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3553:. This is also sometimes called a "running attack", since it unfolds as one player trying to outrun the other's attack. To capture stones in a ladder, a player uses a constant series of capture threats (atari), giving the opponent only one place to place his stone to keep his group alive. This forces the opponent to move into a zigzag pattern (surrounding the ladder on the outside) as shown in the adjacent diagram to keep the attack coming. Unless the pattern runs into friendly stones along the way, the stones in the ladder cannot avoid capture. However, if the ladder can run into other black stones, thus saving them, then experienced players recognize the futility of continuing the attack. These stones can also be saved if a suitably strong threat can be forced elsewhere on the board, so that two Black stones can be placed here to save the group.
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4829:. This is a move elsewhere on the board that threatens to make a large profit if the opponent does not respond. If the opponent does respond to the ko threat, the situation on the board has changed, and the prohibition on capturing the ko no longer applies. Thus the player who made the ko threat may now recapture the ko. Their opponent is then in the same situation and can either play a ko threat as well or concede the ko by simply playing elsewhere. If a player concedes the ko, either because they do not think it important or because there are no moves left that could function as a ko threat, they have
152:
5613:: After the main time is depleted, a player has a certain number of time periods (typically around thirty seconds). After each move, the number of full-time periods that the player took (often zero) is subtracted. For example, if a player has three thirty-second time periods and takes thirty or more (but less than sixty) seconds to make a move, they lose one time period. With 60–89 seconds, they lose two time periods, and so on. If, however, they take less than thirty seconds, the timer simply resets without subtracting any periods. Using up the last period means that the player has lost on time.
5200:
6180: in) in width. Chinese boards are slightly larger, as a traditional Chinese Go stone is slightly larger to match. The board is not square; there is a 15:14 ratio in length to width, because with a perfectly square board, from the player's viewing angle the perspective creates a foreshortening of the board. The added length compensates for this. There are two main types of boards: a table board similar in most respects to other gameboards like that used for chess, and a floor board, which is its own free-standing table and at which the players sit.
343:
1494:) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore the previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. Some of these
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2203:. Any dead stones removed at the end of the game become prisoners. The score is the number of empty points enclosed by a player's stones, plus the number of prisoners captured by that player. Under territory scoring there can be an extra penalty for playing inside ones' territory, so if there is a disagreement extra play to resolve it would, in tournament settings, happen on a separate board, where the player claiming a group is dead would play first, and would demonstrate how to capture those stones. For further information, see
7102:, perhaps the three oldest games that enjoy worldwide popularity. Backgammon is a "man vs. fate" contest, with chance playing a strong role in determining the outcome. Chess, with rows of soldiers marching forward to capture each other, embodies the conflict of "man vs. man". Because the handicap system tells Go players where they stand relative to other players, an honestly ranked player can expect to lose about half of their games; therefore, Go can be seen as embodying the quest for self-improvement, "man vs. self".
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extending along the side of the board. The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of the game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time. The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory.
4165:. This refers to a move that loosely surrounds some stones, preventing their escape in all directions. An example is given in the adjacent diagram. It is often better to capture stones in a net than in a ladder, because a net does not depend on the condition that there are no opposing stones in the way, nor does it allow the opponent to play a strategic ladder breaker. However, the ladder only requires one turn to kill all the opponent's stones, whereas a net requires more turns to do the same.
1392:
enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the
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6506:(player turn), its ability to calculate the best plays is sharply reduced when there are a large number of possible moves. Most computer game algorithms, such as those for chess, compute several moves in advance. Given an average of 200 available moves through most of the game, for a computer to calculate its next move by exhaustively anticipating the next four moves of each possible play (two of its own and two of its opponent's), it would have to consider more than 320 billion (3.2
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1515:(increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end.
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player has more territory, and even beginners can estimate the score within 10 points, given time to count it. The number of stones on the board (material advantage) is only a weak indicator of the strength of a position, and a territorial advantage (more empty points surrounded) for one player might be compensated by the opponent's strong positions and influence all over the board. Normally a 3-dan can easily judge most of these positions.
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6879:. Computer Go research has shown that given the large search tree, knowledge and pattern recognition are more important in Go than in other strategy games, such as chess. A study of the effects of age on Go-playing has shown that mental decline is milder with strong players than with weaker players. According to the review of Gobet and colleagues, the pattern of brain activity observed with techniques such as
2895:). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on the board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured.
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6949:. Informally that means there are no dice used (and decisions or moves create discrete outcome vectors rather than probability distributions), the underlying math is combinatorial, and all moves (via single vertex analysis) are visible to both players (unlike some card games where some information is hidden). Perfect information also implies sequence—players can theoretically know about all past moves.
6668:, 1886. This popular woodblock print depicts the ancient legend of a husband who suspected his wife was having an affair with the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie. To prevent his visits, the husband surrounded his house with brambles and placed a Go board on the balcony, hoping he would stumble over it. Instead, the samurai deftly cut the board as he leaped over the balcony railing, avoiding both obstacles.
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1833:), forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided. Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color.
6595:
He exploited this weakness by slowly encircling the opponent's stones and distracting the AI with moves in other parts of the board. The tactics used by
Pelrine have highlighted a fundamental flaw in the deep learning systems that underpin many of today's advanced AI. Although the AI systems can "understand" specific situations, they lack the ability to generalize in a way that humans find easy.
6279:) usually contains 181 black stones and 180 white ones; a 19×19 grid has 361 points, so there are enough stones to cover the board, and Black gets the extra odd stone because that player goes first. However it may happen, especially in beginners' games, that many back-and-forth captures empty the bowls before the end of the game: in that case an exchange of prisoners allows the game to continue.
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2847:. A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if the owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can
7038:(far from the edge) allows the opponent to invade. Decisions in one part of the board may be influenced by an apparently unrelated situation in a distant part of the board (for example, ladders can be broken by stones at an arbitrary distance away). Plays made early in the game can shape the nature of conflict a hundred moves later.
2863:
removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked
1709:
their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of the game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board.
4803:. In such problems, players are challenged to find the vital move sequence that kills a group of the opponent or saves a group of their own. Tsumego are considered an excellent way to train a player's ability at reading ahead, and are available for all skill levels, some posing a challenge even to top players.
6538:
It was not until August 2008 that a computer won a game against a professional level player at a handicap of 9 stones, the greatest handicap normally given to a weaker opponent. It was the Mogo program, which scored this first victory in an exhibition game played during the US Go
Congress. By 2013, a
6442:
manual to the game. Apart from the points above it also points to the need to remain calm and honorable, in maintaining posture, and knowing the key specialised terms, such as titles of common formations. Generally speaking, much attention is paid to the etiquette of playing, as much as to winning or
5395:
in eastern martial arts using this system. The difference among each amateur rank is one handicap stone. For example, if a 5k plays a game with a 1k, the 5k would need a handicap of four stones to even the odds. Top-level amateur players sometimes defeat professionals in tournament play. Professional
4798:
As explained in the scoring rules, some stone formations can never be captured and are said to be alive, while other stones may be in a position where they cannot avoid being captured and are said to be dead. Much of the practice material available to players of the game comes in the form of life and
1791:
The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular. The board is empty to begin
1783:
6594:
In
February 2023, Kellin Pelrine, an amateur American Go player, won 14 out of 15 games against a top-ranked AI system in a significant victory over artificial intelligence. Pelrine took advantage of a previously unknown flaw in the Go computer program, which had been identified by another computer.
6434:
It is considered poor manners to run one's fingers through one's bowl of unplayed stones, as the sound, however soothing to the player doing this, can be disturbing to one's opponent. Similarly, clacking a stone against another stone, the board, or the table or floor is also discouraged. However, it
2858:
is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture the Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even
2215:
stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones a player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed
2172:
A simplified game at its end. Black's territory (A) + (C) and prisoners (D) is counted and compared to White's territory (B) only (no prisoners). In this example, both Black and White attempted to invade and live (C and D groups) to reduce the other's total territory. Only Black's invading group (C)
1601:
Mutual life (seki) is better than dying: A situation in which neither player can play on a particular point without then allowing the other player to play at another point to capture. The most common example is that of adjacent groups that share their last few liberties—if either player plays in the
1412:
Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As the game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations.
7064:
Go begins with an empty board. It is focused on building from the ground up (nothing to something) with multiple, simultaneous battles leading to a point-based win. Chess is tactical rather than strategic, as the predetermined strategy is to trap one individual piece (the king). This comparison has
5645:
Alternatively, the game record can also be noted by writing the successive moves on a diagram, where odd numbers mean black stones, even numbers mean white stones (or conversely when playing with a handicap), and a notation like "25=22" in the margin means that the 25th stone was played at the same
4840:
the threat and connect the ko. They thereby win the ko, but at a cost. The choice of when to respond to a threat and when to ignore it is a subtle one, which requires a player to consider many factors, including how much is gained by connecting, how much is lost by not responding, how many possible
4815:
A simplified ko fight on a 9×9 board. The ko is at the point marked with a square—Black has "taken the ko" first. The ko fight determines the life of the A and B groups—only one survives and the other is captured. White may play C as a ko threat, and Black properly answers at D. White can then take
4794:
One of the most important skills required for strong tactical play is the ability to read ahead. Reading ahead includes considering available moves to play, the possible responses to each move, and the subsequent possibilities after each of those responses. Some of the strongest players of the game
2909:
In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on a circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next
2121:
A player may not place a stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed. This rule
2116:
Under normal rules, White cannot play at A because that point has no liberties. Under the Ing and New
Zealand rules, White may play A, a suicide stone that kills itself and the two neighboring white stones, leaving an empty three-space eye. Black naturally answers by playing at A, creating two eyes
1820:
The Black stone group has only one liberty (at point A), so it is very vulnerable to capture. If Black plays at A, the chain would then have 3 liberties, and so is much safer. However, if White plays at A first, the Black chain loses its last liberty, and thus it is captured and immediately removed
6617:
An abundance of software is available to support players of the game. This includes programs that can be used to view or edit game records and diagrams, programs that allow the user to search for patterns in the games of strong players, and programs that allow users to play against each other over
6497:
The number of spaces on the board is much larger (over five times the number of spaces on a chess board—361 vs. 64). On most turns there are many more possible moves in Go than in chess. Throughout most of the game, the number of legal moves stays at around 150–250 per turn, and rarely falls below
5959:(today part of the China Qiyuan) was established in 1962, and professional dan grades started being issued in 1982. Western professional Go began in 2012 with the American Go Association's Professional System. In 2014, the European Go Federation followed suit and started their professional system.
1762:
Almost all other information about how the game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost
1708:
fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in
1699:
for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board. It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet,
6983:
In the endgame, it can often happen that the state of the board consists of several subpositions that do not interact with the others. The whole board position can then be considered as a mathematical sum, or composition, of the individual subpositions. It is this property of Go endgames that led
6887:
does not show large differences between Go and chess. On the other hand, a study by
Xiangchuan Chen et al. showed greater activation in the right hemisphere among Go players than among chess players, but the research was inconclusive because strong players from Go were hired while very weak chess
6571:. Leading up to the game, Lee Sedol and other top professionals were confident that he would win; however, AlphaGo defeated Lee in four of the five games. After having already lost the series by the third game, Lee won the fourth game, describing his win as "invaluable". In May 2017, AlphaGo beat
6533:
In capture-based games (such as chess), a position can often be evaluated relatively easily, such as by calculating who has a material advantage or more active pieces. In Go, there is often no easy way to evaluate a position. However a 6-kyu human can evaluate a position at a glance, to see which
5829:
at the start of the 17th century shifted the focus of the Go world to Japan. State sponsorship, allowing players to dedicate themselves full-time to study of the game, and fierce competition between individual houses resulted in a significant increase in the level of play. During this period, the
1678:
In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need. From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by
5323:
has 75 member countries, with 67 member countries outside East Asia. Chinese cultural centres across the world are promoting Go, and cooperating with local Go associations, for example the seminars held by the
Chinese cultural centre in Tel Aviv, Israel, together with the Israeli Go association.
1403:
The illustration displays the four "liberties" (adjacent empty points) of a single black stone. Illustrations , , and show White reducing those liberties progressively by one. In , when Black has only one liberty left, that stone is under attack and about to be captured and eliminated (a state
1452:
In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their
2862:
If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such a move is not suicide because the Black stones are
2192:
in the 15th or 16th century. Beginner-friendly, but takes longer to count. A player's score is the number of stones that the player has on the board, plus the number of empty intersections surrounded by that player's stones. If there is disagreement about which stones are dead, then under area
1391:
Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of the board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and
6430:
The traditional way to place a Go stone is to first take one from the bowl, gripping it between the index and middle fingers, with the middle finger on top, and then placing it directly on the desired intersection. One can also place a stone on the board and then slide it into position under
5241:
Despite its widespread popularity in East Asia, Go has been slow to spread to the rest of the world. Although there are some mentions of the game in western literature from the 16th century forward, Go did not start to become popular in the West until the end of the 19th century, when German
7294:
Typically, players stop the clock, and the player in overtime sets his/her clock for the desired interval, counts out the required number of stones and sets the remaining stones out of reach, so as not to become confused. If twenty moves are made in time, the timer is reset to five minutes
6640:
and games by a particular player. Programs are available that give players pattern searching options, which allow players to research positions by searching for high-level games in which similar situations occur. Such software generally lists common follow-up moves that have been played by
7387:
While chess position evaluation is simpler than Go position evaluation, it is still more complicated than simply calculating material advantage or piece activity; pawn structure and king safety matter, as do the possibilities in further play. The complexity of the algorithm differs per
6335:
can also refer to a single-convex stone made of any material; however, most
English-language Go suppliers specify Yunzi as a material and single-convex as a shape to avoid confusion, as stones made of Yunzi are also available in double-convex while synthetic stones can be either shape.
881:
of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by the time the game reached
1468:(self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called
6435:
is permissible to emphasize select moves by striking the board more firmly than normal, thus producing a sharp clack. Additionally, hovering one's arm over the board (usually when deciding where to play) is also considered rude as it obstructs the opponent's view of the board.
6211:
take many hundreds of years to grow to the necessary size, and they are now extremely rare, raising the price of such equipment tremendously. As Kaya trees are a protected species in Japan, they cannot be harvested until they have died. Thus, an old-growth, floor-standing Kaya
5862:
1597:
Stay alive: The simplest way to stay alive is to establish a foothold in the corner or along one of the sides. At a minimum, a group must have two eyes (separate open points) to be alive. An opponent cannot fill in either eye, as any such move is suicidal and prohibited in the
6796:, the characters are color-coded as Go stones (black or other dark shades for the Chinese, white for the Japanese invaders), Go boards and stones are used by the characters to keep track of soldiers prior to battle, and the battles themselves are structured like a game of Go.
5619:: After using all of their main time, a player must make a certain number of moves within a certain period of time, such as twenty moves within five minutes. If the time period expires without the required number of stones having been played, then the player has lost on time.
1686:, which are locally balanced exchanges; however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste.
7466:
It has been said that the number of board positions is at most 3 (about 10) since each position can be white, black, or vacant. Ignoring (illegal) suicide moves, there are at least 361! games (about 10) since every permutation of the 361 points corresponds to a game. See
6092:
2133:
and New
Zealand rules do not have this rule, and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning. In the example at right, it may be useful as a
7473:
This estimate, however, is inexact for two reasons: first, both contestants usually agree to end the game long before every point has been played; second, after a capture it may happen that an already played point is played again, even repetitively so in the case of a
2156:, which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules(number of points varies by rule set). Under handicap play, White receives only a 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie (
6026:
Historically, more men than women have played Go. Special tournaments for women exist, but until recently, men and women did not compete together at the highest levels; however, the creation of new, open tournaments and the rise of strong female players, most notably
1648:
Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage.
6364:
The bowls for the stones are shaped like a flattened sphere with a level underside. The lid is loose fitting and upturned before play to receive stones captured during the game. Chinese bowls are slightly larger, and a little more rounded, a style known generally as
5070:
2927:
deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to a specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as
2880:
7029:
The game emphasizes the importance of balance on multiple levels: to secure an area of the board, it is good to play moves close together; however, to cover the largest area, one needs to spread out, perhaps leaving weaknesses that can be exploited. Playing too
1804:. A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then
6339:
Traditional stones are made so that black stones are slightly larger in diameter than white; this is to compensate for the optical illusion created by contrasting colors that would make equal-sized white stones appear larger on the board than black stones.
6069:
It is possible to play Go with a simple paper board and coins, plastic tokens, or white beans and coffee beans for the stones; or even by drawing the stones on the board and erasing them when captured. More popular midrange equipment includes cardstock, a
6466:, putting forward "difficult decision-making tasks, an intractable search space, and an optimal solution so complex it appears infeasible to directly approximate using a policy or value function". Prior to 2015, the best Go programs only managed to reach
6431:
appropriate circumstances (where it does not move any other stones). It is considered respectful towards White for Black to place the first stone of the game in the upper right-hand corner. (Because of symmetry, this has no effect on the game's outcome.)
2944:
There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques is an important step forward.
10426:
6077:, or wood boards with stones of plastic or glass. More expensive traditional materials are still used by many players. The most expensive Go sets have black stones carved from slate and white stones carved from translucent white shells (traditionally
6034:
The level in other countries has traditionally been much lower, except for some players who had preparatory professional training in East Asia. Knowledge of the game has been scant elsewhere up until the 20th century. A famous player of the 1920s was
6526:. At this rate, even given an exceedingly low estimate of 10 operations required to assess the value of one play of a stone, Tianhe-2 would require four hours to assess all possible combinations of the next eight moves in order to make a single play.
1464:) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for
6621:
Some web servers provide graphical aids like maps, to aid learning during play. These graphical aids may suggest possible next moves, indicate areas of influence, highlight vital stones under attack and mark stones in atari or about to be captured.
1840:
for that stone. Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board.
