Gothic Line - Knowledge

928: 2150: 1681: 2059:) to exploit XIII Corps success. Attacking on 17 September, supported by both American and British artillery, the infantry fought their way onto Monte Pratone, some 2–3 mi (3.2–4.8 km) east of the Il Giogo pass and a key position on the Gothic Line. Meanwhile, U.S. II Corps renewed their assault on Monte Altuzzo, dominating the east side of the Il Giogo Pass. The Altuzzo positions fell on the morning of 17 September, after five days of fighting. The capture of Altuzzo and Pratone as well as Monte Verruca between them caused the formidable Futa Pass defences to be outflanked, and Lemelsen was forced to pull back, leaving the pass to be taken after only light fighting on 22 September. 227: 381: 295: 284: 1410: 2141:. Gradual progress was made against stiffening opposition as German 14th Army moved troops from the quieter sector opposite U.S. IV Corps. By 9 October, they were attacking the massive 1,500 feet (460 m) high sheer escarpment behind Livergnano which appeared insuperable. However, the weather cleared on the morning of 10 October to allow artillery and air support to be brought to bear. Nevertheless, it took until the end of 15 October before the escarpment was secured. On the right of U.S. II Corps British XIII Corps was experiencing equally determined fighting on terrain just as difficult. 415: 404: 351: 340: 329: 143: 177: 240: 166: 155: 216: 426: 362: 203: 1467: 253: 1726:

This was to open the gate to the plain beyond which could be rapidly exploited by the tanks of British 1st Armoured Division, poised for this purpose. However, after two days of gruesome fighting with heavy losses on both sides, the Allies were obliged to call off their assault and reassess their strategy. Leese decided to outflank the Coriano ridge positions by driving westwards toward Croce and Gemmano to reach the Marano valley which curved behind the Coriano positions to the coast some 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Riccione.

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Fifth Army front towards Bologna. On 27 August, he was still expressing the view that the attack was a diversion and so would not commit reserves to the front. It was not until 28 August—when he saw a captured copy of Leese's order of the day to his army prior to the attack—that Kesselring realised that a major offensive was in progress, and three divisions of reinforcements were ordered from Bologna to the Adriatic front, still needing at least two days to get into position.

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the torrential rain making it difficult to keep roads and tracks open, creating a logistical nightmare. Although they were out of the hills, the plains were waterlogged and the Eighth Army found themselves confronted, as they had the previous autumn, by a succession of swollen rivers running across their line of advance. Once again, the conditions prevented Eighth Army's armour from exploiting the breakthrough, and the infantry of British V Corps and

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place following the withdrawal of three divisions to reinforce the pressured Adriatic front, the Germans withdrew to the main Gothic Line defences. After an artillery bombardment, the Fifth Army's main assault began at dusk on 12 September. Keyes tried to flank the II Giogo Pass by attacking both the peaks of Monticello and Monte Altuzzo using the 91st Infantry Division in a bold attempt to bounce the Germans off the positions, but this failed.

60: 1811:(joined by the 2nd New Zealand Division) had to grind their way forward while von Vietinghoff withdrew his forces behind the next river beyond the Marecchia, the Uso, a few miles beyond Rimini. The positions on the Uso were forced on 26 September, and Eighth Army reached the next river, the Fiumicino, on 29 September. Four days of heavy rain forced a halt, and by this time V Corps was fought out and required major reorganization. 2196:

stormed Monte Spaduro. However, the remaining 4 miles (6.4 km) were over difficult terrain and were reinforced by three of the best German divisions in Italy—the 29th Panzergrenadier Division, 90th Panzergrenadier Division and the 1st Parachute Division—which Kesselring had been able to withdraw from the Romagna as a result of his shortened front. By late October, the Brazilian 6th RCT had pushed the Axis forces through

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Faenza. Although they were through the Gothic Line, Fifth Army—just like the Eighth Army before them—found the terrain beyond and its defenders even more difficult. Between 21 September and 3 October, U.S. 88th Division had fought its way to a standstill on the route to Imola suffering 2,105 men killed and wounded — roughly the same as the whole of the rest of II Corps during the actual breaching of the Gothic Line.

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finally carried and secured the German defensive positions. In the meantime, to the north, on the other side of the Conca valley a similarly bloody engagement was being ground out at Croce. The German 98th Division held their positions with great tenacity, and it took five days of constant fighting, often door to door and hand to hand before the British 56th Division captured Croce.

1258:, on the east coast. The emplacements included numerous concrete-reinforced gun pits and trenches and 2,376 machine-gun nests with interlocking fire, 479 anti-tank, mortar and assault gun positions, 120,000 metres (130,000 yd) of barbed wire and many miles of anti-tank ditches. This last redoubt proved the Germans' determination to continue fighting. 1429:

share Leese's view and Eighth Army planning staff had already rejected the idea of an Adriatic offensive (because it would be difficult to bring the necessary concentration of forces to bear), General Alexander was not prepared to force Leese to adopt a plan which was against his inclination and judgement and Harding was persuaded to change his mind.

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in the Serchio valley in front of Lucca to pin Allied units there which might otherwise have been switched to the central front. Two brigades of the 8th Indian Infantry Division were rapidly switched across the Apennines to reinforce the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time the reinforcements had

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During the last week in August, U.S. II Corps and British XIII Corps started to move into the mountains to take up positions for the main assault on the main Gothic Line defences. Some fierce resistance was met from outposts but at the end of the first week in September, once reorganisation had taken

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on the morning of 21 September as the Germans withdrew from their positions on the Rimini Line behind the Ausa to new positions on the Marecchia. However, Kesselring's defence had won him time until the onset of the autumn rains. Progress for the Eighth Army became very slow with mud slides caused by

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They were in the process of pulling back their forward units to the Green I fortifications of the Gothic Line proper and Kesselring was uncertain whether this was the start of a major offensive or just Eighth Army advancing to occupy vacated ground whilst the main Allied attack would come on the U.S.

