610:-plan buildings and the large interconnected Terrace Building Complex. The Megarons at Gordion likely served an administrative function, with the largest, Megaron 3, perhaps serving as an audience hall. The Megarons include several pebble mosaic floors with elaborate geometric designs, among the earliest known examples of their type. The Terrace Building, a complex of eight interconnected buildings stretching over one hundred meters in length, was a locus of grinding, cooking, and weaving, as well as storage. The remains of the Early Phrygian period were preserved due to a conflagration on the eastern side of the Citadel Mound, likely dating to c. 800 BCE. This destruction level and the subsequent rebuilding of the site above it preserved the architecture and many of the finds from the Early Phrygian period. The Early Phrygian period at the site is thus better understood than the Middle Phrygian.
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citadel was rebuilt on a largely similar plan, a process of monumentality that required an immense amount of labor and planning. The fortifications at
Gordion at this time expanded to include a pair of forts to the north and south of the Citadel Mound connected by a circuit wall that enclosed an area over twenty-five hectares, the Lower Town. Beyond the Lower Town, settlement continued in the Outer Town, protected by a further wall and ditch. Settlement stretched onto the Northeast Ridge, where a series of houses were destroyed in an attack by an unknown enemy around 700 BCE. During the Middle Phrygian period, Gordion grew to its largest size, encompassing an area of settlement of approximately one hundred hectares. At this time the political influence of Phrygia in Anatolia increased substantially. During the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, the city grew into the capital of a
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range c. 840–795 BCE, most likely between 830/815 and 810/800 BCE, and were in no way compatible with a c. 700 BCE date, even with extreme adjustments to the outliers within the data. Consequently, the fire can no longer be associated with a
Cimmerian incursion and was probably accidental in nature, with no indications of a military attack. A date of c. 800 BCE for the Early Phrygian Destruction Level has been widely accepted by scholars working throughout Central Anatolia, with objections voiced only by Muscarella and Keenan.
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854:, not Gordion, as its capital. Despite its relegation in status, Gordion initially continued to prosper under the Achaemenids, with tumulus burials and monumental buildings maintained through the 6th century. Around 500 BCE, a semi-subterranean structure, the Painted House, was added to the east side of the Citadel Mound. It featured a program of wall frescoes showing the procession of women. It is perhaps associated with cultic activity, although the nature of this is uncertain.
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Gate. The South Gate approach saw further modification with bastions added in the 8th and 6th centuries, and the walled causeway leading to the gate ultimately reached over 65 m long, the longest known for a citadel gate in
Anatolia. As elsewhere on the Citadel Mound, the Middle Phrygian phase of the South Gate made use of large polychromatic blocks. In 2017 a sculpted stone lion was discovered at the entrance to the South Gate.
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still preserved to a height of ten meters, making it the best preserved example in
Anatolia. Around the same time, c. 850 BCE, Tumulus W was constructed, the first known example of a tumulus burial in Anatolia and a marker of elite prominence at Gordion. Beyond the East Citadel Gate, a series of elite buildings occupied the eastern side of the mound. These included several
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restoring the South
Bastion of the East Citadel Gate, affected by an earthquake in 1999. This project consolidated cracked stones, reinstalled them in the wall faces with stainless-steel supports, and addressed the drainage of the South Bastion through the repair of damaged masonry and the installation of a new capping support system.
953:. The Citadel Mound and several of the tumuli were used as defensive positions during the three weeks of fighting. The village of Bebi, located to the west of the Citadel Mound, was the main site of habitation in the area during the 19th and 20th centuries but was destroyed during the course of the battle. The modern village of
886:. The Galatians ultimately settled in Phrygia, including at Gordion. The settlement at Gordion during the Hellenistic period shows a distinctly residential character, with large houses built over the public buildings on the Citadel Mound and no evidence of habitation in the Lower or Outer Towns. In 189 BCE, the Roman consul
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The c. 800 BCE destruction level marks the change from the Early
Phrygian period to the Middle Phrygian. After the fire, the inhabitants of Gordion completed a massive construction program on the Citadel Mound that included the laying of up to five meters of clay to raise the height of the mound. The
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have allowed for a more complete reconstruction of the defense network and urban districts of the city during the Iron Age, providing evidence for a ditch and wall system surrounding the Outer Town to the west and confirming the existence of a second fort protecting the Lower Town at Kuş Tepe to the
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There were several monumental construction projects on the citadel during the 10th and 9th centuries, the Early
Phrygian period, resulting in a circuit wall around the Citadel Mound with an extensive gate complex. The East Citadel Gate provided both increased defense and a projection of power; it is
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The
Gordion Project renewed excavations in 2013, focusing on the southern fortifications and revealing a new approach and gateway to the Citadel Mound. This new South Gate was originally constructed during the 9th century BC, broadly contemporaneous with the Early Phrygian phase of the East Citadel
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passed through
Gordion, which may have been known as Vindia or Vinda at this time. The Roman buildings at Gordion were oriented to cardinal directions and built as part of a deliberate refoundation that included leveling the surface of the western part of the mound. The area of the Common Cemetery
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in Lydia. Tumulus MM was excavated in 1957 by Young's team, revealing the remains of the royal occupant, resting on purple and golden textiles in an open log coffin, surrounded by a vast array of magnificent objects. The burial goods included pottery and bronze vessels containing organic residues,
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in the vicinity of
Gordion, dating from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE. The largest of these burial mounds have traditionally been associated with kings, especially Tumulus MM. There are two main necropoleis, the Northeast Ridge and the South Ridge. Tumulus W at Gordion, dating to c. 850 BCE, is
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Since 2009, the project has undertaken a renewed program of architectural conservation on the Terrace Building Complex on the Citadel Mound, the large industrial quarter that burned in the Destruction Level c. 800 BCE. From 2014 to 2019, the architectural conservation team focused its efforts on
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Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), the Great Tumulus, is the largest burial mound at Gordion, standing over fifty meters high today, with a diameter of about three hundred meters. It was built c. 740 BCE, and at that time was the largest tumulus in Anatolia, only surpassed c. 200 years later by the
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Initial criticism of the radiocarbon analysis focused on the preliminary publication of five samples but was subsequently refuted by the publication of fifteen more short-lived samples, each the average of dozens of barley, lentil, and flax seeds from the Destruction Level. These all indicated a
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In antiquity, the Sakarya river flowed on the east side of the Citadel Mound, just beyond the Küçük Höyük fort. Its course changed several times, ultimately moving to the west side of the mound, where it is now. This was a relatively recent change, most likely occurring during the 19th century.
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Evidence for the Medieval Period at Gordion is sparse but suggests habitation during the 13th and 14th centuries CE with at least some fortification. Recent excavations have revealed lime-coated pits and ovens on the western side of the Citadel Mound, signalling food preparation and storage.
630:, as the Destruction Level. This event, and the subsequent deposition of up to five meters of clay above the burnt level, sealed and preserved many buildings and hundreds of objects from the Early Phrygian phase, providing an astonishing insight into the character of the elite district of an
349:(c. 2300 BCE) continuously until the 4th century CE and again in the 13th and 14th centuries CE. The Citadel Mound at Gordion is approximately 13.5 hectares in size, and at its height habitation extended beyond this in an area approximately 100 hectares in size. Gordion is the
842:. There is extensive evidence for the Persian siege of 546 BCE at Gordion, mainly associated with the fort at Küçük Höyük. The Persian attackers built a large siege ramp to assault the fortress, still visible today. After its conquest, Gordion became part of the satrapy of
1002:, between 1950 and 1973. Excavations have continued at the site under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum with an international team, directed by Keith DeVries (1977–1987), G. Kenneth Sams and Mary M. Voigt (1988–2006), G. Kenneth Sams and
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the earliest known at the site and the first known anywhere in Anatolia. Tumuli are associated with inhumation burials at Gordion until the late 7th century, when cremation began at the site. The two traditions then coexisted through the 6th century BCE.
670:; and the study of well-known 8th century Greek ceramics in post-Destruction Level contexts. Taken altogether, this research indicated that the date of the conflagration was approximately one hundred years earlier than previously thought, c. 800 BCE.
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in 333 BCE precipitated a major change at the site, with worship of Greek deities, inscriptions in Greek, and Greek pottery all replacing their Phrygian predecessors at the site. The middle of the 3rd century BCE saw the arrival of the
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of the city. The wagon was associated with Midas or Gordias (or both) and was connected with the dynasty's rise to power. A local prophecy had decreed that whoever could loosen the knot was destined to become the ruler of Asia.
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citadel, unique in Anatolian archaeology. As such, the Early Phrygian Destruction Level provides well-dated comparative material for other sites in the region and constitutes a key fixed point in Central Anatolian chronology.