6389:
date tree, which has a lighter color (it is often stained) and slightly more visible grain pattern, is a common substitute for rosewood, and traditional for Go Seigen-style bowls. Other traditional materials used for making
Chinese bowls include
6529:
The placement of a single stone in the initial phase can affect the play of the game a hundred or more moves later. A computer would have to predict this influence, and it would be unworkable to attempt to exhaustively analyze the next hundred
6203:) has been prized for its light color and pale rings as well as its reduced expense and more readily available stock. The natural resources of Japan have been unable to keep up with the enormous demand for the slow-growing Kaya trees; both
5594:
began to be regulated in the 1930s. Go tournaments use a number of different time control systems. All common systems envisage a single main period of time for each player for the game, but they vary on the protocols for continuation (in
5288:
in the U.S., Europe and South
America, and often sending professional teachers on tour to Western nations. Internationally, the game had been commonly known since the start of the twentieth century by its shortened Japanese name, and
1633:
The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and a novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly.
5506:
Tournament and match rules deal with factors that may influence the game but are not part of the actual rules of play. Such rules may differ between events. Rules that influence the game include: the setting of compensation points
5994:
was the dominant player in international Go competitions for more than a decade spanning much of 1990s and early 2000s; he is also credited with groundbreaking works on the endgame. Cho, Lee and other South Korean players such as
5541:
compensation points, called komi, which compensate the second player for the first move advantage of their opponent; tournaments commonly use a compensation in the range of 5–8 points, generally including a half-point to prevent
5258:
learned the game while in Berlin. When he moved to New York, Lasker founded the New York Go Club together with (amongst others) Arthur Smith, who had learned of the game in Japan while touring the East and had published the book
6648:
allow access to competition with players all over the world, for real-time and turn-based games. Such servers also allow easy access to professional teaching, with both teaching games and interactive game review being possible.
1786:
One black chain and two white chains, with their liberties marked with dots. Liberties are shared among all stones of a chain and can be counted. Here the black group has 5 liberties, while the two white chains have 4 liberties
10232:; Maddison, Chris J.; Guez, Arthur; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Panneershelvam, Veda; Lanctot, Marc; Dieleman, Sander; Grewe, Dominik; Nham, John; Kalchbrenner, Nal;
4848:
Frequently, the winner of the ko fight does not connect the ko but instead captures one of the chains that constituted their opponent's side of the ko. In some cases, this leads to another ko fight at a neighboring location.
4824:
applies, a ko fight may occur. If the player who is prohibited from capture is of the opinion that the capture is important because it prevents a large group of stones from being captured for instance, the player may play a
4781:. In a snapback, one player allows a single stone to be captured, then immediately plays on the point formerly occupied by that stone; by so doing, the player captures a larger group of their opponent's stones, in effect
1766:
Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.
929:, Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately
4944:
344:
153:
1694:
The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During the middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary
5931:(born Cho Ch'i-hun, from South Korea). Top Chinese and Korean talents often moved to Japan, because the level of play there was high and funding was more lavish. One of the first Korean players to do so was
4785:
at those stones. An example can be seen on the right. As with the ladder, an experienced player does not play out such a sequence, recognizing the futility of capturing only to be captured back immediately.
7348:. This is a good amateur level but no more than might be found in ordinary East Asian clubs. Published current European ratings would suggest around 100 players stronger than that, with very few European 7
1703:
The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other, with the exception of
2073:, White must attack Black somewhere else on the board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the
7225:
Exceptionally, in Japanese and Korean rules, empty points, even those surrounded by stones of a single color, may count as neutral territory if some of them are alive by seki. See the section below on
6972:
because player choices do not increase resources available, the rewards in the game are fixed and if one player wins, the other loses, and the utility function is restricted (in the sense of win/lose);
5225:
4763:
Although Black can capture the white stone by playing at the circled point, the resulting shape for Black has only one liberty (at 1), thus White can then capture the three black stones by playing at
1792:
with. Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
2122:
is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on the outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
1615:
Reduction: Placing a stone far enough into the opponent's area of influence to reduce the amount of territory they eventually get, but not so far that it can be cut off from friendly stones outside.
2199:
counts the number of empty points a player's stones surround, together with the number of stones the player captured. In the course of the game, each player retains the stones they capture, termed
4151:
The chain of three marked Black stones cannot escape in any direction, since each Black stone attempting to extend the chain outward (on the red circles) can be easily blocked by one White stone.
2829:
Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked
1449:. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.
6975:
however, ratings, monetary rewards, national and personal pride and other factors can extend utility functions, but generally not to the extent of removing the win/lose restriction, although
1422:
to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it is surrounded by the opponent on the outside, because each eye constitutes a
6323:
a proprietary and trade-secret mixture of mineral compounds derived from the local stone. This process dates to the Tang dynasty and, after the knowledge was lost in the 1920s during the
5943:(Korea Baduk Association) was formed and caused the level of play in South Korea to rise significantly in the second half of the 20th century. In China, the game declined during the
5638:, except that Go stones do not move and thus require only one coordinate per turn. Coordinate systems include purely numerical (4–4 point), hybrid (K3), and purely alphabetical. The
2910:
move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player.
1652:
Novices often start by randomly placing stones on the board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic
5199:
1758:
Since without this rule such a pattern of the two players repeating their prior moves (capturing stones in same places) could continue indefinitely, this rule prevents a stalemate.
6559:
with no handicap on a full size 19×19 board. AlphaGo used a fundamentally different paradigm than earlier Go programs; it included very little direct instruction, and mostly used
5002:, to favorably influence him. Other theories suggest that the game was derived from Chinese tribal warlords and generals, who used pieces of stone to map out attacking positions.
2065:
is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the
5117:
was developed by the 16th century. Sunjang baduk became the main variant played in Korea until the end of the 19th century, when the current version was reintroduced from Japan.
1743:
must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point (liberty) next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
5047:
2057:, prevents unending repetition (a stalemate). As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at
2113:
1441:
The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the
6414:
as homage to two 20th-century professional Go players by the same names, of Chinese and Japanese nationality, respectively, who are referred to as the "Fathers of modern Go".
5308:
became the first people to play Go in space. They used a special Go set, which was named Go Space, designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow. Both astronauts were awarded honorary
6327:, was rediscovered in the 1960s by the now state-run Yunzi company. The material is praised for its colors, its pleasing sound as compared to glass or to synthetics such as
7045:
of Go is such that describing even elementary strategy fills many introductory books. In fact, numerical estimates show that the number of possible games of Go far exceeds
3543:
Black cannot escape unless the ladder connects to black stones further down the board that will intercept with the ladder or if one of white's pieces has only one liberty.
1612:
Invasion: Set up a new living group inside an area where the opponent has greater influence, means one reduces the opponent's score in proportion to the area one occupies.
6815:, which is rich in references (the opening itself featuring developments on a Go board), and includes Go matches, accurately played, relevant to the plot. Also, in 2024
5892:(Japanese Go Association) was formed. Top players from this period often played newspaper-sponsored matches of 2–10 games. Of special note are the (Chinese-born) player
1472:
and are often studied independently. However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of the board to capture more territory.
826:'s 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in
11124:
2100:
previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See
1445:
of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or
5005:
In China, Go had an important status among elites and was associated with ideas of self-cultivation, wisdom, and gentlemanly ideals. It was considered one of the
5563:, etc.—that are not covered by it but would allow the game to cycle indefinitely. To prevent this, the ko rule is sometimes extended to forbid the repetition of
2193:
scoring rules, the players simply resume play to resolve the matter. The score is computed using the position after the next time the players pass consecutively.
2188:
counts the number of points a player's stones occupy and surround. It is associated with contemporary Chinese play and was probably established there during the
7629:
6007:
between them won the majority of international titles in this period. Several Chinese players also rose to the top in international Go from 2000s, most notably
5511:), handicap, and time control parameters. Rules that do not generally influence the game are the tournament system, pairing strategies, and placement criteria.
5274:
World War II put a stop to most Go activity, since it was a popular game in Japan, but after the war, Go continued to spread. For most of the 20th century, the
2152:
Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called
2883:
Example of seki (mutual life). Neither Black nor White can play on the marked points without reducing their own liberties for those groups to one (self-atari).
1453:
stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called
6187:
is between 10 and 18 cm (3.9 and 7.1 in) thick and has legs; it sits on the floor (see picture). It is preferably made from the rare golden-tinged
5982:
With the advent of major international titles from 1989 onward, it became possible to compare the level of players from different countries more accurately.
11071:
7164:) for chess has been estimated at anywhere between 10 and 10; in 2016 the number of legal positions for 19x19 Go was calculated by Tromp and Farneback at ~
6629:. Programs used for editing game records allow the user to record not only the moves, but also variations, commentary and further information on the game.
2843:
When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or
1756:
a stone on the board must never immediately repeat a previous position of a captured stone, thus only a move elsewhere on the board is permitted that turn.
6563:
where AlphaGo played itself in hundreds of millions of games such that it could measure positions more intuitively. In March 2016, Google next challenged
10903:
11921:
6868:
5383:) are considered student grades and decrease as playing level increases, meaning 1st kyu is the strongest available kyu grade. Dan grades (abbreviated
1723:
Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
1191:
5031:
2216:
different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point.
2181:
Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner.
2211:
Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called
9936:
9798:
9048:
5097:
Go was introduced to Korea sometime between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, and was popular among the higher classes. In Korea, the game is called
6733:, released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad.
1770:
Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately.
1700:
with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such a way as to construct territories rather than kill.
9771:
7902:
6470:
level. On smaller 9×9 and 13x13 boards, computer programs fared better, and were able to compare to professional players. Many in the field of
7786:
2230:
While not actually mentioned in the rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a
2069:
rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at
6043:
became the first Westerner to receive a professional player's certificate from an East Asian professional Go association. In 2000, American
10978:
6903:, reports on his psychotherapeutic approaches using the game of Go with patients in private practice and in a psychiatric ward. Drawing on
5379:
have been introduced. Such rating systems often provide a mechanism for converting a rating to a kyu or dan grade. Kyu grades (abbreviated
1498:
may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as
1396:(that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play.
11003:
10169:
9097:
Berge-Becker, Zach (2024). "Groups on the Grid: Weiqi Cultures in Song-Yuan-Ming China". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.).
6888:
players were hired in the original study. There is some evidence to suggest a correlation between playing board games and reduced risk of
9252:
9222:
6152:) typically measures between 45 and 48 cm (18 and 19 in) in length (from one player's side to the other) and 42 to 44 cm (
5280:
8519:
11774:
10359:
6923:
are expressed on the goban. He offers some suggestions to therapists for defining ways of playing go that lead to therapeutic effects.
5790:
A Go professional is a professional player of the game of Go. There are six areas with professional go associations, these are: China (
5555:: Although the basic ko rule described above covers more than 95% of all cycles occurring in games, there are some complex situations—
5181:
were founded soon after. These officially recognized and subsidized Go schools greatly developed the level of play and introduced the
497:
7268:
Roughly, one has the time to play the game and then a little time to finish it off. Time-wasting tactics are possible in Go, so that
6672:
Apart from technical literature and study material, Go and its strategies have been the subject of several works of fiction, such as
6515:
1591:
Connection: Keeping one's own stones connected means that fewer groups need to make living shape, and one has fewer groups to defend.
12165:
7272:
systems, in which time runs out at a predetermined point however many plays are in the game, are relatively unpopular (in the West).
5154:
in the 8th century, and among the general public by the 13th century. The game was further formalized in the 15th century. In 1603,
1428:
that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally
480:
12229:
1478:
are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side.
822:
more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the
7530:
5642:
uses alphabetical coordinates internally, but most editors represent the board with hybrid coordinates as this reduces confusion.
1416:
An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as
10952:
843:. One player uses the white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections (
10533:
11734:
10928:
1184:
12297:
10713:
8906:
6039:. It was not until the 1950s that more than a few Western players took up the game as other than a passing interest. In 1978,
5545:
handicap stones placed on the board before alternate play, allowing players of different strengths to play competitively (see
1656:
may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of
866:
When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and
12476:
12423:
12404:
12366:
12335:
12286:
12191:
12141:
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12005:
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11804:
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6304:; however, due to a scarcity in the Japanese supply of these clams, the stones are most often made of shells harvested from
5590:. Formal time controls were introduced into the professional game during the 1920s and were controversial. Adjournments and
11728:
9560:
9156:
7691:
11837:
Dahl, Fredrik A. (2001). "Honte, a Go-Playing Program Using Neural Nets". In Fürnkranz, Johannes; Kubat, Miroslav (eds.).
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905:
Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal
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12658:
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6510:
10) possible combinations. To exhaustively calculate the next eight moves, would require computing 512 quintillion (5.12
2093:, two stones of the same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones.
1594:
Cut: Keeping opposing stones disconnected means that the opponent needs to defend and make living shape for more groups.
938:
13750:
9363:
8747:
7929:
7012:
6956:
Go is bounded by a finite number of moves and every game must end with a victor or a tie (although ties are very rare);
5900:, who dominated matches in the early 1930s. These two players are also recognized for their groundbreaking work on new
5896:(Chinese: Wu Qingyuan), who scored 80% in these matches and beat down most of his opponents to inferior handicaps, and
5807:
10790:
9390:
9127:
5811:
2173:
was successful in living, as White's group (D) was killed with a black stone at (E). The points in the middle (F) are
2053:
Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the
12382:
12223:
11983:
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Other, less expensive woods often used to make quality table boards in both Chinese and Japanese dimensions include
5603:
system. The top professional Go matches have timekeepers so that the players do not have to press their own clocks.
13865:
13860:
12075:
5657:
5158:
re-established Japan's unified national government. In the same year, he assigned the then-best player in Japan, a
5006:
7212:
Whether or not a group is weak or strong refers to the ease with which it can be killed or made to live. See this
4816:
the ko by playing at the square-marked point (capturing the one black stone). E is a possible ko threat for Black.
13890:
13703:
13321:
11457:
7137:
7074:
6855:
by Miura Yasuyuki, a manager with Japan Airlines, uses Go to describe the thinking and behavior of business men.
5769:
13384:
10126:
lists the regular price for a Shihomasa Kaya Go Board with legs (20.4 cm or 8.0 in thick) as $ 60,000+
5515:
13870:
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9102:
7960:
7127:
5911:
For much of the 20th century, Go continued to be dominated by players trained in Japan. Notable names included
4927:
1550:
687:
625:
383:
211:
11671:
11281:
10846:
5185:
of ranking players. Players from the four schools (Hon'inbō, Yasui, Inoue and Hayashi) competed in the annual
10808:
8995:
6490:
6467:
5947:(1966–1976) but quickly recovered in the last quarter of the 20th century, bringing Chinese players, such as
5599:) after a player has finished that time allowance. The most widely used time control system is the so-called
5527:
4919:
227:
11927:
1387:
The first 150 moves of a Go game animated. (Click on the board to restart the animation in a larger window.)
874:
of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation.
818:
for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in
13374:
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5873:
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488:
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There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called
823:
12180:
Legends, then and now: Cultural Paradigms in the Game of Go", in Lent, John; Fitzsimmons, Lorna (eds.),
7046:
1800:
rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is
13885:
13766:
13456:
6916:
6625:
There are several file formats used to store game records, the most popular of which is SGF, short for
5635:
1546:
11162:, Hong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong: Provisional Urban Council of Hong Kong, p. 45
1511:
Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's
13668:
13650:
13269:
10826:
10656:
10225:
7870:
7053:
6996:
6539:
win at the professional level of play was accomplished with a four-stone advantage. In October 2015,
5956:
5791:
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985:
13359:
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10294:
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9775:
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5278:
played a leading role in spreading Go outside East Asia by publishing the English-language magazine
2867:
is not actually an eye. White can play there and take a black stone. Such a point is often called a
1408:). White may capture that stone (remove it from the board) with a play on its last liberty (at D-1).
13735:
13673:
13637:
13354:
13262:
12794:
11847:
10199:
9701:
7213:
6708:
6568:
6267:
is best translated 'faux kaya', because the woods so described are biologically unrelated to Kaya.
5851:
5556:
4983:
Go was originally played on a 17×17 line grid, but a 19×19 grid became standard by the time of the
1629:
Sacrifice: Allowing a group to die in order to carry out a play, or plan, in a more important area.
1165:
1124:
781:
51:
11576:
11195:
7790:
7593:
6575:, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years, winning each game in a
6438:
Manners and etiquette are extensively discussed in 'The Classic of WeiQi in Thirteen Chapters', a
13875:
13723:
13685:
13645:
13600:
13050:
12651:
11417:
11340:
Masunaga, H; Horn, J. (2001), "Expertise and age-related changes in components of intelligence",
8620:
7084:
6811:
6744:
6471:
5865:
5843:
5803:
5519:
5268:
5151:
5076:
2919:
2061:(so the White stone has been removed). However, it is readily apparent that now Black's stone at
1643:
1539:
1002:
834:
13021:
9869:
9680:
9516:
6514:
10) possible combinations. As of March 2014, the most powerful supercomputer in the world,
6315:
In China, the game is traditionally played with single-convex stones made of a composite called
6195:), with the very best made from Kaya trees up to 700 years old. More recently, the related
6031:, have in recent years highlighted the strength and competitiveness of emerging female players.
4881:
BCE), referring to a historical event of 548 BCE. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the
4841:
ko threats both players have remaining, what the optimal order of playing them is, and what the
13740:
13680:
13655:
13553:
13414:
13344:
12940:
12909:
12811:
12806:
11842:
11382:
Chen; et al. (2003), "A functional MRI study of high-level cognition II. The game of GO",
11014:
10404:
10179:
9749:
9730:
7933:
7521:
7375:
7161:
7132:
6889:
6688:
6613:
A 9×9 game with graphical aids. Colors and markings show evaluations by the computer assistant.
