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are too remote and too obscure to afford me any true satisfaction. Men have thought to find God at the special creation of their own species, or active when mind or life first appeared on earth. They have made him God of the gaps in human knowledge. To me the God of the trigger is as little satisfying as the God of the gaps. It is because throughout the physical
Universe I find thought and plan and power that behind it I see God as the creator.
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775:(1978). Bube attributed modern crises in religious faith in part to the inexorable shrinking of the God-of-the-gaps as scientific knowledge progressed. As humans progressively increased their understanding of nature, the previous "realm" of God seemed to many persons and religions to be getting smaller and smaller by comparison. Bube maintained that
820:
spiritual. There are gaps in a physical-chemical explanation of this world, and there always will be. Because science has learned many marvelous secrets of nature, it cannot be concluded that it can explain all phenomena. Meaning, soul, spirits, and life are subjects incapable of physical-chemical explanation or formation.
635:
shrink, potentially weakening the argument for God's existence. Critics contend that such an approach can undermine religious beliefs by suggesting that God only operates in the unexplained areas of our understanding, leaving little room for divine involvement in a comprehensive and coherent worldview.
724:
how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed further and further back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in
634:
This concept has been met with criticism and debate from various quarters. Detractors argue that this perspective is problematic as it seems to rely on gaps in human understanding and ignorance to make its case for the existence of God. As scientific knowledge continues to advance, these gaps tend to
1179:
The concept was certainly present, but according to
Southgate it was Coulson who devised the actual terminology which we now use and which has been adapted to provide the title of the present article. The idea that Coulson coined this phrase is supported by the fact that he used it without reference
707:
Must we then postulate Divine intervention? Are we to bring in God to create the first current of
Laplace's nebula or to let off the cosmic firework of Lemaître's imagination? I confess an unwillingness to bring God in this way upon the scene. The circumstances which thus seem to demand his presence
865:
The term was invented as a criticism of people who perceive that God only acts in the gaps, and who restrict God's activity to such "gaps". It has also been argued that the God-of-the-gaps view is predicated on the assumption that any event which can be explained by science automatically excludes
903:
Creationists eagerly seek a gap in present-day knowledge or understanding. If an apparent gap is found, it is assumed that God, by default, must fill it. What worries thoughtful theologians such as
Bonhoeffer is that gaps shrink as science advances, and God is threatened with eventually having
819:
but is only to be observed in mysteries unexplained by law. No significant
Christian group has believed this view. It is true, however, if it be taken to emphasize that God is not only immanent in natural law but also is active in the numerous phenomena associated with the supernatural and the
650:. In this context, some theologians and scientists have proposed that a more satisfactory approach is to view evidence of God's actions within the natural processes themselves, rather than relying on the gaps in scientific understanding to validate religious beliefs.
848:
One example of such an argument, which uses God as an explanation of one of the current gaps in biological science, is as follows: "Because current science can't figure out exactly how life started, it must be God who caused life to start." Critics of
884:
It is theologically more satisfactory to look for evidence of God's actions within natural processes rather than apart from them, in much the same way that the meaning of a book transcends, but is not independent of, the paper and ink of which it is
880:, the phrase is generally derogatory, and is inherently a direct criticism of a tendency to postulate acts of God to explain phenomena for which science has not (at least at present) given a satisfactory account. Habgood also states:
856:
God-of-the-gaps arguments have been discouraged by some theologians who assert that such arguments tend to relegate God to the leftovers of science: as scientific knowledge increases, the dominion of God decreases.
646:, since it involves interpreting ambiguous evidence (or rather no evidence) as supporting one's existing attitudes. This type of reasoning is seen as inherently flawed and does not provide a robust foundation for
764:. His book got national attention, was reissued as a paperback, and was reprinted several times, most recently in 1971. It is claimed that the actual phrase 'God of the gaps' was invented by Coulson.
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The "God of the gaps" argument, as traditionally advanced by scholarly
Christians, was intended as a criticism against weak or tenuous faith, not as a statement against theism or belief in God.