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It has also been suggested that Leese disliked working in league with Clark after the Fifth Army's controversial move on Rome at the end of May and early June and wished for the Eighth Army to win the battle on its own. He suggested a surprise attack along the Adriatic coast. Although Harding did not

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its defences. To downgrade its importance in the eyes of both friend and foe, he ordered the name, with its historic connotations, changed, reasoning that if the Allies managed to break through they would not be able to use the more impressive name to magnify their victory claims. In response to this

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has been nicknamed by some historians as the "Cassino of the Adriatic". After 11 assaults between 4 and 13 September (first by British 56th Division and then British 46th Division), it was the turn of Indian 4th Division who after a heavy bombardment made the 12th attack at 03:00 on 15 September and

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In early November, the buildup to full strength of the 1st Brazilian Division and some reinforcement of the U.S. 92nd Division had not nearly compensated the U.S. Fifth Army for the formations diverted to France. The situation in the British Eighth Army was even worse: Replacement cadres were being

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On 16 October, the U.S. Fifth Army had gathered itself for one last effort to take Bologna. The Allies were short of artillery ammunition because of a global reduction in Allied ammunition production in anticipation of the final defeat of Germany. The Fifth Army's batteries were rationed to such an

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By the second half of October, it was becoming increasingly clear to Alexander that despite the dogged fighting in the waterlogged plain of Romagna and the streaming mountains of the central Apennines, with the autumn well advanced and exhaustion and combat losses increasingly affecting his forces'

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to British V Corps—had crossed the Fiumicino river high in the hills and turned the German defensive line on the river forcing the German 10th Army units downstream to pull back towards Bologna. Paradoxically, in one sense, this helped Kesselring because it shortened the front he had to defend and

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operations. Once again movement ground to a crawl, and the German defenders had the opportunity to reorganise and reinforce their positions on the Marano river, and the salient to the Lombardy plain closed. Once more, the Eighth Army was confronted by an organised line of defence, the Rimini Line.

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With progress slow at Gemmano, Leese decided to renew the attack on Coriano. After a paralyzing bombardment from 700 artillery pieces and bombers, the Canadian 5th Armoured Division and the British 1st Armoured Division launched their attack on the night of 12 September. The Coriano positions were

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Meanwhile, British V Corps was finding progress in the more difficult hill terrain with its poor roads tough going. On 3–4 September, while the Canadians once again attacked along the coastal plain, V Corps made an armoured thrust to dislodge the Coriano Ridge defences and reach the Marano river.

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Polish Corps, weakened by losses and lack of replacements, would go into Army reserve and the front on the coastal plain would become the responsibility of the Canadian Corps alone. The Germans were taken by surprise, to the extent that both von Vietinghoff, and the parachute division's commander—

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Construction of the defences was also hampered by the deliberately poor quality concrete provided by local Italian mills whilst captured partisans forced into the construction gangs supplemented the natural lethargy of forced labour with clever sabotage. Nevertheless, prior to the Allies' attack,

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At this stage, with the slow progress on the Adriatic front, Clark decided that Bologna would be too far west along Route 9 to trap the German 10th Army. He decided therefore to make the main II Corps thrust further east towards Imola whilst XIII Corps would continue to push on the right toward

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The British Eighth Army crossed the Metauro river and launched its attack against the Gothic Line outposts on 25 August. As Polish II Corps, on the coast and I Canadian Corps, on the coastal plain on the Poles' left, advanced towards Pesaro the coastal plain narrowed and it was planned that the

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pounded away for the next 11 days. Little progress was made in the centre along the main road to Bologna. On the right, there was better progress, and on 20 October the U.S. 88th Division seized Monte Grande, only 4 mi (6.4 km) from Route 9, and three days later British 78th Division

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Once again, the way was open to Rimini. Kesselring's forces had taken heavy losses, and three divisions of reinforcements ordered to the Adriatic front would not be available for at least a day. Now, the weather intervened: torrential rain turned the rivers into torrents and halted air support

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on the right wing of the attack fanning toward the coast to create a pincer with the Eighth Army advance. This meant that as a preparatory move, the bulk of the Eighth Army had to be transferred from the centre of Italy to the Adriatic coast, taking two valuable weeks, while a new intelligence

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on 5 November. In early November, the push up Route 9 resumed, and the river Montone, just beyond Forlì, was crossed on 9 November. However, the going continued to be very tough with the river Cosina, some 3 mi (4.8 km) further along Route 9 being crossed only on 23 November. By 17

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By 30 August, the Canadian and British Corps had reached the Green I main defensive positions running along the ridges on the far side of the Foglia river. Taking advantage of the Germans' lack of manpower, the Canadians punched through and by 3 September had advanced a further 15 mi

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The British Official History gives V Corps casualties as 9,000 and Canadian casualties (referencing the Canadian Official History) as just under 4,000 up to 21 September. In addition, losses to sickness in V Corps were 6,000 and 1,000 in 1st Canadian Division with no figure given for

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advancing into central Europe. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff had strongly opposed this strategy as diluting the Allied focus in France. However, following the Allied successes in France during the summer, the U.S. Chiefs relented, and there was complete agreement amongst the

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Cutting the German Armies' lateral communications remained a key objective. Indeed, later Kesselring was to say that if in mid-October the front south of Bologna could not be held, then all the German positions east of Bologna "were automatically gone." Alexander and

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diverted to northern Europe and I Canadian Corps was ordered to prepare to ship to the Netherlands in February of the following year. Also, while they remained held in the mountains, the armies continued to have an over-preponderance of armour relative to infantry.

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through the Il Giogo pass to outflank the formidable defences of the Futa pass (on the main Florence–Bologna road) while on their right British XIII Corps would advance through the Gothic Line to cut Route 9 (and therefore Kesselring's lateral communications) at

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On Fifth Army's far right wing, on the right of the British XIII Corps front, 8th Indian Infantry Division fighting across trackless ground had captured the heights of Femina Morta and British 6th Armoured Division had taken the San Godenzo Pass on Route 67 to

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to the Adriatic and by 25 October were closing on the Ronco river, some 10 mi (16 km) beyond the Savio, behind which the Germans had withdrawn. By the end of the month, the advance had reached Forlì, halfway between Rimini and Bologna.

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some 20 mi (32 km) from Bologna. However, as it had on the Adriatic coast, the weather had broken and rain and low cloud prevented air support while the roads back to the ever more distant supply dumps near Florence became morasses.