6556:
6065:
Go portrayed as part of East-Asian culture. (The goblet in the middle is from the Nihon Ki-in.)
5815:
2085:
continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a
812:
70:
11905:
9455:
9262:
9232:
7304:
In other words, Canadian byoyomi is essentially a standard chess-style time control, based on
6799:
Go has also been featured as a plot device in a number of television series. Examples include
13880:
13428:
13349:
13033:
11416:
Atherton, Michael; Zhuang, Jiancheng; Bart, William M; Hu, Xiaoping; He, Sheng (March 2003).
8526:
7172:. Alternately, a measure of all the alternatives to be considered at each stage of the game (
6976:
6576:
6385:
is the traditional material for Japanese bowls, but is very expensive; wood from the Chinese
6012:
5971:
5847:
5699:
4995:
4883:
1602:
shared liberties, they can reduce their own group to a single liberty (putting themselves in
701:
639:
544:
137:
11885:
Fairbairn, John (1992). "A Survey of the best in Go Equipment". In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
11765:
11455:
Verghese; et al. (2003), "Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly",
10365:
5363:
In Go, rank indicates a player's skill in the game. Traditionally, ranks are measured using
5025:. In ancient times the rules of Go were passed on verbally, rather than being written down.
1774:
for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.
1434:, so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be
13895:
13695:
13496:
13290:
12973:
12952:
12928:
12888:
12542:
10863:
10251:
8777:
7173:
7079:
6821:
6552:
5338:
5182:
4868:
The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal
1423:
1114:
13026:
12995:
12985:
12959:
12923:
12916:
12867:
12860:
12846:
10579:
8624:
5170:
1836:
A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a
1825:
Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of the same color form a chain (also called a
1333:, the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix
8:
13595:
13563:
13523:
13484:
13364:
13252:
13016:
13009:
12990:
12966:
12874:
12787:
12152:
11819:
10240:(28 January 2016). "Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search".
7142:
7004:
6946:
6665:
6661:
6580:
6463:
6291:
6196:
5944:
5014:
1102:
1015:
855:
are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is
567:
20:
13038:
13002:
12980:
12945:
12933:
12902:
12881:
12853:
12839:
12819:
12799:
12208:
10867:
10255:
9824:
7682:
1751:
1609:
Death: A group that lacks living shape is eventually removed from the board as captured.
1479:
1475:
1417:
188:
Some professional games exceed 16 hours and are played in sessions spread over two days.
13855:
13834:
13785:
13728:
13610:
13369:
13309:
13247:
13203:
12780:
12644:
12466:
12377:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company.
12112:
11978:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11870:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11129:
10895:
10503:
10339:
10283:
8497:
8387:
7547:
7468:
6985:
6942:
6932:
6693:
6645:
6079:
5881:
5347:
Three Japanese professional Go players observe some younger amateurs as they dissect a
1160:
1145:
419:
411:
12895:
11433:
11395:
11098:
9335:
Pinckard, William (1992). "History and Philosophy of Go". In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
7256:
7216:
by Benjamin Teuber, amateur 6 dan, for some views on how important this is felt to be.
5246:
wrote a treatise on the game. By the early 20th century, Go had spread throughout the
2096:
While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an
1413:
Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation.
438:
13605:
13257:
12490:
12472:
12451:
12419:
12415:
12400:
12378:
12362:
12331:
12282:
12262:
12252:
12219:
12187:
12159:
12137:
12098:
12081:
12071:
12064:
12045:
12023:
12001:
11979:
11949:
11890:
11871:
11852:
11823:
11800:
11750:
11724:
11679:
11648:
11620:
11543:
11476:
11437:
11399:
11365:
11357:
11321:
11261:
11222:
10899:
10887:
10879:
10537:
10508:
10275:
10267:
9340:
9152:
9106:
9054:
9027:
8883:
7966:
7874:
7740:
7190:
7088:
6683:
6626:
6503:
6499:
6410:, were introduced in the last quarter of the 20th century by the professional player
6324:
6016:
5901:
5885:
5777:
5656:
In Unicode, Go stones can be represented with black and white circles from the block
5639:
5376:
5211:
1653:
1300:
when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word
1107:
1011:
863:
adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move.
337:
329:
13449:
12727:
11715:
6979:
can theoretically add non-zero and complex utility aspects even to two player games.
5231:
A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920.
2101:
2077:"; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at
1460:
In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or
860:
13578:
13470:
13379:
13336:
13075:
12772:
12447:
12308:
12015:
11466:
11429:
11391:
11349:
10871:
10854:
10259:
10242:
9188:
8916:
7455:
7378:
in Western typography for similar subtle adjustment to create a uniform appearance.
7239:
6959:
the strategy is associative because every strategy is a function of board position;
6807:
6792:
6674:
6301:
6296:
6188:
5924:
5018:
4988:
2855:
2130:
2123:
1660:. A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display
1261:
1081:
997:
523:
260:
13108:
13101:
12748:
12279:
Opening Theory Made Easy: Twenty Strategic Principles to Improve Your Opening Game
10287:
7194:
per game). For chess and Go the comparison is very rough, ~35 ≪ ~250, or ~10 ≪ ~10
7034:(close to the edge) secures insufficient territory and influence, yet playing too
5974:, seven-time European Champion and one of the few non-East Asian players to reach
839:
13503:
13489:
13407:
13285:
13235:
13196:
12720:
12715:
12462:
12181:
11943:
11641:
11315:
11287:
10739:
10734:
10689:
10684:
10661:
9566:
9396:
8912:
8631:
7864:
7042:
6900:
6840:
6804:
6698:
6567:, a 9 dan considered the top player in the world in the early 21st century, to a
6540:
6331:, and its lower cost as opposed to other materials such as slate/shell. The term
6252:
5975:
5826:
5781:
5501:
5397:
5301:
5251:
5243:
5155:
5104:
1119:
315:
133:
9913:
8330:
7498:
7431:
731:
669:
607:
234:
218:
13771:
13588:
13538:
13477:
13400:
13215:
13155:
13130:
13087:
13070:
13058:
11889:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001). pp. 142–155.
11617:
The Protracted Game: A Wei Ch'i Interpretation of Maoist Revolutionary Strategy
11353:
10842:
10237:
10233:
9162:
6989:
6908:
6713:
6706:
centers around the game and uses Go metaphors. Go features prominently in the
6074:
6040:
5822:
5629:
5352:
5348:
5178:
4955:
4169:
3557:
2949:
2238:
2225:
1856:
1482:
are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes.
1446:
1442:
1244:
1076:
1037:
459:
452:
295:
12734:
9988:
8937:
8755:
8724:
7203:
Eyes and other complications may need to be considered when counting liberties
5855:
5702:
includes "Go markers" that were likely meant for mathematical research of Go:
5174:
13849:
13615:
13421:
13188:
12059:
11993:
11361:
10883:
10309:
10271:
10010:
9657:
9339:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001). pp. 23–25.
8092:
7419:
7337:
7160:
Game complexity can be difficult to estimate. The number of legal positions (
7066:
7015:
7008:
7000:
6871:
shows that relatively little scientific research has been carried out on the
6864:
6762:
6560:
6036:
6000:
5897:
5634:
Go games are recorded with a simple coordinate system. This is comparable to
5523:
5388:
5305:
5271:
was formed. Two years later, in 1937, the German Go Association was founded.
5255:
5247:
5114:
5084:
5054:
4858:
1324:
1061:
980:
13220:
11597:
11158:
Ng Ho (1998), "King Hu and the Aesthetics of Space", in Teo, Stephen (ed.),
10833:; Guez, Arthur; Hubert, Thomas; Baker, Lucas; Lai, Matthew; Bolton, Adrian;
10735:"Artificial intelligence: Go master Lee Se-dol wins against AlphaGo program"
10236:; Lillicrap, Timothy; Leach, Madeleine; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Graepel, Thore;
9369:
8686:
8365:
7937:
7398:
7365:(Florence 2003) in three volumes, up to 1920, 1920–1950, and 1950 and later.
6965:
positions are extensible, and so can be represented by board position trees;
6641:
professionals and gives statistics on win–loss ratio in opening situations.
6422:
2859:
if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.)
1363:, referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese
13708:
13663:
13543:
13442:
12707:
12685:
12455:
11480:
11441:
11403:
11369:
10891:
10279:
9621:
9421:
9131:
8652:
6920:
6904:
6750:
6729:
6609:
6588:
6439:
6232:
6056:
5996:
5991:
5967:
5940:
5799:
5577:
5372:
5216:
4984:
4899:
2189:
1307:
1066:
902:
871:
581:
428:
267:
12559:
12494:
12256:
11244:
The Way of Go: 8 Ancient Strategy Secrets for Success in Business and Life
10120:
7523:
The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China
6849:
The Way of Go: 8 Ancient Strategy Secrets for Success in Business and Life
13790:
13713:
13528:
13515:
13210:
13145:
13125:
12697:
12274:
12266:
12240:
12133:
11471:
11291:
10834:
10175:
9967:
9400:
7812:
6938:
6833:
6736:
Similarly, Go has been used as a subject or plot device in film, such as
6679:
6604:
6481:
6452:
6008:
5983:
5952:
5948:
5936:
5932:
5889:
5831:
5795:
5591:
5546:
5313:
5275:
5186:
5038:
4991:
2204:
1718:
1155:
1150:
1071:
975:
473:
12753:
11173:
11049:
10875:
10263:
10066:
6061:
5343:
2234:
group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game.
1732:
every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open point (a
13802:
13583:
13558:
13464:
13295:
13150:
13140:
13080:
12037:
11792:
10400:
9847:
9258:
9228:
7860:
7569:
7099:
6872:
6756:
6411:
6083:), played on boards carved in a single piece from the trunk of a tree.
6028:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5905:
5839:
5773:
5587:
5285:
5206:
5080:
2126:
is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones).
1673:
1553: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1097:
1007:
992:
887:
878:
815:
362:
355:
75:
65:
11418:"A functional MRI study of high-level cognition. I. The game of chess"
10685:"Artificial intelligence: Google's AlphaGo beats Go master Lee Se-dol"
8999:
8307:
7402:
7252:
5962:
5868:(left), last head of house Hon'inbō, plays against then-up-and-coming
5387:) are considered master grades, and increase from 1st dan to 7th dan.
2902:
each player has a group without eyes and they share two liberties, and
1357:, meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of
735:
13829:
13548:
13230:
13135:
12743:
12690:
10929:"A human has beat an AI in possibly the most complex board game ever"
10830:
10825:
10229:
7443:
7312:, imposed after a main period is used up. It is possible to decrease
7119:
6771:
6738:
6703:
6657:
6632:
Electronic databases can be used to study life and death situations,
6564:
6426:
Go players demonstrating the traditional technique of holding a stone
6320:
6224:
6220:
10,000 with the highest-quality examples costing more than $ 60,000.
6004:
5916:
5893:
5869:
5508:
4870:
2905:
each player has a group with one eye and they share one more liberty.
2153:
2147:
1782:
1301:
907:
898:
867:
827:
376:
13094:
12627:
10631:
10580:"The Mystery of Go, the Ancient Game That Computers Still Can't Win"
10200:"Sensei's Library: Playing the first move in the upper right corner"
8984:
Potter, Donald L. (1985). "Go in the Classics (ii): the Tso-chuan".
7415:
7056:(with Go infinitesimals being a specific example of its use in Go).
6502:
for Go must calculate and compare every possible legal move in each
5267:(1934) helped spread the game throughout the U.S., and in 1935, the
5190:
1528:
1383:
1030:
13620:
13435:
13240:
13117:
11689:
11050:"Novels and Other Books Featuring Go | British Go Association"
8986:
8975:
8186:
7019:
6969:
6912:
6893:
6584:
6519:
6474:
consider Go to require more elements that mimic human thought than
6382:
6328:
6138:
6071:
5835:
5821:
Although the game was developed in China, the establishment of the
5646:
location as the 22nd one, which had been captured in the meantime.
5309:
5290:
5163:
5159:
4987:(618–907 CE). Legends trace the origin of the game to the mythical
1850:
1771:
1619:
1582:
758:
744:
397:
281:
129:
10607:"Google and Facebook Race To Solve the Ancient Game of Go With AI"
7841:
5838:(minister of Go). Of special note are the players who were dubbed
4836:
Instead of responding to a ko threat, a player may also choose to
1502:
when only one side has a lot to lose. In Japanese, it is called a
13533:
13314:
13225:
13176:
13160:
10838:
8450:
8414:
7023:
6816:
6783:
6548:
6544:
6395:
6391:
6374:
6343:
6240:
5987:
5600:
5581:
5356:
4888:
4821:
4800:
2054:
1512:
1043:
464:
435:
12525:
12085:
11175:
Go Filmography - Television Dramas | British Go Association
10140:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10086:
10084:
8272:
7251:
A full explanation of the eternal life position can be found on
5955:, on par with their Japanese and South Korean counterparts. The
5120:
The game reached Japan in the 7th century CE—where it is called
1682:
In the opening, players often play established sequences called
960:
13573:
13568:
13169:
13063:
12610:
11523:
Mary, arthur (2022). "Sous le plateau de go, ce je qui vague".
10829:; Schrittwieser, Julian; Simonyan, Karen; Antonoglou, Ioannis;
10791:"Google's AlphaGo Continues Dominance With Second Win in China"
8779:
Demonstration of the Relationship of Area and Territory Scoring
7616:
7255:, it also appears in the official text for Japanese Rules, see
7184:
is the game's breadth (number of legal moves per position) and
6962:
the format is non-cooperative (that is, it's not a team sport);
6767:
6637:
6633:
6572:
6399:
6386:
6378:
6305:
6248:
6023:. As of 2016, Japan lags behind in the international Go scene.
6020:
4999:
4935:
1816:
1683:
1504:
1469:
1022:
662:
600:
13300:
12044:. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press.
11568:
10534:"Supercomputer with innovative software beats Go Professional"
10032:
9890:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
7866:
AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order
7238:
In game theoretical terms, seki positions are an example of a
6498:
100 (in chess, the average number of moves is 37). Because an
5830:
best player of his generation was given the prestigious title
549:
13795:
13625:
12758:
12501:
11964:
11841:. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 205–223.
11678:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001).
10841:; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Graepel, Thore;
10150:
10129:
10096:
10081:
9750:"Purpose of and rationale behind Go Markers U+2686 to U+2689"
9731:"Purpose of and rationale behind Go Markers U+2686 to U+2689"
9476:
7320:, as each overtime period expires; but systems with constant
7095:
6876:
6843:
used Go as his main investing metaphor in his investing book
6829:
6800:
6787:
6724:
6720:
6523:
6475:
6352:
6316:
6287:
6095:
A traditional Japanese set, with a solid wooden floor board (
5861:
5842:(Go Sage). The only three players to receive this honor were
5407:
The rank system comprises, from the lowest to highest ranks:
5022:
5010:
4795:
can read up to 40 moves ahead even in complicated positions.
2112:
1821:
from the board, leaving White's stones as shown to the right.
926:
891:
883:
819:
724:
443:
33:
12593:
11717:
Searching for solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence
11125:"A Prodigy's Life Is Played Out In a Japanese Game of Skill"
10776:
10558:
9747:
5375:. More recently, mathematical rating systems similar to the
4845:—points lost or gained—of each of the remaining threats is.
2197:
Territory scoring procedure (including Japanese and Korean):
13807:
11219:
The Dao of Capital: Austrian Investing in a Distorted World
10714:"Google DeepMind AI wins final Go match for 4-1 series win"
9453:
8679:
8592:
8345:
8063:
8061:
7913:. Los Angeles, CA: Kwang Hwa Publishing: 55. Archived from
6952:
Other game theoretical taxonomy elements include the facts
6875:
of Go, compared with other traditional board games such as
6782:
portrays a Chinese foreigner Go player moving to Tokyo. In
6489:
The reasons why computer programs had not played Go at the
6373:
bowls tend to have a shape closer to that of the bowl of a
6309:
6283:
6282:
Traditional Japanese stones are double-convex, and made of
6091:
5888:
period, the Go houses slowly disappeared, and in 1924, the
5650:
5297:
5162:
monk named Nikkai (né Kanō Yosaburo, 1559), to the post of
1736:) directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right)
1661:
13824:
9635:
9493:
9470:
9047:
Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005),
7328:, for example 20 plays in 5 minutes, are widely used.
7113:
7065:
also been applied to military and political history, with
1606:), allowing their opponent to capture it on the next move.
19:
This article is about the board game. For other uses, see
12298:"One Giant Leap For Go, or Astronauts Find Life In Space"
11508:
Mary, arthur (2020). "Eros et Thanatos autour du goban".
8847:
8835:
8823:
8811:
8580:
8479:
8477:
8143:
8119:
6319:. The material comes from Yunnan Province and is made by
6217:
6047:
became the first Western player to achieve a 9 dan rank.
2879:
1399:
502:
485:
416:
402:
388:
12307:. Vol. 96, no. 2. pp. 7–8. Archived from
11313:
11030:
10953:"Human convincingly beats AI at Go with help from a bot"
10809:"After Win in China, AlphaGo's Designers Explore New AI"
10559:"AGA News: Kim Prevails Again In Man Vs Machine Rematch"
8212:
8167:
8155:
8107:
8058:
8034:
8022:
7713:
5986:
of South Korea won the first edition of the Quadrennial
5079:
playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by
4994:(2337–2258 BCE), who was said to have had his counselor
4898:
BCE). In all of these works, the game is referred to as
4811:
2168:
1626:
has the initiative and can control the flow of the game.
367:
11013:, American Go Association, pp. 5–6, archived from
10727:
10677:
10487:
10224:
8462:
8426:
8402:
8260:
8224:
7690:(7th ed.), New York, NY: American Go Association,
7471:
for more details, which includes much larger estimates.
