346:, and barricaded the door with bedsteads. Brother Partsch escaped by jumping out of a back window. Brother Worbas, who was ill in bed in a house adjoining, jumped likewise out of a back window and escaped, though the enemies had placed a guard before his door. Meanwhile the savages pursued those who had taken refuge in the garret, and strove hard to burst the door open; but, finding it too well secured, they set fire to the house, which was soon in flames. A boy...up on the flaming roof, ventured to leap off, and escaped;...Sister Partsch, seeing this, took courage and leaped likewise from the burning roof...Brother Fabricius then leaped also off the roof, but before he could escape was perceived by the Indians, and instantly wounded by two balls. He was the only one whom they seized upon alive and, having dispatched him with their hatchets, took his scalp, and left him dead upon the ground. The rest were all burnt alive...The house being consumed, the murderers set fire to the barns and stables, by which all the corn, hay and cattle were destroyed. Then they divided the spoils, soaked some bread in milk, made a hearty meal, and departed."
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342:"The family, being at supper, heard an uncommon barking of dogs, upon which brother Senseman sent out at the back door to see what was the matter. On the report of a gun, several ran together to open the house-door. Here the Indians stood with their pieces pointed towards the door, and, firing immediately upon its being opened, Martin Nitschman was instantly killed. His wife and some others were wounded, but fled with the rest upstairs into the
294:), as plans were being made, by Indians sympathetic to the French, to attack Gnadenhütten. In April 1754, 65 converts moved to Wyomick. Concerned for their safety, another 49 Lenape converts moved to Gnadenhütten from the village of Meniolagameka. In June 1755, most of the community of Gnadenhütten relocated to "New Gnadenhütten," to the north of the Lehigh River, although many of the Lenape and Mohican converts remained south of the river.
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of 4 December reports that the
Shawnee attackers were only "about twelve in number," and that five people died in the burning house. A sixth man was killed trying to escape. A boy escaped by jumping from a window, and another man had left the house immediately prior to the attack, having gone to lock
360:
None of the Native
American converts were harmed, however they prepared to attack the assailants until a missionary told them to flee instead. David Zeisberger, who was on his way from Bethlehem to Gnadenhütten, heard the shooting from a distance but initially thought nothing of it until he observed
384:
Colonel John
Anderson arrived from New Jersey that night with a company of militia, but after being informed that over 500 Indians had swarmed the settlement, he waited until the following day to approach Gnadenhütten. A number of the Native American converts fled to Wyomick, while others were sent
325:
During 1755, the
Shawnee living in Wyomick had been affected by hunger, as game was becoming scarce due to overhunting. Gnadenhütten was also affected by food shortages after a May frost devastated the wheat crop, and the Moravians had to rely on a hundred bushels of corn sent from Philadelphia,
636:
The Indian Wars of
Pennsylvania: An Account of the Indian Events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian War, Pontiac's War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolutionary War and the Indian Uprising from 1789 to 1795; Tragedies of the Pennsylvania Frontier Based Primarily on the Penna. Archives and
858:
History of
Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and Schuylkill Counties: Containing a Brief History of the First Settlers, Topography of Townships, Notices of Leading Events, Incidents, and Interesting Facts in the Early History of These Countries; with an Appendix, Containing Matters of Deep
927:
John
Franklin Meginness, "Otzinachson: Or, a History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna; Embracing a Full Account of Its Settlement--trials and Privations Endured by the Early Pioneers--full Accounts of the Indian Wars, Predatory Incursions, Abductions, and Massacres, &c." in
469:
between the windows of their high stone houses for their women to throw them down upon the heads of any
Indians that should attempt to force their way into them. The armed brethren too kept watch, and relieved each other on guard methodically as in any garrison
313:
launched dozens of
Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements, killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania. In October and early November 1755, the communities of
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however "deserters from the
Moravian Indian congregation," who had moved to Wyomick, reported that there was "good living at Gnadenhuetten and abundant food to be had by all." This may have been a contributing motivation for the attack.
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of $ 130 for the scalp of every Lenape male over ten years of age and $ 50 for a Lenape woman's scalp, or $ 150 for a male Lenape prisoner and $ 130 for a female one, although an exception was made for the Native American converts.