684:
who point to the things that
Science has not explained as presence of God — "gaps which they will fill up with God" — and urges them to embrace all nature as God's, as the work of "an
668:, Part Two, "On Priests", said that "into every gap they put their delusion, their stopgap, which they called God". The concept, although not the exact wording, goes back to
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There is no 'God of the gaps' to take over at those strategic places where science fails; and the reason is that gaps of this sort have the unpreventable habit of shrinking.
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It has been criticized by both theologians and scientists, who say that it is a logical fallacy to base belief in God on gaps in scientific knowledge. In this vein,
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was the "death knell" of the God-of-the-gaps. Bube also maintained that the God-of-the-gaps was not the same as the God of the Bible (that is, he was not making an
833:
can refer to a position that assumes an act of God as the explanation for an unknown phenomenon, which according to the users of the term, is a variant of an
412:
1524:
1054:
Earnest
William Barnes, "Scientific Theory and Religion: The World Described by Science and Its Spiritual Interpretation", Cambridge University Press,
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against God per se, but rather asserting there was a fundamental problem with the perception of God as existing in the gaps of present-day knowledge).
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includes psychological explanations for developmental distortions leading to a person believing in a deity, particularly a male deity.
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inclinations, point to areas where science falls short in explaining natural phenomena as opportunities to insert the presence of a
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God, which is the God of
Evolution, is infinitely grander than the occasional wonder-worker, who is the God of an old theology."
83:
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The expression, "God of the Gaps," contains a real truth. It is erroneous if it is taken to mean that God is not immanent in
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1973:
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The term "God of the gaps" is sometimes used in describing the incremental retreat of religious explanations of physical
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This article is about a philosophical argument. For the "gap" interpretation of the biblical creation account, see
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expressed the concept in similar terms in letters he wrote while in a Nazi prison. Bonhoeffer wrote, for example:
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623:. The term itself was coined in response to this tendency. This theological view suggests that
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https://antilogicalism.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/the-portable-nietzsche-walter-kaufmann.pdf
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God; that if God did not do something via direct action, that he had no role in it at all.
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fills in the gaps left by scientific knowledge, and that these gaps represent moments of
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615:. This perspective has its origins in the observation that some individuals, often with
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in the face of increasingly comprehensive scientific explanations for those phenomena.
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concept that emerged in the 19th century and revolves around the idea that gaps in
535:
487:
440:
433:
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372:
317:
106:
1445:
Richard H. Bube, "Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer's
Response to the God-Of-The-Gaps,"
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1170:
Not a Gap in Sight: Fifty Years of Charles Coulson's Science and Christian Belief
1116:, Oxford University Press, p. 20, Fontana Books 1958 and later (paperback) p. 32.
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The "God of the gaps" perspective has been criticized for its association with
322:
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126:
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2012:
1864:
1745:
1645:
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853:, for example, have accused proponents of using this basic type of argument.
748:
Either God is in the whole of Nature, with no gaps, or He's not there at all.
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2004:
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1310:
1271:
Robert Larmer, "Is there anything wrong with 'God of the gaps' reasoning?"
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edited by Eberhard Bethge, translated by Reginald H. Fuller, Touchstone,
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477:
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88:
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or explanation and as a natural self-explanatory part of his argument.
837:
fallacy. Such an argument is sometimes reduced to the following form:
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2318:
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1968:
1901:
1502:
798:
757:
685:
616:
352:
1457:
Science and Christian Belief (The John Calvin McNair Lectures, 1954)
1297:
Thomas Dixon "Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction" p. 45
841:
There is a gap in understanding of some aspect of the natural world.
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3975:
3557:
3504:
3405:
2706:
2536:
2151:
2136:
2049:
1988:
1770:
1578:
1459:, London: Oxford University Press, 1955. Page 20, see also page 28.
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1812:
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1364:
Charles Alfred Coulson (1955) Science and Christian Belief, p 20.