810:, exceptional for its state of preservation. The Tumulus MM funeral ceremony has been reconstructed, and scientists have determined that the guests at the banquet ate lamb or goat stew and drank a mixed
861:. The subsequent century saw an absence of monumental buildings on the Citadel Mound, and, in fact, stone from many of the earlier structures was used for smaller buildings elsewhere around the site.
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The Roman period at Gordion stretches from the 1st century CE through the 4th century, with a series of occupations and abandonments on the western part of the Citadel Mound. The Roman road between
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campaigned through Galatia, forcing the inhabitants of Gordion to temporarily abandon the site. Gordion was briefly reinhabited but abandoned again sometime during the 1st century BCE.
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Since 2007, another primary focus of the Gordion Project has been the exploration of the city's defensive fortifications beyond the Citadel Mound through remote sensing. The use of
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Manning, Sturt W.; Kromer, Bernd (2011). "Radiocarbon Dating Iron Age Gordion, and the Early Phrygian Destruction in Particular". In Rose, C. Brian; Darbyshire, Gareth (eds.).
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View of the Citadel Mound at Gordion. Early Phrygian Terrace Building Complex in the foreground with the East Citadel Gate behind it. Tumulus MM in the background to the left.
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The results of the excavations at Gordion are the subject of study for an international team of scholars, with ongoing research into all periods of the site's history.
654:. Initial radiocarbon data analyzed by Young cast some doubt on this interpretation, but the date of 700 BCE was widely used. Beginning in 2000, a renewed program of
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at c. 740 BCE based on dendrochronology; the comparison of Destruction Level objects with those in Tumulus MM and other independently dated assemblages in the
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Grave, Peter, Lisa Kealhofer, Ben Marsh, G. Kenneth Sams, Mary Voigt, Keith DeVries. 2009. "Ceramic production and provenience at Gordion, Central Anatolia",
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547:, with administrative seals evident at the site. There is an extensive necropolis attested on the Northeast Ridge, with burials of the MH III-IV periods.
662:, and a closer examination of the objects in the Destruction Level began. Three factors were of particular importance: the establishment of the date of
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There is ample evidence of widespread burning of the eastern portion of the Citadel Mound of Gordion, in a level referred to by the initial excavator,
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Liebhart, Richard; Darbyshire, Gareth; Erder, Evin; Marsh, Ben (2016). "A Fresh Look at the Tumuli of Gordion". In Henry, Olivier; Kelp, Ute (eds.).
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P. McGovern, D. Glusker, R. Moreau, A. Nuñez, C. Beck, E. Simpson, E. Butrym, L. Exner, and E. Stout, “A Funerary Feast Fit for King Midas”,
731:, who reigned during the Middle Phrygian period at Gordion. He was likely on the throne at Gordion by c. 740 BCE, based on the completion of
707:, Phrygia's neighbor to the southwest, began to exert influence within Anatolia, likely at the expense of Phrygian control. The incursion of
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and the Achaemenid Empire into Anatolia, beginning in 546 BCE, spelled the end of any Lydian control and of Phrygian autonomy at Gordion.
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2015:
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Kealhofer, Lisa; Grave, Peter (2011). "The Iron Age on the Central Anatolian Plateau". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
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bronze fibulae (ancient safety pins), leather belts with bronze attachments, and an extraordinary collection of carved and inlaid
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Overview of the main settlement and cemetery areas at Iron Age Gordion (after Rose and Darbyshire 2011 fig. 0.1, Rose 2017 fig. 9)
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Gordion Wooden Furniture: The Study, Conservation, and Reconstruction of the Furniture and Wooden Objects from Gordion, 1981–1998
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357:, and its well-preserved destruction level of c. 800 BCE is a chronological linchpin in the region. The long tradition of
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The Early Phrygian East Citadel Gate at Gordion, with the Terrace Building Complex and Megaron buildings behind it
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528:, c. 2300 BCE. By the end of this period it displayed ceramic commonalities with communities as far west as the
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rivers gave it a strategic location with control over fertile land. Gordion lies where the ancient road between
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The Gordion Excavations (1950–1973) Final Reports, Vol. II: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli, Part 1, The Inhumations
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The 4th century BCE at Gordion began with the combination of an earthquake and the attack of the Spartan king
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Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900. Jahrbuch des kaiserlich deutschen archäologischen Instituts
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2343:. Proceedings of a conference held at the Penn Museum. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
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M.M. Voigt, "Old Problems and New Solutions: Recent Excavations at Gordion", in: L. Kealhofer (Ed.)
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Excavation, Study of Material Excavated 1988–1996, Regional Surface Survey, and Ethnographic Survey
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at the site is an important record of elite monumentality and burial practice during the Iron Age.
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Agricultural Sustainability and Environmental Change at Ancient Gordion, Gordion Special Studies 8
2231:"The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world"
1336:
Seeher, Jürgen (2011). "The Plateau: The Hittites". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
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Conservation at Gordion by the University of Pennsylvania's Architectural Conservation Laboratory
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invaded Asia Minor, and in 710/709 BCE, Midas was forced to ask for help from the Assyrian king
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The Golden Age of King Midas/Kral Midas’ın Altın Çağı, catalogue of the Penn Museum exhibition
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View through the Early Phrygian East Citadel Gate at Gordion looking at Tumulus W (c. 850 BCE)
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The 8th century BCE burial tumuli, Tumulus MM (left) and Tumulus P (right) at Gordion, Turkey
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Botanical Aspects of Environment and Economy at Gordion, Turkey, Gordion Special Studies V
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Gordion was part of the Hittite Empire and located at the western edge of its heartland.
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O.W. Muscarella, "The date of the destruction of the Early Phrygian Period at Gordion",
1006:(2006–2012), and C. Brian Rose (2012–present). Finds from Gordion are on display at the
906:: this intricate knot joined the yoke to the pole of a Phrygian wagon that stood on the
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The Gordion Excavations, 1950–1973: Final Reports, Vol. IV: The Early Phrygian Pottery
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747:, King Midas was the first foreigner to make an offering at the sanctuary of Delphi's
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The Gordion Excavations (1950–1973) Final Reports, Vol. I: Three Great Early Tumuli
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751:, dedicating the throne from which he gave judgment. During his reign, according to
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2365:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
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Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC
1559:
Summers, Geoffrey D. (2013). "Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion".
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Erosion, Biodiversity, and Archaeology: Preserving the Midas Tumulus at Gordion
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Marsh, Ben (1999). "Alluvial Burial of Gordion, An Iron-Age City in Anatolia".
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Archaeologists at first interpreted the Destruction Level as the remains of a
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Gordion Special Studies Vol. II: The Terracotta Figurines and Related Vessels
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Genz, Hermann (2013). "Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion".
569:
in regard to architecture and ceramics. Ceramic and linguistic links with
8658:
8355:
8185:
8110:
8030:
8020:
7880:
7634:
7369:
7324:
7174:
6871:
6506:
6361:
6336:
5711:
5580:
5460:
5415:
5159:
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4894:
4874:
4646:
4541:
4316:
4248:
4108:
3908:
3763:
3698:
3573:
3413:
3258:
2988:
2863:
2793:
2638:
2533:
2407:
2122:
1974:
Three Great Early Tumuli. The Gordion Excavations Final Reports, Volume 1
700:
8405:
7329:
2327:
Gordion Special Studies, Vol. I: Nonverbal Graffiti, Dipinti, and Stamps
150:
8737:
8700:
8668:
8575:
8490:
8470:
8375:
8335:
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7855:
7714:
7589:
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7309:
6991:
6936:
6886:
6881:
6816:
6791:
6781:
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5921:
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3208:
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962:
318:
214:
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5029:
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907:
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354:
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338:
1415:
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9185:
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2783:
2723:
2698:
2678:
2668:
2598:
2573:
2558:
2528:
2518:
2503:
2073:
Rose, C. Brian (2017). "Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015".
1729:
Rose, C. Brian (2017). "Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015".
1661:
Rose, C. Brian (2017). "Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015".
1572:
1192:
Rose, C. Brian (2017). "Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015".