6290:(black). The classic slate is nachiguro stone mined in
2047:
An example of a situation in which the ko rule applies
11723:, Maastricht: Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Limburg,
11639:
Greene, Robert (1998), "Law 48: Assume Formlessness",
11454:
8701:
8667:
8556:
8544:
8474:
8200:
5534:
use a combination of the league and knockout systems.
1232:
1214:
786:
163:
12636:
12216:
Games of No Chance: Combinatorial Games at MSRI, 1994
12164:, MRSI Publications, vol. 29, pp. 259–272,
12114:
Sufficient but Not Necessary: Two Eyes and Seki in Go
11556:
9435:
9423:
Pro Go Player visits to UK & Ireland (since 1964)
8248:
8131:
8010:
7986:
7789:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from
7730:
7728:
7701:
4157:
Another technique to capture stones is the so-called
1618:
Sente: A play that forces one's opponent to respond (
1364:
1265:
1247:
334:
320:
300:
286:
272:
38:
Go is played on a grid (usually 19×19). Game pieces (
11415:
10301:
10034:
List of International titles, prizemoney and winners
9099:
Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures
7850:, pp. 158–161, 171, 174, §§6.2.4, 6.3.9, 6.3.12
7659:
7647:
7109:
6308:. Historically, the most prized stones were made of
5606:
Two widely used variants of the byoyomi system are:
5567:
previous position. This extension is called superko.
2833:
is a false eye, thus the black group with false eye
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1318:
706:
692:
644:
630:
176:
170:
12281:(6th ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company.
12070:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
12022:(3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11948:(2nd ed.). United States: Dover Publications.
10335:"To Test a Powerful Computer, Play an Ancient Game"
8859:
8568:
8438:
7811:Tromp, John; Farnebäck, Gunnar (January 31, 2016).
7361:European Go has been documented by Franco Pratesi,
6591:which beat the previous version by 100 games to 0.
12063:
11640:
10979:"Man beats machine at Go in human victory over AI"
10847:"Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge"
9419:
8908:Whenever a player asks a top professional ...
8363:
8236:
8073:
8046:
7998:
7725:
6851:by Troy Anderson applies Go strategy to business.
6587:announced a significantly stronger version called
6417:
5763:
11574:
11314:Gobet, F; de Voogt, A. J; Retschitzki, J (2004),
11309:
11307:
9169:
9145:Pinckard, William (2010). Akiko, Kitagawa (ed.).
8990:. No. 42. Tokyo: Ishi Press. pp. 19–21.
8979:. No. 37. Tokyo: Ishi Press. pp. 16–18.
8878:Nakayama, Noriyuki (1984), "Memories of Kitani",
8512:
7617:The International Go Federation (February 2016).
6312:, often given to the reigning emperor as a gift.
5530:. Tournaments may combine multiple systems; many
5514:Common tournament systems used in Go include the
1345:to mean 'flat and wide board', or the joining of
13847:
12218:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 273–284,
11495:Le jeu de go, une voie royale vers l'inconscient
11160:Transcending the Times:King Hu & Eileen Chan
8973:Potter, Donald L. (1984). "Go in the Classics".
7570:"A Brief History of Go | British Go Association"
6819:released the historical-fictional Korean series
6716:, being the favourite game of the main villain.
5404:). These ranks are separate from amateur ranks.
859:when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all
586:
572:
11976:In the Beginning: the Opening in the game of Go
10481:A Self-Learning, Pattern-Oriented Chess Program
9892:List of Japanese titles, prizemoney and winners
8357:
8322:
8299:
7684:The Way to Go: How to Play the Asian Game of Go
5623:
5293:are derived from their Japanese pronunciation.
4833:the ko, and their opponent may connect the ko.
2898:Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are:
1587:Basic strategic aspects include the following:
941:, which is estimated to be on the order of 10.
11304:
10434:, Ser. 7, vol. 41, Philosophical Magazine
7810:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7548:"The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination"
7094:A similar comparison has been drawn among Go,
7047:the number of atoms in the observable universe
6146:
6119:
6108:
6097:
5143:
5128:
5037:Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the
1238:
1226:
1220:
763:
749:
729:
12652:
12444:The ABC of Go: The National War Game of Japan
11962:
11188:
11166:
10926:
10783:
10405:"China's Tianhe-2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers"
9765:
9763:
9748:Beeton, Barbara; Avtalion, Ori (2016-03-15).
9600:
9585:
9510:
9508:
9318:
9302:
9286:
8871:
8754:. Games of Go on Disc (GoGoD). Archived from
8748:"The rules debate as seen from Ancient China"
7059:
6899:Arthur Mary, a French researcher in clinical
6858:
6696:or minor plot device. For example, the novel
6381:. The bowls are usually made of turned wood.
5653:is sometimes used to refer to a game record.
5537:Tournament rules may also set the following:
5495:
4907:
1489:
1370:
1255:
1185:
232:
216:
12206:
11749:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company.
11339:
11317:Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games
10657:"Lee Se-dol confident about beating AlphaGo"
9531:
9454:International Go Federation (22 June 2010),
9447:
9358:
9356:
9312:
9096:
9090:
9046:
8998:. Kiseido Publishing Company. Archived from
8351:
6259:is a potentially confusing merchant's term:
6251:, commonly from Alaska, Siberia and China's
6141:(generally referred to by its Japanese name
5108:
5092:
851:. Once placed, stones may not be moved, but
667:
605:
42:) are played on the grid line intersections.
16:Abstract strategy board game for two players
12361:, Yutopian Enterprises, Santa Monica, 2001
12207:Müller, Martin & Gasser, Ralph (1996),
11258:Go, an Asian Paradigm for Business Strategy
10364:, Intelligent Go Foundation, archived from
10220:
10218:
10216:
9861:
9652:
9650:
9615:
9613:
9282:
9280:
9278:
8713:
8331:"Go technique: Induction in the game of Go"
7772:
6853:GO: An Asian Paradigm for Business Strategy
6485:A finished beginner's game on a 13×13 board
6351:bowls. These particular stones are made of
5351:problem in the corner of the board, at the
4965:
4777:A third technique to capture stones is the
2186:Area scoring procedure (including Chinese):
1271:
12659:
12645:
12487:The Game of Go: The National Game of Japan
12239:
11791:
11216:
10577:
10399:
9760:
9505:
9499:
9413:
9245:
9215:
8900:
8898:
8456:
8420:
8278:
8218:
8173:
8161:
8149:
8125:
8113:
8067:
8040:
8028:
7719:
7052:Go also contributed to the development of
6692:by Shan Sa. Other books have used Go as a
6294:and the clamshell from the Hamaguri clam (
5939:1937–1944. After his return to Korea, the
1192:
1178:
959:
939:number of atoms in the observable universe
12247:(1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Kiin.
12175:
12092:
11941:
11919:
11903:
11884:
11846:
11665:
11663:
11619:, New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
11470:
11283:The Magic of Go – 33. Go and business (1)
10496:"Modelling Uncertainty in the Game of Go"
10384:
10156:
10144:
10107:
10090:
9594:
9368:, American Go Association, archived from
9353:
9328:
9209:
9072:
8935:
8929:
8745:
8637:
8619:Ing rules of Go, translation archived by
8613:
8562:
8483:
8468:
8432:
7766:
7340:toured Europe around 1970, and reported (
7018:, putting it in the same class as chess,
5053:Painting of a woman playing Go, from the
2851:it, depending on who gets to play first.
1689:
1569:Learn how and when to remove this message
12325:
12295:
12127:
12110:
12095:A Journey In Search of the Origins of Go
12066:Go and Go-Moku: the Oriental Board Games
12036:
12014:
11973:
11744:
11669:
11537:
11255:
11241:
11235:
11036:
11001:
10478:
10428:Programming a Computer for Playing Chess
10213:
10068:Wimmer, Kerwin, Make Professional Shodan
10053:
9647:
9641:
9610:
9565:, British Go Association, archived from
9441:
9334:
9275:
9144:
9125:
9026:. Oxford University Press. p. 228.
8877:
8853:
8841:
8829:
8817:
8805:
8707:
8673:
8607:
8586:
8550:
8408:
8266:
8254:
8230:
7992:
7707:
7519:
6656:
6608:
6480:
6421:
6342:
6090:
6086:
6060:
5961:
5860:
5342:
4810:
2878:
2177:, meaning they belong to neither player.
2167:
2111:
1815:
1811:
1781:
1398:
1382:
11992:
11963:Fairbairn, John; Hall, T. Mark (2007),
11797:Go: A Complete Introduction to the Game
11614:
11598:"Go Infinitesimals at Sensei's Library"
11096:
10424:
10332:
10059:
9774:. Mind Sports WorldWide. Archived from
9772:"MindZine – Go – Feature: Honinbo Jowa"
9678:
8895:
8206:
8137:
8016:
7665:
7653:
7397:Lists of such programs may be found at
7226:
6926:
6355:material, and the bowls of jujube wood.
6347:An example of single-convex stones and
6247:), and Shin Kaya (various varieties of
5236:
4960:
925:, Go is extremely complex. Compared to
13848:
12431:
12058:
11865:
11660:
11638:
11069:
10995:
10162:
9619:
9084:
9019:
8983:
8972:
8938:"Analyzing Ko Struggles Theoretically"
8904:
8865:
8444:
8385:
8290:
8284:
7787:"Warring States Project Chronology #2"
7734:
7430:The British Go Association provides a
6598:
6555:(out of 9 dan possible) professional,
6462:Go long posed a daunting challenge to
5371:grades, a system also adopted by many
418:
336:
12640:
12373:Ogawa, Tomoko; Davies, James (2000).
12350:
12273:
12245:Go: the World's most Fascinating Game
12209:"Experiments in Computer Go Endgames"
12150:
11713:
11562:
11157:
11122:
10976:
10451:
10011:"1st European Pro Qualification 2014"
9867:
9845:
9796:
9769:
9728:
9296:
8882:, Slate & Shell, pp. 16–19,
8242:
7847:
7829:from the original on January 25, 2016
7697:from the original on December 3, 2012
7680:
7083:(1998) exploring the strategy of the
6652:
2874:
2837:can be killed by white in two turns.
1213:is a short form of the Japanese word
12508:
12399:, Efil Yayinevi, Ankara, Feb. 2016,
12111:Matthews, Charles (September 2002),
11836:
11813:
11763:
11522:
11507:
11492:
11381:
11279:
10909:from the original on 2 January 2020.
10604:
10385:Keene, Raymond; Levy, David (1991),
9934:
9388:
9175:
8954:from the original on 31 January 2015
8574:
8495:
8079:
8052:
8004:
7676:
7674:
7454:A list of films can be found at the
5486:1–9p (where 10p is a special title)
5332:
5113:), and a variant of the game called
2939:
1551:adding citations to reliable sources
1522:
1204:
12330:(1st ed.), Tuttle Publishing,
12235:from the original on April 10, 2011
12214:, in Nowakowski, Richard J. (ed.),
12186:, United Kingdom: Lexington Books,
12171:from the original on April 10, 2011
9961:
9543:, Association for Go in Italy (AGI)
9477:China Cultural Centre in Tel Aviv,
9148:Japanese Prints and the World of Go
7900:
7859:
6457:
6446:
5786:List of professional Go tournaments
5472:1–7d (where 8d is a special title)
5327:
5205:Detail from a Japanese illustrated
5021:and playing the musical instrument
4912:). Today, in China, it is known as
4161:, also known by its Japanese name,
1667:
1664:, or fighting spirit, in the game.
1622:). A player who can regularly play
1429:
13:
13751:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
12345:
11740:from the original on March 7, 2005
10711:
10455:Learning to Play the Game of Chess
9514:
9392:The Magic of Go – 40. Go in Europe
8775:
7344:) a general standard of amateur 4
5808:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
5586:A game of Go may be timed using a
5276:Japan Go Association (Nihon Ki-in)
4863:
1805:
877:The standard Go board has a 19×19
14:
13907:
12020:Lessons in the Fundamentals of Go
11839:Machines That Learn To Play Games
11780:from the original on May 15, 2013
11575:O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F.,
11242:Anderson, Troy (August 3, 2004),
10578:Levinovitz, Alan (May 12, 2014).
10493:
10171:A stylish way to play your stones
8328:
8305:
7958:
7735:Burton, Watson (April 15, 1992).
7671:
7536:from the original on May 16, 2013
7188:is its depth (number of moves or
6551:, the European Go champion and a
5744:BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT
2219:
1518:
13823:
12619:
12602:
12585:
12568:
12551:
12534:
12517:
11632:
11608:
11590:
11531:
11516:
11501:
11486:
11448:
11409:
11375:
11333:
11273:
11249:
11210:
11151:
11142:
11116:
11090:
11063:
11042:
10970:
10945:
10920:
10912:
10819:
10801:
10769:
10755:
10705:
10649:
10624:
10598:
10571:
10551:
10526:
10472:
10445:
10418:
10393:
10378:
10352:
10326:
10307:
10293:
10192:
10113:
10025:
10003:
9981:
9955:
9928:
9905:
9883:
9839:
9817:
9790:
9741:
9722:
9718:from the original on 2001-06-03.
9694:
9672:
9590:A quick guide to pro tournaments
9579:
9562:The McMahon system in a nutshell
9553:
9382:
9020:Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008).
8936:Tavernier, Karel (Spring 1998).
7930:"EGF Ing Grant Report 2004-2005"
7635:from the original on 17 May 2017
7594:"The Ancient Chinese Game of Go"
7460:
7448:
7442:A list of books can be found at
7436:
7424:
7414:Lists of Go servers are kept at
7408:
7391:
7381:
7368:
7355:
7331:
7298:
7288:
7275:
7262:
7245:
7112:
6402:. The names of the bowl shapes,
5758:BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS
5224:
5198:
5189:, played in the presence of the
5069:
5046:
5030:
4789:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
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4072:
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4058:
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4044:
4037:
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4016:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
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3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
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3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3549:The most basic technique is the
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
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3364:
3357:
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3343:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
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3262:
3255:
3248:
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3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
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3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
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3155:
3148:
3139:
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3125:
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3104:
3097:
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3018:
3009:
3002:
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2811:
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2421:
2414:
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2400:
2393:
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2379:
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2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2163:
2135:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1527:
1375:), meaning 'to arrange pieces'.
937:, which is far greater than the
32:
13704:All Japan Student Go Federation
12395:, 6th article of the main book
12296:Peng, Mike; Hall, Mark (1996).
11745:Bozulich, Richard, ed. (2001).
11458:New England Journal of Medicine
11097:Scanlon, Charles (2002-08-01).
10977:Times, Financial (2023-02-19).
10605:Metz, Cade (December 7, 2015).
10387:How to beat your chess computer
9915:KBA Founder Cho Nam Chul passes
9911:
9729:Dürst, Martin J. (2016-03-10).
9181:
9119:
9040:
9013:
8966:
8769:
8739:
8489:
8379:
8187:"Hanami Ko at Sensei's Library"
8179:
8085:
7952:
7921:
7894:
7853:
7804:
7232:
7219:
7206:
7197:
7154:
7138:List of top title holders in Go
6863:A 2004 review of literature by
6418:Playing technique and etiquette
5770:List of top title holders in Go
5764:Top players and professional Go
5571:
1538:needs additional citations for
503:
486:
465:
444:
417:
403:
389:
368:
110:Professional: 1–6 hours or more
13781:Games played with Go equipment
11674:. In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
11647:, New York, NY: Viking Press,
11542:. Cambridge University Press.
11320:, Hove, UK: Psychology Press,
11260:, Kiseido Publishing Company,
10333:Johnson, George (1997-07-29),
10310:"Human-Computer Go Challenges"
9521:, European Go Federation (EGF)
9254:History of Go in Japan: part 3
9224:History of Go in Japan: part 2
9151:. Kiseido Publishing Company.
9103:University of Washington Press
7610:
7586:
7562:
7540:
7513:
7491:
7128:Games played with Go equipment
6919:approach, he demonstrates how
5319:As of December 2015, the
5109:
4998:design it for his unruly son,
4940:
4931:
4923:
4908:
4806:
4799:death problems, also known as
1777:
1231:), which derives from earlier
787:
707:
693:
645:
631:
587:
550:
335:
321:
301:
287:
273:
233:
217:
1:
12468:The Theory and Practice of Go
12440:De Havilland, Walter Augustus
12093:Masayoshi, Shirakawa (2005),
11969:, Games of Go on Disc (GoGoD)
11799:. Tokyo: Kiseido Publishers.
11525:Une praxis de la psychanalyse
11434:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00207-0
11396:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00206-9
10202:. Senseis.xmp.net. 2011-09-19
9053:, ABC-CLIO Ltd, p. 228,
9050:Handbook of Chinese mythology
9023:Handbook of Chinese Mythology
8746:Fairbairn, John (June 2006).
8687:"Comparison of Some Go Rules"
8189:. Senseis.xmp.net. 2013-01-09
7739:. Columbia University Press.
7480:
6493:level prior to 2016 include:
6216:can easily cost in excess of
5970:plays against Russian player
5058:
4892:
4875:
2102:Rules of Go § Repetition
1306:. In events sponsored by the
912:
897:Go was considered one of the
12176:Moskowitz, Marc L. (2013), "
11714:Allis, Louis Victor (1994),
11196:"The Rise and Fall of Atari"
11009:, in Shotwell, Peter (ed.),
10927:Joshua Wolens (2023-02-20).
10483:, vol. 12, ICCA Journal
10389:, Batsford Books, p. 85
9659:EGF General Tournament Rules
8295:, Kiseido Publishing Company
7485:
6050:
5816:European Professional System
5624:Notation and recording games
5291:terms for common Go concepts
4887:and in two books written by
2089:. To stop the potential for
1801:
1797:
1793:
7:
13746:Singapore Weiqi Association
13691:International Go Federation
11773:, American Go Association,
11148:(film; 2013) Tokyo Newcomer
10777:"World's Go Player Ratings"
8367:Comparison of some go rules
8093:"KGS Go Tutorial: Game End"
7529:, American Go Association,
7456:EGF Internet Go Filmography
7285:means 'reading of seconds'.
