elias Fries 14023:perithecium 13963:perithecium 13939:periphysis 13917:periclinal 13822:Phycopeltis 13792:foliicolous 13651:growth form 13504:comprising 13459:Josef Poelt 13405:or nipple. 13292:corticolous 13163:Citations 12999:unitunicate 12979:parathecium 12913:Umbilicaria 12857:Ocellularia 12830:corticolous 12806:obpyriform 12756:Citations 12504:Citations 12322:corticolous 12107:moniliform 12086:foliicolous 12018:photobionts 12014:green algal 11984:Ocellularia 11978:Melanotrema 11951:corticolous 11914:corticolous 11654:maniciform 11594:Citations 11268:lirelliform 11026:Leucodecton 11003:corticolous 10966:corticolous 10860:corticolous 10818:corticolous 10751:corticolous 10744:lepadinoid 10701:carbonaeous 10664:Lecanorales 10627:lecanorine 10578:(left) and 10464:corticolous 10444:Umbilicaria 10422:lageniform 10232:Citations 10028:Citations 9840:Elias Fries 9826:; it has a 9792:Ocellularia 9757:corticolous 9660:perithecium 9464:immarginate 9456:immaculate 9381:Citations 9197:subhymenium 9177:Elias Fries 9018:growth form 8959:hyphophore 8946:foliicolous 8837:An asexual 8651:heterocyst 8618:A green to 8383:Citations 8196:corticolous 8060:growth form 7994:foliicolous 7940:foliicolous 7834:Glypholecia 7745:, or other 7736:Chroococcus 7723:gloeolichen 7716:gleolichen 7682:corticolous 7645:corticolous 7596:geniculate 7525:Citations 7358:fuzzy coat 7266:microlichen 7186:fruit wart 6957:flabellate 6900:corticolous 6842:Delicately 6830:fimbrillate 6799:fibrillose 6748:fenestrate 6465:Citations 6301:apothecia. 6232:exsiccatum 6186:evanescent 6148:euthalline 6124:euendolith 6113:algal layer 6104:Josef Poelt 6060:esorediate 5993:(above the 5976:epithecium 5970:Josef Poelt 5965:Rhizocarpon 5840:petricolous 5696:epiphloedal 5671:endophloeic 5527:endocarpic 5463:immarginate 5456:emarginate 5404:eguttulate 5396:determinate 5349:effigurate 5264:ecorticate 5256:echinulate 5205:Citations 4935:discothecia 4835:dactyliform 4784:determinate 4692:that split 4630:hemiamyloid 4612:dextrinoid 4515:Citations 4271:Cyanolichen 4004:corticolous 3911:coriaceous 3907:) texture. 3727:confervoid 3711:complanate 3684:coalescent 3611:form and a 3591:growth form 3505:A green to 3406:corticolous 3371:green algae 3360:green alga. 3186:growth form 3154:photobionts 3136:Cephalodium 2928:carbonized 2912:Chaenotheca 2841:foliicolous 2819:Sporopodium 2804:s, such as 2722:caespitose 2622:Citations 2329:green algae 2313:Josef Poelt 2289:containing 2268:blastidium 2231:bitunicate 2121:bifusiform 2113:dichotomous 1998:bacilliform 1968:(left) and 1921:Citations 1739:corticolous 1732:aulaxinoid 1696:Atra-brown 1505:ascolichen 1484:ascogenous 1464:ascoconidia 1384:ascigerous 1165:apothecium 1135:anticlinal 1099:corticolous 1084:dichotomous 1069:anisotomous 1062:anisotomic 1043:epihymenium 986:Ocellularia 980:Ampliotrema 953:corticolous 897:amphithecia 831:coevolution 820:basidiomata 795:alcobiosis 737:Pseudephebe 696:growth form 680:alectorioid 525:acrogenous 502:aciculiform 464:acervulate 290:subhymenium 278:hypothecium 148:. In 1825, 115:cephalodium 74:introduced 29607:Categories 29182:Stegobolus 29178:Myriotrema 28765:Lobariella 28756:(1): 5–22. 28678:Mycosphere 28672:Hypogymnia 28666:McCune, B. 28616:15 October 28265:ordo novus 28145:5 December 28066:: 153–169. 