924:
830:
The fort at Küçük Höyük, destroyed in the Persian attack of 546 BCE
696:
692:
647:
631:
544:
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3093:
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2888:
2808:
2798:
2773:
2763:
2718:
2613:
2588:
2583:
2553:
2523:
2381:
The Gordion Wooden Objects, Vol. 1: The Furniture from Tumulus MM
1410:
996:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
815:
736:
607:
533:
358:
334:
306:
89:
1086:
Gordion is mentioned in the following ancient sources: Xenophon
763:. In Strabo's account, King Midas committed suicide by drinking
8916:
8823:
8510:
8495:
8390:
8380:
8270:
8265:
8245:
8225:
8215:
8200:
8150:
7980:
7915:
7895:
7860:
7754:
7674:
7579:
7574:
7499:
7494:
7414:
7394:
7389:
7374:
7224:
7219:
7124:
7104:
7051:
7041:
7011:
6996:
6981:
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6846:
6746:
6721:
6661:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6316:
6216:
6196:
6166:
6061:
5811:
5791:
5781:
5663:
5638:
5590:
5575:
5535:
5515:
5500:
5485:
5470:
5435:
5420:
5410:
5405:
5385:
5355:
5340:
5325:
5300:
5295:
5260:
5214:
5204:
5139:
5129:
5094:
4944:
4919:
4884:
4854:
4706:
4691:
4626:
4601:
4571:
4551:
4496:
4486:
4436:
4396:
4351:
4326:
4306:
4301:
4243:
4238:
4113:
4058:
4053:
4008:
3953:
3933:
3928:
3913:
3863:
3858:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3738:
3733:
3703:
3653:
3583:
3568:
3513:
3488:
3423:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3338:
3308:
3303:
3288:
3078:
3068:
3043:
2998:
2983:
2943:
2928:
2908:
2868:
2828:
2823:
2788:
2768:
2738:
2618:
2578:
2568:
2395:
Cities and Citadels in Turkey: From the Iron Age to the Selcuks
1710:
920:
776:
752:
643:
578:
574:
365:
314:
8778:
8760:
8595:
8590:
8370:
8170:
8120:
8090:
8025:
7875:
7769:
7764:
7724:
7559:
7519:
7249:
7199:
6976:
6951:
6796:
6451:
6446:
6416:
6381:
6341:
5831:
5746:
5648:
5565:
5560:
5480:
5390:
5049:
5039:
4829:
4661:
4611:
4581:
4566:
4556:
4188:
4078:
3873:
3758:
3673:
3618:
3528:
3523:
3293:
3278:
3268:
3233:
3228:
3138:
3098:
3058:
3003:
2853:
2848:
2733:
2608:
2397:, ed. Scott Redford and Nina Ergin. Leuven: Peeters. 161–228.
879:
793:
728:
704:
529:
387:
330:
1775:
826:
719:
8801:
8345:
8260:
7900:
7599:
7564:
7424:
7021:
6681:
6616:
6051:
5731:
4746:
4128:
3663:
3273:
2452:
Pictures from the museum, Midas tumulus and actual Gordium
2162:
Gordion Excavations Final Reports Vol. III: The Bronze Age
882:
people who first came to Anatolia as mercenaries hired by
8755:
5613:
1627:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE)
1338:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE)
928:
includes Roman burials from the 2nd to 4th centuries CE.
2447:
University of Pennsylvania Museum excavations at Gordion
2341:
The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas
838:
in Anatolia in the 540s BCE, Gordion became part of the
814:. Now generally assumed to be the tomb of Midas' father
1747:
E. Simpson, “Midas’ Bed and a Royal Phrygian Funeral”,
1482:. University of Pennsylvania Museum. pp. 123–153.
703:. In the course of the 6th century BCE, the kingdom of
2295:. Philadelphia: Architectural Conservation Laboratory.
1439:
Radiocarbon dates from Iron Age Gordion are confounded
1122:
1.29.1–2, 2.3.1; Suda omi.221; Stephanus of Byzantium
321:
district. Gordion's location at the confluence of the
258:
2393:
Voigt, M. M. 2013. "Gordion as Citadel and City", in
1526:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1380:
Young, Rodney S. (1965). "Early Mosaics at Gordion".
313:, about 70–80 km (43–50 mi) southwest of
977:
Phrygian architectural terracotta at Gordion Museum
739:sources dating between c. 718 and 709 BCE call him
613:
345:river. Occupation at the site is attested from the
278:
8641:
2357:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2350:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2329:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2315:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2305:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2279:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2222:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2171:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2164:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2157:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2150:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
1596:"Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion"
1424:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
1357:
1355:
317:(capital of Turkey), in the immediate vicinity of
2486:
2386:Simpson, Elizabeth and Krysia Spirydowicz. 1999.
2353:Rose, C. Brian and Gareth Darbyshire, eds. 2016.
2346:Rose, C. Brian and Gareth Darbyshire, eds. 2011.
2285:Gordion Awakened: Conserving A Phrygian Landscape
1420:Rose, C. Brian; Darbyshire, Gareth, eds. (2011).
642:, c. 700 BCE, an event referred to much later by
9269:
2408:The Gordion Archaeological Project official site
2336:Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2266:Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900
1433:
1431:
1459:New dates for the destruction levels at Gordion
1352:
593:Aerial overview of the Citadel Mound of Gordion
2282:Matero, Frank and Meredith Keller, eds. 2011.
1624:
1419:
945:Gordion lay along the front lines of the 1921
398:
8932:
8872:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
8627:
6032:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
2472:
1629:. Oxford University Press. pp. 415–442.
1477:
1428:
1340:. Oxford University Press. pp. 376–392.
1043:
561:There is a cultural change at Gordion in the
292:
2390:. Ankara: Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
1315:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
723:Gordion Archeological site during the spring
9288:Buildings and structures in Ankara Province
2137:
898:According to ancient tradition, in 333 BCE
796:Mound Tumulus at Gordion, dated c. 740 BCE.
8939:
8925:
8634:
8620:
6027:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
2479:
2465:
2225:
1713:1.3.21. L. Roller, "The Legend of Midas",
1512:The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians
1035:Approach road to the South Gate at Gordion
968:
543:, Gordion came under the influence of the
2246:
1834:L. Roller, "Midas and the Gordian Knot".
677:
379:The English placename Gordion comes from
9283:Archaeological sites in Central Anatolia
2322:. London: Colt Archaeological Institute.
1030:
972:
957:was established in the aftermath of the
825:
787:
718:
681:
617:
596:
588:
584:
524:Gordion was inhabited from at least the
407:
309:. It was located at the site of modern
241:
2363:The bone and ivory objects from Gordion
2360:
2264:Körte, Gustav and Alfred Körte. 1904. "
1635:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0018
1558:
1346:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0016
1310:
1141:
1139:
821:
9270:
8797:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
2348:The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion
1480:The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion
1422:The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion
1335:
981:
767:when the Cimmerians overran the city.
8920:
8615:
2460:
1593:
1379:
1255:
1160:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1145:
864:
565:, with distinct differences from the
2072:
1728:
1660:
1523:
1191:
1136:
727:The most famous king of Phrygia was
577:migrants at this time, possibly the
8456:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
6577:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
2129:. Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation.
1021:
743:. According to the Greek historian
13:
2175:
2049:The Gordion Archaeological Project
2020:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1991:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1927:from the original on Jan 28, 2021.
1921:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1899:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1883:from the original on Jan 29, 2021.
1877:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1861:from the original on Jan 28, 2021.
1855:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1824:from the original on Jan 28, 2021.
1818:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1802:from the original on Jan 28, 2021.
1796:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1404:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1367:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1298:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1280:The Gordion Archaeological Project
1081:
931:
902:cut (or otherwise unfastened) the
305:) was the capital city of ancient
14:
9324:
9298:Former populated places in Turkey
8724:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
2401:
2258:Journal of Archaeological Science
1546:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0235
1538:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0235
1063:electrical resistivity tomography
1052:
1008:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
556:
8946:
8899:
8898:
8886:
1114:12.5.3, 12.8.9; Pliny the Elder
1018:, located in Yassıhöyük itself.
614:Early Phrygian Destruction Level
57:
50:
34:
2318:Muscarella, Oscar White. 1967.
2115:
2109:"Gordion Research Bibliography"
2101:
2075:American Journal of Archaeology
2066:
2037:
2008:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1931:
1909:
1887:
1865:
1843:
1828:
1806:
1784:
1780:. De Gruyter. pp. 627–636.
1769:
1754:
1741:
1731:American Journal of Archaeology
1722:
1704:
1689:
1663:American Journal of Archaeology
1654:
1641:
1618:
1587:
1561:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1552:
1517:
1504:
1471:
1448:
1392:
1373:
1238:from the original on 2023-09-18
1194:American Journal of Archaeology
1012:Istanbul Archaeological Museums
914:
893:
735:around that time. Contemporary
732:
663:
651:
364:In 2023, Gordion was listed as
58:
16:Capital city of ancient Phrygia
9278:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
8643:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
5286:Metropolis in northern Phrygia
3609:Metropolis in southern Phrygia
1329:
1304:
1286:
1268:
1249:
1220:
1185:
1073:
951:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922
1:
2488:Ancient settlements in Turkey
2420:Gordion Research Bibliography
2320:Phrygian Fibulae from Gordion
2303:A Hittite Cemetery at Gordion
2051:. Penn Museum. Archived from
2022:. Penn Museum. Archived from
1993:. Penn Museum. Archived from
1901:. Penn Museum. Archived from
1313:A Hittite Cemetery at Gordion
1311:Mellink, Machteld J. (1956).
1026:
783:
714:
650:as resulting in the death of
519:
9303:Geography of Ankara Province
4517:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
2206:Resources in other libraries
1749:Journal of Field Archaeology
1514:(Philadelphia, 2005), 28–31.