1564:. Prior to the attack the I Canadian Corps' front was covered by patrolling Polish cavalry units and V Corps by patrolling elements of the Italian Liberation Corps. In army reserve, also waiting to be called forward, was the 2216:. Using small and medium Brazilian and American forces, the U.S. Fifth Army attacked these points one by one but with no positive outcome. By the end of the year, the defence compound formed by the Germans around 1722:. Fierce resistance from the Corps′ 1st Parachute Division—commanded by Heidrich (supported by intense artillery fire from the Coriano ridge in the hills on the Canadians' left)—brought their advance to a halt. 2025:. The transfer of 356th Infantry Division to the Adriatic weakened the defences around the Il Giogo pass which was already potentially an area of weakness, being on the boundary between 10th and 14th Armies. 2282:). This time the IV Corps used two full infantry divisions to accomplish the mission: the Brazilian division, tasked with taking Monte Castello, Soprassasso and Castelnuovo di Vergato; and the newly arrived 1246:, through the natural defensive wall of the Apennines (which ran unbroken nearly from coast to coast, 50 miles (80 km) deep and with high crests and peaks rising to 7,000 feet (2,100 m)), to the 2170:

shortened the distance between his two armies, providing him with greater flexibility to switch units between the two fronts. Continuing their push up Route 9, on 21 October British V Corps crossed the

1298:)—later wrote that he had taken to travelling in a little Volkswagen "(displaying) no general's insignia of rank—no peaked cap, no gold or red flags...". One of his colleagues who ignored this caution— 953: 2212:

During November and December, Fifth Army concentrated on dislodging the Germans from their well-placed artillery positions which had been key in preventing the Allied advance towards Bologna and the

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The fighting toward Imola had drawn German troops from the defence of Bologna, and Clark decided to switch his main thrust back toward the Bologna axis. U.S. II Corps pushed steadily through the

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On 5 October, U.S. II Corps renewed its offensive along a 14-mile (23 km) front straddling Route 65 to Bologna. They were supported on their right flank by British XIII Corps including

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On 4 August, Alexander met Lieutenant-General Leese, the British Eighth Army commander, to find that Leese did not favour the plan. He argued that the Allies had lost their specialist

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Progress at the II Giogo Pass was slow, but on II Corps' right British XIII Corps were making better progress. Clark grasped this opportunity to divert part of II Corps reserve (the

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Nevertheless, Winston Churchill and the British Chiefs of Staff were keen to break through the German defences to open up the route to the northeast through the "Ljubljana Gap" into

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Kesselring had declared himself satisfied with the work done, especially on the Adriatic side where he "...contemplated an assault on the left wing....with a certain confidence".

1765:. The Germans had occupied neutral San Marino over a week previously to take advantage of the heights on which the city-state stood. By 19 September, the city was isolated and 1769:

with relatively little cost. 3 miles (4.8 km) beyond San Marino lay the Marecchia valley running across the Eighth Army line of advance and running to the sea at Rimini.

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extent that the total rounds fired in the last week of October were less than the amount fired during one eight-hour period on 2 October. Nevertheless, U.S. II Corps and

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Operation Olive has been described as the biggest battle of materials ever fought in Italy. Over 1,200,000 men participated in the battle. The battle took the form of a

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and artillery fighting positions to repel any attempt to breach the Gothic Line. Initially, this line was breached during Operation Olive (also sometimes known as the

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and that the Eighth Army's strength lay in tactics combining infantry, armour and guns which could not be employed in the high mountains of the central Apennines.

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of the two squadrons that took part in the attack were destroyed. The Bays lost 24 tanks and, more important, 64 highly skilled tank crewmen. Fortunately for the

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In late December, in a final flourish to the year's fighting, the Germans used a predominantly Italian force of units from the Italian Monterosa Division to

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On the Adriatic front, the British Eighth Army's advance resumed on its left wing through the Apennine foothills toward Forlì on Route 9. On 5 October the

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Further to the rear was the British 4th Division, waiting to be called forward to join the corps. The left flank of the Eighth Army front was guarded by

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Since the start of Operation Olive, Eighth Army had suffered 14,000 casualties. As a result, British battalions had to be reduced from four to three

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on 7 April. By September 1944, German generals were no longer able to move freely in the area behind their main lines because of partisan activity.

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forces had become highly effective in disrupting the German preparations in the high mountains. On 2 April 1944, partisans belonging to the Eighth

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and draw in the German reserves from the centre of the country. Clark's Fifth Army would then attack in the weakened central Apennines north of

4642: 3944: 231: 159: 6648: 2462: 1406:, and could be mounted quickly. He mounted a deception operation to convince the Germans that the main blow would come on the Adriatic front. 5441: 5404: 5381: 4895: 3817: 3787: 3388: 3323: 3208: 1376: 1018: 277: 5156: 3549: 1117:, commander of the British Eighth Army: "The battle of Rimini was one of the hardest battles of Eighth Army. The fighting was comparable to 6900: 5534: 5390: 5374: 5346: 4587: 3794: 1395: 1822:

Corps had suffered 16,000 casualties. As the Eighth Army paused at the end of September to reorganise Leese was reassigned to command the

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Meanwhile, with Croce and beyond it Montescudo secured, the left wing of the Eighth Army advanced to the Marano river and the frontier of

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On the right the I Canadian Corps on 20 September broke the German positions on the Ausa river and into the Lombardy Plain and

1534: 1514: 1491: 932: 1238:). This gave time to consolidate the Gothic Line, a 10 miles (16 km) deep belt of fortifications extending from south of 6915: 6312: 6217: 5744: 5490: 5365: 4444: 4418: 4275: 3981: 3898: 3216: 3168: 3076: 3032: 2989: 2901: 1777: 1538: 1110:, a city which had been hit by previous air raids, had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied land forces. According to 465: 3287: 2235:

Meanwhile, the British Eighth Army—held on Route 9 at Forlì—continued a subsidiary drive up the Adriatic coast and captured

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Operation Olive—as the new offensive was christened—called for Leese's Eighth Army to attack up the Adriatic coast toward

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Field Division and the 356th Infantry Division had been moved to the Adriatic front along with (from army reserve) the

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LINEA GOTICA 1944. La battaglia di Rimini e lo sbarco in Grecia decisivi per l'Europa sud-orientale e il Mediterraneo

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The Gothic Line, August 1944 and the concept of Operation Olive. The dark blue arrows represent major Allied attacks.