27788:18 October 27729:4 December 27679:Tripp 2017 27196:Smith 1921 27184:Smith 1921 26767:Scott 1957 24884:Brodo 2016 24443:page: Halo 23181:Brodo 2016 22964:Brodo 2016 22277:Poelt 1980 21570:Brodo 2016 21204:2022-07-24 21179:2022-07-24 21097:See also 20930:lecanorine 20919:synonymous 20898:apothecium 20866:See also 20703:photobiont 20670:saxicolous 20624:See also 20430:verrucose 20342:, as with 20339:photobiont 20219:See also 20067:depsidones 20045:fluoresces 19959:urceolate 19891:apothecial 19862:ascospores 19853:A type of 19827:unilocular 19748:umbilicate 19742:saxicolous 19706:See also 19551:tubercule 19544:tubercules 19537:tubercular 19514:cyanobiont 19508:photobiont 19411:trabeculae 19404:trabecula 19373:substratum 19355:apothecial 19272:tomentum 19220:paraphyses 19211:, rounded 19140:apothecium 19116:epithecium 19104:apothecium 18984:Rhizoplaca 18972:prothallus 18909:Lichinella 18900:A type of 18869:apothecium 18864:lecanorine 18747:terebrate 18706:apothecial 18587:See also 18395:enzymology 18381:substratum 18368:substrate 18361:perithecia 18324:subiculum 18296:subspecies 18274:vegetative 18200:stereomata 18186:Stegobolus 18170:apothecial 18138:squarrose 18054:spot test 18012:about the 18006:Mason Hale 17881:spinulose 17835:sphaeridia 17810:spermagone 17739:photobiont 17696:Myriotrema 17678:apothecial 17646:sorediate 17610:where the 17559:soleiform 17534:Siphulella 17505:siphuloid 17165:A type of 17129:Stegobolus 17111:apothecial 17038:scabridous 16976:apothecial 16911:See also 16763:saxicolous 16755:rupicolous 16575:apothecial 16524:Catolechia 16405:Reimnitzia 16387:apothecial 16362:Stegobolus 16356:Redingeria 16340:apothecial 16215:See also 16067:obpyriform 16044:perithecia 16019:Porinaceae 15978:perithecia 15950:apothecium 15947:A type of 15939:species. 15933:anamorphic 15916:lageniform 15910:obpyriform 15890:pycnidium 15853:pustulate 15817:pubescent 15769:Pilophorus 15745:vegetative 15688:polyhedral 15680:A type of 15652:paraphysis 15645:cataphysis 15475:dextrinoid 15378:ascospores 15364:A form of 15341:photobiont 15302:prothallus 15269:A type of 15242:A type of 15188:apothecium 15183:lecanorine 15119:prominent 15057:apothecial 15008:paraphyses 14980:apothecial 14926:anglicized 14856:Hypogymnia 14634:apothecial 14514:prothallus 14496:squamulose 14468:squamulose 14433:morphology 14410:photobiont 14302:photobiont 14294:phycobiont 14247:morphotype 14219:morphology 14187:green alga 14182:cyanobiont 14178:phycobiont 14111:photobiont 14046:perithecia 13989:perispore 13976:Periphysis 13946:periphyses 13903:perforate 13889:Menegazzia 13810:photobiont 13785:peltidium 13606:apothecium 13593:parathecia 13580:parasitism 13498:A type of 13481:paraphysis 13454:photobiont 13374:papillate 13326:Stegobolus 13303:apothecial 13269:where the 13257:A type of 13158:See also 13004:Ostropales 12973:paraphysis 12898:apothecial 12841:apothecial 12788:Inversely 12784:obclavate 12751:See also 12597:nubilated 12499:See also 12352:Myriotrema 12333:apothecial 12308:ascomycete 12278:phycobiont 12271:mycobiont 12207:ascospores 12003:micareiod 11962:apothecial 11937:carbonized 11842:photobiont 11807:Caliciales 11790:paraphyses 11784:ascospores 11770:mazaedium 11741:emarginate 11738:Contrast: 11732:marginate 11718:mazaediate 11701:Contrast: 11682:Menegazzia 11676:Hypogymnia 11633:squamulose 11589:See also 11261:lirellate 11173:liguliform 11110:cell walls 11014:apothecial 10989:Leptotrema 10977:apothecial 10884:emarginate 10829:apothecial 