608:
36:
1157:
God, Humanity and the Cosmos: A Textbook in Science and Religion
4280:
3843:
3430:
2246:
2114:
1101:
695:, the Bishop of Birmingham, used the phrase in a discussion of
1230:
See, e.g., Dinnerstein, Dorothy, The Mermaid and the Minotaur.
1220:
The Human Quest: A New Look at Science and the Christian Faith
3836:
3686:
3577:
3552:
3447:
2621:
2126:
1307:
Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-Of-The-Gaps
1196:
Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-Gaps
921:
899:
to criticism of the God-of-the-gaps argument. He noted that:
773:
Man come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-Gaps
767:
The term was then used in a 1971 book and a 1978 article, by
760:
church leader, often appearing in the religious programs of
4064:
3847:
3717:
3374:
1260:
How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God
1245:
824:
1442:) "Letter to Eberhard Bethge", 29 May 1944, pages 310–312.
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
4204:
3691:
3591:
1324:
Is there anything wrong with “God of the gaps” reasoning?
624:
1337:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands. 52: 129–142.
1065:
642:. The "God of the gaps" perspective is also a form of
1348:"God of the gaps - definition, fallacy, and theology"
1048:
771:. He articulated the concept in greater detail in
1488:Miracles, Intelligent Design, and God-of-the-Gaps
1275:, Volume 52, Number 3 / December, 2002, p 129 ff.
611:understanding are regarded as indications of the
4405:
1379:(Ed. Alan Richardson, John Bowden, 1983), p 242
1377:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology
1335:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
1273:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
1019:
1017:
878:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology
1025:Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction
811:writes of the physical science aspect of this:
1447:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1206:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1036:
963:
893:, an atheist, dedicates a chapter of his book
3390:
1518:
1014:
580:
983:"Teleological Arguments for God's Existence"
2664:
1249:. Vol.15.No.4. Dec. 1963. pp. 101–104.
676:lecturer, from his 1893 Lowell Lectures on
3856:
3397:
3383:
1525:
1511:
844:Therefore, the cause must be supernatural.
587:
573:
1389:
1387:
4140:
1475:Chapter 10, containing the relevant text
1467:The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man
1434:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997 (
1190:
1188:
1001:page 204. The German reads "... in jede
825:Usage in referring to a type of argument
725:what we know, not in what we don't know.
1449:, volume 14 fall (1971), pages 203–220.
1393:
1134:The Fontana edition cites reviews from
752:Coulson was a mathematics professor at
84:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
4406:
3417:
2955:Conditional preservation of the saints
2764:
1532:
1384:
1176:2006 109: 21−27. Hough writes, p. 24:
1005:hatten sie ihren Wahn gestellt, ihren
653:
4129:
3416:
3378:
2813:
2763:
2663:
2488:
1506:
1498:Skeptical Christian: God of the Gaps?
1212:
1185:
1098:Munich: Christian Kaiser Verlag, 1970
2841:Christian views on the Old Covenant
2489:
987:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
716:, the German theologian and martyr
555:
13:
4414:Arguments for the existence of God
1403:. Bantam Press. pp. 151–161.
904:nothing to do and nowhere to hide.
14:
4430:
3962:Attributes of God in Christianity
3272:Attributes of God in Christianity
2814:
1481:
4389:
3356:
1286:The Counter-Creationism Handbook
1125:Coulson, Fontana edition, p. 35.
792:
762:British Broadcasting Corporation
554:
542:
531:
530:
4020:Great Architect of the Universe
1421:
1358:
1340:
1316:
1300:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1233:
1224:
1162:
1149:
1128:
1078:Dietrich Bonhoeffer, letter to
122:Discrimination against atheists
3345:Lists of Christian theologians
3043:Separation of church and state
1432:Letters and Papers from Prison
1209:. Volume 14. 1971. pp.203–220.