7105:
7073:(1969) and, more recently,
6941:terms, Go is a non-chance,
6500:exhaustive computer program
6398:, stone and woven straw or
5716:WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT
5532:professional Go tournaments
5321:International Go Federation
5284:in the 1960s, establishing
5150:. It became popular at the
4900:
1637:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1266:
1248:
1233:
1215:
848:
824:International Go Federation
177:
171:
164:
10:
13912:
13458:Long Ode to Watching Weiqi
12128:Matthews, Charles (2004).
12040:; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997).
11706:
11670:Pinckard, William (n.d.).
11615:Boorman, Scott A. (1969),
11538:Maschler, Michael (2013).
11354:10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.293
11123:Scott, A.O. (2007-03-14),
11099:"Young Japanese go for Go"
11076:, Asiaweek, archived from
10586:. The Electric Sage Battle
9871:Kubomatsu's central thesis
9307:Articles on Famous Players
9193:, Korean Baduk Association
9128:"The Four Accomplishments"
9126:Pinckard, William (1989).
8293:Dictionary of Basic Joseki
7060:Comparisons to other games
6930:
6859:Psychological perspectives
6828:The corporation and brand
6723:(Japanese comic book) and
6602:
6450:
6054:
5767:
5730:WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS
5627:
5575:
5549:for more information); and
5499:
5496:Tournament and match rules
5336:
4856:
4852:
2917:
2913:
2223:
2145:
2107:
1848:
1844:
1716:
1671:
1641:
1580:
1310:Foundation, it is spelled
922:
18:
13818:
13759:
13669:Chinese Weiqi Association
13651:Australian Go Association
13636:
13514:
13393:
13335:
13278:
13187:
13049:
12771:
12706:
12676:
12261:Vol. 2: Basic techniques
12117:, University of Cambridge
11527:(in French). L'Harmattan.
11221:. John Wiley & Sons.
11217:Spitznagel, Mark (2013).
11002:McDonald, Brian (2002) ,
10479:Levinson, Robert (1989),
10452:Thurn, Sebastian (1995),
9989:"AGA Professional System"
9918:, American Go Association
9601:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9586:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9319:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9303:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9287:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
8880:The Treasure Chest Enigma
8782:, American Go Association
8634:, retrieved 5 August 2012
8502:, University of Cambridge
8392:, University of Cambridge
7959:조, 항범 (October 8, 2005).
7871:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
7501:. American Go Association
7432:list of teaching services
7054:combinatorial game theory
6997:combinatorial game theory
6907:research and employing a
6275:A full set of Go stones (
6270:
6183:The traditional Japanese
6147:
6132:
6120:
6109:
6098:
5957:Chinese Weiqi Association
5834:(master) and the post of
5792:Chinese Weiqi Association
5461:Intermediate/club player
5144:
5129:
5093:Spread to Korea and Japan
5011:Chinese scholar gentleman
2104:for further information.
1490:
1454:
1371:
1291:board game of surrounding
1256:
1239:
1227:
1221:
1138:Computers and mathematics
1090:Players and organizations
798:
780:
775:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
730:
723:
718:
700:
686:
681:
677:
668:
661:
656:
638:
624:
619:
615:
606:
599:
594:
580:
566:
561:
543:
538:
534:
528:
522:
517:
496:
479:
472:
458:
451:
434:
427:
410:
396:
382:
375:
361:
354:
328:
314:
294:
280:
266:
259:
254:
250:
246:'encirclement board game'
242:
226:
210:
205:
201:
196:
187:
143:
125:
117:
100:
92:
84:
58:
47:
31:
13736:Mind Sports Organisation
13674:Hong Kong Go Association
13385:Lee's broken ladder game
13263:Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame
12326:Shotwell, Peter (2003),
12097:, Yutopian Enterprises,
11974:Ishigure, Ikuro (2006).
11942:Fairbairn, John (2004).
11920:Fairbairn, John (2000),
11904:Fairbairn, John (1995),
11672:"Go and the Three Games"
11422:Cognitive Brain Research
11384:Cognitive Brain Research
11256:Yasuyuki, Miura (1998),
11178:, Britgo.org, 2007-03-14
11052:. Britgo.org. 2015-12-16
11011:Go in Western Literature
10763:"柯洁迎19岁生日 雄踞人类世界排名第一已两年"
10425:Shannon, Claude (1950),
10071:, British Go Association
9938:Weiqi in Chinese Culture
9662:, European Go Federation
9420:British Go Association,
9365:AGA 1995 Historical Book
9325:"Castle Games 1626–1863"
8689:. British Go Association
8364:British Go Association,
8352:Müller & Gasser 1996
7520:Shotwell, Peter (2008),
7176:) can be estimated with
7148:
7091:through the lens of Go.
6359:
6237:Cercidiphyllum japonicum
5636:algebraic chess notation
1763:all of any played game.
1712:
1654:common opening sequences
1296:). In English, the name
1166:AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol
212:Traditional Chinese
52:Spring and Autumn period
13866:Abstract strategy games
13861:Traditional board games
13724:Korea Baduk Association
13686:French Federation of Go
13646:American Go Association
13601:Monte Carlo tree search
13375:The Game of the Century
12485:Smith, Arthur (1956) ,
11966:The GoGoD Encyclopaedia
11887:The Go Player's Almanac
11767:The History of Go Rules
11747:The Go Player's Almanac
11676:The Go Player's Almanac
10765:(in Chinese). May 2017.
10632:"History of Go Ratings"
10361:Overview of Computer Go
9826:Go Seigen: Match Player
9800:History of Newspaper Go
9620:Jasiek, Robert (2001),
9540:EGF Tournament Database
9337:The Go Player's Almanac
9190:History of Korean baduk
8649:American Go Association
8630:12 January 2013 at the
8621:American Go Association
8291:Ishida, Yoshio (1977),
7499:"A Brief History of Go"
7308:moves in a time period
7085:Chinese Communist Party
6472:artificial intelligence
6443:actual game technique.
5812:AGA Professional System
5804:Korea Baduk Association
5304:and Japanese astronaut
5269:American Go Association
5263:in 1908. Lasker's book
5152:Japanese imperial court
4975:encirclement board game
4820:In situations when the
2932:and are covered in the
2920:Go strategy and tactics
2141:
1644:Go strategy and tactics
1488:(Chinese and Japanese:
1351:, meaning 'field', and
1281:encirclement board game
1034:(corner-based openings)
921:Despite its relatively
894:in the 7th century CE.
228:Simplified Chinese
13891:Partially solved games
13741:New Zealand Go Society
13681:European Go Federation
13656:British Go Association
13416:The Girl Who Played Go
13270:Professional handicaps
12666:
12000:. New York: Pantheon.
11923:History of Go in Korea
11866:Davies, James (1995).
11814:Cobb, William (2002).
10837:; Lillicrap, Timothy;
10122:Kiseido clearance sale
8499:Behind the Rules of Go
8459:, p. 23 (Vol. 1).
8423:, p. 22 (Vol. 1).
7934:European Go Federation
7903:"Getting the Go-ahead"
7863:(September 25, 2018).
7619:"Go Population Survey"
7281:Literally in Japanese
7162:state-space complexity
7133:List of books about Go
6977:Affine transformations
6689:The Girl Who Played Go
6669:
6614:
6557:five times out of five
6486:
6427:
6356:
6263:means 'new', and thus
6129:
6066:
5990:in 1989. His disciple
5979:
5877:
5810:), the United States (
5398:professional dan ranks
5360:
4817:
2884:
2178:
2118:
1822:
1788:
1690:Middlegame and endgame
1438:and can be captured.
1409:
1388:
1323:(바둑) derives from the
1026:(whole-board openings)
573:
71:Abstract strategy game
13871:Chinese ancient games
13355:AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol
12251:Vol. 1: Introduction
12183:Asian Popular Culture
12151:Moews, David (1996),
11764:Chen, Zuyuan (2011),
11510:Revue française de go
11493:Mary, Arthur (2024),
9605:History and Timelines
9323:History and Timelines
9291:History and Timelines
8281:, p. 7 (Vol. 2).
7813:"Combinatorics of Go"
7681:Baker, Karl (2008) ,
6660:
6612:
6522:", can sustain 33.86
6484:
6425:
6346:
6094:
6087:Traditional equipment
6064:
5972:Alexandre Dinerchtein
5965:
5935:, who studied in the
5880:After the end of the
5864:
5700:Miscellaneous Symbols
5346:
5169:Nikkai took the name
4884:Analects of Confucius
4814:
2882:
2171:
2115:
1819:
1812:Liberties and capture
1785:
1402:
1386:
870:(points added to the
138:elementary arithmetic
107:Casual: 20–90 minutes
13696:Irish Go Association
13498:The Surrounding Game
13051:Strategy and tactics
12412:Go! More than a Game
12328:Go! More Than a Game
12153:"Loopy Games and Go"
11643:The 48 Laws of Power
11472:10.1056/NEJMoa022252
11342:Psychology and Aging
9962:朱宝训 (22 July 2016).
9754:The Unicode Archives
9735:The Unicode Archives
9709:The Unicode Standard
9518:EGF Official Ratings
9442:Peng & Hall 1996
9293:"Timeline 1600–1867"
8996:"Go in the Classics"
8854:Kim & Jeong 1997
8842:Kim & Jeong 1997
8830:Kim & Jeong 1997
8818:Kim & Jeong 1997
8708:Kim & Jeong 1997
8674:Kim & Jeong 1997
8608:Kim & Jeong 1997
8587:Kim & Jeong 1997
8551:Kim & Jeong 1997
8409:Kim & Jeong 1997
8308:"Thinking big in Go"
7174:game-tree complexity
7080:The 48 Laws of Power
6988:to the discovery of
6927:Analyses of the game
6832:was named after the
6822:Captivating the King
6776:Tôkyô ni kita bakari
6712:series of novels by
6464:computer programmers
5966:South Korean player
5339:Go ranks and ratings
5237:Internationalization
5183:dan/kyu style system
5007:four cultivated arts
1547:improve this article
1003:Strategy and tactics
688:Revised Romanization
626:Revised Romanization
481:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
13596:Future of Go Summit
13524:Computer Go UEC Cup
13365:Blood-vomiting game
13345:AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui
12432:Historical interest
12357:Bradley, Milton N.
11907:Go in Ancient China
11820:Sterling Publishers
11280:Bozulich, Richard,
10876:10.1038/nature24270
10868:2017Natur.550..354S
10845:(19 October 2017).
10264:10.1038/nature16961
10256:2016Natur.529..484S
10159:, pp. 153–155.
10147:, pp. 150–153.
10110:, pp. 143–149.
10093:, pp. 142–143.
9935:Matthews, Charles,
9403:on November 9, 2001
9389:Bozulich, Richard,
8727:on 29 December 2022
8610:, pp. 144–147.
8520:"Go The Board Game"
8496:Matthews, Charles,
7071:The Protracted Game
7005:perfect-information
6947:perfect information
6890:Alzheimer's disease
6839:Hedge fund manager
6770:of Go professional
6666:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
6662:Minamoto no Yoshiie
6599:Software assistance
6583:. In October 2017,
6581:Future of Go Summit
6377:glass, such as for
6292:Wakayama Prefecture
6229:Thujopsis dolabrata
6201:Torreya californica
5945:Cultural Revolution
5874:game of the century
5854:, all of the house
5177:Go school. Several
4928:traditional Chinese
1161:Internet Go servers
1054:History and culture
947:Part of a series on
899:four essential arts
886:in the 5th century
568:Vietnamese alphabet
28:
21:Go (disambiguation)
13786:Go and mathematics
13767:Benson's algorithm
13729:Myongji University
13370:Ear-reddening game
13350:AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie
13205:Dunhuang Go Manual
12489:, C.E. Tuttle Co,
12471:, C.E. Tuttle Co,
12393:Chinese Go Players
12391:Seckiner, Sancar.
12351:Introductory books
12161:Games of No Chance
11512:(in French) (151).
11130:The New York Times
11070:Shimatsuka, Yoko,
10959:. 20 February 2023
10504:Cornell University
10340:The New York Times
8945:British Go Journal
8721:"A change in Komi"
7940:on 28 October 2017
7469:Go and mathematics
6986:John Horton Conway
6943:combinatorial game
6933:Go and mathematics
6845:The Dao of Capital
6670:
6653:In popular culture
6615:
6487:
6428:
6357:
6197:California Torreya
6130:
6117:) and 361 stones (
6080:Meretrix lamarckii
6067:
5980:
5919:(born in Taiwan),
5882:Tokugawa shogunate
5878:
5649:The Japanese word
5361:
5254:empires. In 1905,
5219:, 12th century CE.
5166:(Minister of Go).
5083:(fl. 942–961 CE),
4920:simplified Chinese
4896: 3rd century
4879: 4th century
4818:
2885:
2875:Seki (mutual life)
2179:
2119:
1823:
1789:
1410:
1389:
1146:Go and mathematics
916: 4th century
26:
13886:Individual sports
13843:
13842:
13606:Smart Game Format
13337:Games and matches
13291:Ranks and ratings
12478:978-0-8048-0572-8
12448:Kelly & Walsh
12424:978-0-8048-3475-9
12416:Tuttle Publishing
12410:Shotwell, Peter.
12405:978-605-4160-62-4
12367:978-1-889554-74-7
12337:978-0-8048-3475-9
12305:Svenks Go Tidning
12288:978-4-906574-36-0
12193:978-0-7391-7961-1
12143:978-0-07-142977-1
12130:Teach Yourself Go
12104:978-1-889554-98-3
12051:978-0-9644796-1-6
12029:978-4-906574-28-5
12016:Kageyama, Toshiro
12007:978-0-394-73331-9
11896:978-4-906574-40-7
11829:978-0-8069-2729-9
11806:978-4-906574-50-6
11756:978-4-906574-40-7
11685:978-4-906574-40-7
11654:978-0-670-88146-8
11626:978-0-19-500490-8
11549:978-1-107-00548-8
11327:978-1-84169-336-1
11267:978-4-906574-99-5
11228:978-1-118-34703-4
10862:(7676): 354–359.
10712:Lawler, Richard.
10250:(7587): 484–489.
9868:Fairbairn, John,
9846:Fairbairn, John,
9797:Fairbairn, John,
9770:Fairbairn, John.
9644:, pp. 92–93.
9607:"History of Komi"
9346:978-4-906574-40-7
9060:978-1-57607-806-8
9033:978-0-19-533263-6
8905:van Zeijst, Rob,
8889:978-1-932001-27-3
8856:, pp. 93–94.
8844:, pp. 91–92.
8832:, pp. 88–90.
8820:, pp. 80–98.
8645:"The Rules of Go"
8589:, pp. 48–49.
7901:Gao, Pat (2007).
7746:978-0-231-06715-7
7089:Chinese Civil War
6684:Yasunari Kawabata
6627:Smart Game Format
6325:Chinese Civil War
5886:Meiji Restoration
5778:Female Go players
5640:Smart Game Format
5493:
5492:
5377:Elo rating system
5333:Ranks and ratings
5212:The Tale of Genji
5179:competing schools
4757:
4756:
4145:
4144:
3537:
3536:
2940:Capturing tactics
2826:
2825:
2044:
2043:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1457:) wins the game.
1205:Names of the game
1202:
1201:
1115:Ranks and ratings
813:abstract strategy
802:
801:
794:
793:
714:
713:
702:McCune–Reischauer
657:South Korean name
652:
651:
640:McCune–Reischauer
595:North Korean name
557:
556:
513:
512:
384:Yale Romanization
261:Standard Mandarin
192:
191:
13903:
13828:
13827:
13485:Sensei's Library
13472:The Master of Go
13380:Kamakura jubango
13360:Atomic bomb game
13253:European players
12661:
12654:
12647:
12638:
12637:
12632:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12615:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12598:
12590:
12589:
12588:
12581:
12573:
12572:
12571:
12564:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12547:
12539:
12538:
12537:
12530:
12522:
12521:
12520:
12510:
12497:
12481:
12463:Korschelt, Oscar
12458:
12418:, 4th ed. 2014,
12388:
12340:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12313:
12302:
12292:
12248:
12236:
12234:
12213:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12172:
12170:
12157:
12147:
12124:
12123:
12122:
12107:
12089:
12069:
12055:
12042:Learn to Play Go
12033:
12011:
11998:Go for Beginners
11989:
11970:
11959:
11945:Invitation to Go
11938:
11937:
11935:
11926:, archived from
11916:
11915:
11914:
11900:
11881:
11862:
11850:
11833:
11810:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11779:
11772:
11760:
11741:
11739:
11730:978-90-9007488-7
11722:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11688:. Archived from
11667:
11658:
11657:
11646:
11636:
11630:
11629:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11594:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11578:Conway Biography
11572:
11566:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11474:
11452:
11446:
11445:
11413:
11407:
11406:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11311:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11290:, archived from
11277:
11271:
11270:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11214:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11170:
11164:
11163:
11155:
11149:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11110:
11094:
11088:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11046:
11040:
11034:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11019:
11008:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10974:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10910:
10908:
10851:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10759:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10709:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10698:
10681:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10602:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10575:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10565:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10545:
10536:. Archived from
10530:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10513:
10507:. Archived from
10500:
10491:
10485:
10484:
10476:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10460:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10433:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10397:
10391:
10390:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10348:
10347:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10314:computer-go.info
10305:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10291:
10222:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10187:
10178:, archived from
10166:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10142:
10127:
10125:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10094:
10088:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10063:
10057:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10018:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9998:
9996:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9941:, archived from
9932:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9803:, archived from
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9767:
9758:
9757:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9706:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9654:
9645:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9630:
9617:
9608:
9598:
9592:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9512:
9503:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9451:
9445:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9399:, archived from
9386:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9360:
9351:
9350:
9332:
9326:
9316:
9310:
9309:"Honinbo Dosaku"
9300:
9294:
9284:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9261:, archived from
9249:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9231:, archived from
9219:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9185:
9179:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9161:. Archived from
9158:978-4-90657430-8
9142:
9140:
9139:
9130:. Archived from
9123:
9117:
9116:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9007:
8991:
8980:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8953:
8942:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8915:, archived from
8902:
8893:
8892:
8875:
8869:
8863:
8857:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8827:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8803:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8723:. Archived from
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8651:. Archived from
8641:
8635:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8590:
8584:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8531:
8525:. Archived from
8524:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8329:David, Ormerod.
