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used to define the states of corruption in each instance. Money-making, medicine, and justice are the respective cures (478a,b). Socrates argues that just penalties discipline people, make them more just, and cure them of their evil ways (478d). Wrongdoing is second among evils, but wrongdoing and getting away with it is the first and greatest of evils (479d). It follows from this, that if a man does not want to have a festering and incurable tumour growing in his soul, he needs to hurry himself to a judge upon realising that he has done something wrong. Socrates posits that the rhetorician should accuse himself first, and then do his family and friends the favour of accusing them, so great is the curative power of justice (480cāe).
815:
2206:) that wrongdoing is only by convention shameful, and it is not wrong by nature. Then, he berates Socrates for wasting time in frivolous philosophy, saying there is no harm in young people engaging in useless banter, but that it is unattractive in older men. He tells Socrates that he is disgraceful, and that if anyone should seize him and carry him off to prison, he would be helpless to defend himself, saying that Socrates would reel and gape in front of a jury, and end up being put to death (486a,b). Socrates is not offended by this, and tells Callicles that his extraordinary frankness proves that he is well-disposed towards him (487d).
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own best interest, but are actually pitiable. Socrates maintains that the wicked man is unhappy, but that the unhappiest man of all is the wicked one who does not meet with justice, rebuke, and punishment (472e). Polus, who has stepped into the conversation at this point, laughs at
Socrates. Socrates asks him if he thinks laughing is a legitimate form of refutation (473e). Polus then asks Socrates if putting forth views that no one would accept is not a refutation in itself. Socrates replies that if Polus cannot see how to refute him, he will show Polus how.
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2315:. Socrates warns Callicles that when he is up before the judge on his own judgement day, he will reel and gape no less there than Socrates does here. He says that the story might sound like nonsense to him, like an old folk tale, and agrees there would be no wonder in despising it if a better and truer one could be found, but observes that none in the group have proved that one should live a different kind of life. Finally he exhorts them to follow him in justice and virtue.
2258:, "who knows if life be not death and death life". (492e) He says of his trial that, "I shall be judged like a doctor brought before a jury of children with a cook as prosecutor" (521e). He says that such a pandering prosecutor will no doubt succeed in getting him sentenced to death, and he will be helpless to stop it. Socrates says that all that matters is his own purity of soul; he has maintained this, and it is the only thing that is really within his power (522d).
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persuasion, readily agrees that he is also this sort of man, who would rather be refuted than refute another. Gorgias has only one misgiving: he fears that the present company may have something better to do than listen to two men try to outdo each other in being wrong (458bāc). The company protests and proclaims that they are anxious to witness this new version of intellectual combat.
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2558:"... supposing it is our duty to injure somebody, whether an enemy or anyone elseāprovided only that it is not against oneself that wrong has been done by such enemy, for this we must take care to avoidābut supposing our enemy has wronged some one else, we must make every exertion of act and word to prevent him from being punished or coming to trial" (480eā481a).
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If his opponent (whom he will be speaking for himself) makes a point, he agrees to concede to it (506aāc). Socrates proceeds with a monologue, and reiterates that he was not kidding about the best use of rhetoric, that it is best used against one's own self. A man who has done something wrong is wretched, but a man who gets away with it is even worse off (509b).
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that the person who intends to put a soul to an adequate test to see whether it lives rightly or not must have three qualities, all of which you have: knowledge, goodwill, and frankness." (487a). Truth can be found through deliberation with others, relaying to one another the knowledge in one's soul to come to a conclusion about each other's beliefs.
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little later you were saying that the orator could also use oratory unjustly, I was surprised and thought that your statements weren't consistent" (461a). To this argument, Gorgias "ā¦ is left wishing he could respond, knowing he cannot, and feeling frustrated and competitive. The effect of the 'proof' is not to persuade, but to disorient him".
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guilty man go free), but he says the teacher cannot be held responsible for this. He makes an argument from analogy: Gorgias says that if a man who went to wrestling school took to thrashing his parents or friends, you would not send his drill instructor into exile (456dā457c). He says that just as the trainer teaches his craft (
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rhetoric, and affirms that he should be called a rhetorician. As
Socrates asks him questions, he praises him for the brevity of his replies. Gorgias remarks that no one has asked him a new question in a long time, and when Socrates asks, he assures him that he is just as capable of brevity as of long-windedness (449c).