1258:Journal of Field Archaeology
1232:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1129:
660:dendrochronological analysis
259:
7:
9313:Populated places in Phrygia
8426:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
7270:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
3784:Panormus near Halicarnassus
2383:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
2361:Sheftel, Phoebe A. (2023).
959:Turkish War of Independence
949:, the turning point of the
834:Following the campaigns of
775:There are over one hundred
667:
279:
79:Yassıhüyük, Ankara Province
10:
9329:
9308:History of Ankara Province
5772:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
2379:Simpson, Elizabeth. 2010.
2339:Rose, C. Brian, ed. 2012.
1594:Aslan, Carolyn C. (2013).
1044:Architectural conservation
986:The site was excavated by
388:
172:UNESCO World Heritage Site
9139:
9054:
8954:
8880:
8864:
8832:
8810:
8769:
8746:
8709:
8686:
8649:
8434:
8326:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
7060:
6572:Neapolis on the Bosphorus
5672:
5599:
4790:
4272:
2779:Bargasa in northern Caria
2494:
2270:Jährliches Ergänzungsheft
2248:10.1017/S0066154619000073
2227:Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M.
2201:Resources in your library
1943:T.C. Polatlı Kaymakamlığı
1612:10.1017/S0009840X13001212
998:, under the direction of
940:
840:Achaemenid Persian Empire
770:
268:
236:
232:
220:
210:
202:
194:
186:
178:
169:
165:
145:
140:
132:
95:
85:
74:
45:
33:
24:
9293:Former national capitals
9057:Yenice Çiftliği – Yazılı
8331:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
7535:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
5120:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
4777:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
3554:Magnesia on the Maeander
2167:Sams, G. Kenneth. 1994.
2138:Final excavation reports
1067:ground-penetrating radar
994:in 1900 and then by the
695:that controlled much of
227:Europe and North America
8461:Apamea on the Euphrates
8046:Philadelphia in Cilicia
7450:Dalisandus in Pamphylia
6022:Chelae on the Black Sea
4224:Tripolis on the Meander
2709:Astyra near Adramyttium
2629:Antioch on the Maeander
2275:Marston, John M. 2017.
2153:Kohler, Ellen L. 1995.
1649:Ancient West & East
1443:Ancient West & East
969:Archaeological research
884:Nicomedes I of Bithynia
470:Middle Phrygian Period
399:
374:
117:39.650356°N 31.978243°E
8566:Seleucia at the Zeugma
7185:Aphrodisias of Cilicia
7170:Antioch on the Pyramis
7150:Antioch on the Orontes
5727:Aianteion in the Troad
4717:Sebastopolis in Pontus
2220:From Athens to Gordion
2095:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
2087:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
1939:"Yassıhöyük Mahallesi"
1683:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
1675:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
1214:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
1206:10.3764/aja.121.1.0135
1036:
978:
831:
797:
724:
687:
678:Middle Phrygian Period
623:
602:
594:
573:point to an influx of
462:Early Phrygian Period
302:
293:
288:
247:
9186:Ballıhisar (Pessinus)
8834:Southeastern Anatolia
8451:Antioch in the Taurus
8156:Seleucia in Pamphylia
7445:Dalisandus in Isauria
7165:Antioch on the Cragus
6152:Dascylium in Bithynia
4682:Pteria in Paphlagonia
3969:Sebastopolis in Caria
3834:Philadelphia in Lydia
3779:Panormus near Miletus
3444:Laodicea on the Lycus
2759:Aureliopolis in Lydia
2442:Livius.org: Phrygians
2332:Romano, Irene. 1995.
2160:Gunter, Ann C. 1991.
1976:(Philadelphia, 1981).
1814:"Hellenistic Gordion"
1092:Hellenica Oxyrhynchia
1034:
976:
947:Battle of the Sakarya
844:Hellespontine Phrygia
829:
791:
722:
685:
621:
600:
592:
585:Early Phrygian period
505:13th–14th century CE
478:Late Phrygian Period
408:History of occupation
355:Phrygian civilization
245:
9151:Yassıhöyük (Gordion)
8734:Göreme National Park
8536:Nicopolis in Cilicia
8416:Zenopolis in Isauria
7510:Eudocias (Pamphylia)
7380:Comana in Cappadocia
7017:Tricomia in Bithynia
6302:Helenopolis/Drepanum
5085:Eudocia (Cappadocia)
4412:Comana in the Pontus
4039:Stratonicea in Caria
4034:Stratonicea in Lydia
3719:Nysa on the Maeander
3024:Dios Hieron in Lydia
3019:Dios Hieron in Ionia
2729:Atarneus sub Pitanem
2714:Astyra near Pergamon
2325:Roller, Lynn. 1987.
2016:"Season Report 2017"
1987:"Season Report 2013"
1895:"Season Report 2015"
1792:"Achaemenid Gordion"
1600:The Classical Review
1294:"Bronze Age Gordion"
1165:Taylor & Francis
1100:History of the World
961:. It is part of the
888:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
822:Late Phrygian Period
489:330–1st century BCE
122:39.650356; 31.978243
9257:Yazılı (Midas City)
9142:Yassıhöyük – Yazılı
9131:Yazılı (Midas City)
9046:Yazılı (Midas City)
8842:Diyarbakır Fortress
7921:Neapolis in Pisidia
7745:Limnae in Pamphylia
7405:Corycus (Kızkalesi)
6267:Hadriani ad Olympum
6202:Drizipara/Drusipara
6157:Dekaton in Bithynia
5722:Aianteion in Thrace
3604:Metropolis in Lydia
3549:Magnesia ad Sipylum
2123:"Gordion (Phrygia)"
1837:Classical Antiquity
1766:402(1999): 863–864.
1716:Classical Antiquity
1155:Mallory, Douglas Q.
982:History of research
900:Alexander the Great
803:Tumulus of Alyattes
571:southeastern Europe
532:and as far east as
497:1st–5th century CE
486:Hellenistic Period
418:
417:Gordion Chronology
392:), itself from the
369:World Heritage Site
206:2023 (45th session)
113: /
66:Shown within Turkey
21:
8506:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
8421:Zenopolis in Lycia
7190:Apollonia in Lycia
7155:Antioch of Pisidia
7110:Anabura in Pisidia
6967:Tarsus in Bithynia
6462:Limnae in Bithynia
4402:Colonia in Armenia
3964:Sebaste in Phrygia
3189:Heraclea in Aeolis
3184:Heraclea at Latmus
2649:Apollonia Salbaces
2644:Apollonia in Mysia
2438:by Naomi F. Miller
2413:2019-09-22 at the
2290:2016-03-03 at the
2045:"Site Report 2014"
1873:"Medieval Gordion"
1751:, 17(1990): 69–87.
1651:2, 225–252 (2003).
1445:3, 100–103 (2004).
1363:"Iron Age Gordion"
1037:
979:
865:Hellenistic Period
832:
812:fermented beverage
798:
725:
688:
656:radiocarbon dating
624:
603:
595:
438:Middle Bronze Age
425:Approximate Dates
416:
404:, meaning "city".
248:
211:Reference no.
19:
9265:
9264:
9011:Aslantaş-Yılantaş
8957:Seydiler – Yazılı
8914:
8913:
8893:Turkey portal
8609:
8608:
8311:Telmessos (Caria)
7750:Limnae in Pisidia
7610:Isinda in Pisidia
7160:Antiochia Lamotis
6212:Elaea in Bithynia
6162:Dekaton in Thrace
5241:Laodicea Combusta
5125:Heraclea Cybistra
5090:Eudocia (Phrygia)
4677:Prusias ad Hypium
3899:Polichne in Ionia
3894:Polichna in Ionia
3464:Larissa Phrikonis
3194:Heraclea in Lydia
2634:Apamea in Phrygia
2299:Mellink, Machteld
2235:Anatolian Studies
2182:Library resources
1963:V (Berlin, 1904).
1959:G. and A. Körte,
1840:3(1984): 256–271.
1719:2(1983): 299–313.
1178:978-1-884-96498-5
1147:Adams, Douglas Q.
1096:Life of Alexander
541:Middle Bronze Age
517:
516:
430:Early Bronze Age
277:
240:
239:
9320:
8941:
8934:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8902:
8901:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8865:Multiple regions
8761:Arslantepe Mound
8711:Central Anatolia
8636:
8629:
8622:
8613:
8612:
8061:Phoenix in Lycia
7800:Malus in Pisidia
7475:Elaiussa Sebaste
6467:Limnae in Thrace
6132:Daphne Mainomene
5997:Cenon Gallicanon
5737:Alexandria Troas
5601:Eastern Anatolia
5276:Malus in Phrygia
5271:Malus in Galatia
4792:Central Anatolia
4582:Laodicea Pontica
4547:Hüseyindede Tepe
4527:Heraclea Pontica
4154:Thebe Hypoplakia
3844:Phoenix in Caria
3564:Maionia in Lydia
3199:Heraclea Salbace
2754:Aurelia Neapolis
2659:Apollonos Hieron
2481:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2376:
2309:Miller, Naomi F.
