29:
505:
402:
314:. The first four satellites were originally launched for this sole purpose. Following this, the Gorizont system was integrated into the YeSSS Unified Satellite Communication System, and was used to relay both civilian and military communications. From 1988 onwards, the satellites were also used in support of the Okean program.
28:
590:
546:
565:
184:
580:
456:
570:
539:
368:
were added. Signals from these satellites spread well outside their intended area and were for a time very popular with early domestic
68:
595:
124:
120:
390:
satellites. Gorizont represented an improvement in channel capacity and could be picked up on less elaborate receiving systems.
575:
532:
430:
306:
launched between 1978 and 2000. The program was started in order to develop a satellite system to relay coverage of the
376:
as these were among the first such signals to be receivable there. In this application, Gorizont was (except at high
356:(where the vast physical size of the country made conventional distribution to remote areas difficult) and to other
349:
585:
253:
332:. The first satellite Gorizont-11L was launched on 19 December 1978 and the last satellite launched was
463:
512:
325:
303:
58:
164:
360:
and allied countries for relay to Soviet troops stationed there. Later programming from other
369:
307:
110:
8:
387:
217:
174:
407:
382:
266:
207:
520:
434:
516:
490:
373:
300:
559:
345:
321:
105:
357:
353:
296:
240:
457:"Remembering Gorizont: Soviet Russia'sInternational Satellite TV Service"
361:
333:
328:, and liquid maneuvering engines. The constellation was replaced by the
377:
329:
504:
284:
318:
311:
365:
292:
295:
index 11F662, was a series of 35 Russian, previously
397:
16:
Russian/Soviet satellites series, launched 1978–2000
348:capacity on the satellites was used to distribute
462:. Monitoring Times. December 2011. Archived from
344:Following the 1980 Olympics, some of the surplus
591:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1978
557:
566:Communications satellites of the Soviet Union
540:
433:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
274:
547:
533:
69:Russian Satellite Communications Company
581:Communications satellite constellations
558:
352:both to relay transmitters within the
317:Gorizont satellites were based on the
499:
424:
422:
420:
418:
571:Communications satellites of Russia
13:
14:
607:
484:
415:
503:
428:
400:
27:
511:This article about one or more
33:Gorizont on a 1991 Soviet stamp
596:Communications satellite stubs
449:
350:Television in the Soviet Union
1:
576:Satellites using the KAUR bus
393:
386:which used non-geostationary
135:2,110 kg (4,650 lb)
519:. You can help Knowledge by
339:
7:
10:
612:
498:
513:communications satellites
304:communications satellites
270:
251:
247:
236:
231:
227:
223:
213:
203:
198:
194:
190:
180:
170:
160:
152:
147:
143:
139:
131:
116:
104:
96:
91:
87:
83:
75:
64:
54:
50:
38:
26:
326:three-axis stabilisation
380:) the successor to the
330:Ekspress constellation
254:Gorizont constellation
204:Reference system
92:Spacecraft properties
370:satellite television
586:Gorizont satellites
218:Geostationary orbit
23:
469:on 22 January 2022
408:Spaceflight portal
324:, which provided
308:1980 Olympic Games
199:Orbital parameters
21:
528:
527:
336:on 6 June 2000.
260:
259:
79:3 years (planned)
603:
549:
542:
535:
507:
500:
479:
478:
476:
474:
468:
461:
453:
447:
446:
444:
442:
426:
410:
405:
404:
403:
290:
287:
282:
279:
276:
272:
208:Geocentric orbit
148:Start of mission
76:Mission duration
31:
24:
20:
611:
610:
606:
605:
604:
602:
601:
600:
556:
555:
554:
553:
496:
491:Gorizont comsat
487:
482:
472:
470:
466:
459:
455:
454:
450:
440:
438:
437:on 17 June 2008
427:
416:
406:
401:
399:
396:
372:enthusiasts in
342:
334:Gorizont No.45L
288:
283:
280:
277:
256:
45:
43:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
609:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
552:
551:
544:
537:
529:
526:
525:
508:
494:
493:
486:
485:External links
483:
481:
480:
448:
413:
412:
411:
395:
392:
374:Western Europe
364:countries and
341:
338:
301:geosynchronous
258:
257:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
118:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
66:
62:
61:
59:Communications
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
608:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
550:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
501:
497:
492:
489:
488:
465:
458:
452:
436:
432:
425:
423:
421:
419:
414:
409:
398:
391:
389:
385:
384:
383:Orbita system
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:satellite bus
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
286:
268:
264:
255:
250:
246:
242:
239:
237:Coverage area
235:
230:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:ISS Reshetnev
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
521:expanding it
510:
495:
471:. Retrieved
464:the original
451:
439:. Retrieved
435:the original
429:Wade, Mark.
381:
358:Eastern Bloc
343:
316:
262:
261:
241:Soviet Union
232:Transponders
117:Manufacturer
55:Mission type
18:
362:Warsaw Pact
171:Launch site
156:1978 - 2000
153:Launch date
132:Launch mass
560:Categories
431:"Gorizont"
394:References
185:Khrunichev
181:Contractor
97:Spacecraft
378:latitudes
340:Broadcast
271:Горизонт
263:Gorizont
243:, Russia
175:Baikonur
100:Gorizont
65:Operator
42:Горизонт
22:Gorizont
473:8 April
441:29 June
388:Molniya
285:horizon
278:
267:Russian
44:Horizon
346:C-Band
319:KAUR-3
312:Moscow
297:Soviet
214:Regime
165:Proton
161:Rocket
121:NPO PM
111:KAUR-3
71:(RSCC)
46:11F662
515:is a
467:(PDF)
460:(PDF)
310:from
39:Names
517:stub
475:2023
443:2008
366:Cuba
354:USSR
293:GRAU
275:lit.
291:),
106:Bus
562::
417:^
299:,
273:,
269::
548:e
541:t
534:v
523:.
477:.
445:.
289:'
281:'
265:(
127:)
123:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_1200dpi.jpg)