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deception plan (Operation Ulster) was commenced to convince Kesselring that the main attack would be in the centre.

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arrived, the Axis forces had broken through to capture Barga, but decisive action by the 8th Indian Division's

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This article is about the fighting on and beyond the Gothic Line between August 1944 and March 1945, including

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in spring 1944, the 11 nations representing the Allies in Italy finally had a chance to trap the Germans in a

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The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part 2 – June to October 1944

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and other small towns on its own way north. By the end of the month, the Brazilian unit had conquered

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had concerns about the state of preparation of the Gothic Line: he feared the Allies would use

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halted further advance and the situation was stabilised and Barga recaptured by the New Year.

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With the East Surreys in Tunisia and Italy 1942 - 1945: Fighting for Every River and Mountain

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Corps on the German 10th Army's left wing had withdrawn in good order behind the line of the

1507: 1499: 1337: 1310:)—was caught and killed by partisans as he returned from a conference at corps headquarters. 1270: 1176: 1099: 1091: 635: 419: 408: 208: 4484: 3518: 1714:. The Allies were close to breaking through to Rimini and the Romagna plain. However, LXXVI 6697: 6552: 6203: 6160: 6130: 6056: 5866: 5845: 4764: 4241: 3919: 2252: 1766: 1748: 1199: 992: 902: 843: 828: 516: 501: 181: 8: 6815: 6589: 6467: 6423: 5945: 5079: 4838: 4365: 4195: 4179: 4128: 3571:

Website with Bibliography, videos, testimonials from veterans about the Italian Campaign.

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had decided therefore to make a last push for Bologna before winter gripped the front.

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Moraes, Chapter V (The IV Corps Offensive); Sections Monte Castello & Castelnuovo

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capabilities, no breakthrough was going to occur before the winter weather returned.

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were already concentrated. It was the shortest route to his objective, the plains of

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For the opening phase the corps artillery was strengthened with the addition of the

1179:, and sever its northbound line of retreat from Cassino). Instead, fearing that the 6718: 6711: 6655: 6319: 6084: 6070: 5973: 5910: 5861: 5674: 5527: 5474: 5284: 5235: 5149: 4372: 4349: 3882: 3279:

ITINERARI DELLA LINEA GOTICA 1944. Guida storico iconografica ai campi di battaglia

3064: 2197: 2087: 1941: 1831: 1808: 1773: 1699: 1495: 1299: 1287: 1064: 1052: 965: 907: 871: 857: 809: 804: 778: 753: 719: 640: 366: 355: 321: 176: 3891: 3474: 1226:) and in July on the Arno Line (running from the west coast along the line of the 6741: 6453: 6368: 6326: 6224: 6167: 6035: 5817: 5808: 5337: 4912: 4888: 4142: 3565: 3543: 3492: 3309:

La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani

3291: 2304: 2275: 2271: 2270:. Clark took his place as commander of the Allied Armies in Italy (re-designated 2001: 1823: 1279: 1146: 1142: 1079: 957: 878: 768: 697: 685: 299: 6853: 2062:

On the left, IV Corps had fought their way to the main Gothic Line: notably the

1261:

Nevertheless, it was fortunate for the Allies that at this stage of the war the

6748: 6284: 6210: 4255: 4114: 2363:. Leese reported battle casualties totaling 14,000 and 210 irrecoverable tanks. 2260: 2091: 2086:

valley region without suffering any major casualties. In October, it also took

1913: 1889: 1388: 1215: 1207: 799: 733: 391: 316: 305: 272: 119: 85: 1972:) and two divisions on the western end of von Vietinghoff's German 10th Army ( 1608:) on the Corps right flank in the hills which was in the process of relieving 1328:

The Italian Front was seen by the Allies to be of secondary importance to the

6889: 6559: 4477: 4326: 4165: 2184: 2171: 2122: 1719: 1168: 709: 380: 294: 288: 283: 148: 3151: 2244:

cleared. The German 10th Army established itself on the raised banks of the

1273:; their ambush of a German detachment sent to round up partisans led to the 998:'s last major line of defence along the summits of the northern part of the 6858: 6662: 4955: 4860: 4491: 3854: 3618: 2153:

Brazilian Infantry advances on the village of Sassomolare, Bologna in 1945.

2103: 1784:

to attack Pt 153 at 10.50. The German antitank gunners, using the renowned

1695: 1685: 1561: 1247: 1243: 1187: 1114: 1024: 988: 980: 973: 714: 414: 403: 350: 339: 328: 310: 245: 51: 3498: 3311:(in Italian) (Edizioni Civitas ed.). Roma: (Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi. 1710:(24 km) to the Green II line of defences running from the coast near 6497: 6145: 4814: 4635: 4620: 3974: 2245: 1880:

the other the Brazilian 6th RCT (the first land forces contingent of the

1834:

was moved from commanding British X Corps to take over the army command.

1742: 1157: 1003: 726: 134: 2012:

Clark's plan was for II Corps to strike along the road from Florence to

2004:

and some of its replacements had been hastily and inadequately trained.

450: 27:. For the fighting to capture the town of Rimini in September 1944, see 5852: 5605: 5584: 4470: 3803: 3731: 3178:

Jackson, General Sir William & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) .

2126: 2013: 1789: 1762: 6115: 5520: 5317: 5128: 4919: 4874: 3471:

Collection of signs, stories and memories during the Gothic Line age.

2213: 2071: 2067: 1616:

covering 80 mi (130 km) of front line on the right of LXVI

1239: 59: 4395: 1908:

supported by three tank battalions under command); and on the right

4379: 4107: 3465: 3129:

The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II

2075: 1818:

due to a severe shortage of manpower. Facing the Eighth Army LXXVI

1711: 1441: 1403: 1352: 1223: 1056: 527: 3475:

Gemmano 1944 Part 1 : The Gothic Line and the Operation Olive

2111: 2047:

Top of Il Giogo Pass in the Gothic Line, looking toward the north.