10804:Thelotrema 10762:apothecial 10684:apothecium 10670:lecideine 10641:apothecium 10634:lecanoroid 10581:lecanorine 10511:Contrast: 10475:apothecial 10457:lamelloid 10357:laciniated 10350:laciniate 10309:labriform 10227:See also 10080:Verrucaria 10062:carbonized 10023:See also 9835:photobiont 9786:Myriotrema 9768:apothecial 9622:inspersion 9585:inspersion 9578:inspersed 9571:Hypogymnia 9487:perithecia 9472:emarginate 9424:imbricated 9417:imbricate 9376:See also 9203:apothecium 9190:hypothecia 9157:The first 9120:Refers to 9067:Menegazzia 9061:Hypogymnia 8940:hyphophore 8856:cyanobiont 8818:hormocyst 8798:s such as 8777:cyanobiont 8686:squamulose 8590:dextrinoid 8560:, such as 8520:periphyses 8497:paraphyses 8434:Hypogymnia 8378:See also 8207:apothecial 8157:apothecium 8092:guttulate 7946:photobiont 7931:vegetative 7924:goniocyst 7901:goniocysts 7888:cyanobiont 7863:photobiont 7772:glomerule 7709:Myriotrema 7693:apothecial 7656:apothecial 7580:photobiont 7520:See also 7218:fruticose 7193:apothecium 7178:Friability 7143:foveolate 6911:apothecial 6878:fissurine 6871:ectotunica 6865:endotunica 6856:A form of 6815:fimbriate 6719:faveolate 6694:where the 6676:fenestrate 6460:See also 6298:lecanorine 6292:apothecium 6265:excipulum 6249:exsiccatae 6175:Contrast: 6140:endolithic 6092:eucortexes 6088:eucortices 6067:esorediose 6034:perrumpent 6013:epruinose 6002:paraphyses 5990:apothecium 5959:epithecium 5936:epipsamma 5925:Contrast: 5861:endolithic 5858:Contrast: 5850:saxicolous 5844:rupicolous 5833:epilithic 5825:epithecium 5797:parmelioid 5780:epicortex 5774:bryophytes 5712:bitunicate 5704:endotunica 5693:Contrast: 5679:Refers to 5675:endophloic 5652:euendolith 5628:Contrast: 5616:endolithic 5595:endolithic 5553:Endocarpon 5541:perithecia 5446:elliptical 5434:ellipsoid 5393:Contrast: 5341:effigurate 5335:placodioid 5324:saxicolous 5310:bitunicate 5302:ectotunica 5233:eccentric 5200:See also 5033:doliiform 5020:ascospores 5005:A type of 5001:distosepta 4979:apothecium 4905:ascolichen 4847:dimidiate 4839:digitiform 4761:anisotomic 4680:A type of 4657:diagnosis 4646:Contrast: 4588:dendritic 4574:decumbent 4566:ecorticate 4510:See also 4278:photobiont 4219:Klaus Kalb 4211:Porinaceae 4186:Porinaceae 4162:euthalline 4150:endolithic 4098:lecanorine 4015:apothecial 3989:crenulate 3941:corticate 3919:corrugate 3904:coriaceous 3885:coralloid 3864:paraphyses 3783:Pertusaria 3735:confluent 3655:ascospores 3617:form; the 3602:squamulose 3530:ascospores 3523:citriform 3468:apothecium 3417:apothecial 3324:chemotype 3294:subspecies 3288:checklist 3252:character 3230:A type of 3143:cephalodia 3075:cavernulae 3068:cavernula 3027:squamulose 2996:squamulose 2974:cataphysis 2935:carbonised 2900:apothecium 2879:capitulum 2835:Campylidia 2790:campylidia 2761:calcifuge 2751:calcareous 2749:, such as 2729:caespitous 2700:, colored 2648:cephalodia 2617:See also 2386:branchlet 2307:margin by 2298:photobiont 2279:A rounded 2258:ectotunica 2254:endotunica 2246:A type of 2242:ectotunica 2238:endotunica 2223:biseriate 2195:photobiont 2175:Pertusaria 2169:endotunica 2163:ectotunica 2150:bilabiate 2104:bifurcate 2097:Biatorella 2091:carbonized 2085:apothecium 2077:A type of 2073:biatorine 2057:ascolichen 2006:baculiform 1916:See also 1750:apothecial 1675:distosepta 1664:morphology 1562:ascospore 1543:ascospores 1517:Ascomycota 1450:ascospores 1439:ascomycete 1277:apothecium 1274:A type of 1202:arachnoid 1194:appressed 1176:A type of 1157:apiculate 1145:alignment. 