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Callicles becomes exasperated at the intellectual stalemate, and invites
Socrates to carry on by himself, asking and answering his own questions (505d). Socrates requests that his audience, including Callicles, listen to what he says and kindly break in on him if he says something that sounds false.
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Socrates gets
Gorgias to agree that the rhetorician is actually more convincing in front of an ignorant audience than an expert, because mastery of the tools of persuasion gives a man more conviction than mere facts. Gorgias accepts this criticism and asserts that it is an advantage of his profession
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The dialogue begins just after
Gorgias has given a speech. Callicles says that Gorgias is a guest in his home, and has agreed to a private audience with Socrates and his friend Chaerephon. Socrates gets Gorgias to agree to his cross-examination style of conversation. Gorgias identifies his craft as
2126:
Gorgias admits under
Socrates' cross-examination that while rhetoricians give people the power of words, they are not instructors of morality. Gorgias does not deny that his students might use their skills for immoral purposes (such as persuading the assembly to make an unwise decision, or to let a
785:
At the same time, truth is not based upon commonly accepted beliefs. Socrates outlines a problem about truth when it is misaligned from public opinion: "you don't compel me; instead you produce many false witnesses against me and try to banish me from my property, the truth. For my part, if I don't
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Socrates continually claims that his methods of questioning are aimed at discovering the truth. He sarcastically compliments
Callicles on his frankness because it helps expose the truth about oratory: "I well know that if you concur with what my soul believes, then that is the very truth. I realize
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Socrates adds that he has heard this myth, believes it, and infers from it that death is the separation of body and soul. He says that each retains after death the qualities it had in life, so that a fat, long-haired man will have a fat, long-haired corpse. If he was a scoundrel, he will bear the
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Socrates argues that he aims at what is best, not at what is pleasant, and that he alone understands the technique of politics. He says that he enjoins people to take the bitter draughts, and compels them to hunger and thirst, while most politicians flatter the people with sweetmeats. He also says
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Socrates then advances that "orators and tyrants have the very least power of any in our cities" (466d). Lumping tyrants and rhetoricians into a single category, Socrates says that both of them, when they kill people or banish them or confiscate their property, think they are doing what is in their
768:
Socrates discusses the morality of rhetoric with
Gorgias, asking him if rhetoric was just. Socrates catches the incongruity in Gorgias' statements: "well, at the time you said that, I took it that oratory would never be an unjust thing, since it always makes its speeches about justice. But when a
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Throughout the remainder of the dialogue, Socrates debates about the nature of rhetoric. Although rhetoric has the potential to be used justly, Socrates believes that in practice, rhetoric is flattery; the rhetorician makes the audience feel worthy because they can identify with the rhetoricianās
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Socrates continues to argue that rhetoric is not an art, but merely a knack that "guesses at what's pleasant with no consideration for what's best. And I say that it isn't a craft, but a knack, because it has no account of the nature of whatever things it applies by which it applies them, so that
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Socrates states that it is far worse to inflict evil than to be the innocent victim of it (475e). He gives the example of tyrants being the most wretched people on earth. He adds that poverty is to financial condition as disease is to the body as injustice is to the soul (477bāc). This analogy is
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and philosophy, while
Callicles is in love with the son of Cleinias and the Athenian Demus, and that neither can stop their beloveds from saying what is on their minds. While the statements of certain people often differ from one time to the next, Socrates claims that what philosophy says always
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Socrates maintains that, assuming the converse of the previous argument, if your enemy has done something awful, you should contrive every means to see that he does not come before the judicial system. Polus and
Callicles are both astounded at Socrates' position and wonder if he is just kidding
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Socrates believes that rhetoric alone is not a moral endeavour. Gorgias is criticised because, "he would teach anyone who came to him wanting to learn oratory but without expertise in what's just ā¦" (482d). Socrates believes that people need philosophy to teach them what is right, and that
2153:
Bruce McComiskey has argued that Gorgias may have been uncharacteristically portrayed by Plato, because "ā¦ Plato's Gorgias agrees to the binary opposition knowledge vs. opinion" (82). This is inaccurate because, "for Gorgias the sophist, all 'knowledge' is opinion. There can be no rational or
2136:
Socrates says that he is one of those people who is actually happy to be refuted if he is wrong. He says that he would rather be refuted than to refute someone else because it is better to be delivered from harm oneself than to deliver someone else from harm. Gorgias, whose profession is
723:
Socrates interrogates Gorgias to determine the true definition of rhetoric, framing his argument in the question format, "What is X?" (2). He asks, "ā¦ why donāt you tell us yourself what the craft youāre an expert in is, and hence what weāre supposed to call you?" (449e).