2261:, 36, 2162–2176.
2252:
2250:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1949:on Jan 28, 2021.
1945:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:"Modern Gordion"
1913:
1907:
1906:
1905:on Jan 28, 2021.
1891:
1885:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1143:
1022:Current research
808:wooden furniture
749:Temple of Apollo
640:Cimmerian attack
526:Early Bronze Age
446:Late Bronze Age
419:
415:
402:
391:
390:
347:Early Bronze Age
296:
282:
272:
270:
262:
161:
158:
156:
154:
152:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
61:
60:
54:
38:
22:
18:
9328:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9317:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9144:220 km (140 mi)
9143:
9141:
9135:
9066:Yenice Çiftliği
9058:
9056:
9050:
8958:
8956:
8950:
8945:
8915:
8910:
8887:
8885:
8876:
8860:
8828:
8806:
8765:
8742:
8705:
8682:
8645:
8640:
8610:
8605:
8437:
8430:
8166:Seleucia Sidera
8161:Seleucia Pieria
7605:Isinda in Lycia
7505:Eudocia (Lycia)
7400:Corycium Antrum
7056:
6917:Serrion Teichos
6677:Pegae in Thrace
6432:Larisa in Troad
5872:Basilica Therma
5842:Astyra in Troad
5668:
5644:Justinianopolis
5595:
5170:Kaman-Kalehöyük
4850:Aquae Saravenae
4786:
4268:
3959:Satala in Lydia
3459:Larisa in Lydia
3454:Larisa in Ionia
3449:Larisa in Caria
3369:Kleros Politike
3299:Isinda in Ionia
2490:
2485:
2415:Wayback Machine
2404:
2373:
2292:Wayback Machine
2212:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2176:Further reading
2140:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:. Penn Museum.
1915:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:. Penn Museum.
1871:
1870:
1866:
1857:. Penn Museum.
1851:"Roman Gordion"
1849:
1848:
1844:
1833:
1829:
1820:. Penn Museum.
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:. Penn Museum.
1790:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1727:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1623:
1619:
1592:
1588:
1557:
1553:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1429:
1418:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1276:"Geomorphology"
1274:
1273:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1116:Natural History
1108:History of Rome
1102:11.7; Polybius
1094:21.6; Plutarch
1084:
1082:Ancient sources
1076:
1055:
1046:
1029:
1024:
1010:in Ankara, the
1000:Rodney S. Young
984:
971:
943:
934:
932:Medieval Period
917:
896:
867:
836:Cyrus the Great
824:
786:
773:
717:
709:Cyrus the Great
680:
628:Rodney S. Young
616:
587:
567:Late Bronze Age
559:
551:Late Bronze Age
522:
510:Modern Gordion
454:Early Iron Age
410:
377:
174:
149:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
41:
29:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9326:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9231:
9226:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9062:
9060:
9059:147 km (91 mi)
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8962:
8960:
8959:140 km (87 mi)
8952:
8951:
8944:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8921:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8896:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8846:Hevsel Gardens
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8816:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8788:Historic Areas
8785:
8775:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8715:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8698:
8692:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8466:Carcathiocerta
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8101:Pseudokorasion
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6742:Pitheci Portus
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6717:Phidalia Petra
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6672:Pegae in Mysia
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Hadrianotherae
6274:
6269:
6264:
6262:Germanicopolis
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:Artaiouteichos
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5659:Theodosiopolis
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Thouththourbia
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
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5378:
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5368:
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5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
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5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
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5132:
5127:
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5117:
5112:
5107:
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5097:
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5087:
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5077:
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5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
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5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
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4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Anastasiopolis
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
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4719:
4714:
4709:
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4659:
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4609:
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4469:
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4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
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4399:
4394:
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4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
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4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
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4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
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4176:
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4166:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
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4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
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4041:
4036:
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4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
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3941:
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3801:
3796:
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3766:
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3711:
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3696:
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3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
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3551:
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3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Koddinou Petra
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:by Mary Voigt.
2427:
2422:
2417:
2403:
2402:External links
2400:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2253:
2223:
2216:DeVries, Keith
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2100:
2081:(1): 143–147.
2065:
2036:
2007:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1930:
1908:
1886:
1864:
1842:
1827:
1805:
1783:
1768:
1753:
1740:
1721:
1703:
1688:
1669:(1): 143–147.
1653:
1640:
1617:
1606:(2): 564–566.
1586:
1581:10.1086/671456
1573:10.1086/671456
1567:(2): 289–292.
1551:
1516:
1503:
1498:j.ctt3fhpv4.13
1488:
1470:
1447:
1437:D.J. Keenan, "
1427:
1409:
1406:. Penn Museum.
1391:
1372:
1369:. Penn Museum.
1351:
1328:
1321:
1303:
1300:. Penn Museum.
1285:
1282:. Penn Museum.
1267:
1248:
1219:
1200:(1): 135–178.
1184:
1177:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1110:38.18; Strabo
1106:21.37.1; Livy
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1054:
1053:Remote sensing
1051:
1045:
1042:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:Gordion Museum
983:
980:
970:
967:
942:
939:
933:
930:
916:
913:
895:
892:
869:The advent of
866:
863:
852:Sea of Marmara
823:
820:
785:
782:
772:
769:
755:, the nomadic
716:
713:
679:
676:
668:Gordion tumuli
615:
612:
586:
583:
563:Early Iron Age
558:
557:Early Iron Age
555:
521:
518:
515:
514:
513:1920s–present
511:
507:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:1600–1200 BCE
447:
443:
442:
441:2000–1600 BCE
439:
435:
434:
433:3000–2000 BCE
431:
427:
426:
423:
409:
406:
376:
373:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
218:
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65:
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55:
49:
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43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9325:
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9311:
9309:
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9273:
9258:
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9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9171:Nasrettinhoca
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9138:
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9053:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:Urumkuş Rocks
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8996:Göynüş Valley
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8953:
8949:
8942:
8937:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8907:
8906:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8873:
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8869:
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8863:
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8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8812:Mediterranean
8809:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8748:East Anatolia
8745:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
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8714:
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8602:
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8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8296:Tell Judaidah
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
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7909:
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7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7810:Mamure Castle
7808:
7806:
7805:Mampsoukrenai
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:Isaura Palaea
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7062:Mediterranean
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6837:Pyrrhias Cyon
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Caenophrurium
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Basilinopolis
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5862:Baradendromia
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Apamea Myrlea
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Alopeconnesus
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Faustinopolis
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Abouadeineita
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Garzoubanthon
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4264:Zingotos Kome
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Tlos in Caria
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Side in Caria
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Meiros Megale
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Maeandropolis
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Kaymakçı Tepe
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Hierocaesarea
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Halicarnassus
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Dionysiopolis
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Achaion Limen
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2372:9781949057171
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:et al. 1981.
2145:
2144:Young, Rodney
2142:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:on 2020-08-01
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2026:on 2021-01-22
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1997:on 2021-01-22
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:9781934536445
1485:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1322:9780934718059
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1151:Mallory, J.P.
1148:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:5.42; Arrian
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1033:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:C. Brian Rose
1001:
997:
993:
989:
975:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
938:
929:
926:
922:
912:
909:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
862:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
795:
790:
781:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
620:
611:
609:
599:
591:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
457:1200–900 BCE
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
414:
405:
403:
401:
395:
385:
382:
381:Ancient Greek
372:
370:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
286:
281:
275:
266:
261:
256:
252:
244:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
222:UNESCO Region
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:Official name
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
126:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
53:
44:
37:
32:
23:
9181:İstiklalbağı
9150:
9076:Sabuncupınar
9006:Bayramaliler
8948:Phrygian Way
8903:
8884:
8856:Mount Nemrut
8851:Göbekli Tepe
8728:
8501:Göbekli Tepe
8436:Southeastern
8301:Tell Tayinat
7996:Panemotichus
7625:Juliosebaste
7365:Claudiopolis
7360:Cibyra Mikra
7140:Ano Kotradis
6987:Tesderamoska
6867:Rouphinianai
6697:Pericharaxis
6562:Nausimachion
6377:Katapaspanas
6187:Didymateiche
5887:Bathys Limen
5857:Aureliopolis
5551:Tiberiopolis
5456:Sadagolthina
5135:Hieropotamon
5055:Dometiopolis
4990:Comitanassus
4930:Binbirkilise
4925:Bathys Rhyax
4840:Antoniopolis
4805:Alişar Hüyük
4667:Pompeiopolis
4362:Callistratia
4282:Abonoteichos
4209:Trapezopolis
4204:Traianopolis
3204:Hermocapelia
2744:Augustopolis
2684:Arcadiopolis
2394:
2387:
2380:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2256:
2241:: 109–-132.