1128:Thelotrema 1122:Myriotrema 1110:apothecial 1081:Contrast: 1025:apothecium 964:apothecial 915:apothecium 910:lecanorine 845:alveolate 810:involving 806:A form of 802:alcobioses 776:photobiont 569:acuminate 557:green alga 330:photobiont 312:phycobiont 208:epithecium 109:apothecium 28833:(1980). " 28831:Poelt, J. 28559:Catinaria 28489:Mycotaxon 25452:Nash 2008 25012:page: Lax 23280:Korf 1962 22717:Ahti 1982 21155:Citations 21107:Sources 20876:Sources 20634:Sources 20457:verrucose 20382:Peltigera 20345:blastidia 20333:mycobiont 20324:(as with 20321:mycobiont 20275:substrate 20229:Sources 20000:fruticose 19970:apothecia 19946:urceolate 19933:T. weberi 19915:excipulum 19799:undulate 19791:unciform 19784:substrate 19767:umbilicus 19763:funiculus 19716:Sources 19502:mycobiont 19466:Trebouxia 19424:umbilicus 19385:excipulum 19306:substrate 19283:tomentose 19237:excipulum 19223:, mostly 19135:in 1853. 19070:thallyle 19066:in 1803. 18997:thalloid 18943:propagule 18922:, with a 18662:taxonomic 18635:tartarean 18597:Sources 18409:-shaped. 18401:subulate 18385:substrata 18383:; plural 18355:apothecia 18349:substrate 18193:stereoma 18134:lichens. 18043:sorediata 18026:spot test 18010:monograph 17938:A spongy 17888:spinulous 17858:fruticose 17843:capitulum 17821:pycnidium 17788:molecular 17752:in 1803. 17745:mycobiont 17722:propagule 17709:soredium 17642:in 1895. 17628:delimited 17593:soralium 17522:fruticose 17288:scutiform 17284:in 1753. 17237:atop the 17220:foveolate 17214:faveolate 17211:Compare: 17198:Alectoria 17123:schizidia 17081:bacterium 17071:in 1965. 17059:propagule 17053:schizidia 17023:scabrous 16958:scabioid 16921:Sources 16740:rugulose 16682:Having a 16678:rostrate 16670:rivulose 16635:rimulose 16541:A single 16469:, plural 16412:reniform 16298:recurvate 16291:recurved 16264:Alectoria 16225:Sources 16051:pyriform 15967:in 1963. 15956:pycnidium 15860:pustulose 15833:punctate 15813:in 1890. 15751:Baeomyces 15705:apothecia 15597:in 1858. 15419:pruinose 15385:proximal 15072:praestans 14962:porinoid 14954:poriform 14924:. It was 14868:character 14845:POL test 14841:in 1803. 14820:apothecia 14800:podetium 14724:in 1899. 14658:excipulum 14538:Physcidia 14508:squamules 14481:in 1858. 14474:verrucose 14438:coralloid 14416:corticate 14327:corticate 14322:propagule 14316:phyllidia 14269:mycobiont 14096:epilithic 14084:in 1794. 14008:endospore 14004:mesospore 13932:pycnidium 13877:character 13871:perforate 13855:of genus 13847:fruticose 13840:pendulous 13763:scutiform 13742:Having a 13703:ethanolic 13698:spot test 13667:apothecia 13633:monograph 13576:symbiosis 13547:blastidia 13526:propagule 13465:in 1988. 13441:covering 13435:A mat of 13381:papillose 13251:, plural 13190:pachyderm 13168:Sources 12954:excrement 12942:Orcularia 12928:A brown, 12920:in 1950. 12761:Sources 12604:apothecia 12589:nodulose 12556:in 1902. 12509:Sources 12349:of genus 12306:where an 12304:symbiosis 12235:in 1855. 12215:muriform 12114:monilioid 11813:in 1817. 11699:margins. 11689:marginal 11670:medullary 11646:maculate 11642:species. 11639:fruticose 11599:Sources 11369:lobulate 11257:in 1794. 11235:A linear 11177:lingulate 11166:ligulate 11083:lichenin 11057:Lichenes 11053:lichens. 11050:fruticose 10774:excipulum 10740:in 1950. 