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for security, but on 1 January 1756, twenty of these troops were lured into a trap, ambushed and killed. The remaining soldiers fled and the stockade was burned. This led to generalized panic among settlers in the area, and
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visited Gnadenhütten in January 1756 to supervise the construction of Fort Allen. In his biography, he wrote that the Moravians had made preparations to defend Bethlehem and Gnadenhütten against further attacks:
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in 1744, but in 1745 decided to move some distance northwest of Bethlehem, to a site they named Gnadenhütten ("Tents of Grace," often written Gnadenhuetten and sometimes referred to as "Gnadenhütten on the
36:
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the house in flames. He alerted the militia commander in Bethlehem, but as they had no idea how many attackers they were facing, they chose to wait until daylight to investigate.
695:
Katie Faull, "Places of Peace: Moravian Missions on the North Branch of the Susquehanna 1769-1772," Lecture delivered at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock, PA on October 15, 2023
514:
A memorial stone, listing the names of the missionaries who died in the massacre, was placed at the site on 10 December, 1788. A historical marker was erected in 2005 by the
892:
The Pennsylvania-German: Magazine devoted to the history, biography, genealogy, poetry, folk-lore and general interests of the Pennsylvania Germans and their descendants,
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to Bethlehem to live with Moravians there. Throughout the French and Indian War they experienced significant poverty, and discrimination by the people of Bethlehem.
338:. The attack on Gnadenhütten was initiated late in the evening on 24 November, when about a dozen warriors surrounded a mission house in which 16 people lived:
1024:
667:
The history of the Moravian mission among the Indians of North America, from its commencement to the present time, with a preliminary account of the Indians,
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202:) on 24 November 1755. They destroyed the mission village and took one woman prisoner, and only four of the sixteen residents escaped. Following the attack,
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with the Brethren." Secretly, however, contact was made with Native American converts living in the community, and they were advised to move to Wyomick (
396:, under the command of Captain Hays, to guard the abandoned property at Gnadenhütten until it was safe for the residents to return. They built a small
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was commissioned in Philadelphia to investigate the situation and devise a plan for the defense of Pennsylvania against further attacks.
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890:"Gnadenhütten Massacre Memorial, Lehighton PA," in "The Gnadenhuetten Massacres: A Brief Account of Two Historic Tragedies," in
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Tobias Conrad Lotter's 1756 map of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey depicting Gnadenhütten, left of the map's center.
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A history of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1741-1892, with some account of its founders and their early activity in America,
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village called Meniolagameka. The missionaries began translating hymns and "several parts of the Scriptures" into the
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915:
393:
31:
207:
19:
This article is about the Gnadenhütten massacre in 1755 in Pennsylvania, U.S. For the 1782 massacre in Ohio, see
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518:, in downtown Lehighton, Pennsylvania. A stone monument with a brass plaque marks the location of Fort Allen at
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243:. The new community grew rapidly, and in 1751 the missionaries were able to convert 61 residents from a nearby
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1301:
713:
Paul de Schweinitz and W. H. Rice, "Gnadenhuetten on the Mahoning, Historical and Commemorative, 1746—1755,"
465:; they had purchased a quantity of arms and ammunition from New York and had even placed quantities of small
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1356:
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Susanna Nitschman, Martin's wife, escaped from the burning building, and was captured and held prisoner in
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On 14 April 1756, Pennsylvania Governor Morris officially declared war on the Delaware Nation, offering a
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461:"I was surprised to find it in so good a posture of defence...The principal buildings were defended by a
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near the Lehigh River, it was essentially a stockade surrounding a well, a barracks, a storeroom, and a
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1432:
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773:
Denaci, Ruth Ann "The Penn's Creek Massacre and the Captivity of Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger".
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Victims of the attack are buried in the Lehighton Cemetery, where a monument was erected in 1906.
214:, to defend against Native American attacks, which were becoming increasingly frequent due to the
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Vol. 1: 1706-1757. Mark Skousen, ed. Simon and Schuster: Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 2007.
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275:. By May 1749, over 500 Native American converts were attending church services in Gnadenhütten.
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the chapel door, and was unharmed. Altogether, eleven missionaries are reported to have died.
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to build several other forts which proved essential to the defense of Pennsylvania during the
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to the temporary line, can secure the lives and property of the inhabitants of this country."
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Moravian missionaries first established a mission at Friedenshütten ("Tents of Peace"), near
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Map showing the location of Fort Allen, upper right quadrant, to the east of Gnadenhütten.