3485: 2236: 2229: 2083: 1445: 1340:′ strength of 14 divisions plus four to seven reserve divisions. 1255: 1219: 2043: 4996: 3587: 3558: 3336:. CMH Pub 72-34 (of BiblioBazaar, 2012 Reprint). Archived from 3144:

The Tiger Triumphs: The Story of Three Great Divisions in Italy

2241: 2175: 2022: 1940:

In the front line facing Clark's forces were five divisions of

1474:

Self Propelled Gun (SPG) and infantrymen of the 5th Battalion,

1461: 1437: 1433: 1251: 1235: 1211: 1107: 1060: 2413:[7 April 1944 – 80 years ago, the Fragheto massacre]. 5184: 2138: 2017: 1156:'s strategic goals for the long, costly campaign against the 1007: 931:

By the end of 1944, the replacements made with troops of the

2772:

Moraes, Chapter III, section "Operations at Serchio Valley".

2094:; while the 370th received reinforcements from other units ( 1935: 6911:

World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign

3523:

Centro Internazionale Documentazione "Linea Gotica" website

1398:—was to storm the Gothic Line in the centre, where most of 1227: 1191: 3047:

The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy 1943–1945

2266:

In mid-December Alexander became supreme commander of the

1684:

Soldiers of the Polish II Corps inspect a captured German

1171:

to commit most of his Anzio forces to the drive east from

939:, still hadn't covered the hole left by those diverted to 2672: 2670: 2144: 1478:

during the advance to the Gothic Line, 27–28 August 1944.

3101:

Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps

2137:, newly returned to Italy after a three-month re-fit in 3355:

Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945

1456: 4249:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2667: 1743:

Coriano taken and the advance to Rimini and San Marino

3442:

Gothic Line - Le Battaglie Della Linea Gotica 1944-45

2997:

Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944–1945)

2325:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

1051:, the Germans created more than 2,000 well-fortified 3161:

Backwater War. The Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943–45

2102:), to ensure the Fifth Army left wing sector at the 3374:

The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944)