10733:apothecia 10713:leiodisk 10677:lecideoid 10575:lecideine 10553:apothecia 10403:lacunose 10328:A narrow 10285:spot test 10259:spot test 10237:Sources 10033:Sources 9855:isotomic 9842:in 1831. 9818:propagule 9698:isidiate 9679:pustulate 9568:of genus 9558:inflated 9543:apothecia 9480:immersed 9437:squamules 9386:Sources 9216:in 1828. 9179:in 1831. 9140:in 1825. 9040:atranorin 8943:from the 8899:hymenium 8839:propagule 8831:, plural 8825:hormocyte 8814:in 1825. 8807:Leptogium 8742:holdfast 8695:lichens. 8671:A lichen 8620:turquoise 8536:, plural 8527:hapteron 8458:India ink 8441:halonate 8428:fruticose 8416:substrate 8388:Sources 8231:Gyrotrema 8170:in 1950. 8150:gyrodisc 8133:Gyrodiscs 8082:Having a 8041:apothecia 8018:granulose 8014:granulate 8007:granular 8000:goniocyst 7976:in 1872. 7952:mycobiont 7935:propagule 7874:gonimium 7849:gonidium 7823:labyrinth 7779:glomeruli 7742:Gleocapsa 7630:glabrous 7620:Becoming 7530:Sources 7344:fusiform 7286:funiculus 7237:substrate 7196:that has 7158:faveolate 7155:Compare: 7112:Alectoria 7088:substrate 6991:floccose 6972:flexuous 6949:fistulose 6942:fistular 6938:species. 6885:fissurate 6845:fimbriate 6824:arachnoid 6807:filiform 6771:fibercle 6734:foveolate 6728:alveolate 6725:Compare: 6631:fascicle 6627:lichens. 6624:fruticose 6611:fasciated 6604:fasciate 6599:branches. 6520:falciform 6506:substrate 6485:fabiform 6470:Sources 6259:herbarium 6253:exsiccati 6245:exsiccata 6238:exsiccata 6220:exsiccata 6169:epilithic 6161:substrate 6120:in 1954. 6081:eucortex 6027:erumpent 6009:in 1851. 5983:epithecia 5972:in 1969. 5948:pigmented 5919:epiphloic 5822:Compare: 5800:lichens. 5727:apothecia 5631:epilithic 5609:endolith 5601:apothecia 5496:marginate 5470:apothecia 5440:ellipsoid 5329:Dimelaena 5248:echinate 5240:excentric 5210:Sources 5040:-shaped. 4955:in 1962. 4917:apothecia 4891:apothecia 4884:disciform 4854:excipulum 4831:dactyloid 4824:digitate 4804:fruticose 4755:bifurcate 4728:dispersal 4726:used for 4724:propagule 4712:diaspore 4676:diahyphae 4669:diahypha 4581:substrate 4535:dactyloid 4520:Sources 4366:in 1799. 4322:cyphellae 4315:cyphella 4307:cyphellae 4257:cuneiform 4242:cupulate 4234:cuculate 4221:in 1995. 4130:substrate 4046:crustose 3945:Having a 3893:in form. 3811:conidium 3780:in genus 3691:coalesced 3648:claviform 3614:fruticose 3544:spot test 3507:turquoise 3483:lichens. 3480:fruticose 3330:Chemotype 3312:A set of 3298:varieties 3202:apothecia 3161:in 1803. 3126:in 1858. 3108:cartilage 3052:catenate 2968:cartilage 2920:mazaedium 2862:capitate 2826:in 1881. 2813:Loflammia 2796:conidioma 2776:calcicole 2733:cespitose 2714:caesious 2673:spot test 2627:Sources 2463:arachnoid 2430:bryophyte 2426:liverwort 2358:fruticose 2339:botryose 2325:symbiotic 2315:in 1980. 2292:mycobiont 2287:propagule 2275:blastidia 2189:mycobiont 2080:lecideine 2045:mycobiont 1987:bacillar 1926:Sources 1714:Atra-red 1639:astomate 1605:aseptate 1512:mycobiont 1491:ascogenic 1477:ascospore 1427:, plural 1412:ascocarp 1339:areolate 1310:lecideine 1217:Having a 1190:in 1803. 1172:apothecia 934:monograph 868:foveolate 862:faveolate 859:Compare: 851:honeycomb 808:symbiosis 719:Alectoria 710:that are 701:fruticose 495:acicular 485:spore of 424:surface. 405:abortive 322:mycobiont 306:mycobiont 244:character 218:pycnidium 160:from the 121:cyphellae 54:species. 48:filaments 32:organisms 29557:36854763 29402:(1921). 