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8306:David, Ormerod.
8303:
8297:
8296:
8288:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8020:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7936:. Archived from
7925:
7919:
7918:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7828:
7817:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7783:
7770:
7764:
7751:
7750:
7732:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7689:
7678:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7623:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7598:www.china.org.cn
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7528:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7495:
7475:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7444:Sensei's Library
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:Sensei's Library
7412:
7406:
7399:Sensei's Library
7395:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7372:
7366:
7359:
7353:
7335:
7329:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7279:
7273:
7266:
7260:
7253:Sensei's Library
7249:
7243:
7240:Nash equilibrium
7236:
7230:
7223:
7217:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7195:
7171:
7169:
7158:
7143:Sensei's Library
7122:
7117:
7116:
7022:(checkers), and
6917:phenomenological
6869:Jean Retschitzki
6793:The Valiant Ones
6745:A Beautiful Mind
6682:-winning author
6675:The Master of Go
6577:three-game match
6513:
6509:
6491:professional dan
6458:Software players
6447:Computers and Go
6302:Korean hard clam
6297:Meretrix lusoria
6193:Torreya nucifera
6179:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6100:
5925:Koichi Kobayashi
5802:), South Korea (
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5658:Geometric Shapes
5617:Canadian byoyomi
5611:Standard byoyomi
5475:Advanced player
5410:
5409:
5328:Competitive play
5252:Austro-Hungarian
5228:
5202:
5173:and founded the
5149:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5112:
5111:
5073:
5063:
5060:
5057:. Tang dynasty,
5050:
5034:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4933:
4925:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4897:
4894:
4880:
4877:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1668:Opening strategy
1574:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1531:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1317:The Korean name
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1243:), in turn from
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1194:
1187:
1180:
963:
944:
943:
936:
934:
917:
914:
901:of the cultured
790:
789:
773:
772:
767:
766:
753:
752:
739:
738:
710:
709:
696:
695:
679:
678:
673:
672:
648:
647:
634:
633:
617:
616:
611:
610:
590:
589:
576:
553:
552:
536:
535:
530:
509:
508:
507:
492:
491:
490:
468:
467:
447:
446:
423:
422:
421:
406:
405:
392:
391:
371:
370:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
339:
324:
323:
310:
309:
308:
304:
290:
289:
276:
275:
252:
251:
238:
237:
222:
221:
194:
193:
180:
174:
167:
160:
159:
158:
156:
36:
29:
25:
13911:
13910:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13901:
13900:
13846:
13845:
13844:
13839:
13822:
13814:
13755:
13632:
13510:
13505:The Weiqi Devil
13409:The Divine Move
13389:
13331:
13310:Honorary titles
13286:Go professional
13274:
13236:Oskar Korschelt
13198:Classic of Arts
13183:
13045:
12795:Board positions
12767:
12702:
12672:
12665:
12635:
12625:
12620:
12618:
12614:from Wikivoyage
12608:
12603:
12601:
12591:
12586:
12584:
12580:from Wikisource
12574:
12569:
12567:
12557:
12552:
12550:
12540:
12535:
12533:
12529:from Wiktionary
12523:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12509:sister projects
12506:at Knowledge's
12500:
12484:
12479:
12461:
12438:
12434:
12429:
12385:
12372:
12353:
12348:
12346:Further reading
12343:
12338:
12317:
12315:
12311:
12300:
12289:
12232:
12226:
12211:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12168:
12155:
12144:
12120:
12118:
12105:
12078:
12052:
12030:
12008:
11986:
11956:
11933:
11931:
11912:
11910:
11897:
11878:
11859:
11830:
11807:
11783:
11781:
11777:
11770:
11757:
11737:
11731:
11720:
11709:
11704:
11695:
11693:
11686:
11668:
11661:
11655:
11637:
11633:
11627:
11613:
11609:
11602:senseis.xmp.net
11596:
11595:
11591:
11583:
11581:
11573:
11569:
11561:
11557:
11550:
11536:
11532:
11521:
11517:
11506:
11502:
11491:
11487:
11465:(25): 2508–16,
11453:
11449:
11414:
11410:
11380:
11376:
11338:
11334:
11328:
11312:
11305:
11297:
11295:
11288:Yomiuri Shimbun
11278:
11274:
11268:
11254:
11250:
11240:
11236:
11229:
11215:
11211:
11201:
11199:
11194:
11193:
11189:
11181:
11179:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11156:
11152:
11147:
11143:
11135:
11133:
11121:
11117:
11108:
11106:
11095:
11091:
11083:
11081:
11068:
11064:
11055:
11053:
11048:
11047:
11043:
11035:
11031:
11023:
11021:
11017:
11006:
11000:
10996:
10987:
10985:
10975:
10971:
10962:
10960:
10951:
10950:
10946:
10937:
10935:
10925:
10921:
10911:
10906:
10849:
10843:Hassabis, Demis
10824:
10820:
10807:
10806:
10802:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10775:
10774:
10770:
10761:
10760:
10756:
10746:
10744:
10743:. 13 March 2016
10740:BBC News Online
10733:
10732:
10728:
10718:
10716:
10710:
10706:
10696:
10694:
10693:. 12 March 2016
10690:BBC News Online
10683:
10682:
10678:
10668:
10666:
10662:The Korea Times
10655:
10654:
10650:
10640:
10638:
10630:
10629:
10625:
10615:
10613:
10603:
10599:
10589:
10587:
10576:
10572:
10563:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10552:
10543:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10517:
10515:
10511:
10498:
10492:
10488:
10477:
10473:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10450:
10446:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10423:
10419:
10410:
10408:
10407:. IEEE Spectrum
10398:
10394:
10383:
10379:
10371:
10369:
10358:
10357:
10353:
10345:
10343:
10331:
10327:
10318:
10316:
10306:
10302:
10292:
10238:Hassabis, Demis
10234:Sutskever, Ilya
10223:
10214:
10205:
10203:
10198:
10197:
10193:
10185:
10183:
10168:
10167:
10163:
10155:
10151:
10143:
10130:
10119:
10118:
10114:
10106:
10097:
10089:
10082:
10074:
10072:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10052:
10048:
10040:
10038:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10016:
10014:
10009:
10008:
10004:
9994:
9992:
9987:
9986:
9982:
9972:
9970:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9946:
9933:
9929:
9921:
9919:
9910:
9906:
9898:
9896:
9889:
9888:
9884:
9876:
9874:
9866:
9862:
9854:
9852:
9849:Kitani's Streak
9844:
9840:
9832:
9830:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9810:
9808:
9795:
9791:
9781:
9779:
9768:
9761:
9746:
9742:
9727:
9723:
9715:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9695:
9686:
9684:
9677:
9673:
9665:
9663:
9656:
9655:
9648:
9640:
9636:
9628:
9626:
9618:
9611:
9599:
9595:
9584:
9580:
9572:
9570:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9546:
9544:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9524:
9522:
9513:
9506:
9500:Nihon Kiin 1973
9498:
9494:
9485:
9483:
9475:
9471:
9462:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9428:
9426:
9418:
9414:
9406:
9404:
9397:Yomiuri Shimbun
9387:
9383:
9375:
9373:
9362:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9333:
9329:
9317:
9313:
9301:
9297:
9285:
9276:
9268:
9266:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9238:
9236:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9208:
9204:
9196:
9194:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9174:
9170:
9159:
9137:
9135:
9124:
9120:
9113:
9101:. Seattle, WA:
9095:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9045:
9041:
9034:
9018:
9014:
9005:
9003:
8994:
8992:
8981:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8922:
8920:
8913:Yomiuri Shimbun
8903:
8896:
8890:
8876:
8872:
8864:
8860:
8852:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8828:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8804:
8793:
8785:
8783:
8774:
8770:
8761:
8759:
8744:
8740:
8730:
8728:
8719:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8702:
8692:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8672:
8668:
8658:
8656:
8655:on 11 July 2012
8643:
8642:
8638:
8632:Wayback Machine
8618:
8614:
8606:
8593:
8585:
8581:
8573:
8569:
8561:
8557:
8549:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8532:on 25 July 2013
8529:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8513:
8505:
8503:
8494:
8490:
8482:
8475:
8467:
8463:
8457:Nihon Kiin 1973
8455:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8431:
8427:
8421:Nihon Kiin 1973
8419:
8415:
8411:, pp. 3–4.
8407:
8403:
8395:
8393:
8384:
8380:
8372:
8370:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8334:
8327:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8304:
8300:
8289:
8285:
8279:Nihon Kiin 1973
8277:
8273:
8265:
8261:
8253:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8233:, pp. 7–8.
8229:
8225:
8219:Cho Chikun 1997
8217:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8192:
8190:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8174:Cho Chikun 1997
8172:
8168:
8162:Cho Chikun 1997
8160:
8156:
8150:Cho Chikun 1997
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8126:Cho Chikun 1997
8124:
8120:
8114:Cho Chikun 1997
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8068:Cho Chikun 1997
8066:
8059:
8051:
8047:
8041:Cho Chikun 1997
8039:
8035:
8029:Cho Chikun 1997
8027:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7858:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7820:tromp.github.io
7815:
7809:
7805:
7796:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7773:
7765:
7754:
7747:
7733:
7726:
7720:Cho Chikun 1997
7718:
7714:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7687:
7679:
7672:
7664:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7621:
7615:
7611:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7576:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7553:
7551:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7533:
7526:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7465:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7420:the AGA website
7413:
7409:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7373:
7369:
7360:
7356:
7336:
7332:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7280:
7276:
7267:
7263:
7250:
7246:
7237:
7233:
7224:
7220:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7167:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7118:
7111:
7108:
7062:
7043:game complexity
6999:terms, Go is a
6990:surreal numbers
6935:
6929:
6901:psychopathology
6867:, de Voogt and
6861:
6841:Mark Spitznagel
6805:science fiction
6655:
6644:Internet-based
6607:
6601:
6569:five-game match
6541:Google DeepMind
6511:
6507:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6420:
6362:
6273:
6253:Yunnan Province
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6145:
6135:
6118:
6107:
6096:
6089:
6059:
6053:
6045:Michael Redmond
5866:Hon'inbō Shūsai
5827:Tokugawa Ieyasu
5788:
5782:Go professional
5766:
5757:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5632:
5626:
5584:
5574:
5528:knockout system
5504:
5502:Go competitions
5498:
5341:
5335:
5330:
5244:Oskar Korschelt
5239:
5232:
5229:
5220:
5203:
5156:Tokugawa Ieyasu
5141:
5126:
5095:
5088:
5074:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5042:
5035:
4989:Chinese emperor
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4895:
4878:
4866:
4864:Origin in China
4861:
4855:
4809:
4792:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
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4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
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4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4425:
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4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
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3901:
3894:
3887:
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3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3741:
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3699:
3692:
3683:
3676:
3669:
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3618:
3611:
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3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
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3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
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3444:
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3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3400:
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3351:
3344:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2942:
2936:section above.
2922:
2916:
2877:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2166:
2150:
2144:
2110:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1814:
1780:
1748:Repetition Rule
1721:
1715:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1585:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1544:
1532:
1521:
1381:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1207:
1198:
932:
930:
915:
853:captured stones
562:Vietnamese name
342:
341:
316:Tongyong Pinyin
306:
302:
243:Literal meaning
183:
154:
151:
150:
113:
80:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13909:
13899:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13876:Japanese games
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13837:
13832:
13819:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13769:
13763:
13761:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13732:
13731:
13726:
13718:
13717:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13677:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13642:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13630:
13629:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13592:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13539:AlphaGo Master
13536:
13526:
13520:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13508:
13501:
13494:
13487:
13482:
13475:
13468:
13461:
13454:
13451:Igo Hatsuyōron
13447:
13440:
13433:
13426:
13419:
13412:
13405:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13390:
13388:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13341:
13339:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13312:
13307:
13306:
13305:
13298:
13288:
13282:
13280:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13260:
13258:Female players
13255:
13245:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13216:Four Go houses
13213:
13208:
13201:
13193:
13191:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13181:
13174:
13167:
13166:
13165:
13158:
13156:Empty triangle
13148:
13143:
13141:Opening theory
13138:
13133:
13131:Life and death
13128:
13123:
13115:
13114:
13113:
13106:
13092:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13078:
13073:
13061:
13059:Capturing race
13055:
13053:
13047:
13046:
13044:
13043:
13036:
13031:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13007:
13000:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12938:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12822:
12817:
12809:
12804:
12797:
12792:
12785:
12777:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12764:
12763:
12756:
12751:
12741:
12740:
12739:
12732:
12718:
12712:
12710:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12700:
12695:
12688:
12682:
12680:
12674:
12673:
12664:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12641:
12634:
12633:
12616:
12599:
12597:from Wikibooks
12582:
12565:
12563:from Wikiquote
12548:
12531:
12502:
12499:
12498:
12482:
12477:
12459:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12427:
12408:
12389:
12383:
12370:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12323:
12293:
12287:
12271:
12270:
12269:
12259:
12237:
12224:
12204:
12192:
12173:
12148:
12142:
12125:
12108:
12103:
12090:
12076:
12060:Lasker, Edward
12056:
12050:
12034:
12028:
12012:
12006:
11994:Iwamoto, Kaoru
11990:
11984:
11971:
11960:
11954:
11939:
11930:on 8 June 2011
11917:
11901:
11895:
11882:
11876:
11863:
11857:
11848:10.1.1.50.2676
11834:
11828:
11816:The Book of Go
11811:
11805:
11789:
11761:
11755:
11742:
11729:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11702:
11684:
11659:
11653:
11631:
11625:
11607:
11589:
11567:
11565:, p. 259.
11555:
11548:
11530:
11515:
11500:
11485:
11447:
11408:
11374:
11348:(2): 293–311,
11332:
11326:
11303:
11272:
11266:
11248:
11234:
11227:
11209:
11187:
11165:
11150:
11141:
11115:
11089:
11073:Do Not Pass Go
11062:
11041:
11039:, p. 176.
11029:
10994:
10969:
10944:
10919:
10818:
10800:
10782:
10779:. 24 May 2017.
10768:
10754:
10726:
10704:
10676:
10665:. 8 March 2016
10648:
10623:
10597:
10570:
10550:
10525:
10514:on 25 May 2013
10494:Stern, David.
10486:
10471:
10444:
10417:
10403:(2014-06-17).
10392:
10377:
10351:
10325:
10300:
10212:
10191:
10161:
10157:Fairbairn 1992
10149:
10145:Fairbairn 1992
10128:
10112:
10108:Fairbairn 1992
10095:
10091:Fairbairn 1992
10080:
10058:
10046:
10024:
10002:
9980:
9966:(in Chinese).
9964:"中国围棋职业段位制的历史"
9954:
9927:
9904:
9882:
9860:
9838:
9816:
9789:
9778:on 8 June 2011
9759:
9740:
9721:
9693:
9671:
9646:
9634:
9609:
9593:
9578:
9552:
9530:
9515:Cieply, Ales,
9504:
9502:, p. 188.
9492:
9480:Go in Tel Aviv
9469:
9446:
9434:
9412:
9381:
9352:
9345:
9327:
9311:
9295:
9274:
9244:
9214:
9210:Fairbairn 2000
9202:
9180:
9168:
9165:on 2008-03-16.
9157:
9118:
9111:
9089:
9077:
9073:Masayoshi 2005
9065:
9059:
9039:
9032:
9012:
8965:
8928:
8894:
8888:
8870:
8858:
8846:
8834:
8822:
8810:
8791:
8776:Hansen, Fred,
8768:
8738:
8712:
8700:
8678:
8666:
8636:
8612:
8591:
8579:
8577:, p. 206.
8567:
8563:Fairbairn 2004
8555:
8543:
8511:
8488:
8484:Fairbairn 2004
8473:
8469:Fairbairn 2004
8461:
8449:
8437:
8433:Moskowitz 2013
8425:
8413:
8401:
8378:
8356:
8354:, p. 273.
8344:
8321:
8298:
8283:
8271:
8269:, p. 153.
8259:
8247:
8235:
8223:
8211:
8209:, p. 109.
8199:
8178:
8166:
8154:
8152:, p. 119.
8142:
8130:
8128:, p. 107.
8118:
8106:
8084:
8072:
8057:
8045:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7971:
7951:
7920:
7917:on 2012-01-22.
7893:
7879:
7852:
7840:
7803:
7771:
7767:Fairbairn 1995
7752:
7745:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7670:
7658:
7646:
7626:intergofed.org
7609:
7585:
7574:www.britgo.org
7561:
7539:
7512:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7459:
7447:
7435:
7423:
7407:
7390:
7380:
7367:
7354:
7330:
7316:, or increase
7297:
7287:
7274:
7261:
7244:
7231:
7218:
7205:
7196:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7107:
7104:
7061:
7058:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6928:
6925:
6909:psychoanalytic
6860:
6857:
6780:Tokyo Newcomer
6714:David Wingrove
6654:
6651:
6618:the Internet.