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2275:. These cases were judged badly because the men were judged while they were alive and with their clothes on, and the judges were fooled by appearances. Zeus fixed the problem by arranging for people to be dead, and stripped naked of body and made his sons judges,
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is justice (489aāb), and that a man such as Callicles' ideal is like a leaky jar, insatiable and unhappy (494a). Socrates returns to his previous position, that an undisciplined man is unhappy and should be restrained and subjected to justice (505b).
2209:
Callicles then returns to his defence of nature's own justice, where the strong exercise their advantages over the weak. He states that the natural man has large appetites and the means to satisfy them, and that only a weakling praises
2179:
Callicles observes that if Socrates is correct, people have life upside down, and are everywhere doing the opposite of what they should be doing. Socrates says that he and Callicles share similar conditions in that he is in love with
2150:). He says that rhetoric is to politics what pastry baking is to medicine, and what cosmetics are to gymnastics. All of these activities are aimed at surface adornment, an impersonation of what is really good (464cā465d).
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Socrates remarks that some people are benefited by the pain and agony of their own punishments (525b) and by watching others suffer excruciating torture; but others have misdeeds that cannot be cured. He says that the
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judged men just before they died, and divided them into two categories. He sent good and righteous men to the Isles of the Blessed, and godless, unrighteous men to the prison of vengeance and punishment called
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that a man can be considered above specialists without having to learn anything of substance (459c). Socrates calls rhetoric a form of flattery, or pandering, and compares it to pastry baking and self-adorning (
672:, were foreigners attracted to Athens because of its reputation for intellectual and cultural sophistication. Socrates suggests that he (Socrates) is one of the few Athenians to practice true politics (521d).
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scars of his beatings. When the judge lays hold of some potentate, he will find that his soul bears the scars of his perjuries and crimes, because these will be branded on his soul (524bā525a).
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around 380 BC. The dialogue depicts a conversation between Socrates and a small group at a dinner gathering. Socrates debates with self-proclaimed rhetoricians seeking the true definition of
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produce you as a single witness to agree with what I'm saying, then I suppose I've achieved nothing worth mentioning concerning the things weāve been discussing" (472c).
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Socrates ends the dialogue by telling Callicles, Polus, and Gorgias a story that they regard as a myth, but he regards as true (523a). He recounts that in the old days,
744:. Polus states that rhetoric is indeed a craft, but Socrates replies, "To tell you the truth, Polus, I don't think it's a craft at all" (462b). The dialogue continues:
2133:) in good faith, and hopes that his student will use his physical powers wisely, the rhetorician has the same trust, that his students will not abuse their power.
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McComiskey, Bruce. "Disassembling Plato's Critique of Rhetoric in the Gorgias." Rhetoric Review 11.1 (1992): 79ā90. 27 Apr. 2011.
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2192:. He argues that suffering wrong is worse than doing it, that there is nothing good about being a victim. He further argues (as
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2479:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018, p. 32, quote = "Gorgias's art is sonorous, reverberating the oral pronunciation of
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Greek with translation by W. R. M. Lamb. Loeb Classical Library 166. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1925).
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irrational arguments because all human beliefs and communicative situations are relative to a kairotic moment" (83).
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A revised text with introduction and commentary by Professor E.R. Dodds. Oxford University Press, London, 1959.
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2231:" (custom or law) but also nature affirms that to do injustice is more disgraceful than to suffer it, that
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and the Modern Lawyer." The University of Chicago Law Review 50.2 (1983): 849ā895, at 865. 27 Apr. 2011.
2295:. (523dā524a) The judges had to be naked too, so they could scan the souls of men without distractions.
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668:, and rhetoricians promoted themselves as teachers of this fundamental skill. Some, like
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Translation and introduction by Robin Waterfield. Oxford University Press, London, 1994.
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From the Old Academy to Later Neo-Platonism: Studies in the History of Platonic Thought
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2429:. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge University Press.
