71:. In the sagittal view, excessive curvature in the cervical region is cervical lordosis, in the thoracic region thoracic kyphosis, and in the lumbar region lumbar lordosis. Reduction in curvature is typically termed flat back if present in the thoracic region and lumbar kyphosis if present in the lumbar region. In posture analysis, the spine is compared to a plumb line to detect the aforementioned abnormalities. From the anterior/posterior view this plumb line should run vertically down the midline of the body dividing it symmetrically into right and left halves indicating even weight distribution on left and right sides. From the sagittal view the plumb line should bisect the ear, odontoid process of C2, the cervical vertebral bodies, the center of the glenohumeral joint, the lumbar vertebral bodies, the center of the acetabulum, just posterior to the patella, and through the tarsals of the feet. This sagittal line of reference theoretically indicates even distribution of weight between the front and the back of the body.
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have yet to be quantified due to considerable inter-individual variability in normal sagittal curvature. The Cobb method was also one of the first techniques used to quantify sagittal deformity. As a 2D measurement technique it has limitations and new techniques are being proposed for measurement of
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In medicine and occupations concerned with physical fitness, the concept of good posture is referred to as "neutral spine". In this context, proper posture or "neutral spine", is the proper alignment of the body between postural extremes. Deviations from neutral alignment are identified as excessive
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Looking directly at the front or back of the body, the 33 vertebrae in the spinal column should appear completely vertical. From a side view, the cervical (neck) region of the spine (C1–C7) is bent inward, the thoracic (upper back) region (T1–T12) bends outward, and the lumbar (lower back) region
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curvature or reduction in curvature. Rarely do these deviations in curvature occur in only one plane; however, they are typically referred to in this manner. In the anterior/posterior view, deviation from vertical results in abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called
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these curvatures. Most recently, 3D imaging techniques using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) have been attempted. These techniques are promising but lack the reliability and validity necessary to be used as a reference for clinical purposes.
86:. This method consists of measuring the degree of deformity by the angle between two successive vertebrae. The Cobb method was accepted by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) in 1966. It serves as the standard method for quantification of scoliosis deformities.
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Swain, Christopher T.V.; Pan, Fumin; Owen, Patrick J.; Schmidt, Hendrik; Belavy, Daniel L. (2020). "No consensus on causality of spine postures or physical exposure and low back pain: A systematic review of systematic reviews".
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Roussouly, P.; Gollogly, S.; Berthonnaud, E.; Dimnet, J. (2005), "Classification of the Normal
Variation in the Sagittal Alignment of the Human Lumbar Spine and Pelvis in the Standing Position",
58:. A neutral pelvis is in fact slightly anteriorly rotated which means the anterior superior iliac spines should be just in front of the pubic symphysis not in the same vertical line.
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O'Sullivan, Kieran; O'Sullivan, Peter; O'Sullivan, Leonard; Dankaerts, Wim (2012). "What do physiotherapists consider to be the best sitting spinal posture?".
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Vrtovec, T.; Pernus, F.; Likar, B. (2009), "A review of methods for quantitative evaluation of spinal curvature.",
54:(L1–L5) bends inward. The sacrum (tailbone area) (S1–S5 fused) and coccyx (on average 4 fused) rest between the
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in the human body. It is debated what the optimal spinal posture is, and whether poor spinal posture causes
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is well established and even evaluated at an early age. It is typically quantified using the standardized
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75:Quantifying abnormalities
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33:is the position of the
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234:Marieb, E. N. (2001),
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264:Webster, Deborah,
27:Concept in anatomy
267:The Neutral Spine
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103:References
182:201756091
80:Scoliosis
69:scoliosis
381:20997025
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