6603:Main article:
6600:
6597:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6459:
6456:
6451:Main article:
6448:
6445:
6419:
6416:
6361:
6358:
6272:
6269:
6209:T. californica
6134:
6131:
6088:
6085:
6075:particle board
6055:Main article:
6052:
6049:
6041:Manfred Wimmer
5902:opening theory
5823:Four Go houses
5814:) and Europe (
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5746:
5732:
5718:
5696:
5695:
5681:
5630:Go game record
5628:Main article:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5550:
5543:
5524:league systems
5516:McMahon system
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:Professionals
5487:
5484:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5447:Casual player
5445:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5359:, Texas, 2003.
5353:US Go Congress
5349:life and death
5337:Main article:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5265:Go and Go-moku
5261:The Game of Go
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5223:
5221:
5204:
5197:
5171:Hon'inbō Sansa
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5029:
4865:
4862:
4857:Main article:
4854:
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3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2918:Main article:
2915:
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2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2226:Life and death
2221:
2220:Life and death
2218:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2165:
2162:
2146:Main article:
2143:
2140:
2109:
2106:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1849:Main article:
1846:
1843:
1813:
1810:
1779:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1754:) states that
1745:
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1691:
1688:
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1642:Main article:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1581:Main article:
1577:
1576:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:Basic concepts
1517:
1380:
1377:
1245:Middle Chinese
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:Four go houses
1074:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1038:Life and death
1035:
1027:
1019:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
988:
978:
970:
969:
968:Game specifics
965:
964:
956:
955:
949:
948:
835:playing pieces
806:
805:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
784:
778:
777:
776:Transcriptions
769:
768:
761:
755:
754:
747:
741:
740:
727:
721:
720:
716:
715:
712:
711:
704:
698:
697:
690:
684:
683:
682:Transcriptions
675:
674:
665:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:
642:
636:
635:
628:
622:
621:
620:Transcriptions
613:
612:
603:
597:
596:
592:
591:
584:
578:
577:
570:
564:
563:
559:
558:
555:
554:
547:
541:
540:
539:Transcriptions
532:
531:
526:
520:
519:
515:
514:
511:
510:
500:
494:
493:
483:
477:
476:
470:
469:
462:
460:Middle Chinese
456:
455:
453:Middle Chinese
449:
448:
441:
432:
431:
425:
424:
414:
408:
407:
400:
394:
393:
386:
380:
379:
377:Yue: Cantonese
373:
372:
365:
359:
358:
352:
351:
332:
326:
325:
318:
312:
311:
298:
292:
291:
284:
278:
277:
270:
264:
263:
257:
256:
255:Transcriptions
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
230:
224:
223:
214:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
168:
161:
147:
145:
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127:
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119:
115:
114:
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111:
108:
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86:
82:
81:
79:
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73:
68:
62:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13908:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13851:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13830:Go portal
13826:
13821:
13820:
13817:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13798:
13794:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13775:
13772:Game record (
13770:
13768:
13765:
13764:
13762:
13758:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13730:
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13710:
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13705:
13702:
13701:
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13684:
13682:
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13672:
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13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13641:
13639:
13638:Organizations
13635:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13616:KGS Go Server
13614:
13613:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13590:
13587:
13585:
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13455:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13441:
13439:
13438:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13430:The Go Player
13427:
13425:
13424:
13423:The Go Master
13420:
13418:
13417:
13413:
13411:
13410:
13406:
13404:
13403:
13399:
13398:
13396:
13394:Art and media
13392:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
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13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13342:
13340:
13338:
13334:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13322:Title holders
13320:
13318:
13317:
13313:
13311:
13308:
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13299:
13297:
13294:
13293:
13292:
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12655:
12650:
12648:
12643:
12642:
12639:
12631:from Wikidata
12630:
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12613:
12612:
12611:Travel guides
12600:
12596:
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12394:
12390:
12386:
12384:4-906574-15-7
12380:
12376:
12371:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12355:
12339:
12333:
12329:
12324:
12314:on 2012-03-04
12310:
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12225:0-521-64652-9
12221:
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11999:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11985:4-906574-10-6
11981:
11977:
11972:
11968:
11967:
11961:
11957:
11955:0-486-43356-0
11951:
11947:
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11898:
11892:
11888:
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11879:
11877:4-906574-12-2
11873:
11869:
11864:
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11858:1-59033-021-8
11854:
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11712:
11711:
11692:on 2019-09-05
11691:
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11497:, L'Harmattan
11496:
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11359:
11355:
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11347:
11343:
11336:
11329:
11323:
11319:
11318:
11310:
11308:
11294:on 2004-12-09
11293:
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11230:
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11154:
11145:
11132:
11131:
11126:
11119:
11104:
11100:
11093:
11080:on 2007-06-10
11079:
11075:
11074:
11066:
11051:
11045:
11038:
11037:Shotwell 2003
11033:
11020:on 2006-09-21
11016:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10984:
10980:
10973:
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10856:
10848:
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10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10827:Silver, David
10822:
10815:. 2017-05-27.
10814:
10810:
10804:
10797:. 2017-05-25.
10796:
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10778:
10772:
10764:
10758:
10742:
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10730:
10715:
10708:
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10680:
10664:
10663:
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10652:
10637:
10636:goratings.org
10633:
10627:
10612:
10608:
10601:
10585:
10581:
10574:
10560:
10554:
10540:on 2009-01-01
10539:
10535:
10529:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10497:
10490:
10482:
10475:
10457:
10456:
10448:
10430:
10429:
10421:
10406:
10402:
10396:
10388:
10381:
10368:on 2008-05-31
10367:
10363:
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10355:
10342:
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10336:
10329:
10315:
10311:
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10296:
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10244:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10226:Silver, David
10221:
10219:
10217:
10201:
10195:
10182:on 2007-05-13
10181:
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10172:
10165:
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10100:
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10070:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10054:Shotwell 2003
10050:
10036:
10035:
10028:
10012:
10006:
9990:
9984:
9969:
9965:
9958:
9945:on 2007-11-30
9944:
9940:
9939:
9931:
9917:
9916:
9912:Kim, Janice,
9908:
9894:
9893:
9886:
9873:
9872:
9864:
9851:
9850:
9842:
9828:
9827:
9820:
9807:on 2011-06-08
9806:
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9801:
9793:
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9773:
9766:
9764:
9755:
9751:
9744:
9736:
9732:
9725:
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9710:
9703:
9697:
9682:
9679:Stas Bekman.
9675:
9661:
9660:
9653:
9651:
9643:
9642:Bozulich 2001
9638:
9625:
9624:
9616:
9614:
9606:
9602:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9569:on 2008-05-18
9568:
9564:
9563:
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9541:
9534:
9520:
9519:
9511:
9509:
9501:
9496:
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9459:
9458:
9450:
9443:
9438:
9425:
9424:
9416:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9393:
9385:
9372:on 2011-08-06
9371:
9367:
9366:
9359:
9357:
9348:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9308:
9304:
9299:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9265:on 2007-11-14
9264:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9248:
9235:on 2007-11-14
9234:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9206:
9192:
9191:
9184:
9177:
9172:
9164:
9160:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9134:on 2008-06-25
9133:
9129:
9122:
9114:
9112:9780295752402
9108:
9104:
9100:
9093:
9086:
9081:
9074:
9069:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9043:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9016:
9002:on 2010-12-18
9001:
8997:
8989:
8988:
8978:
8977:
8969:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8932:
8919:on 2008-05-11
8918:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8901:
8899:
8891:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8862:
8855:
8850:
8843:
8838:
8831:
8826:
8819:
8814:
8807:
8806:Matthews 2002
8802:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8781:
8780:
8772:
8758:on 2013-01-12
8757:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8710:, p. 28.
8709:
8704:
8688:
8682:
8676:, p. 30.
8675:
8670:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8622:
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8609:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8588:
8583:
8576:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8553:, p. 12.
8552:
8547:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8501:
8500:
8492:
8485:
8480:
8478:
8471:, p. 12.
8470:
8465:
8458:
8453:
8446:
8441:
8435:, p. 14.
8434:
8429:
8422:
8417:
8410:
8405:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8369:
8368:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8332:
8325:
8309:
8302:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8275:
8268:
8267:Kageyama 2007
8263:
8256:
8255:Ishigure 2006
8251:
8244:
8239:
8232:
8231:Ishigure 2006
8227:
8221:, p. 91.
8220:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8188:
8182:
8176:, p. 37.
8175:
8170:
8164:, p. 33.
8163:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8140:, p. 93.
8139:
8134:
8127:
8122:
8116:, p. 35.
8115:
8110:
8094:
8088:
8082:, p. 20.
8081:
8076:
8070:, p. 69.
8069:
8064:
8062:
8055:, p. 21.
8054:
8049:
8043:, p. 28.
8042:
8037:
8031:, p. 21.
8030:
8025:
8019:, p. 77.
8018:
8013:
8007:, p. 12.
8006:
8001:
7994:
7993:Matthews 2004
7989:
7974:
7972:9788959660148
7968:
7964:
7963:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7907:Taiwan Review
7904:
7897:
7882:
7880:9781328546395
7876:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7856:
7849:
7844:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7793:on 2007-12-19
7792:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7737:The Tso Chuan
7731:
7729:
7722:, p. 18.
7721:
7716:
7709:
7708:Matthews 2004
7704:
7693:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7675:
7668:, p. 18.
7667:
7662:
7656:, p. 22.
7655:
7650:
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7627:
7620:
7613:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7549:
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7404:
7400:
7394:
7384:
7377:
7371:
7364:
7358:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7338:Kaku Takagawa
7334:
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7115:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7075:Robert Greene
7072:
7068:
7067:Scott Boorman
7057:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7016:strategy game
7014:
7013:deterministic
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6991:
6987:
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6974:
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6897:
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6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
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6870:
6866:
6865:Fernand Gobet
6856:
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6802:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6763:The Go Master
6759:
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6606:
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6562:
6561:deep learning
6558:
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6299:
6298:
6293:
6289:
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6280:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6255:). So-called
6254:
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6210:
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6058:
6048:
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6042:
6038:
6037:Edward Lasker
6032:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
6001:Yoo Changhyuk
5998:
5993:
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5950:
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5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5898:Minoru Kitani
5895:
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5661:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5503:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:Professional
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:Single-digit
5451:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:Double-digit
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:Double-digit
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:(abbreviated
5399:
5396:players have
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5306:Koichi Wakata
5303:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5256:Edward Lasker
5253:
5249:
5245:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5115:Sunjang baduk
5106:
5102:
5101:
5086:
5085:Southern Tang
5082:
5078:
5072:
5067:
5062: 744 CE
5056:
5055:Astana Graves
5049:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:, along with
5012:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:History of Go
4850:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4790:Reading ahead
4787:
4784:
4783:snapping back
4780:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:Scoring rules
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1562:
1559:February 2016
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:This section
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1325:Middle Korean
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1268:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1217:
1212:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Organizations
1123:
1121:
1120:Professionals
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:List of games
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:List of terms
996:
994:
991:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
967:
966:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
940:
928:
924:
919:
910:
909:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
875:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
804:
803:
797:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
762:
760:
756:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
719:Japanese name
717:
705:
703:
699:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
643:
641:
637:
629:
627:
623:
618:
614:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
565:
560:
548:
546:
542:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
516:
501:
499:
495:
484:
482:
478:
475:
471:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
442:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
420:
415:
413:
409:
401:
399:
395:
387:
385:
381:
378:
374:
366:
364:
360:
357:
353:
345:
338:
333:
331:
327:
319:
317:
313:
299:
297:
293:
285:
283:
279:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
215:
213:
209:
204:
200:
195:
186:
179:
173:
169:
166:
162:
157:
149:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:
106:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
35:
30:
22:
13881:Korean games
13796:
13773:
13709:Kansai Ki-in
13664:China Qiyuan
13544:AlphaGo Zero
13504:
13497:
13490:
13478:
13471:
13463:
13457:
13450:
13444:Hikaru no Go
13443:
13436:
13429:
13422:
13415:
13408:
13401:
13315:
13301:
13241:
13204:
13197:
13177:
13170:
13161:
13118:
13109:
13102:
13095:
13081:
13064:
13039:
13027:
13022:Shoulder hit
13010:
13003:
12996:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12934:
12917:
12910:
12903:
12896:
12889:
12882:
12875:
12868:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12840:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12813:
12800:
12788:
12781:
12759:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12691:
12677:
12668:
12667:
12626:
12609:
12592:
12575:
12558:
12546:from Commons
12541:
12524:
12503:
12486:
12467:
12446:, Yokohama,
12443:
12411:
12396:
12392:
12374:
12358:
12327:
12316:. Retrieved
12309:the original
12304:
12278:
12275:Otake, Hideo
12244:
12215:
12197:, retrieved
12182:
12177:
12160:
12129:
12119:, retrieved
12113:
12094:
12077:0486-20613-0
12065:
12041:
12019:
11997:
11975:
11965:
11944:
11932:, retrieved
11928:the original
11922:
11911:, retrieved
11906:
11886:
11867:
11838:
11815:
11796:
11782:, retrieved
11766:
11746:
11716:
11694:. Retrieved
11690:the original
11675:
11642:
11634:
11616:
11610:
11601:
11592:
11582:, retrieved
11577:
11570:
11558:
11539:
11533:
11524:
11518:
11509:
11503:
11494:
11488:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11428:(1): 26–31.
11425:
11421:
11411:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11345:
11341:
11335:
11316:
11296:, retrieved
11292:the original
11282:
11275:
11257:
11251:
11243:
11237:
11218:
11212:
11200:. Retrieved
11198:. 5 May 2008
11190:
11180:, retrieved
11174:
11168:
11159:
11153:
11144:
11134:, retrieved
11128:
11118:
11107:. Retrieved
11102:
11092:
11082:, retrieved
11078:the original
11072:
11065:
11054:. Retrieved
11044:
11032:
11022:, retrieved
11015:the original
11010:
10997:
10986:. Retrieved
10983:Ars Technica
10982:
10972:
10961:. Retrieved
10956:
10947:
10936:. Retrieved
10932:
10922:
10859:
10853:
10835:Chen, Yutian
10821:
10812:
10803:
10794:
10785:
10771:
10757:
10745:. Retrieved
10738:
10729:
10717:. Retrieved
10707:
10695:. Retrieved
10688:
10679:
10667:. Retrieved
10660:
10651:
10639:. Retrieved
10635:
10626:
10614:. Retrieved
10610:
10609:. Business.
10600:
10588:. Retrieved
10583:
10582:. Business.
10573:
10562:. Retrieved
10553:
10542:. Retrieved
10538:the original
10528:
10516:. Retrieved
10509:the original
10502:
10489:
10480:
10474:
10463:, retrieved
10454:
10447:
10436:, retrieved
10427:
10420:
10409:. Retrieved
10395:
10386:
10380:
10370:, retrieved
10366:the original
10360:
10354:
10344:, retrieved
10338:
10328:
10317:. Retrieved
10313:
10308:Wedd, Nick.
10303:
10247:
10241:
10204:. Retrieved
10194:
10184:, retrieved
10180:the original
10170:
10164:
10152:
10121:
10115:
10073:, retrieved
10067:
10061:
10049:
10039:, retrieved
10037:, GoBase.org
10033:
10027:
10015:. Retrieved
10005:
9993:. Retrieved
9983:
9971:. Retrieved
9957:
9947:, retrieved
9943:the original
9937:
9930:
9920:, retrieved
9914:
9907:
9897:, retrieved
9895:, GoBase.org
9891:
9885:
9875:, retrieved
9870:
9863:
9853:, retrieved
9848:
9841:
9831:, retrieved
9829:, GoBase.org
9825:
9819:
9809:, retrieved
9805:the original
9799:
9792:
9780:. Retrieved
9776:the original
9753:
9743:
9734:
9724:
9708:
9702:"Go markers"
9696:
9685:. Retrieved
9683:. Stason.org
9674:
9664:, retrieved
9658:
9637:
9627:, retrieved
9622:
9604:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9571:, retrieved
9567:the original
9561:
9555:
9545:, retrieved
9539:
9533:
9523:, retrieved
9517:
9495:
9484:, retrieved
9479:
9472:
9463:December 14,
9461:, retrieved
9456:
9449:
9437:
9427:, retrieved
9422:
9415:
9405:, retrieved
9401:the original
9391:
9384:
9374:, retrieved
9370:the original
9364:
9336:
9330:
9322:
9314:
9306:
9298:
9290:
9267:, retrieved
9263:the original
9253:
9247:
9237:, retrieved
9233:the original
9223:
9217:
9205:
9195:, retrieved
9189:
9183:
9178:, p. 1.
9171:
9163:the original
9147:
9136:. Retrieved
9132:the original
9121:
9098:
9092:
9080:
9068:
9049:
9042:
9022:
9015:
9004:. Retrieved
9000:the original
8985:
8974:
8968:
8956:. Retrieved
8944:
8931:
8921:, retrieved
8917:the original
8907:
8879:
8873:
8868:, p. 5.
8861:
8849:
8837:
8825:
8813:
8784:, retrieved
8778:
8771:
8760:. Retrieved
8756:the original
8751:
8741:
8729:. Retrieved
8725:the original
8715:
8703:
8691:. Retrieved
8681:
8669:
8657:. Retrieved
8653:the original
8648:
8639:
8615:
8582:
8570:
8565:, p. 6.
8558:
8546:
8534:. Retrieved
8527:the original
8514:
8504:, retrieved
8498:
8491:
8486:, p. 7.
8464:
8452:
8447:, p. 2.
8440:
8428:
8416:
8404:
8394:, retrieved
8388:
8386:NRICH Team,
8381:
8371:, retrieved
8366:
8359:
8347:
8335:. Retrieved
8333:. GoGameGuru
8324:
8312:. Retrieved
8310:. GoGameGuru
8301:
8292:
8286:
8274:
8262:
8257:, p. 6.
8250:
8245:, p. 2.
8238:
8226:
8214:
8207:Iwamoto 1977
8202:
8191:. Retrieved
8181:
8169:
8157:
8145:
8138:Iwamoto 1977
8133:
8121:
8109:
8097:. Retrieved
8087:
8075:
8048:
8036:
8024:
8017:Iwamoto 1977
8012:
8000:
7995:, p. 2.