29350:30123639 29318:Mycology 29301:Glossary 29269:13407756 29184:clade". 29091:32796103 28876:Herzogia 28658:Rinodina 28504:Lasallia 28256:17698333 28108:Cladonia 28000:60741230 27934:(2001). 27908:Herzogia 27856:Ahti, T. 27836:(1973). 21117:See also 20924:Lecanora 20891:zeorine 20679:species 20676:crustose 20472:voucher 20451:verrucae 20437:verrucae 20396:verrucae 20389:verruca 20262:vagrant 20063:depsides 20053:Xanthone 20031:UV test 19976:hymenium 19558:tubercle 19489:guttules 19214:ascomata 19208:erumpent 19128:hymenium 19119:and the 19090:thecium 19045:thallus 19027:mycelium 18960:rhizines 18924:hymenium 18912:(family 18903:ascocarp 18678:families 18413:sulcate 18338:subicula 18331:subicule 18320:in 1945. 18313:hymenium 18300:subgenus 18267:stromata 18125:crustose 18047:erythrin 18023:In this 17895:spinules 17851:spinule 17636:fissural 17582:of this 17495:without 17486:rhizines 17465:sigmoid 17419:ascomata 17406:sessile 17398:seriate 17360:segment 17273:Cladonia 17267:podetium 17253:scyphus 17192:Cladonia 17180:stereoma 17030:scabrose 16998:excipula 16936:saccate 16747:rugulate 16692:rostrum 16660:of some 16642:rimulous 16471:rhizinae 16454:rhizine 16434:rhizines 16309:branches 16302:reflexed 16283:radiate 16058:piriform 15987:lineages 15904:conidium 15897:pycnidia 15874:pustule 15867:pustules 15553:of this 15460:cyphella 15426:pruinate 15399:hydrates 15215:proprium 15170:proprium 15132:ascomata 15003:hymenium 14834:Cladonia 14806:Podetium 14755:plicate 14585:areolate 14582:with an 14553:pyriform 14545:piriform 14450:granular 14444:digitate 14431:. Their 14382:branches 14370:granular 14344:and the 14324:that is 14056:that is 14053:ascocarp 14026:with an 14000:epispore 13996:exospore 13829:pendant 13778:peltidia 13759:clypeate 13752:peltate 13724:pedicel 13684:PD test 13677:Parmelia 13672:pycnidia 13638:Roccella 13612:hymenium 13531:soredium 13388:papillae 13366:papillae 13359:papilla 13351:papillae 13318:wrightii 12960:ostiole 12940:section 12937:Rinodina 12815:pyriform 12798:obovate 12255:-mycetes 12202:muriform 12156:guttules 12080:crustose 12062:solvents 11839:and the 11817:medulla 11802:ascomata 11777:mazaedia 11406:ligulate 11275:lirellae 11244:flexuous 11238:ascocarp 11220:lirellae 11213:lirella 11199:lirellae 11096:lichenan 11089:lichenin 10905:granular 10887:thallus. 10875:with an 10863:species 10720:leiodisc 10653:Lecanora 10514:marginal 10505:laminal 10492:excipula 10487:lobulate 10437:lamellae 10430:lamella 10414:lacunous 10324:laciniae 10317:lacinia 10278:KC test 9799:isidium 9609:granules 9530:incised 9493:ascomata 9209:hymenium 9172:rhizines 9123:crustose 9035:rhizines 8905:Hymenium 8885:hyaline 8734:strigose 8723:hirsute 8718:margins. 8692:crustose 8569:Ramalina 8563:Cladonia 8462:mucilage 8098:guttules 8085:granular 8078:grumose 8047:lirellae 8034:graphid 8026:granule 7803:lirellae 7764:globular 7753:globose 7623:glabrous 7372:blue in 7370:staining 7350:Fusiform 7336:fuscous 7316:Forked. 7312:furcate 7274:fulvous 7172:friable 7135:foveate 7124:Cladonia 7094:rhizines 7057:foliose 7037:foliole 6979:flexuose 6621:of some 6596:fasciate 6593:made of 6547:farinose 6513:falcate 6286:hymenium 6279:excipula 6071:Lacking 6041:ascomata 6017:Lacking 5996:hymenium 5953:hymenium 5817:hymenium 5794:in some 5685:s whose 5410:guttules 5385:of some 5368:marginal 5362:areolate 5356:crustose 4973:hymenium 4877:discoid 4819:stalks. 