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pictures kings suffering eternally in Hades, but not the ordinary scoundrel, like
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Michael Vickers, "Alcibiades and Critias in the Gorgias: Plato's 'fine satire',"
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Plato's Persona: Marsilio Ficino, Renaissance Humanism, and Platonic Traditions
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was widely considered necessary for political and legal advantage in classical
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Prudes, Perverts, and Tyrants: Plato's Gorgias and the Politics of Shame
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2591:(Aldershot, Ashgate, 2010), (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS964).
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756:"SOCRATES: For producing a certain gratification and pleasure." (462c)
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The Rhetoric of Morality and Philosophy: Plato's Gorgias and Phaedrus
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Socrates and Polus debate whether rhetoric can be considered an
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2630:(Translated by Benjamin Jowett) ā The Internet Classics Archive
2425:
Schofield, Malcolm (edt); translations by Tom Griffith (2009).
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that "the body is our tomb of soul" (493a) citing the words of
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On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
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Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues
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1981:
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750:"SOCRATES: Yes, I do, unless you say it's something else.
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Harold Tarrant, "The Gorgias and the Demiurge," in Idem,
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Adaptation and introduction by Julian Ahlquist (2023).
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it's unable to state the cause of each thing" (465a).
2673:(Translated by W.R.M. Lamb) ā Perseus Digital Library
2333:
2122:
Physical and intellectual combat compared (449dā458c)
623:
2357:. Donald J. Zeyl translation. Indianapolis: Hackett.
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2533:White, James B. "The Ethics of Argument: Plato's
2248:
2188:Callicles accuses Socrates of carrying on like a
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773:oratory cannot be righteous without philosophy.
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2693:
2577:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
2507:Doyle, James (2010). "Socrates and Gorgias".
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2175:Callicles criticizes philosophy (481cā505b)
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1734:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
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660:popular in Athens at the time. The art of
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2648:an early draft of an unfinished dialogue?
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2240:Socrates debates with himself (505cā509b)
718:
4077:List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues
2214:and justice based on artificial law not
1824:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
747:"POLUS: So you think oratory's a knack?
2825:The unexamined life is not worth living
4169:
2612:, in a collection of Plato's Dialogues
2410:. Focus Philosophical Library. Focus.
2408:Plato: Gorgias and Aristotle: Rhetoric
4056:List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
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2506:
2427:Plato: Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras
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2141:The debate about rhetoric (458dā466c)
2027:Rhetoric of social intervention model
639:
2527:
2500:
2494:"Formal Analysis of Plato's Gorgias"
2225:" (486) and counters that not only "
2221:Socrates calls Callicles a "desired
675:
506:Allegorical interpretations of Plato
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3024:Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"
2903:Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
14:
4188:
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2365:Plato: Lysis, Symposium, Gorgias.
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2521:10.1163/003188610x12589452898769
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4082:Cultural influence of Plato's
2582:Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne,
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2249:Philosophy is a bitter draught
2158:The pitiful tyrant (466dā481b)
1:
2381:Walter Rangeley Maitland Lamb
1997:List of feminist rhetoricians
4095:Platonism in the Renaissance
3947:Plato's political philosophy
2707:
2463:
2406:Sachs, Joe (trans.) (2008).
2262:The Judgement of Naked Souls
1987:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7:
4090:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
2662:public domain audiobook at
1834:Language as Symbolic Action
511:Plato's unwritten doctrines
122:Analogy of the divided line
10:
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2818:I know that I know nothing
2594:Christina H. Tarnopolsky,
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2361:James H. Nichols Jr., 1998
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753:"POLUS: A knack for what?
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16:Socratic dialogue by Plato
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3005:The Plot to Save Socrates
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2394:Read online at HathiTrust
1744:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
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2781:Socratic intellectualism
2113:Introduction (447aā449c)
776:
764:The morality of rhetoric
2906:(3rd-century sculpture)
2598:(Princeton, PUP, 2010).
2185:stays the same (482b).
1684:De Sophisticis Elenchis
2946:Der geduldige Socrates
1804:De doctrina Christiana
1794:Dialogus de oratoribus
1714:Rhetorica ad Herennium
940:Captatio benevolentiae
719:Definition of rhetoric
4046:The Academy in Athens
3902:Platonic epistemology
2911:The Death of Socrates
2669:Full text of Plato's
2635:Full text of Plato's
2626:Full text of Plato's
1972:Communication studies
1814:De vulgari eloquentia
1674:Rhetoric to Alexander
556:Philosophy portal
491:The Academy in Athens
3445:Religious skepticism
2801:Socratic questioning
2639:at Project Gutenberg
2584:20,2 (1994), 85ā112.