7988:
7976:. Retrieved
7961:
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7938:the original
7923:
7915:the original
7910:
7906:
7896:
7884:. Retrieved
7865:
7855:
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7819:
7806:
7795:. Retrieved
7791:the original
7736:
7715:
7710:, p. 1.
7703:
7683:
7666:Iwamoto 1977
7661:
7654:Iwamoto 1977
7649:
7637:. Retrieved
7625:
7612:
7601:. Retrieved
7597:
7588:
7577:. Retrieved
7573:
7564:
7552:. Retrieved
7550:. GoBase.org
7542:
7522:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7493:
7462:
7450:
7438:
7426:
7410:
7393:
7383:
7370:
7362:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7290:
7282:
7277:
7270:sudden death
7269:
7264:
7247:
7234:
7221:
7208:
7199:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7156:
7093:
7078:
7070:
7063:
7051:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7028:
6994:
6982:
6968:the game is
6951:
6936:
6905:neuroscience
6898:
6862:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6827:
6820:
6810:
6798:
6791:
6779:
6775:
6761:
6755:
6751:Tron: Legacy
6749:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6730:Hikaru no Go
6728:
6718:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6673:
6671:
6643:
6631:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6593:
6589:AlphaGo Zero
6537:
6488:
6461:
6440:Song dynasty
6437:
6433:
6429:
6407:
6403:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6348:
6338:
6332:
6314:
6295:
6286:(white) and
6281:
6276:
6274:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6182:
6142:
6136:
6125:
6114:
6106:), 2 bowls (
6103:
6078:
6068:
6057:Go equipment
6033:
6025:
5997:Seo Bong-soo
5992:Lee Chang-ho
5981:
5976:professional
5968:Lee Chang-ho
5941:Hanguk Kiwon
5910:
5879:
5820:
5800:Kansai Ki-in
5789:
5697:
5693:BLACK CIRCLE
5674:WHITE CIRCLE
5655:
5648:
5644:
5633:
5616:
5610:
5605:
5596:
5592:sealed moves
5585:
5578:Time control
5572:Time control
5564:
5561:eternal life
5560:
5552:
5536:
5520:Swiss system
5513:
5505:
5481:
5467:
5453:
5439:
5425:
5406:
5401:
5384:
5380:
5373:martial arts
5368:
5364:
5362:
5318:
5302:Daniel Barry
5295:
5279:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5240:
5217:Heian period
5210:
5187:castle games
5168:
5137:
5136:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5041:(581–618 CE)
5004:
4985:Tang dynasty
4982:
4959:
4939:
4914:
4913:
4901:
4882:
4869:
4867:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4797:
4793:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4147:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3539:
2943:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2908:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2231:
2229:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2190:Ming dynasty
2185:
2180:
2174:
2157:
2151:
2128:
2120:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1790:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:states that
1728:Liberty rule
1727:
1722:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1623:
1603:
1586:
1565:
1556:
1545:Please help
1540:verification
1537:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1316:
1311:
1308:Ing Chang-ki
1302:
1297:
1210:
1208:
1130:Competitions
1047:(Go puzzles)
1042:
1029:
1021:
986:professional
952:
923:simple rules
920:
906:
903:aristocratic
896:
876:
865:
861:orthogonally
856:
852:
844:
838:
832:
808:
807:
782:Romanization
518:Tibetan name
429:Southern Min
268:Hanyu Pinyin
206:Chinese name
101:Playing time
48:Years active
39:
13896:Board games
13714:Nihon Ki-in
13554:Crazy Stone
13327:Tournaments
13279:Competition
13211:Emperor Yao
12941:Monkey jump
12911:Korigatachi
12807:Divine move
12526:Definitions
12375:The Endgame
12359:Go for Kids
12134:McGraw-Hill
12038:Kim, Janice
11540:Game Theory
11390:(1): 32–7,
10616:December 8,
10590:December 8,
10465:12 December
10461:, MIT Press
10438:12 December
10176:Nihon Ki-in
10056:, p. .
9968:Sina.com.cn
9457:IGF members
9212:, p. .
9087:, p. .
9085:Lasker 1960
9075:, p. .
8947:(110): 11.
8866:Davies 1995
8808:, p. .
8445:Lasker 1960
8389:Going First
7927:See, e.g.,
7861:Lee, Kai-Fu
7769:, p. .
7639:28 November
7257:translation
7026:(Othello).
6939:game theory
6812:Counterpart
6680:Nobel prize
6605:Go software
6579:during the
6543:'s program
6468:amateur dan
6453:Computer Go
6369:; Japanese
6205:T. nucifera
6009:Ma Xiaochun
5984:Cho Hunhyun
5953:Ma Xiaochun
5949:Nie Weiping
5937:Kitani Dojo
5933:Cho Namchul
5890:Nihon Ki-in
5806:), Taiwan (
5796:Nihon Ki-in
5547:Go handicap
5314:Nihon Ki-in
5107::
5039:Sui dynasty
5015:calligraphy
4807:Ko fighting
4761:A snapback.
2893:mutual life
2205:Rules of Go
2098:immediately
1778:Basic rules
1752:the ko rule
1719:Rules of Go
1658:weak groups
1443:life status
1156:Go software
1151:Computer Go
837:are called
474:Old Chinese
13850:Categories
13803:Capture go
13584:Leela Zero
13559:Darkforest
13465:The MANIAC
13082:Shinfuseki
12560:Quotations
12318:2007-11-12
12241:Nihon Kiin
12121:2007-12-31
11913:2007-11-02
11793:Cho Chikun
11696:2008-06-11
11584:2008-01-24
11563:Moews 1996
11298:2013-11-27
11182:2018-12-25
11136:2008-06-16
11109:2009-05-21
11103:World News
11084:2007-03-26
11056:2016-03-14
11024:2008-06-16
10988:2023-02-21
10963:2023-02-21
10938:2023-02-21
10831:Huang, Aja
10564:2009-08-08
10544:2008-12-19
10411:2014-04-14
10401:Davey Alba
10372:2008-06-16
10346:2008-06-16
10319:2011-10-28
10230:Huang, Aja
10206:2014-03-25
10186:2007-02-24
10075:2008-06-11
10041:2008-06-11
10017:11 January
9991:. usgo.org
9949:2007-06-04
9922:2008-06-11
9899:2008-06-11
9877:2008-01-17
9855:2007-06-14
9833:2007-06-14
9811:2018-01-06
9687:2014-03-25
9666:2008-06-11
9629:2007-11-30
9573:2008-06-11
9547:2008-06-19
9525:2009-11-06
9429:2007-11-17
9407:2008-06-16
9376:2008-06-11
9269:2007-11-02
9259:Nihon Kiin
9239:2007-11-02
9229:Nihon Kiin
9197:2008-11-13
9138:2007-11-02
9006:2007-11-02
8923:2008-06-09
8786:2008-06-16
8762:2007-11-27
8506:2008-06-09
8396:2007-06-16
8373:2007-12-20
8243:Otake 2002
8193:2014-03-25
7962:그런 우리말은 없다
7944:28 October
7848:Allis 1994
7797:2007-11-30
7603:2023-12-16
7579:2023-12-16
7481:References
7474:kō-battle.
7100:backgammon
6937:In formal
6931:See also:
6873:psychology
6774:). 2013's
6757:Knives Out
6646:Go servers
6412:Janice Kim
6029:Rui Naiwei
5929:Cho Chikun
5921:Masao Kato
5913:Eio Sakata
5906:Shinfuseki
5794:), Japan (
5774:Go players
5768:See also:
5698:The block
5588:game clock
5576:See also:
5500:See also:
5413:Rank Type
5393:black belt
5300:astronaut
5286:Go centers
5242:scientist
5207:handscroll
5081:Zhou Wenju
4956:Wade–Giles
2224:See also:
2081:, and the
1674:Go opening
1500:picnic kos
816:board game
601:Chosŏn'gŭl
498:Zhengzhang
363:Suzhounese
296:Wade–Giles
93:Setup time
76:Mind sport
66:Board game
54:to present
13856:Go (game)
13549:AlphaZero
13516:Computers
13231:9 Pin Zhi
13221:Four arts
13136:Mirror Go
13076:Kobayashi
13034:Thickness
12749:Clamshell
12708:Equipment
12686:Handicaps
12594:Textbooks
12504:Go (game)
12257:926865835
11843:CiteSeerX
11362:0882-7974
11004:"Shibumi"
10900:205261034
10884:0028-0836
10272:0028-0836
9973:7 January
9486:April 12,
9176:Chen 2011
8958:8 October
8752:New in Go
8575:Dahl 2001
8536:20 August
8080:Cobb 2002
8053:Cobb 2002
8005:Cobb 2002
7505:March 23,
7486:Citations
7376:Overshoot
7342:Go Review
7120:Go portal
6772:Go Seigen
6709:Chung Kuo
6704:Trevanian
6565:Lee Sedol
6524:petaflops
6404:Go Seigen
6392:lacquered
6367:Go Seigen
6349:Go Seigen
6321:sintering
6300:) or the
6284:clamshell
6265:shin kaya
6257:Shin Kaya
6072:laminated
6051:Equipment
6013:Chang Hao
6005:Lee Sedol
5917:Rin Kaiho
5894:Go Seigen
5870:Go Seigen
5678:○
5557:triple ko
5433:Beginner
5391:equals a
5389:First dan
5310:dan ranks
5296:In 1996,
5281:Go Review
4871:Zuo Zhuan
4827:ko threat
3541:A ladder.
2869:false eye
2845:unsettled
2201:prisoners
2148:Komi (Go)
2136:ko threat
2091:ko fights
1496:ko fights
1339:added to
1286: or
1209:The name
1067:Equipment
981:Handicaps
908:Zuo Zhuan
847:) on the
828:East Asia
788:igo or go
551:mig mangs
404:wai4 kei4
390:wàih-kèih
13835:Category
13791:Variants
13621:Pandanet
13564:Fine Art
13437:Go World
13242:Oshirogo
13146:Proverbs
12678:Overview
12465:(1966),
12442:(1910),
12277:(2002).
12267:59692609
12243:(1973).
12230:archived
12166:archived
12086:60050074
12062:(1960).
12018:(2007).
11996:(1977).
11795:(1997).
11775:archived
11735:archived
11481:12815136
11442:12589885
11404:12589886
11370:11405317
10957:Engadget
10933:PC Gamer
10904:Archived
10892:29052630
10839:Fan, Hui
10747:13 March
10719:15 March
10697:12 March
10669:18 March
10641:18 March
10280:26819042
9713:Archived
9681:"Go FAQ"
9623:Ko Rules
8987:Go World
8976:Go World
8949:Archived
8659:5 August
8628:Archived
8623:website
7886:June 17,
7833:June 17,
7824:Archived
7692:archived
7630:Archived
7531:archived
7180:, where
7106:See also
7077:'s book
7069:'s book
7020:draughts
7009:partisan
7001:zero-sum
6970:zero-sum
6913:Lacanian
6894:dementia
6808:thriller
6585:DeepMind
6520:Tianhe-2
6396:ceramics
6383:Mulberry
6329:melamine
6139:Go board
5884:and the
5856:Hon'inbō
5836:Godokoro
5755:⚉
5741:⚈
5727:⚇
5713:⚆
5690:●
5671:○
5597:overtime
5526:and the
5466:Amateur
5175:Hon'inbō
5164:Godokoro
5160:Buddhist
5087:dynasty.
5019:painting
4961:wei ch'i
4779:snapback
4769:snapback
2934:Strategy
2930:Strategy
2117:to live.
2087:ko fight
1851:Ko fight
1802:captured
1772:Go terms
1697:two eyes
1638:Strategy
1583:Go terms
1379:Overview
1360:Badukdok
1262:Mandarin
1103:European
1072:Variants
1016:strategy
993:Proverbs
857:captured
759:Katakana
745:Hiragana
398:Jyutping
282:Bopomofo
144:Synonyms
130:Strategy
13611:Servers
13534:AlphaGo
13529:Engines
13491:Shibumi
13402:AlphaGo
13316:Jubango
13248:Players
13226:Hoensha
13189:History
13178:Tsumego
13162:Ponnuki
13088:Shusaku
13071:Chinese
12975:Myoushu
12954:Myoushu
12929:Liberty
12890:Kikashi
12812:Double
12729:Katsura
12456:4800147
11707:Sources
10864:Bibcode
10252:Bibcode
9995:3 March
7978:June 3,
7965:. 태학사.
7554:May 12,
7388:engine.
7283:byōyomi
7214:article
7087:in the
7024:Reversi
6834:Go term
6817:Netflix
6784:King Hu
6727:series
6699:Shibumi
6549:Fan Hui
6545:AlphaGo
6375:snifter
6245:Agathis
6233:Katsura
6175:⁄
6161:⁄
5988:Ing Cup
5978:status.
5872:in the
5852:Shūsaku
5601:byoyomi
5582:Byoyomi
5553:superko
5444:20–10k
5430:30–21k
5357:Houston
5312:by the
5077:Li Jing
5009:of the
4969:
4889:Mencius
4853:History
4822:Ko rule
4801:tsumego
4767:again (
2925:Tactics
2914:Tactics
2108:Suicide
2055:ko rule
1845:Ko rule
1838:liberty
1798:suicide
1734:liberty
1425:liberty
1404:called
1275:
1098:Players
1062:History
1044:Tsumego
1008:Opening
765:イゴ or ゴ
751:いご or ご
582:Hán-Nôm
529:མིག་མངས
524:Tibetan
436:Hokkien
305:ʻ
288:ㄨㄟˊ ㄑㄧˊ
134:tactics
96:Minimal
85:Players
13720:Korea
13700:Japan
13660:China
13574:KataGo
13569:GNU Go
13171:Tenuki
13126:Ladder
13110:Taisha
13103:Nadare
13096:Jōseki
13065:Fuseki
13028:Tesuji
12997:Sabaki
12986:Pincer
12961:Nakade
12924:Ladder
12918:Kosumi
12869:Kakari
12862:Joseki
12848:Hayago
12834:tenuki
12744:Stones
12495:912228
12493:
12475:
12454:
12422:
12403:
12397:Budaha
12381:
12365:
12334:
12285:
12265:
12255:
12222:
12199:May 9,
12190:
12140:
12101:
12084:
12074:
12048:
12026:
12004:
11982:
11952:
11934:15 May
11893:
11874:
11868:Tesuji
11855:
11845:
11826:
11803:
11784:May 7,
11753:
11727:
11682:
11651:
11623:
11546:
11479:
11440:
11402:
11368:
11360:
11324:
11264:
11225:
11202:May 5,
10898:
10890:
10882:
10855:Nature
10518:15 May
10288:515925
10286:
10278:
10270:
10243:Nature
10013:. 2014
9782:15 May
9343:
9155:
9109:
9057:
9030:
8886:
8731:31 May
8693:15 May
8337:5 June
8314:5 June
8099:5 June
7969:
7877:
7743:
7403:GoBase
7363:Eurogo
7295:again.
6921:drives
6915:) and
6768:biopic
6760:, and
6739:Pi (π)
6638:fuseki
6634:joseki
6573:Ke Jie
6530:moves.
6408:Kitani
6400:rattan
6394:wood,
6387:jujube
6379:brandy
6371:Kitani
6306:Mexico
6277:goishi
6271:Stones
6249:spruce
6191:tree (
6133:Boards
6126:goishi
6021:Ke Jie
5844:Dōsaku
5832:Meijin
5784:, and
5752:
5750:U+2689
5738:
5736:U+2688
5724:
5722:U+2687
5710:
5708:U+2686
5687:
5685:U+25CF
5668:
5666:U+25CB
5542:draws;
5419:Stage
5416:Range
5248:German
5191:shōgun
5105:Korean
5000:Danzhu
4958::
4938::
4936:pinyin
4930::
4922::
4838:ignore
4149:A net.
3551:ladder
2232:living
1827:string
1806:scored
1684:joseki
1598:rules.
1505:hanami
1470:joseki
1447:semeai
1108:Female
1031:Jōseki
1023:Fuseki
1012:theory
918:BCE).
845:points
840:stones
811:is an
663:Hangul
574:cờ vây
506:ɢʷɯlɡɯ
489:ʷə(r)ə
322:wéi-cí
303:wei-ch
126:Skills
118:Chance
59:Genres
40:stones
13797:Batoo
13760:Other
13626:Tygem
13579:Leela
13479:Ranka
13151:Shape
13121:fight
13017:Shape
13011:Sente
12991:Probe
12968:Nerai
12876:Keima
12830:sente
12789:Atari
12773:Terms
12760:Yunzi
12754:Slate
12722:Goban
12716:Bowls
12698:Rules
12577:Texts
12543:Media
12312:(PDF)
12301:(PDF)
12233:(PDF)
12212:(PDF)
12178:Weiqi
12169:(PDF)
12156:(PDF)
11778:(PDF)
11771:(PDF)
11738:(PDF)
11721:(PDF)
11105:. BBC
11018:(PDF)
11007:(PDF)
10907:(PDF)
10896:S2CID
10850:(PDF)
10813:Wired
10795:Wired
10611:Wired
10584:Wired
10512:(PDF)
10499:(PDF)
10459:(PDF)
10432:(PDF)
10284:S2CID
9716:(PDF)
9705:(PDF)
8952:(PDF)
8941:(PDF)
8530:(PDF)
8523:(PDF)
8095:. KGS
7827:(PDF)
7816:(PDF)
7695:(PDF)
7688:(PDF)
7633:(PDF)
7622:(PDF)
7534:(PDF)
7527:(PDF)
7191:plies
7149:Notes
7096:chess
6945:with
6877:chess
6830:Atari
6801:Starz
6790:film
6788:wuxia
6725:anime
6721:manga
6694:theme
6553:2 dan
6547:beat
6476:chess
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