4816:digitate 4769:diffuse 4695:apically 4683:conidium 4626:dextrins 4596:dentate 4543:digitate 4359:Oropogon 4250:cuneate 4156:Contrast 4083:endolith 3981:crenate 3838:pycnidia 3817:Conidium 3699:coccoid 3668:clypeate 3641:clavate 3626:podetium 3596:crustose 3537:CK test 3487:ciliate 3280:endolith 3212:Cetraria 3207:pycnidia 3147:A small 3060:caudate 3039:hymenium 3024:that is 2999:species 2947:cariose 2906:Calicium 2886:capitula 2755:gypseous 2657:contain 2469:floccose 2444:byssoid 2436:bullate 2390:A small 2364:branches 2144:guttules 2130:fusiform 2002:baculate 1646:astomous 1609:Lacking 1471:conidium 1429:ascomata 1418:Ascocarp 1287:lirellae 1263:ardella 1255:arcuate 1213:araneous 1209:araneose 1183:hymenium 1178:ascocarp 1054:hymenium 1001:amyloid 939:Roccella 785:and the 743:Sulcaria 731:Oropogon 683:lichens. 614:Cladonia 555:) and a 533:acroton 482:acicular 414:abraded 374:areolate 368:crustose 344:pigments 340:suffixes 336:prefixes 256:muriform 191:gonidium 139:soredium 127:podetium 85:Cladonia 20:glossary 29613:Lichens 29548:9975235 29525:Bibcode 29405:Lichens 29341:6059131 29249:Bibcode 29153:Bibcode 29082:7474681 29059:Bibcode 28905:Bibcode 28851:Bibcode 28654:Buellia 28550:1223409 28520:: 1–88. 28309:Lecidea 28223:3243288 28188:23 July 27820:23 July 27804:23 July 27770:Sources 20944:thallus 20937:zonate 20649:xantho- 20410:pigment 20394:Plural 20376:thallus 20371:foliose 20357:soredia 20072:medulla 20069:in the 20012:medulla 20009:in the 19903:sessile 19897:thallus 19865:. Most 19821:guttule 19778:thallus 19751:lichen. 19472:globose 19430:thallus 19409:Plural 19367:sessile 19361:thallus 19318:Lobaria 19312:foliose 19279:tomenta 19277:Plural 19249:Plural 19244:tholus 19186:lichen. 19095:Plural 19056:Plural 19051:Thallus 19022:thallus 19017:asexual 19004:thallus 18948:thallus 18935:Plural 18919:thallus 18881:thallus 18827:thallus 18761:terete 18754:thallus 18717:section 18712:thallus 18682:kingdom 18670:species 18654:Plural 18427:pigment 18393:and in 18344:mycelia 18336:Plural 18265:Plural 18254:stroma 18234:thallus 18207:thallus 18198:Plural 18181:section 18176:thallus 18145:rhizine 18131:foliose 18113:thallus 18070:reagent 17971:Plural 17947:thallus 17932:Plural 17911:on the 17833:Plural 17778:asexual 17776:versus 17716:soredia 17714:Plural 17690:soralia 17684:thallus 17653:soredia 17650:Having 17624:diffuse 17619:soredia 17607:thallus 17600:soralia 17598:Plural 17579:soralia 17573:soredia 17528:Siphula 17516:foliose 17473:simple 17431:thallus 17374:septum 17348:pigment 17296:peltate 17258:Plural 17240:podetia 17186:thallus 17159:Plural 17142:pigment 17117:thallus 17086:thallus 17064:thallus 17051:Plural 17034:scabrid 16993:hymenia 16982:thallus 16725:rugose 16713:pigment 16697:Plural 16685:rostrum 16657:thallus 16650:rivose 16627:rimulae 16625:Plural 16620:rimula 16605:rimose 16586:section 16581:thallus 16550:thallus 16530:Toninia 16506:rhizine 16486:rhizine 16467:rhizina 16460:Rhizine 16440:thallus 16399:lobules 16393:thallus 16351:section 16346:thallus 16270:Bryoria 16247:radiate 16240:radial 16017:(e.g., 16005:(e.g., 15993:(e.g., 15922:ostiole 15895:Plural 15880:blister 15802:thallus 15787:Plural 15757:Dibaeis 15739:podetia 15733:thallus 15724:Plural 15690:cells. 