112:Allegory of the cave
77:Political philosophy
4155:Poitier Meets Plato
4072:Unwritten doctrines
2992:(1st-century essay)
2725:Cultural depictions
1977:Composition studies
1908:Health and medicine
1774:Institutio Oratoria
981:Eloquentia perfecta
4177:Dialogues of Plato
4122:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
3032:Barefoot in Athens
2475:Robichaud, Denis.
2218:. (483b, 492aāc).
2062:Terministic screen
1844:A General Rhetoric
1374:Resignation speech
911:Studia humanitatis
893:Byzantine rhetoric
641:[É”orÉ”ĆaĖs]
524:Related categories
151:The works of Plato
117:Analogy of the Sun
4164:
4163:
3878:Euthyphro dilemma
3855:
3854:
3832:Second Alcibiades
3467:
3466:
3428:Euthyphro dilemma
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3292:Second Alcibiades
2989:De genio Socratis
2970:Socrates on Trial
2776:Socratic dialogue
2741:Trial of Socrates
2455:978-1-7359966-5-3
2436:978-0-521-83729-3
2110:
2109:
2037:Rogerian argument
1784:Panegyrici Latini
876:The age of Cicero
682:dramatis personae
676:Dramatis personae
646:Socratic dialogue
592:
591:
252:Second Alcibiades
82:Euthyphro dilemma
4184:
4115:and Christianity
4100:Middle Platonism
4051:Socratic problem
4013:The Divided Line
3952:Philosopher king
3935:Form of the Good
3888:Cardinal virtues
3863:
3719:
3718:
3572:First Alcibiades
3494:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3433:Form of the Good
3404:Socratic Letters
3152:First Alcibiades
3057:
3056:
2922:(1950 sculpture)
2892:
2891:
2796:Socratic paradox
2758:
2746:Socratic problem
2702:
2695:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2656:
2655:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2358:
2349:
2340:. Translated by
2339:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2002:List of speeches
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1453:Neo-Aristotelian
1020:Figure of speech
881:Second Sophistic
817:
794:
793:
732:The question of
643:
638:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
584:
577:
570:
554:
553:
552:
535:
516:Pseudo-Platonica
496:Middle Platonism
478:Related articles
245:First Alcibiades
127:Philosopher king
62:Form of the Good
44:
21:
20:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4060:
4032:
3989:
3982:
3930:Theory of Forms
3864:
3851:
3723:
3717:
3503:
3498:
3468:
3463:
3449:
3408:
3385:
3346:
3046:
3027:(1954 serenade)
3011:
2976:
2965:(1919 oratorio)
2925:
2914:(1787 painting)
2887:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2830:
2805:
2791:Socratic method
2759:
2750:
2729:
2711:
2706:
2653:
2616:Standard Ebooks
2605:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2446:Plato's Gorgias
2437:
2418:
2342:Benjamin Jowett
2321:
2264:
2251:
2242:
2177:
2160:
2143:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2077:
2076:
2022:Public rhetoric
1960:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1898:Native American
1863:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1279:Funeral oration
1269:Farewell speech
1226:Socratic method
1182:
1181:
1172:
1171:
934:
933:
924:
923:
829:
828:
792:
779:
766:
738:
736:: art vs. knack
721:
716:
684:
678:
604:
600:
588:
550:
548:
541:
540:
539:
532:
57:Theory of forms
17:
12:
11:
5:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4146:
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4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3961:
3959:Platonic solid
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3942:Theory of soul
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3880:
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3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:Seventh Letter
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3725:
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3694:
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3450:
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3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
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3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
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3010:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2931:
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2907:
2898:
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2889:
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2876:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Socratic irony
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2604:
2603:External links
2601:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:Seth Benardete
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2539:
2526:
2499:
2485:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2417:978-1585102990
2416:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2390:W. C. Helmbold
2387:
2378:
2373:978-0674991842
2362:
2359:
2353:Plato (1987).
2350:
2331:Plato (1871).