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Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years’ War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765
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Paul Peucker, Lanie Graf and Markus Gill, "The Attack on Gnadenhütten, Nov. 24 1755,"
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Israel Daniel Rupp, James Young, John Van Etten, and James Burd,
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It remains unclear whether the attackers were Shawnee or, as some accounts indicate,
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Daniel Ingram, "Anxious Hospitality: Indian “Loitering” at Fort Allen, 1756–1761,"
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Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
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255:. A nearby plot of land was purchased and planted with crops, and a sawmill and a
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Attack by Native American warriors on a Pennsylvania Moravian settlement in 1755.
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of Pennsylvania, the public schools of Carbon County, and by grateful friends.
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The Pennsylvania Militia: Defending the Commonwealth and the Nation, 1669–1870
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305:, Pennsylvania was left without a professional military force. Lenape chiefs
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in 1762. Franklin also supervised the construction of Fort Franklin and
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American County Histories: Pennsylvania county and regional histories.
619:, PhD Dissertation, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1915, p. 120
440:: "I am of the opinion that no other means of defense than a chain of
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Laura Klotz, "Gnadenhuetten," Historical Marker Database, May 16 2019
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235:" to distinguish it from Gnadenhutten in Ohio), near the junction of
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1009:"Fort Allen 1756-1922 - Weissport PA," Waymarking.com, 5/30/2020
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H. A. Schuler, ed. Vol. VII, January-December 1906, pp. 26-31
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Second Edition, Thomas Lynch Montgomery, ed. Harrisburg, 1916
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Moravian Historical Society, 1906, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 347-386
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were attacked and destroyed by Lenape and Shawnee warriors.
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in less than a week. Situated on the northern slope of the
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Gnadenhütten Massacre Memorial in Lehighton, Pennsylvania.
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to construct forts in the area, and in other parts of the
775:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies.
813:
The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
998:vol VII, January 1756-January 1758; T. Fenn, 1851.
996:Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania,
981:The Compleated Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin,
259:were built in 1747. The community was visited by
1394:
758:William Albert Hunter, "Victory at Kittanning",
715:Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society,
795:Bethlehem, Pa., Times publishing company, 1903.
194:in which Native allies of the French killed 11
945:King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700-1763.
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516:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
859:Interest; Embellished by Several Engravings.
947:Syracuse: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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616:The Social Psychology of Passive Resistance
64:Location of Gnadenhütten settlement in the
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875:"Massacre at Gnadenhütten November 1755,"
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198:at Gnadenhütten, Pennsylvania (modern day
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682:A Brief History of the Delaware Indians,
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762:, vol. 23, no. 3, July 1956; pp 376-407
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684:U.S. Government Publishing Office, 1906
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392:ordered a company of 72 soldiers from
1448:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
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286:came to Gnadenhütten "to establish a
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444:along or near the south side of the
1458:Moravian settlement in Pennsylvania
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1443:Massacres in the Thirteen Colonies
841:Pennsylvania Society of New York.
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278:In 1752, representatives from the
261:Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg
14:
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907:The Delaware Indians: A History.
522:. It was erected in 1922 by the
474:Franklin and his men then built
368:for six months until her death.
301:'s defeat on 9 July 1755 at the
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909:Rutgers University Press, 1989.
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586:This Month in Moravian History,
208:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
943:Wallace, Anthony F. C. (1990)
815:Vol. CXXXIII, No. 3, July 2009
777:74(3): Summer 2007. Pp 307–332
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1418:1755 in the Thirteen Colonies
1413:Massacres by Native Americans
879:Philadelphia, 4 December 1755
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1453:Moravian Church missionaries
1423:Captives of Native Americans
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7:
1071:Battle of the Great Meadows
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329:
10:
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905:Weslager, Clinton Alfred.
861: G. Hills, 1845.
791:Joseph Mortimer Levering,
366:Tioga County, Pennsylvania
77:Gnadenhütten (present day
18:
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1171:
1150:
1129:
1101:Battle of the Monongahela
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1066:Battle of Jumonville Glen
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588:, Bethlehem, PA, Nov 2005
524:Improved Order of Red Men
303:Battle of the Monongahela
265:Bishop John F. Cammerhoff
190:was an attack during the
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1403:Province of Pennsylvania
273:Christian Frederick Post
212:Province of Pennsylvania
206:was commissioned by the
66:Province of Pennsylvania
1184:Battle of Fort Ligonier
1179:Battle of Fort Duquesne
1163:Bloody Springs massacre
1137:Battle of Sideling Hill
669:London: T. Allman, 1838
603:Encyclopædia Britannica
556:Lehighton, Pennsylvania
520:Weissport, Pennsylvania
228:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
200:Lehighton, Pennsylvania
79:Lehighton, Pennsylvania
32:Infobox civilian attack
25:
680:Richard Calmit Adams,
665:George Henry Loskiel,
639:Telegraph Press, 1931.