3419: 3243:The Brazilian Expeditionary Force By Its Commander 2411:"7 aprile 1944 – 80 anni fa la strage di Fragheto" 2240:December, the river Lamone had been assaulted and 1980:). By the end of the first week in September, the 1576:Facing the Eighth Army was the German 10th Army's 64:German defensive positions in Northern Italy, 1944 16:German defensive line in Italy during World War II 3245:. US Government Printing Office. ASIN B000PIBXCG. 6887: 3546:in U.S. Army Center of Military History Website. 1729: 1612:. The 10th Army had a further five divisions in 1571: 3501:Italian military history no profit association 1853:Clark's U.S. Fifth Army comprised three corps: 1772:During the night of 19/20 September, Brigadier 1688:somewhere along the Metauro River, August 1944. 1600:) inland on the parachute division's right and 1214:on the east coast, past the southern shores of 2274:) and command of U.S. Fifth Army was given to 1525:manning the right of the corps front line and 199: 3603: 3389:United States Army Center of Military History 3324:United States Army Center of Military History 3209:United States Army Center of Military History 2893:Mussolini : the last 600 days of il Duce 2576: 2574: 1837: 1588:). Initially, this had only three divisions: 1137:After the nearly concurrent breakthroughs at 543: 466: 185: 3352: 3025:The War North of Rome (June 1944 – May 1945) 1848: 1462:Eighth Army dispositions for Operation Olive 3552:Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia 2253:attack the left wing of the U.S. Fifth Army 1190:, might beat him to the Italian capital of 1160:"underbelly". This would have required the 3610: 3596: 3516: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 2571: 550: 536: 473: 459: 3103:United States Government Printing Office 1936:German formation in the central Apennines 1506:under command) in the front line and the 1494:in reserve. To the left of the Poles was 480: 236: 3288:"German Tactics in the Italian Campaign" 3141: 3087:The Second World War: A Military History 2994: 2200:to Barga, where its advance was halted. 2148: 2070:; and the Brazilian 6th RCT, which took 2042: 1679: 1517:'s artillery. West of the Canadians was 1465: 1408: 1367: 926: 3486:The Gothic Line: Canada's Month of Hell 3417: 3387:. U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. 3177: 3013: 2889: 2676: 125: 6888: 5464: 5442:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3482:Go For Broke National Education Center 3371: 3237: 3200: 3041: 3022: 2145:Time runs out for the Allied offensive 1529:its left. In reserve were the British 6313:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 5745:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5391:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5347:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4445:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3591: 3315: 3261:LINEA GOTICA 1944: scontro di civiltà 3204:Rome-Arno 22 January-9 September 1944 3163:. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books. 3063: 1675: 531: 454: 5435:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4460:Rape during the liberation of France 3426:. American Legacy Historical Press. 3380: 3306: 3158: 3146:. HMSO for the Government of India. 3131:McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers 1457:Adriatic Front (British Eighth Army) 557: 6901:German World War II defensive lines 3537:North Apennines Campaign, 1944-1945 3027:. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. 2999:. London: William Kimber & Co. 2203: 1870:6th South African Armoured Division 1626:162. (Turkoman) Infanterie-Division 1002:during the fighting retreat of the 13: 5661:German invasion of the Netherlands 3934:Weather events during World War II 3480:Gothic Line And Po Valley Campaign 3049:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 2228:, Della Toraccia, Castelnuovo (di 2174:which runs north eastward through 1620:Corps and a further two divisions— 1317: 1222:and on to the west coast south of 1036:order, Kesselring renamed it the " 14: 6927: 6292:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3459: 2455: 2429: 2403: 2125:and by 2 October, it had reached 1788:, had a field day. All but three 1782:2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) 1780:, ordered (with many doubts) the 76:25 August 1944 – early March 1945 6852: 3617: 3285: 2335:European Theatre of World War II 2320:Operation Sunrise (World War II) 2090:with its munitions factory, and 1556:and two armoured car regiments, 424: 413: 402: 390: 379: 360: 349: 338: 327: 315: 304: 293: 282: 271: 251: 238: 225: 214: 201: 187: 175: 164: 153: 141: 127: 112: 58: 6896:Italian campaign (World War II) 3401:. CMH Pub 72-33. Archived from 3281:. Rimini: Museo dell'Aviazione. 3263:. Rimini: Museo dell'Aviazione. 3254:. Rimini: Museo dell'Aviazione. 3221:. CMH Pub 72-20. Archived from 2961: 2952: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2733:War Monthly - Issue 34 (1977). 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2658: 2649: 2634:War Monthly - Issue 34 (1977). 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2352: 2315:Italian Campaign (World War II) 1754:finally taken on 14 September. 6539:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4242:Territorial changes of Germany 4150:Indonesian National Revolution 3550:Photographs of the Gothic Line 2928:Brooks, Chapters XXI & XX. 2499: 2490: 2481: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2361:Canadian 5th Armoured Division 2135:British 78th Infantry Division 2007: 1874:Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) 1523:British 46th Infantry Division 1508:Canadian 5th Armoured Division 1500:Canadian 1st Infantry Division 1: 5939:Japanese invasion of Thailand 5890:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5654:German invasion of Luxembourg 4028:Mediterranean and Middle East 3353:O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). 3270:CLAUSEWITZ SULLA LINEA GOTICA 3099:Ernest F. Fisher Jr. (1993) 2980:Baumgardner, Randy W. (1998) 2973: 2862:Brooks, Chapters XX & XXI 2439:[Fragheto massacre]. 2163:10th Indian Infantry Division 1930:1st Canadian Armoured Brigade 1882:Brazilian Expeditionary Force 1730:Battles for Gemmano and Croce 1572:German 10th Army dispositions 1554:10th Indian Infantry Division 1515:British 4th Infantry Division 1284:Frido von Senger und Etterlin 1132: 6916:World War II defensive lines 5846:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5535:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 4846:Independent State of Croatia 3418:Sterner, C.Douglas. (2008). 3016:Monte Cassino: a German View 2896:. Dallas: Taylor Trade Pub. 1992:and the armoured reserve of 1926:8th Indian Infantry Division 1864:, on the left formed by the 1527:4th Indian Infantry Division 1210:(running from just south of 7: 6906:World War II sites in Italy 6830:End of World War II in Asia 6670:Western invasion of Germany 6177:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6154:Second Battle of El Alamein 5724:Hundred Regiments Offensive 5696:Battle of the Mediterranean 5549:Italian invasion of Albania 3716:Air warfare of World War II 3517:Montemaggi, Amedeo (2002). 3277:Montemaggi, Amedeo (2010). 3268:Montemaggi, Amedeo (2008). 3259:Montemaggi, Amedeo (2006). 3250:Montemaggi, Amedeo (2002). 3201:Laurie, Clayton D. (1994). 3023:Brooks, Thomas R. (2003) . 3018:. Cassell. ASIN B000MMKAYM. 2300:Gothic Line order of battle 2293: 2284:U.S. 10th Mountain Division 1916:, (composed of the British 1912:, under Lieutenant-General 1878:U.S. 92nd Infantry Division 1844:Gothic Line order of battle 1658:90. Panzergrenadierdivision 1646:29. Panzergrenadierdivision 1387:(AAI)—as formulated by his 1324:Gothic Line order of battle 1242:(on the west coast) to the 1149:and to realize some of the 1127:Gustav Line (Monte-Cassino) 933:U.S. 92nd Infantry Division 10: 6932: 6756:Naval bombardment of Japan 6124:First Battle of El Alamein 6043:Battle of Christmas Island 5988:Japanese invasion of Burma 5752:Italian invasion of Greece 5668:German invasion of Belgium 5640:German invasion of Denmark 5613:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5482:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3739:Comparative military ranks 3578:Mediterranean WWII theatre 3272:. Imola: Angelini Editore. 