2328:
2320:
2317:
2263:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2176:
2173:
2159:
2156:
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2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:Ars dictaminis
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
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1951:
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1947:
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1935:
1930:
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1854:
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1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1764:On the Sublime
1760:
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1720:
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1700:
1690:
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1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Lightning talk
1310:
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1129:
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1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Method of loci
1095:
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1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
985:
984:
972:
967:
960:
953:
948:
943:
935:
931:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
916:
915:
914:
902:
901:
900:
895:
885:
884:
883:
878:
868:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
834:Ancient Greece
830:
824:
823:
822:
819:
818:
810:
809:
803:
802:
791:
788:
778:
775:
765:
762:
737:
730:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
677:
674:
590:
589:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
543:
542:
531:
530:
526:
525:
521:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
480:
479:
475:
474:
473:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
178:
171:
164:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
67:Theory of soul
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4189:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:Plato's Dream
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Ship of State
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Ring of Gyges
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:and metaphors
3985:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Platonic love
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:Hippias Minor
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:Hippias Major
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
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3545:
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3502:
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3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:
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3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3377:
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3361:
3360:
3356:
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3353:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:Hippias Minor
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:Hippias Major
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
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3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
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3086:
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3079:
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3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:(1841 thesis)
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
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2943:
2941:(423 BC play)
2940:
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2784:
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2779:
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2774:
2772:
2771:Social gadfly
2769:
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2766:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
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2732:
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2495:
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2478:
2472:
2468:
2457:
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2448:. ACS Books.
2447:
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2370:
2366:
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2338:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2325:Thomas Taylor
2323:
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2316:
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2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
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2259:
2257:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:story in the
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Toulmin model
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Talking point
2050:
2048:
2047:Speechwriting
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Argumentation
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1816:
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1811:
1806:
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1801:
1796:
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1791:
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1785:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:De Inventione
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1661:
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1501:
1499:
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1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1454:
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1436:
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1431:
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1426:
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1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:War-mongering
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:Progymnasmata
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Maiden speech
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
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1267:
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1231:
1227:
1224:
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1222:
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1209:
1205:
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1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
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1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
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1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
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1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
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1047:
1045:
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1038:
1035:
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1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
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1009:
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1004:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:
987:
983:
982:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:
937:
936:
928:
927:
920:
919:Modern period
917:
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
867:
866:Ancient India
864:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Attic orators
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
831:
827:
821:
820:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
796:
795:
787:
783:
774:
770:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
735:
729:
725:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
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651:
647:
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634:
628:
598:
597:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
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563:
562:
557:
547:
546:
545:
544:
538:
534:
528:
527:
523:
522:
517:
514:
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492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
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477:
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456:
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450:
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400:
396:
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389:
387:
386:
382:
380:
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375:
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372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
337:
336:Hippias Minor
333:
331:
330:
329:Hippias Major
326:
324:
323:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
305:
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298:
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186:
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183:
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170:
169:
165:
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
138:
137:Ring of Gyges
135:
133:
132:Ship of State
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4153:
4110:Neoplatonism
4105:Commentaries
4083:
3977:Hyperuranion
3975:
3963:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3892:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3825:Rival Lovers
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3724:authenticity
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3437:
3396:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3285:Rival Lovers
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3008:(2006 novel)
3003:
2995:
2987:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2949:(1721 opera)
2944:
2936:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2842:Sophroniscus
2720:Bibliography
2670:
2658:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2609:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2554:
2534:
2529:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2364:
2354:
2344:– via
2334:
2319:Translations
2301:
2297:
2281:Rhadamanthus
2265:
2252:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2208:
2201:
2196:does in the
2187:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2116:
1992:Glossophobia
1964:
1883:Constitutive
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1466:Rhetoricians
1379:Stump speech
1296:Invitational
1249:
1234:Dissoi logoi
1232:
1211:Deliberative
1203:Controversia
1201:
1164:
1157:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1090:
1083:
1071:Pronuntiatio
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1000:
988:
979:
962:
955:
938:
909:
871:Ancient Rome
784:
780:
771:
767:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
739:
733:
726:
722:
714:Major themes
595:
594:
593:
501:Neoplatonism
486:Commentaries
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
314:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
266:Rival Lovers
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
159:
102:The Republic
100:
72:Epistemology
18:
3965:Anima mundi
3922:Theia mania
3739:Definitions
3722:Of doubtful
3373:Oeconomicus
3366:Memorabilia
3043:(1971 film)
3035:(1966 film)
2973:(2007 play)
2957:(1759 play)
2376:HUP listing
2072:Wooden iron
2032:Rhetrickery
2007:Oral skills
1943:Composition
1878:Contrastive
1698:(c. 350 BC)
1688:(c. 350 BC)
1678:(c. 350 BC)
1668:(c. 350 BC)
1658:(c. 370 BC)
1518:Demosthenes
1498:Brueggemann
1433:Ideological
1284:Homileticsā
1197:Declamation
1187:Apologetics
1037:Five canons
905:Renaissance
888:Middle Ages
648:written by
413:Definitions
4028:Myth of Er
3988:Allegories
3894:Sophrosyne
3870:Philosophy
3811:On Justice
3797:Hipparchus
3705:Theaetetus
3670:Protagoras
3642:Parmenides
3558:Euthydemus
3327:Theaetetus
3271:Protagoras
3243:Parmenides
3229:On Justice
3166:Hipparchus
3138:Euthydemus
2981:Literature
2938:The Clouds
2860:Lamprocles
2848:Phaenarete
2346:Wikisource
2223:touchstone
2212:temperance
2182:Alcibiades
2148:kommÅtikÅn
1928:Technology
1918:Procedural
1738:(c. 50 BC)
1724:De Oratore
1588:Quintilian
1583:Protagoras
1438:Metaphoric
1362:Propaganda
1245:Epideictic
1159:Sotto voce
1113:Persuasion
1108:Operations
1050:Dispositio
946:Chironomia
728:argument.
708:Chaerephon
680:See also:
662:persuasion
420:On Justice
308:Protagoras
301:Euthydemus
259:Hipparchus
217:Parmenides
196:Theaetetus
142:Myth of Er
3915:Peritrope
3818:On Virtue
3746:Demodocus
3698:Symposium
3691:Statesman
3628:Menexenus
3565:Euthyphro
3530:Clitophon
3523:Charmides
3439:Peritrope
3380:Symposium
3320:Symposium
3313:Statesman
3236:On Virtue
3208:Menexenus
3145:Euthyphro
3117:Demodocus
3089:Clitophon
3082:Charmides
3052:Dialogues
2866:Menexenus
2854:Xanthippe
2509:Phronesis
2464:Citations
2313:Thersites
2256:Euripides
2190:demagogue
2042:Seduction
1873:Cognitive
1861:Subfields
1788:(100ā400)
1543:Isocrates
1483:Augustine
1473:Aristotle
1448:Narrative
1398:Criticism
1343:Philippic
1257:Panegyric
1240:Elocution
1221:Dialectic
1141:Situation
1002:Facilitas
996:Enthymeme
975:Eloquence
957:Delectare
703:Callicles
434:Demodocus
427:On Virtue
357:Clitophon
350:Menexenus
280:Charmides
231:Symposium
210:Statesman
161:Euthyphro
34:Platonism
4171:Category
4084:Republic
4008:The Cave
3998:Atlantis
3971:Demiurge
3908:Amanesis
3839:Sisyphus
3767:Epistles
3760:Epinomis
3753:Epigrams
3732:Axiochus
3677:Republic
3663:Philebus
3656:Phaedrus
3537:Cratylus
3461:Category
3351:Xenophon
3299:Sisyphus
3278:Republic
3264:Philebus
3257:Phaedrus
3124:Epinomis
3096:Cratylus
3075:Axiochus
3040:Socrates
2954:Socrates
2919:Socrates
2888:Socrates
2850:(mother)
2844:(father)
2764:Concepts
2709:Socrates
2664:LibriVox
2515:: 1ā25.
2392:, 1952:
2383:, 1925:
2273:Tartarus
2233:equality
2203:Republic
2171:(481b).