1119:
1112:Charles Alfred Coulson (1955)
1084:Letters and Papers from Prison
1082:, 29 May 1944, pages 310–312,
1030:
992:
975:
957:
851:intelligent design creationism
137:Separation of church and state
1:
3799:Trinity of the Church Fathers
3350:Outline of Christian theology
2314:History of Christian theology
1284:See, e.g., Mark Isaak (2006)
1136:The Times Literary Supplement
950:
406:Atheism: The Case Against God
61:Negative and positive atheism
51:Implicit and explicit atheism
4130:
3404:
3124:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1159:, T. & T. Clark, p. 247.
1114:Science and Christian Belief
860:
731:Science and Christian Belief
7:
4050:Phenomenological definition
3292:Love of God in Christianity
3160:Christian reconstructionism
2928:Priesthood of all believers
1849:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
1155:C. Southgate et al.(1999),
908:
10:
4435:
940:Non-overlapping magisteria
253:Theological noncognitivism
18:
4387:
4356:
4318:
4271:
4248:
4136:
4125:
4078:
3954:
3906:
3812:
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3664:
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3412:
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3221:
3188:
3147:
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2826:
2822:
2809:
2772:
2759:
2672:
2659:
2497:
2484:
2475:
2402:
2324:Calvinist–Arminian debate
2304:
2160:
2063:
2003:
1788:
1779:
1731:
1664:
1606:
1597:
1549:
1540:
916:The Challenge of Creation
3804:Trinitarian universalism
3061:Confessional Lutheranism
1009:, den sie Gott nannten."
4006:Godhead in Christianity
2923:Protestant ecclesiology
2666:Eastern Orthodox Church
1329:24 October 2007 at the
1322:Larmer, Robert (2002).
1258:Michael Shermer (2003)
1096:Widerstand und Ergebung
1094:, 1997; Translation of
1037:Henry Drummond (1904).
964:Henry Drummond (1904).
835:argument from ignorance
831:God-of-the-gaps fallacy
208:Inconsistent revelation
202:Incompatible properties
117:Demographics of atheism
3277:Christian universalism
3213:Wesleyan Quadrilateral
3203:Imparted righteousness
3086:Lutheran scholasticism
2940:Protestant Soteriology
906:
887:
822:
750:
742:
734:Charles Alfred Coulson
727:
710:
665:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3832:Fate of the unlearned
3784:Shield of the Trinity
3287:Grace in Christianity
3101:Theology of the Cross
2542:Immaculate Conception
2237:New Covenant theology
1656:Social trinitarianism
1241:"The God of the Gaps"
901:
882:
813:
746:
738:
722:
705:
680:. He chastises those
180:Fate of the unlearned
158:Arguments for atheism
112:Criticism of religion
4419:Religion and science
3208:Second work of grace
3198:Christian perfection
3066:Evangelical Catholic
2950:Conditional election
2868:Evangelical theology
2507:Apostolic succession
1823:Conditional Security
1471:Hodder and Stoughton
1218:Richard Bube (1971)
699:'s implication of a
506:Criticism of atheism
497:Atheism and religion
448:The System of Nature
333:Christopher Hitchens
16:Theological argument
4366:Slavic Native Faith
3789:Trinitarian formula
3726:Father of Greatness
3609:Abrahamic religions
3363:Christianity portal
3332:Unlimited atonement
3139:Prosperity theology
2970:Unlimited atonement
2682:Cataphatic theology
2587:Papal infallibility
2532:Ecumenical Councils
2384:Counter-Reformation
1428:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1144:Manchester Guardian
803:Dorothy Dinnerstein
736:(1910−1974) wrote:
718:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
660:Friedrich Nietzsche
654:Origins of the term
629:divine intervention
363:Friedrich Nietzsche
223:Omnipotence paradox
31:Part of a series on
4328:Abrahamic prophecy
4258:Ayyavazhi theology
4030:Apophatic theology
3419:Conceptions of God
3175:Lordship salvation
3081:Lutheran orthodoxy
3033:Believer's baptism
2766:Oriental Orthodoxy
2677:Apophatic theology
2637:Transubstantiation
2522:Christian humanism
2512:Assumption of Mary
1534:Christian theology
981:See, for example,
945:Watchmaker analogy
697:general relativity
413:Breaking the Spell
348:Michael Lou Martin
174:Evil God challenge
79:History of atheism
4401:
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4383:
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4012:Latter Day Saints
3981:Divine simplicity