15674:Plural 15621:isidium 15615:thallus 15606:Plural 15590:medulla 15575:Plural 15550:thallus 15544:soredia 15501:thallus 15488:Plural 15440:pseudo- 15393:pruina 15335:thallus 15308:thallus 15278:thallus 15263:Plural 15236:Plural 15194:medulla 15144:thallus 15126:thallus 15068:section 15063:thallus 14986:thallus 14942:pigment 14905:isthmus 14813:podetia 14811:Plural 14793:locules 14772:areoles 14708:Plural 14682:Plural 14640:thallus 14610:plastic 14568:placoid 14502:areoles 14462:foliose 14456:peltate 14401:Plural 14385:of the 14367:have a 14337:thallus 14314:Plural 14139:Plural 14068:ostiole 14063:thallus 14058:sessile 14044:Plural 14033:ostiole 13958:ostiole 13944:Plural 13910:thallus 13880:of the 13836:pendent 13745:pedicel 13734:, etc. 13714:reagent 13662:laminal 13656:foliose 13591:Plural 13553:thallus 13492:Plural 13429:Plural 13402:papilla 13364:Plural 13339:thallus 13314:section 13309:thallus 13278:thallus 13247:. Also 13243:Plural 13231:thallus 12966:Ostiole 12852:section 12847:thallus 12791:clavate 12549:thallus 12339:thallus 12222:locules 12196:hyaline 12129:thallus 12100:lobules 12024:Micarea 11973:section 11968:thallus 11895:pigment 11877:pigment 11830:thallus 11799:in the 11775:Plural 11704:laminal 11696:thallus 11693:On the 11664:soralia 11627:foliose 11621:thallus 11445:spore. 11442:septate 11419:Plural 11390:loculus 11383:locule 11362:thallus 11356:foliose 11349:lobule 11342:thallus 11322:thallus 11309:lobate 11250:Graphis 11218:Plural 11120:stained 11112:of the 11106:glucose 11102:polymer 11044:foliose 11020:thallus 10983:thallus 10947:pigment 10929:pigment 10910:soredia 10835:thallus 10768:thallus 10696:Lecidea 10620:medulla 10617:in the 10595:pigment 10562:(right) 10481:thallus 10450:thallus 10435:Plural 10410:lacunar 10343:thallus 10340:lichen 10337:foliose 10322:Plural 10268:reagent 10252:K test 10074:thallus 10059:A tiny 10053:Plural 9879:spore. 9870:locules 9863:isthmus 9823:thallus 9810:Plural 9805:Isidium 9774:thallus 9737:soralia 9725:medulla 9719:isidium 9702:Having 9666:exciple 9651:Plural 9634:pigment 9616:with a 9614:section 9592:inspers 9537:thallus 9505:thallus 9443:lobules 9228:lirella 9188:Plural 9055:medulla 9052:in the 9023:foliose 8985:pigment 8966:peltate 8949:lichen 8924:Plural 8891:Hyaline 8801:Collema 8789:thallus 8755:thallus 8710:hirsute 8680:foliose 8674:thallus 8636:hetero- 8624:pigment 8551:thallus 8538:haptera 8454:stained 8422:foliose 8413:to its 8410:thallus 8403:hafter 8219:lobules 8213:thallus 8174:gyrose 8139:thallus 8136:on the 8053:Graphis 7985:Plural 7963:soredia 7881:gonimia 7879:Plural 7856:gonidia 7854:Plural 7828:lirella 7777:Plural 7760:globoid 7704:section 7699:thallus 7662:thallus 7559:with a 7304:funoid 7282:color. 7231:thallus 7150:thallus 7129:caribou 7118:Bryoria 7070:thallus 7044:thallus 6917:thallus 6785:fibril 6763:-ferous 6703:thallus 6653:, etc. 6618:thallus 6590:thallus 6566:soredia 6554:podetia 6277:Plural 6273:exciple 6243:Plural 6223:series 6155:thallus 6108:cambium 6086:Plural 6074:soredia 6053:thallus 5981:Plural 5943:granule 5720:entire 5623:thallus 5573:thallus 5547:thallus 5422:pigment 5382:thallus 5375:effuse 5014:conidia 4999:Plural 4986:distal 4933:Plural 4801:of the 4798:thallus 4739:soredia 4674:Plural 4347:medulla 4329:thallus 4320:Plural 4295:thallus 4207:oxalate 4181:thallus 4176:oxalate 4124:thallus 4104:thallus 4027:lobules 4021:thallus 3927:cortex 3878:soredia 3834:mitosis 3826:. 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