2238:
2234:
2219:
2218:, ed. 1980.
2196:Online books
2186:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2126:
2117:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2048:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2019:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1990:
1981:
1973:
1972:R.S. Young,
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:the original
1942:
1933:
1920:
1911:
1903:the original
1898:
1889:
1876:
1867:
1854:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1442:
1421:
1403:
1400:"Chronology"
1394:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1337:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1159:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:18; Justin,
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1059:magnetometry
1056:
1047:
1038:
992:Alfred Körte
988:Gustav Körte
985:
944:
935:
918:
915:Roman Period
904:Gordian Knot
897:
894:Gordian Knot
868:
856:
846:, which had
833:
799:
774:
765:bull's blood
740:
726:
699:west of the
689:
672:
637:
625:
604:
560:
549:
538:
523:
481:540–330 BCE
473:800–540 BCE
465:900–800 BCE
422:Period Name
411:
397:
383:
378:
363:
341:crossed the
250:
249:
9191:Ertuğrulköy
9156:Beylikköprü
8783:Cumalıkızık
8659:Aphrodisias
8531:Nevalı Çori
8356:Tragalassus
8186:Serraepolis
8111:Rhodiapolis
8031:Perminounda
8021:Pednelissus
7991:Palaeopolis
7881:Moron Hydor
7650:Karakabaklı
7635:Kalelibelen
7515:Flaviopolis
7465:Diocaesarea
7370:Colybrassus
7325:Carmylessus
7175:Antiphellus
6872:Salmydessus
6812:Proconnesus
6582:Neonteichos
6507:Miletopolis
6362:Kalos Agros
6337:Ilieon Kome
6047:Chrysopolis
5807:Argyropolis
5767:Aphrodisias
5712:Aegospotami
5624:Cafer Höyük
5581:Verinopolis
5461:Salamboreia
5416:Pillitokome
5160:Isauropolis
5045:Diocaesarea
4960:Carus Vicus
4895:Aspenzinsos
4875:Ariaramneia
4647:Philocaleia
4607:Naustathmus
4542:Hieron Oros
4317:Anticinolis
4297:Alaca Höyük
4109:Temenothyra
3909:Pordoselene
3769:Palaeopolis
3764:Palaemyndus
3699:Neonteichos
3574:Marathesium
3259:Hypokremnos
2989:Dareioukome
2864:Carmylessus
2794:Beycesultan
2639:Aphrodisias
2534:Adramyttium
1699:(Herodotus)
1532:: 235–237.
1468:(June 2003)
1074:Publication
701:river Halys
539:During the
120: /
96:Coordinates
9272:Categories
9041:Gökçegüney
8738:Cappadocia
8719:Çatalhöyük
8701:Safranbolu
8669:Hierapolis
8576:Sultantepe
8471:Carchemish
8376:Tyberissus
8336:Titiopolis
8281:Tardequeia
8196:Sibidounda
8136:Sagalassos
8066:Pisarissos
7886:Moumoustra
7871:Mopsuestia
7866:Mopsucrene
7856:Mezgitkale
7715:Kynosarion
7590:Isaura Nea
7585:Irenopolis
7550:Hierapolis
7420:Cretopolis
7395:Coracesium
7310:Callimache
6992:Tetrakomia
6937:Smintheion
6887:Scamandrus
6882:Scamandria
6817:Proochthoi
6792:Pratomysia
6782:Potamonion
6772:Polymedium
6762:Poleatikon
6757:Poemanenum
6732:Phosphorus
6707:Petrozetoi
6687:Pentephyle
6652:Pantichium
6607:Ophryneion
6557:Nausikleia
6537:Moukaporis
6497:Mantineion
6487:Lysimachia
6357:Kale Peuke
6307:Heracleium
6232:Ergasteria
6222:Elekosmioi
6037:Choiragria
5942:Burtudizon
5922:Blachernae
5802:Argyronion
5702:Ad Statuas
5697:Achilleion
5634:Citharizum
5619:Arsamosata
5446:Purushanda
5316:Moutalaske
5210:Kodylessos
5165:Juliopolis
5155:Irenopolis
5075:Ergobrotis
5010:Coropassus
4965:Çatalhöyük
4880:Ariarathia
4762:Yazılıkaya
4732:Themiscyra
4687:Salatiwara
4662:Polemonium
4587:Libiopolis
4562:Ischopolis
4537:Hermonassa
4532:Heracleium
4139:Teuthrania
4099:Teichiussa
4029:Stectorium
4004:Skolopoeis
3919:Prymnessus
3794:Parthenium
3594:Melampagos
3534:Lysimachia
3499:Leucophrys
3359:Klazomenai
3319:Kalabantia
3284:Ioniapolis
3214:Hieropolis
3209:Hierapolis
2994:Dideiphyta
2914:Chrysaoris
2844:Callipolis
2272:5. Berlin.
2127:Topos Text
2059:2020-04-06
2030:2020-04-09
2001:2020-04-06
1455:K. DeVries
1382:Expedition
1264:: 163–176.
1242:2023-09-18
1167:. p.
1027:Excavation
1014:, and the
965:district.
955:Yassıhöyük
848:Daskyleion
784:Tumulus MM
757:Cimmerians
733:Tumulus MM
715:King Midas
697:Asia Minor
664:Tumulus MM
652:King Midas
520:Bronze Age
311:Yassıhüyük
203:Designated
141:Site notes
136:Settlement
108:31°58′42″E
105:39°39′01″N
9201:Balıkdamı
9111:Sandiközü
9081:Fındıkköy
9026:Sarıcaova
8986:Eskieymir
8688:Black Sea
8673:Pamukkale
8546:Sakçagözü
8516:Khashshum
8411:Yumuktepe
8361:Trebendae
8341:Tityassus
8321:Termessos
8306:Telmessos
8291:Teimiussa
8251:Sozopolis
8146:Saraganda
8141:Sandalium
8116:Rhoscopus
8106:Ptolemais
8096:Prostanna
8056:Phoenicus
8001:Panhormus
7986:Padyandus
7936:Octapolis
7906:Myriandus
7846:Melanippe
7785:Magastara
7690:Kitanaura
7665:Kastellon
7645:Kanytelis
7630:Kalanthia
7570:Idebessos
7555:Hippucome
7525:Gözlükule
7490:Epiphania
7470:Domuztepe
7350:Charadrus
7335:Castabala
7215:Arnabanda
7195:Arabissus
7145:Antigonia
7135:Anemurium
7115:Anazarbus
7075:Acarassus
7070:Acalissus
6962:Tarpodizo
6947:Strobilos
6907:Selymbria
6862:Rhoiteion
6787:Praenetus
6767:Polychron
6712:Pharmakia
6702:Perinthus
6657:Parabolos
6622:Ostreodes
6602:Ontoraita
6592:Nicomedia
6567:Neandreia
6542:Myrileion
6527:Morzapena
6517:Mochadion
6502:Marpessos
6437:Lasthenes
6427:Lampsacus
6422:Lamponeia
6412:Kyparodes
6352:Kalasyrta
6292:Harpagion
6287:Hamaxitus
6272:Hadriania
6192:Diolkides
6147:Dascylium
6017:Charmidea
6007:Chalcedon
5992:Cenchreae
5952:Byzantium
5917:Bithynium
5852:Aureliane
5707:Adrasteia
5609:Altıntepe
5556:Trocmades
5531:Takourtha
5506:Sidamaria
5431:Pontanena
5381:Pedachtoë
5376:Parnassus
5336:Nazianzus
5266:Malandasa
5246:Laroumada
5236:Lamatorma
5065:Ecdaumava
5060:Dorylaeum
5030:Dadastana
5005:Corniaspa
4995:Congustus
4975:Ciscissus
4950:Camuliana
4870:Ardistama
4845:Anzoulada
4825:Andabalis
4815:Anadynata
4742:Timolaeum
4697:Sandaraca
4637:Pharnacia
4617:Nicopolis
4292:Aiginetes
4274:Black Sea
4234:Tyanollos
4184:Thyssanus
4179:Thymbrara
4149:Theangela
4144:Thasthara
4104:Telandrus
4089:Tateikome
4044:Strobilos
3904:Polybotus
3829:Perperene
3714:Nymphaeum
3684:Naulochus
3679:Naulochon
3649:Myloukome
3599:Meloukome
3504:Limantepe
3419:Labraunda
3249:Hyllarima
3169:Halisarna
3149:Gerriadai
3039:Doroukome
2974:Cyllandus
2904:Chalcetor
2814:Boukolion
2674:Aragokome
2654:Apollonis
2624:Antandrus
2539:Agatheira
2509:Abrostola
1737:(1): 171.