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3759:Consubstantiality
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3530:Theistic finitism
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3239:Messianic Judaism
3038:Immersion baptism
2990:Anglo-Catholicism
2851:Dispensationalism
2846:Covenant theology
2805:
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2797:Aphthartodocetism
2755:
2754:
2655:
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2300:
2299:
2180:Dispensationalism
2147:Church discipline
1999:
1998:
1979:Union with Christ
1751:Angelic hierarchy
1727:
1726:
1440:978-0-684-83827-4
1410:978-0-593-05548-9
1060:978-0-521-73022-8
1040:The Ascent of Man
1023:See Thomas Dixon
967:The Ascent of Man
782:Origin of Species
754:Oxford University
729:In his 1955 book
678:The Ascent of Man
672:, a 19th-century
644:confirmation bias
640:logical fallacies
597:
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548:Philosophy portal
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383:Victor J. Stenger
274:Lists of atheists
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2692:Essence–energies
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2602:Quartodecimanism
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2394:Great Awakenings
2029:Incurvatus in se
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1683:Hypostatic union
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1574:Biblical studies
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1400:The God Delusion
1395:Dawkins, Richard
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658:From the 1880s,
613:existence of God
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488:Secular humanism
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441:God Is Not Great
434:The God Delusion
427:The End of Faith
373:Bertrand Russell
318:Ludwig Feuerbach
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196:Hitchens's razor
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107:Atheist feminism
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3302:Omnibenevolence
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3091:Neo-Lutheranism
3076:Loci Theologici
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2965:Total depravity
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2035:Occasion of sin
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3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3692:Supreme Being
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:Gender of God
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Kathenotheism
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Faith healing
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Center church
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Branch theory
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:Protestantism
2812:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Monothelitism
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Monophysitism
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Sacerdotalism
2610:
2608:
2607:Real presence
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Scholasticism
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Caesaropapism
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Apostolic Age
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:War in Heaven
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Second Coming
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:New Jerusalem
2265:
2263:
2262:Millennialism
2260:
2258:
2257:Last Judgment
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:Mortification
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Justification
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Glorification
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Fallen angels
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Impassibility
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:C. A. Coulson
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1140:New Statesman
1137:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1092:0-684-83827-3
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
984:
978:
969:
968:
960:
956:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
934:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:
913:
912:
905:
900:
898:
897:
892:
886:
881:
879:
875:
872:According to
870:
867:
858:
854:
852:
843:
840:
839:
838:
836:
832:
821:
818:
812:
810:
806:
804:
800:
793:General usage
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
756:as well as a
755:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
732:
726:
721:
719:
715:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:Ernest Barnes
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
568:
567:
561:
552:
549:
545:
540:
537:
528:
525:
521:
520:
519:
518:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
458:
457:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
438:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
410:
408:
407:
403:
402:
396:
395:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Michel Onfray
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Denis Diderot
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
275:
272:
271:
263:
262:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Occam's razor
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
151:
150:
143:
142:State atheism
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
4205:Hamartiology
4190:Ecclesiology
4180:Pneumatology
4089:Christianity
4080:Names of God
4055:Philo's view
4045:Personal god
4025:Great Spirit
3964: /
3921:Christianity
3779:Perichoresis
3682:Emanationism
3624:Christianity
3614:Baháʼí Faith
3592:Singular god
3565:
3525:Spiritualism
3361:
3312:Omnipresence
3282:Divine mercy
3106:Two kingdoms
3000:Broad church
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2787:Monoenergism
2777:Miaphysitism
2477:By tradition
2417:Biblical law
2369:Conciliarism
2235: /
2205: /
2201: /
2132:Conciliarity
2109:Presbyterian
2065:Ecclesiology
2040:Original sin
2027:
2018:Anthropology
2005:Hamartiology
1954:Resurrection
1944:Regeneration
1919:Perseverance
1913:Ordo salutis
1911:
1875:Irresistible
1847:
1843:Eternal life
1833:Divinization
1708:Resurrection
1651:Perichoresis
1641:Immutability
1626:Pneumatology
1589:Hermeneutics
1564:Preservation
1466:
1456:
1446:
1431:
1422:Bibliography
1399:
1376:
1360:
1352:www.asa3.org
1351:
1342:
1334:
1318:
1311:Richard Bube
1306:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1201:Richard Bube
1195:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1095:
1083:
1050:
1039:
1032:
1024:
994:
986:
977:
966:
959:
932:
914:
902:
894:
888:
883:
877:
874:John Habgood
871:
868:
864:
855:
847:
830:
828:
814:
807:
796:
780:
772:
769:Richard Bube
766:
751:
747:
743:
739:
730:
728:
723:
714:World War II
711:
706:
690:
677:
663:
657:
637:
633:
600:
598:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
378:Peter Singer
358:Jean Meslier
298:Albert Camus
190:
25:
4263:Krishnology
4240:Soteriology
4195:Eschatology
4175:Christology
4040:Open theism
3996:Exotheology
3894:Zoroastrian
3857:By religion
3814:Eschatology
3769:Homoiousian
3722:Ahura Mazda
3500:Panentheism
3463:Hermeticism
3317:Omniscience
3307:Omnipotence
3297:Love of God
3151:(Calvinist)
3134:Glossolalia
3010:High church
2890:Sola gratia
2732:Tabor Light
2717:Proskynesis
2702:Metousiosis
2697:Gnomic will
2582:Natural law
2557:Josephology
2547:Indulgences
2412:Apologetics
2379:Reformation
2374:Renaissance
2287:Tribulation
2170:Historicism
2162:Eschatology
1860:Forgiveness
1781:Soteriology
1719:Holy Spirit
1703:Incarnation
1621:Christology
1559:Inspiration
1469:, Glasgow:
1262:, p 115 ff.
1007:Lückenbüßer
817:natural law
605:theological
560:WikiProject
483:Freethought
478:Agnosticism
293:Mario Bunge
233:Poor design
89:New Atheism
4408:Categories
4348:Philosophy
4235:Sophiology
4215:Philosophy
4210:Messianism
4170:Paterology
3774:Hypostasis
3764:Homoousian
3595:theologies
3535:Theopanism
3520:Polytheism
3483:Monotheism
3458:Henotheism
3234:Anabaptism
3170:Free Grace
3015:Low church
2647:Veneration
2592:Priesthood
2502:Absolution
2442:Missiology
2432:Homiletics
2354:Iconoclasm
2339:Patristics
2306:Historical
2282:Soul sleep
2223:Apocalypse
2218:Antichrist
2120:Historical
2090:Missiology
2078:Confession
1949:Repentance
1939:Redemption
1887:Imputation
1880:Prevenient
1828:Conversion
1793:Absolution
1616:Paterology
1611:Attributes
1542:Systematic
1168:A. Hough,
951:References
885:comprised.