3117:Pen & Sword Books Ltd 3071:. New York: Enigma Books. 3043:Carver, Field Marshal Lord 2995:Blaxland, Gregory (1979). 2763:Brooks, pp. 221 & 223. 2417:(in Italian). 6 April 2024 2032: 1944:'s German 14th Army (20th 1841: 1838:Central Front (Fifth Army) 1801:3rd Greek Mountain Brigade 1746: 1490:in the front line and the 1321: 1073:the final Allied offensive 18: 6845: 6677:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6617: 6608:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6345: 6232:Allied invasion of Sicily 6186: 6092:Aleutian Islands campaign 6064:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6011: 6002:Greek famine of 1941–1944 5897:Second Battle of Changsha 5802:German invasion of Greece 5770: 5647:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5622: 5560: 5455: 5336: 5062: 4972: 4813: 4516: 4507: 4265: 4090: 3982:North and Central Pacific 3943: 3705: 3698: 3625: 3513:Associazione Linea Gotica 3508:Men at war on Gothic line 3319:North Apennines 1944–1945 3316:Oland, Dwight D. (1996). 3127:Gibran, Daniel K. (2001) 3085:Corrigan, Gordon. (2010) 2737:, by E. D. Smith, p. 30. 2638:, by E. D. Smith, p. 28. 2463:"Fragheto di Casteldelci" 2028: 1866:U.S. 1st Armored Division 1849:U.S. Fifth Army formation 1794:9th Queen's Royal Lancers 1504:British 21st Tank Brigade 1330:offensives through France 1075:of the Italian Campaign. 569: 492: 436: 372: 264: 104: 68: 57: 45: 40: 6269:Allied invasion of Italy 6246:Solomon Islands campaign 5995:Third Battle of Changsha 5592:First Battle of Changsha 5498:Second Sino-Japanese War 4431:German military brothels 4297:United States war crimes 3511:(in Italian and English) 3503:(in English and Italian) 3445:(in Italian and English) 3381:Popa, Thomas A. (1996). 3372:Orgill, Douglas (1967). 3159:Hoyt, Edwin P. (2007) . 3014:Bohmler, Rudolf (1964). 2340: 2288:final offensive in Italy 2114:, both on 18 September. 1978:715th Infantry Divisions 1966:362nd Infantry Divisions 1606:278. Infanterie-Division 1566:2nd New Zealand Division 1482:On the coast, Leese had 1362:Second Quebec Conference 1358:Combined Chiefs of Staff 6691:Second Guangxi campaign 6546:Philippines (1944–1945) 6050:Battle of the Coral Sea 5953:Fall of the Philippines 5599:Battle of South Guangxi 5505:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4904:Italian Social Republic 3440:Various Authors (2005) 3142:Hingston, W.G. (1946). 2330:Italian Social Republic 2310:Battle of Rimini (1944) 2064:370th Infantry Regiment 2053:337th Infantry Regiment 2035:Battle of Rimini (1944) 1958:Panzergrenadierdivision 1906:91st Infantry Divisions 1862:Willis D. Crittenberger 1830:and Lieutenant-General 1634:98. Infanterie-Division 1622:162nd Infantry Division 1598:71. Infanterie-Division 1492:3rd Carpathian Division 1047:Using more than 15,000 259:Italian Social Republic 29:Battle of Rimini (1944) 6276:Armistice of Cassibile 6078:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6029:Battle of the Java Sea 5932:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5832:Syria–Lebanon campaign 5825:Battle of South Shanxi 5795:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5578:Battle of the Atlantic 5192:Korean Liberation Army 4898:(until September 1943) 4855:(until September 1944) 4833:(until September 1944) 3447:Edizioni Multigraphic 3307:Muhm, Gerhard (1993). 2984:Turner Publishing Co. 2982:10th Mountain Division 2871:Blaxland, pp. 227–236. 2467:Istituto Storia Marche 2441:Paesaggi della memoria 2154: 2057:85th Infantry Division 2048: 1970:4th Parachute Division 1922:6th Armoured Divisions 1888:, under Major General 1689: 1630:98th Infantry Division 1594:71st Infantry Division 1590:1st Parachute Division 1535:1st Armoured Divisions 1479: 1419:French mountain troops 1414: 1385:Allied Armies in Italy 1151:British Prime Minister 1012:Allied Armies in Italy 969: 961: 944: 265:Commanders and leaders 6440:Second Battle of Guam 6336:Bengal famine of 1943 6306:Second Battle of Kiev 6262:Battle of the Dnieper 5967:Battle of Wake Island 5839:East African campaign 5781:Battle of South Henan 5426:atrocities by Germans 5199:Korean Volunteer Army 4173:Occupation of Germany 3927:Music in World War II 3113:Evans, Bryn. (2012) 2890:Moseley, Ray (2004). 2268:Mediterranean Theatre 2152: 2046: 1884:); in the centre was 1842:Further information: 1747:Further information: 1702:—were away on leave. 1683: 1610:5th Mountain Division 1469: 1412: 1372:The original plan of 1368:Allied plan of attack 1322:Further information: 1197:As a result, most of 1082:, carried out by the 930: 851:1945 Spring Offensive 484:Gothic Line Offensive 437:Casualties and losses 41:Gothic Line Offensive 6726:Surrender of Germany 6204:Battle of West Hubei 6161:Guadalcanal campaign 6131:Battle of Stalingrad 6057:Battle of Madagascar 4824:Albania protectorate 4611:(formerly Swaziland) 4320:Wehrmacht war crimes 4136:Expulsion of Germans 3920:Art and World War II 3818:British contribution 3767:Governments in exile 3376:. London: Heinemann. 3294:on 27 September 2007 2948:View on Google Books 2880:Carver, pp. 266–267. 2835:Corrigan 2010, p.523 2790:Orgill, pp. 187–188. 2715:Orgill, pp. 164–166. 2625:Orgill, pp. 140–141. 2514:Orgill, pp. 114–115. 2437:"Strage di Fragheto" 2382:Sterner, 2008. p.106 1778:2nd Armoured Brigade 1749:Battle of San Marino 1488:5th Kresowa Division 1377:Sir Harold Alexander 1200:Generalfeldmarschall 1019:Sir Harold Alexander 681:Armistice with Italy 6816:Potsdam Declaration 6705:Italy (Spring 1945) 6468:Liberation of Paris 5925:Siege of Sevastopol 4936:(until August 1944) 4839:Wang Jingwei regime 4661:from September 1943 4621:from September 1944 4559:from September 1944 4419:Romanian war crimes 4410:Persecution of Jews 4396:Croatian war crimes 4366:Japanese war crimes 4180:Occupation of Japan 4129:First Indochina War 3841:Military production 3753:Declarations of war 3466:La Città Invisibile 3357:. Lexington Books. 3340:on 22 December 2015 3239:Moraes, Mascarenhas 2958:Bohmler, Chapter IX 2826:Brooks, pp. 223-24. 2082:and controlled the 1832:Richard L. McCreery 1774:Richard W. Goodbody 1614:51st Mountain Corps 1181:British Eighth Army 1084:British Eighth Army 1029:amphibious landings 6809:Surrender of Japan 6642:Battle of Iwo Jima 6491:Belgrade offensive 5904:Siege of Leningrad 5788:Battle of Shanggao 5717:British Somaliland 5682:Dunkirk evacuation 5633:Norwegian campaign 5571:Invasion of Poland 5398:Japanese prisoners 4359:Italian war crimes 4290:British war crimes 4205:Soviet occupations 3989:South-West Pacific 3876:Allied cooperation 3834:Military equipment 3564:2021-06-13 at the 3542:2015-12-22 at the 3519:"Battle of Rimini" 3491:2012-02-04 at the 3322:. WWII Campaigns. 3207:. WWII Campaigns. 2853:Moraes, Chapter IV 2589:Orgill, pp. 46–47. 2276:Lucian K. Truscott 2193:British XIII Corps 2155: 2049: 2002:retreat from Anzio 1990:Grenadier Division 1954:Grenadier Division 1910:British XIII Corps 1824:Allied land forces 1767:fell to the Allies 1690: 1676:Eighth Army attack 1670:26. Panzerdivision 1654:Grenadier Division 1592:facing the Poles, 1543:25th Tank Brigades 1480: 1476:Sherwood Foresters 1472:M10 tank destroyer 1450:British XIII Corps 1415: 1393:Lieutenant-General 1381:Commander-in-Chief 1271:Sant'Agata Feltria 1269:managed to occupy 1232:Apennine Mountains 1185:Lieutenant-General 1166:Lieutenant General 1112:Lieutenant-General 1000:Apennine Mountains 945: 937:Brazilian division 573:Invasion of Sicily 431:Army Group Liguria 345:H. von Vietinghoff 6883: 6882: 6841: 6840: 6684:Battle of Okinawa 6583:Burma (1944–1945) 6417:Mariana and Palau 6197:Tunisian campaign 6022:Fall of Singapore 5946:Fall of Hong Kong 5689:Battle of Britain 5542:Operation Himmler 5451: 5450: 5115:Dutch East Indies 4751:Southern Rhodesia 4503: 4502: 4403:Genocide of Serbs 4306:German war crimes 4283:Soviet war crimes 4276:Allied war crimes 4122:Division of Korea 4101:Chinese Civil War 3899:Strategic bombing 3811:Manhattan Project 3218:978-0-16-042085-6 3180:Butler, Sir James 3170:978-0-8117-3382-3 3078:978-1-929631-59-9 3034:978-0-306-81256-9 2990:978-1-56311-430-4 2903:978-1-58979-095-7 2607:Hingston, p. 129. 