1697:Histories
1463:Antiquity
1457:et al., "
1228:"Gordion"
1130:Citations
1112:Geography
1104:Histories
1088:Hellenica
908:acropolis
876:Galatians
871:Alexander
859:Agesilaos
761:Sargon II
745:Herodotus
502:Medieval
351:type site
343:Sangarius
339:Babylonia
274:romanized
9237:Arslanlı
9216:Gülçayır
9206:Kurtşeyh
9116:Salihler
9086:Doğluşah
9071:Seydiköy
9031:Gökbahçe
8981:Selimiye
8976:Alanyurt
8971:Karakaya
8966:Seydiler
8905:Category
8792:Istanbul
8678:Pergamon
8556:Samosata
8438:Anatolia
8406:Yanıkhan
8396:Typallia
8386:Tymandus
8366:Trebenna
8351:Toriaeum
8276:Tapureli
8181:Seroiata
8131:Sabandus
8126:Rygmanoi
8081:Platanus
8071:Pisurgia
8036:Phaselis
7971:Orokenda
7926:Nephelis
7836:Mastaura
7825:Marciana
7735:Lebessus
7705:Korasion
7695:Kodroula
7680:Kiphisos
7655:Karatepe
7485:Emirzeli
7480:Elbessos
7410:Corydala
7340:Ceretapa
7320:Carallia
7305:Cadyanda
7295:Cabassus
7285:Bindaios
7245:Aspendos
7240:Arycanda
7235:Artanada
7205:Ariassus
7130:Andriaca
7120:Anchiale
7047:Utsurgae
7037:Tzurulum
7032:Tyrodiza
7026:Hisarlik
7002:Tragasai
6972:Tattaios
6957:Syllanta
6932:Sirkanos
6912:Semystra
6877:Sangarus
6842:Pytheion
6832:Psyllium
6752:Ploketta
6667:Paulines
6612:Orestias
6532:Mossynea
6512:Mocasura
6477:Lupadium
6407:Koubaita
6402:Kosilaos
6327:Iasonion
6312:Hermaion
6297:Hebdomon
6247:Gentinos
6237:Eribolum
6142:Dardanus
6122:Dacibyza
6117:Dadokome
6097:Crithote
6087:Crenides
6082:Cremaste
6067:Cocylium
6002:Chalcaea
5957:Byzapena
5932:Boradion
5907:Bisanthe
5882:Bathonea
5757:Anaplous
5692:Achaiion
5629:Camachus
5571:Tyriaeum
5491:Senzousa
5466:Salarama
5401:Pessinus
5371:Papirion
5366:Orcistus
5331:Nakoleia
5321:Musbanda
5306:Mokissos
5291:Midaeium
5251:Lauzadus
5227:(Kanesh)
5200:Kindyria
5195:Kilistra
5190:Kerkenes
5175:Kanotala
5070:Ecobriga
5035:Dasmenda
5025:Cyzistra
5020:Cybistra
4940:Borissos
4915:Balgatia
4910:Balbissa
4890:Artiknos
4865:Archalla
4752:Tripolis
4722:Stephane
4712:Saurania
4702:Sapinuwa
4657:Pimolisa
4642:Phazemon
4512:Gozalena
4482:Euchaita
4477:Erythini
4447:Cyptasia
4432:Crenides
4387:Chadisia
4367:Carambis
4307:Amastris
4287:Aegialus
4259:Zemmeana
4229:Troketta
4219:Triopium
4174:Thyatira
4049:Syangela
3989:Silandus
3949:Saouenda
3824:Pergamon
3804:Passanda
3774:Panasion
3749:Orthoisa
3729:Oenoanda
3694:Neapolis
3579:Mastaura
3474:Lasnedda
3429:Lalandos
3409:Kymnissa
3364:Kleimaka
3349:Kilaraza
3334:Kaualena
3329:Kasossos
3264:Hyrcanis
3244:Hygassos
3239:Hydissus
3224:Homadena
3159:Gryneium
3144:Gergitha
3134:Gambrium
3124:Euthenae
3114:Eumeneia
3104:Eukarpia
3089:Erythras
3084:Erythrae
3034:Docimium
3029:Dioskome
2969:Cybeleia
2964:Coryphas
2954:Colossae
2949:Colophon
2939:Clannuda
2934:Cisthene
2924:Cidramus
2919:Chytrium
2894:Celaenae
2884:Casystes
2879:Castabus
2874:Caryanda
2834:Bybassus
2819:Boutheia
2804:Blaundus
2784:Bargylia
2724:Atarneus
2704:Astragon
2699:Aspaneus
2679:Araukome
2669:Appolena
2599:Amynanda
2574:Allianoi
2559:Alabanda
2529:Acrassus
2519:Acharaca
2504:Abbassus
2411:Archived
2301:. 1956.
2288:Archived
2229:(2019).
1925:Archived
1881:Archived
1859:Archived
1822:Archived
1800:Archived
1236:Archived
1157:(eds.).
1149:(1997).
1126:G211.1.
1120:Anabasis
925:Pessinus
741:Mit-ta-a
737:Assyrian
648:Eusebius
632:Iron Age
579:Brygians
545:Hittites
394:Phrygian
294:Gordiyon
255:Phrygian
195:Criteria
190:Cultural
159:/gordion
81:, Turkey
75:Location
28:Gordiyon
9252:Ağlarca
9233:Beyören
9229:Doğanay
9225:Ağaçköy
9211:Buzluca
9161:Demirci
9126:Çukurca
9106:Lütfiye
9101:Yumaklı
9001:Demirli
8991:Ayazini
8820:Xanthos
8771:Marmara
8729:Gordion
8696:Hattusa
8664:Ephesus
8586:Tushhan
8561:Sareisa
8541:Nisibis
8526:Matiate
8521:Kussara
8491:Doliche
8481:Dabanas
8401:Xanthos
8316:Tenedos
8236:Siricae
8221:Sillyon
8211:Siderus
8176:Selinus
8086:Podalia
8076:Placoma
8051:Philaea
8041:Phellus
8011:Parlais
8006:Pargais
7976:Otanada
7966:Onobara
7956:Olympus
7911:Nagidos
7851:Meriana
7832:(Mnara)
7830:Marmara
7820:Mandane
7790:Magydus
7780:Magarsa
7775:Lysinia
7740:Legeita
7720:Laertes
7700:Kolbasa
7685:Kirkota
7660:Karkabo
7640:Kandyba
7620:Istlada
7545:Hamaxia
7530:Hacilar
7455:Damasei
7440:Daedala
7435:Cyrrhus
7430:Cyaneae
7345:Cestrus
7315:Calynda
7300:Cadrema
7275:Balbura
7265:Aunesis
7255:Augusta
7230:Arsinoe
7180:Aperlae
7100:Alalakh
7085:Adrasus
7007:Thynias
6927:Sigeion
6897:Scylace
6892:Scepsis
6857:Rhesion
6852:Rhegion
6827:Psarela
6807:Prindea
6802:Priapus
6777:Potamoi
6692:Percote
6642:Palodes
6552:Nassete
6492:Madytus
6457:Libyssa
6442:Leptoia
6397:Kolonai
6387:Kizoura
6347:Kalamos
6322:Hierion
6242:Gargara
6227:Embolos
6207:Eirakla
6172:Delphin
6137:Daphnus
6127:Damalis
6112:Cyzicus
6107:Cypsela
6102:Cypasis
6077:Colonae
5987:Cebrene
5977:Canopus
5947:Bythias
5912:Bitenas
5902:Birytis
5897:Bergule
5892:Beodizo
5847:Athyras
5837:Astacus
5827:Artanes
5797:Argyria
5787:Arbeila
5682:Abarnis
5674:Marmara
5654:Sugunia
5541:Thebasa
5521:Soandos
5511:Skandos
5496:Sereana
5476:Savatra
5361:Olosada
5311:Mourisa
5231:Lageina
5225:Kültepe
5185:Keissia
5180:Karbala
5150:Ilistra
5115:Gordium
5110:Gorbeus
5080:Euaissa
5015:Cotenna
4985:Claneus
4970:Cimiata
4955:Candara
4935:Blucium
4860:Arasaxa
4835:Anniaca
4810:Amblada
4782:Ziporea
4772:Zaliche
4767:Zagorus
4757:Virasia
4737:Thymena
4727:Syderos
4597:Metroon
4592:Lillium
4577:Kimista
4522:Hattusa
4507:Gaziura
4492:Gadilon
4472:Endeira
4462:Diacopa
4452:Cytorus
4422:Cordyle
4417:Coralla
4407:Colussa
4392:Cinolis
4382:Cerasus
4377:Carussa
4372:Carissa
4337:Berissa
4332:Athenae
4322:Argyria
4254:Uranium
4214:Trarium
4169:Thyaira
4134:Termera
4124:Tendeba
4119:Tempsis
4069:Synnada
3994:Sillyos
3984:Sidussa
3924:Pteleum
3889:Plarasa
3884:Pladasa
3869:Pisilis
3854:Phyteia
3849:Physcus
3839:Phocaea
3799:Passala
3789:Parsada
3754:Ortygia
3744:Oroanna
3644:Motella
3639:Mostene
3634:Mossyna
3629:Mokolda
3624:Mobolla
3614:Miletus
3559:Maiboza
3539:Madnasa
3509:Lobolda
3484:Lebedus
3469:Larymna
3439:Lankena
3434:Lamyana
3404:Kyllene
3389:Korakoe
3354:Kildara
3254:Hypaepa
3174:Harpasa
3119:Euromus
3109:Euhippe
3094:Etsyena
3074:Ephesus
3064:Embatum
3049:Eiokome
3009:Dioclea
2899:Ceramus
2889:Cedreae
2809:Bonitai
2799:Birgena
2774:Bargasa
2764:Aurokra
2719:Astyria
2614:Anineta
2589:Amorium
2584:Amnista
2554:Aizanoi
2524:Acmonia
2187:Gordium
1388:: 4–13.