1913:Pedagogy
1893:Feminist
1664:Rhetoric
1654:Phaedrus
1648:(380 BC)
1598:Richards
1568:Perelman
1416:Pentadic
1411:Dramatic
1355:Suasoria
1333:Diatribe
1274:Forensic
1251:Encomium
1216:Demagogy
1085:Imitatio
1057:Elocutio
1043:Inventio
1013:Informal
932:Concepts
859:Sophists
854:Calliope
844:Atticism
839:Asianism
807:Rhetoric
799:a series
797:Part of
688:Socrates
654:rhetoric
469:Epigrams
462:Axiochus
441:Sisyphus
406:Epistles
399:Epinomis
364:Republic
238:Phaedrus
224:Philebus
189:Cratylus
92:Atlantis
87:Demiurge
26:a series
24:Part of
4018:The Sun
3846:Theages
3790:Halcyon
3783:Eryxias
3712:Timaeus
3684:Sophist
3579:Gorgias
3544:Critias
3516:Apology
3421:Related
3398:Halcyon
3359:Apology
3341:Timaeus
3334:Theages
3306:Sophist
3159:Gorgias
3131:Eryxias
3103:Critias
3068:Apology
2962:Socrate
2886:include
2810:Phrases
2671:Gorgias
2659:Gorgias
2646:Gorgias
2637:Gorgias
2628:Gorgias
2610:Gorgias
2565:Sources
2535:Gorgias
2385:Perseus
2355:Gorgias
2335:Gorgias
2305:Odyssey
2216:natural
2194:Glaucon
1958:Related
1933:Therapy
1923:Science
1888:Digital
1768:(c. 50)
1758:(46 BC)
1748:(46 BC)
1728:(55 BC)
1718:(80 BC)
1708:(84 BC)
1644:Gorgias
1613:Toulmin
1608:Tacitus
1558:McLuhan
1533:Gorgias
1528:Erasmus
1523:Derrida
1488:Bakhtin
1478:Aspasia
1443:Mimesis
1406:Cluster
1338:Eristic
1328:Polemic
1323:Oratory
1301:Lecture
1064:Memoria
1008:Fallacy
951:Decorum
898:Trivium
826:History
790:Summary
693:Gorgias
670:Gorgias
658:oratory
644:) is a
637:ĪĪæĻĪ³ĪÆĪ±Ļ
596:Gorgias
455:Eryxias
448:Halcyon
378:Critias
371:Timaeus
315:Gorgias
273:Theages
203:Sophist
168:Apology
4065:Legacy
3649:Phaedo
3607:Laches
3250:Phaedo
3194:Laches
2874:(wife)
2856:(wife)
2835:Family
2481:gorgos
2452:
2433:
2414:
2371:
2337:
2327:, 1804
2293:Aegina
2289:Aeacus
2285:Europa
2268:Cronos
2130:techne
2017:Pistis
2012:Orator
1938:Visual
1848:(1970)
1838:(1966)
1828:(1521)
1818:(1305)
1754:Orator
1694:Topics
1623:Weaver
1553:Lysias
1548:Lucian
1538:Hobbes
1513:de Man
1508:Cicero
1306:Public
1289:Sermon
1264:Eulogy
1192:Debate
1180:Genres
1126:Pathos
1092:Kairos
1079:Hypsos
1025:Scheme
990:Eunoia
970:Device
964:Docere
734:techne
666:Athens
287:Laches
182:Phaedo
3804:Minos
3621:Lysis
3551:Crito
3508:Works
3501:Plato
3390:Other
3222:Minos
3201:Lysis
3110:Crito
3060:Plato
3016:Other
2930:Stage
2882:Works
2872:Myrto
2868:(son)
2862:(son)
2309:Homer
2291:from
2283:from
2277:Minos
2228:nomos
2198:Gyges
1808:(426)
1798:(102)
1636:Works
1603:Smith
1593:Ramus
1578:Plato
1573:Pizan
1503:Burke
1493:Booth
1428:Genre
1423:Frame
1166:Topos
1151:Grand
1146:Style
1133:Logos
1119:Ethos
1103:Modes
1030:Trope
777:Truth
698:Polus
650:Plato
633:Greek
537:Plato
385:Minos
294:Lysis
175:Crito
4038:Life
3635:Meno
3614:Laws
3215:Meno
2884:that
2734:Life
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2287:and
2279:and
1982:Doxa
1778:(95)
1618:Vico
1367:Spin
392:Laws
322:Meno
52:Life
4142:229
4137:228
3600:Ion
3187:Ion
2895:Art
2644:Is
2614:at
2517:doi
2307:by
2057:TED
1903:New
1563:Ong
742:art
612:ÉĖr
343:Ion
4173::
4132:24
4127:23
2573:,
2542:^
2513:55
2511:.
2483:."
801:on
635::
631:;
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3493:e
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2701:e
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2519::
2496:.
2458:.
2439:.
2420:.
2396:.
2348:.
2101:e
2094:t
2087:v
627:/
624:s
621:É
618:i
615:É”
609:É”
606:Ė
603:/
599:(
583:e
576:t
569:v
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