682:Christians
674:evangelist
609:scientific
469:Irreligion
328:Sam Harris
132:Secularism
56:Naturalism
4225:Practical
4220:Political
4185:Cosmology
4142:Christian
4001:Holocaust
3991:Egotheism
3946:Goddesses
3941:Mormonism
3869:Christian
3822:Afterlife
3708:Sustainer
3515:Polydeism
3510:Pantheism
3495:Mysticism
3478:Monolatry
3473:Nontheism
3453:Dystheism
3229:Adventism
3149:Reformed
2945:Assurance
2883:Sola fide
2836:Adiaphora
2747:Theotokos
2727:Symphonia
2722:Sobornost
2712:Phyletism
2622:Sainthood
2617:Sacrament
2597:Purgatory
2577:Modernism
2567:Mariology
2462:Political
2437:Liturgics
2422:Education
2404:Practical
2319:Orthodoxy
2242:End times
2213:Adventism
2190:Preterism
2104:Episcopal
2083:Eucharist
2073:Sacrament
1969:Synergism
1959:Salvation
1902:Monergism
1808:Atonement
1803:Assurance
1733:Cosmology
1713:Ascension
1551:Scripture
861:Criticism
829:The term
799:phenomena
758:Methodist
691:In 1933,
617:religious
353:Karl Marx
213:Nonbelief
186:Free will
154:Arguments
4343:Kabbalah
4290:Prophets
4165:Glossary
4131:By faith
4094:Hinduism
3976:Demiurge
3966:in Islam
3926:Hinduism
3916:Buddhism
3908:Feminist
3864:Buddhist
3672:Absolute
3665:Concepts
3641:Hinduism
3636:Buddhism
3602:By faith
3566:and gods
3558:Divinity
3544:Concepts
3505:Pandeism
3406:Theology
3265:See also
3190:Wesleyan
3053:Lutheran
2982:Anglican
2707:Phronema
2537:Filioque
2517:Dogmatic
2457:Polemics
2452:Pastoral
2233:Covenant
2185:Futurism
2175:Idealism
2152:Shunning
2137:Koinonia
2050:Theodicy
2023:The Fall
1989:Blessing
1838:Election
1798:Adoption
1771:Theodicy
1756:Humanity
1741:Creation
1579:Exegesis
1569:Canonics
1473:, 1904 (
1397:(2006).
1327:Archived
1174:Theology
933:Miracles
909:See also
787:argument
701:Big Bang
686:immanent
536:Category
45:Concepts
4333:Aggadah
4281:Oneness
4273:Islamic
4155:Outline
4150:History
4109:Judaism
4104:Jainism
4060:Process
4035:Olelbis
3936:Judaism
3879:Islamic
3794:Trinity
3677:Brahman
3651:Sikhism
3646:Jainism
3619:Judaism
3571:Goddess
3096:Pietism
3071:Haugean
3025:Baptist
2880: (
2828:General
2742:Theosis
2737:Theoria
2687:Economy
2632:Thomism
2627:Scotism
2562:Liturgy
2389:Pietism
2364:Thomism
2272:Rapture
2197: (
2097: (
1984:Worship
1974:Theosis
1818:Calling
1813:Baptism
1681: (
1666:Trinity
985:in the
972:p. 333.
712:During
603:" is a
524:Outline
101:Society
73:History
37:Atheism
4371:Wiccan
4320:Jewish
4300:Angels
4230:Public
4200:Ethics
3889:Taoist
3884:Jewish
3844:Heaven
3701:God as
3431:Theism
2467:Public
2427:Ethics
2247:Heaven
2115:Bishop
2095:Polity
1746:Angels
1674:Father
1438:
1407:
1313:, 1971
1142:, and
1090:
1062:. 1933
1058:
1045:p. 333
935:(book)
777:Darwin
266:People
4358:Pagan
4250:Hindu
4099:Islam
3931:Islam
3874:Hindu
3837:Fitra
3687:Logos
3629:Islam
3578:Numen
3553:Deity
3448:Deism
3439:Forms
3222:Other
3165:TULIP
2877:solae
2875:Five
2447:Moral
2334:Canon
2203:Post-
2127:Synod
1870:Grace
1855:Faith
1766:Satan
1693:Logos
1688:Jesus
1027:p. 45
1003:Lücke
922:Deism
399:Books
4065:Tian
3848:Hell
3718:Good
3713:Time
2572:Mass
2252:Hell
2199:Pre-
2013:Adam
1436:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1246:JASA
1088:ISBN
1056:ISBN
744:and
4285:God
4283:of
2045:Sin
1679:Son
1599:God
1492:PDF
876:in
779:'s
662:'s
625:God
4410::
4082:in
3846:/
3724:,
1477:).
1465:,
1455:,
1430:,
1386:^
1369:^
1350:.
1333:.
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1243:.
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1199:.
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1172:,
1138:,
1103:^
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1016:^
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1043:.
989:.
970:.
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