1124:Ethnica
1090:1.4.1;
1070:north.
963:Polatlı
850:on the
816:Gordias
693:kingdom
608:megaron
534:Cilicia
389:Γόρδιον
384:Górdion
335:Assyria
323:Sakarya
319:Polatlı
307:Phrygia
303:Gordium
289:Gordion
285:Turkish
280:Górdion
276::
269:Γόρδιον
251:Gordion
182:Gordion
155:.museum
146:Website
90:Phrygia
26:Γόρδιον
20:Gordion
9242:Başara
9221:Çandır
9196:Ahiler
9121:Kümbet
9091:Sökmen
8824:Letoon
8651:Aegean
8601:Zeugma
8551:Sam'al
8511:Harran
8496:Edessa
8476:Çayönü
8391:Tynada
8381:Tyinda
8286:Tarsus
8271:Takina
8266:Syedra
8246:Solyma
8226:Simena
8216:Sidyma
8201:Sibyla
8151:Sebeda
8121:Rhosus
8016:Patara
7981:Ouerbe
7961:Öküzlü
7946:Olbasa
7916:Nauloi
7896:Mylios
7861:Moatra
7815:Manava
7795:Mallus
7755:Limyra
7675:Kibyra
7670:Keraia
7580:Iotape
7575:Idyros
7500:Etenna
7495:Erymna
7415:Cremna
7390:Conana
7375:Comama
7225:Arsada
7220:Arneae
7125:Andeda
7105:Amelas
7052:Zeleia
7042:Urisio
7012:Traron
6997:Tipaso
6982:Terbos
6922:Sestos
6902:Scylla
6847:Rhebas
6747:Placia
6737:Pionia
6727:Philia
6722:Phiela
6662:Parium
6647:Panion
6637:Paesus
6627:Pactya
6587:Nerola
6367:Kampos
6317:Hieria
6282:Halone
6252:Gergis
6217:Elaeus
6197:Drabus
6167:Delkos
6092:Cressa
6062:Cobrys
6057:Clitae
6042:Chryse
6012:Charax
5982:Cardia
5967:Callum
5937:Brunca
5817:Artace
5812:Arisba
5792:Argiza
5782:Apsoda
5752:Amycus
5687:Abydos
5664:Tushpa
5639:Dadima
5591:Zizima
5576:Vasada
5536:Tavium
5516:Soanda
5501:Sibora
5486:Sedasa
5471:Sasima
5451:Pyrgoi
5441:Pteria
5436:Posala
5426:Pithoi
5421:Pissia
5411:Phlara
5406:Pharax
5386:Pedaia
5356:Ochras
5341:Nitazi
5326:Myrika
5301:Mnizus
5296:Mistea
5261:Lystra
5256:Limnae
5215:Korama
5205:Kobara
5140:Homana
5130:Herpha
5095:Eulepa
4945:Campae
4920:Barate
4905:Atenia
4885:Armaxa
4855:Aralla
4707:Satala
4692:Samuha
4672:Potami
4632:Patara
4627:Oxinas
4602:Mokata
4572:Kelesa
4552:Hyssus
4497:Garius
4487:Eusene
4467:Elaeus
4442:Cromna
4437:Cromen
4427:Cratia
4397:Cizari
4352:Cabira
4342:Bonita
4327:Armene
4302:Amasia
4244:Tymnos
4239:Tymion
4199:Tomara
4159:Thebes
4114:Temnos
4084:Tabala
4064:Syneta
4059:Synaus
4054:Symbra
4024:Stadia
4009:Smyrna
3954:Sardis
3944:Pyrrha
3939:Pyrnus
3934:Pygela
3929:Pydnae
3914:Priene
3879:Pitane
3864:Pinara
3859:Pidasa
3819:Pepuza
3814:Peltae
3809:Pedasa
3739:Olymos
3734:Olaeis
3709:Notion
3704:Nisyra
3659:Myrina
3654:Myndus
3619:Mylasa
3584:Meiros
3569:Malene
3514:Loryma
3494:Leucae
3489:Leimon
3479:Latmus
3424:Lagina
3399:Kouara
3394:Koresa
3384:Koraia
3374:Knidos
3339:Kaunos
3324:Kasara
3309:Kadyie
3304:Iskome
3289:Ioudda
3154:Glauke
3129:Euxine
3079:Erines
3069:Emoddi
3044:Eibeos
2999:Didyma
2984:Daldis
2959:Conium
2944:Claros
2929:Cindye
2909:Choria
2869:Carura
2859:Carene
2829:Bruzus
2824:Briula
2789:Beudos
2769:Bageis
2739:Attuda
2689:Arilla
2619:Annaea
2604:Amyzon
2579:Almura
2569:Alinda
2496:Aegean
2369:
2311:2010.
2184:about
2093:
1763:Nature
1711:Strabo
1681:
1579:
1544:
1496:
1486:
1319:
1212:
1175:
1065:, and
941:Modern
921:Ancyra
880:Celtic
777:tumuli
771:Tumuli
753:Strabo
644:Strabo
575:Balkan
494:Roman
400:Gordum
366:UNESCO
359:tumuli
327:Porsuk
315:Ankara
260:Gordum
157:/sites
86:Region
9176:Koçaş
9140:Route
9055:Route
9036:Oynaş
9016:Döğer
8955:Route
8779:Bursa
8596:Urshu
8591:Urima
8581:Tille
8571:Sitai
8446:Amida
8371:Trysa
8231:Sinda
8171:Selge
8091:Pogla
8026:Perga
7951:Olbia
7891:Mylae
7876:Morka
7841:Meloë
7770:Lyrbe
7765:Lycae
7760:Lissa
7730:Lamos
7725:Lagbe
7710:Korma
7615:Issus
7560:Holmi
7540:Halae
7520:Gagae
7385:Comba
7355:Choma
7330:Casae
7290:Bubon
7280:Baris
7260:Aulae
7250:Augai
7210:Arima
7200:Araxa
7095:Agrae
7090:Aegae
7080:Adada
6977:Tenba
6952:Sykai
6822:Prusa
6797:Prepa
6632:Paeon
6547:Narco
6522:Modra
6482:Lygos
6472:Linus
6452:Libum
6447:Liada
6417:Kypra
6392:Koila
6382:Kepos
6372:Kassa
6342:Kabia
6257:Germa
6177:Deris
6072:Colla
5972:Calpe
5927:Bolos
5867:Baris
5832:Assos
5777:Aprus
5747:Ammoi
5732:Ainos
5717:Agora
5649:Melid
5586:Zeita
5566:Tynna
5561:Tyana
5481:Sbida
5396:Perta
5391:Peium
5351:Nyssa
5281:Meloë
5220:Koron
5105:Germa
5050:Doara
5040:Derbe
5000:Corna
4980:Cinna
4900:Astra
4830:Anisa
4622:Ophis
4612:Nerik
4567:Karza
4557:Ibora
4357:Cales
4312:Ancon
4189:Tisna
4164:Thera
4079:Tabae
4074:Syrna
4019:Spore
3974:Setae
3874:Pisye
3759:Otrus
3689:Naxia
3674:Nasos
3529:Lyrna
3524:Lydae
3519:Lunda
3314:Kaira
3294:Ipsus
3279:Idyma
3269:Iasos
3234:Hydas
3229:Hydai
3179:Helos
3139:Gerga
3099:Euaza
3059:Eluza
3054:Elaea
3004:Digda
2854:Canae
2849:Caloe
2749:Aulae
2734:Attea
2694:Aroma
2664:Appia
2609:Anaua
2549:Airai
2544:Aegae
2091:JSTOR
1701:1.14.
1679:JSTOR
1577:JSTOR
1542:JSTOR
1494:JSTOR
1210:JSTOR
794:Midas
729:Midas
705:Lydia
530:Troad
396:name
331:Lydia
299:Latin
265:Greek
198:(iii)
153:.penn
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