434:Colonel John Armstrong
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381:
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37:considered for merging
1408:French and Indian War
1382:Heinrich Zeller House
1272:Fort Juniata Crossing
1142:Kittanning Expedition
1121:Gnadenhütten massacre
1106:Penn's Creek massacre
1052:French and Indian War
877:Pennsylvania Gazette,
614:Clarence Marsh Case:
546:Penn's Creek massacre
536:French and Indian War
504:French and Indian War
498:before commissioning
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292:Wyoming, Pennsylvania
216:French and Indian War
196:Moravian missionaries
192:French and Indian War
188:Gnadenhütten massacre
181:
156:Moravian missionaries
108:40.83194°N 75.71472°W
52:French and Indian War
45:Gnadenhütten massacre
21:Gnadenhutten massacre
1428:1755 in Pennsylvania
1158:Hochstetler massacre
760:Pennsylvania History
732:, Annville, PA, 2002
634:Sipe, Chester Hale.
446:Kittatinny Mountains
438:Robert Hunter Morris
390:Robert Hunter Morris
353:Pennsylvania Gazette
1111:Great Cove massacre
1096:Braddock Expedition
994:Samuel Hazard, ed.
979:Benjamin Franklin,
932:H. B. Ashmead, 1857
728:Samuel J. Newland,
541:Great Cove massacre
488:Judge William Allen
486:. It was named for
480:Blue Mountain ridge
113:40.83194; -75.71472
104: /
1347:Fort Prince George
747:, Pittsburgh, 2003
484:gunpowder magazine
436:wrote to Governor
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394:Northampton County
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350:An article in the
297:Following General
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1438:Massacres in 1755
1433:Conflicts in 1755
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1352:Redstone Old Fort
1342:Fort Presque Isle
1194:Forbes Expedition
743:Matthew C. Ward,
637:Colonial Records.
454:Benjamin Franklin
403:Benjamin Franklin
204:Benjamin Franklin
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237:Mahoning Creek
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1377:Fort William
1372:Fort Venango
1367:Fort Swatara
1362:Fort Shirley
1297:Fort Loudoun
1287:Light's Fort
1277:Fort Lebanon
1252:Fort Halifax
1237:Fort Deshler
1222:Fort Bedford
1217:Fort Augusta
1120:
1048:Pennsylvania
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496:Fort Lebanon
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316:Penn's Creek
296:
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241:Lehigh River
225:
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168:or possibly
50:Part of the
30:
1317:Fort McCord
1312:Fort Manada
1262:Fort Hunter
1227:Fort Bigham
1050:during the
599:"Lehighton"
450:Susquehanna
442:blockhouses
138:Mass murder
133:Attack type
111: /
86:Coordinates
26:‹ The
1397:Categories
1257:Fort Henry
1232:Fort Depuy
1212:Fort Allen
562:References
551:Fort Allen
476:Fort Allen
420:Fort Allen
320:Great Cove
280:Nanticokes
222:Background
162:Assailants
99:75°42′53″W
96:40°49′55″N
1337:Fort Pitt
492:Allentown
448:from the
388:Governor
372:Aftermath
257:gristmill
147:11 killed
35:is being
1203:Frontier
530:See also
463:stockade
398:stockade
330:Massacre
288:covenant
251:and the
172:warriors
74:Location
39:. ›
28:template
307:Shingas
284:Shawnee
271:, and
233:Mahoney
166:Shawnee
152:Victims
952:
914:
470:town."
410:bounty
344:garret
336:Munsee
245:Lenape
170:Munsee
144:Deaths
68:, 1755
1205:Forts
1172:1758
1151:1757
1130:1756
1089:1755
1059:1754
950:ISBN
912:ISBN
318:and
309:and
282:and
239:and
186:The
124:Date
1399::
960:^
867:^
821:^
801:^
783:^
701:^
645:^
624:^
601:,
570:^
506:.
267:,
263:,
218:.
1040:e
1033:t
1026:v
23:.
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