2532:Blaxland, p. 163. 2391:Bryn, Chapter 14. 2198:province of Lucca 1892:, (with the U.S. 1776:, commanding the 1736:Battle of Gemmano 1586:LXXVI Panzerkorps 1423:Operation Dragoon 1364:on 12 September. 1334:Operation Dragoon 1275:Fragheto massacre 1267:Garibaldi Brigade 1204:Albert Kesselring 1154:Winston Churchill 1065:observation posts 1053:machine gun nests 996:Albert Kesselring 922: 921: 915:Italian Civil War 653:Invasion of Italy 525: 524: 449: 448: 334:Albert Kesselring 100: 99: 6923: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6859:World portal 6857: 6856: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6719:Prague offensive 6714: 6712:Battle of Berlin 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6656:Vienna offensive 6651: 6644: 6637: 6635:Battle of Manila 6630: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6585: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6378: 6376:Korsun–Cherkassy 6371: 6360: 6338: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6218:Bombing of Gorky 6213: 6206: 6199: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6085:Battle of Midway 6080: 6073: 6071:Battle of Gazala 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5981:Battle of Borneo 5976: 5974:Malayan campaign 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5918:Bombing of Gorky 5913: 5911:Battle of Moscow 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5763: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5675:Battle of France 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5528:Munich Agreement 5523: 5516: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5484: 5477: 5462: 5461: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5413:Soviet prisoners 5407: 5400: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5353:German prisoners 5349: 5329: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4884: 4882:French Indochina 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4729:from August 1944 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4514: 4513: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4455: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4373:Nanjing Massacre 4368: 4361: 4352: 4350:Nuremberg trials 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3954:Asia and Pacific 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3883:Mulberry harbour 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3725: 3718: 3703: 3702: 3691: 3684: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3570: 3555: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3512: 3504: 3470: 3446: 3437: 3425: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3377: 3368: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3290:. Archived from 3282: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3225:on 20 April 2011 3197: 3174: 3155: 3082: 3060: 3038: 3019: 3010: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2735:Gothic Line 1944 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2655:Jackson, p. 296. 2653: 2647: 2636:Gothic Line 1944 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580:Jackson, p. 234. 2578: 2569: 2568:Jackson, p. 227. 2566: 2560: 2559:Jackson, p. 226. 2557: 2551: 2550:Jackson, p. 126. 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523:Jackson, p. 119. 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2364: 2356: 2280:Operation Encore 2204:Later operations 1948:Field Division, 1942:Joachim Lemelsen 1809:I Canadian Corps 1700:Richard Heidrich 1640:Panzer Grenadier 1537:and the British 1496:Canadian I Corps 1396:Sir John Harding 1383:(C-in-C) of the 1302:(commanding the 1300:Wilhelm Crisolli 1263:Italian partisan 1188:Sir Oliver Leese 1177:German 10th Army 1100:German 14th Army 1092:German 10th Army 1080:pincer manoeuvre 1069:Battle of Rimini 1044:) in June 1944. 985:Italian Campaign 956: 935:(photo) and the 739:Monte la Difensa 564: 562: 561:Italian Campaign 552: 545: 538: 529: 528: 487: 485: 475: 468: 461: 452: 451: 429: 428: 418: 417: 407: 406: 395: 394: 384: 383: 367:Rodolfo Graziani 365: 364: 356:Joachim Lemelsen 354: 353: 343: 342: 332: 331: 322:Richard McCreery 320: 319: 309: 308: 298: 297: 287: 286: 278:Harold Alexander 276: 275: 257: 255: 254: 248: 244: 242: 241: 230: 229: 228: 219: 218: 217: 211: 207: 205: 204: 197: 193: 191: 190: 180: 179: 169: 168: 167: 158: 157: 156: 147: 145: 144: 137: 133: 131: 130: 118: 116: 115: 70: 69: 62: 48:Italian Campaign 38: 37: 25:Battle of Rimini 6931: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6851: 6849: 6837: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6770:Atomic bombings 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6613: 6606: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6512: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6466: 6461:Eastern Romania 6459: 6454:Warsaw Uprising 6452: 6447:Tannenberg Line 6445: 6438: 6433:Western Ukraine 6431: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6363: 6354: 6341: 6334: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6225:Battle of Kursk 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6182: 6175: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6036:St Nazaire Raid 6034: 6027: 6020: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5818:Anglo-Iraqi War 5816: 5809:Battle of Crete 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5766: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5738:Eastern Romania 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5556: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5480: 5473: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5299:Western Ukraine 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5243:Northeast China 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4942:Slovak Republic 4940: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4913:Empire of Japan 4911: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4499: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4458: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4425:Sexual violence 4424: 4417: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4143:Greek Civil War 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3968:South-East Asia 3966: 3959: 3952: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3827:Military awards 3825: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3714: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3580: 3569:(in Portuguese) 3568: 3566:Wayback Machine 3553: 3544:Wayback Machine 3527: 3525: 3510: 3502: 3493:Wayback Machine 3468: 3462: 3457: 3444: 3434: 3408: 3406: 3399: 3365: 3343: 3341: 3334: 3297: 3295: 3286:Muhm, Gerhard. 3228: 3226: 3219: 3194: 3171: 3089:Atlantic Books 3079: 3069:Calculated Risk 3057: 3035: 3007: 2976: 2971: 2967:Ibidem, Brooks. 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817:Orgill, p. 213. 2816: 2812: 2808:Orgill, p. 210. 2807: 2803: 2799:Orgill, p. 200. 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781:Orgill, p. 187. 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754:Orgill, p. 178. 2753: 2749: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706:Orgill, p. 164. 2705: 2701: 2697:Carver, p. 243. 2696: 2692: 2688:Jackson, p.304. 2687: 2683: 2675: 2668: 2664:Orgill, p. 161. 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616:Orgill, p. 124. 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2305:15th Army Group 2296: 2272:15th Army Group 2206: 2167:British X Corps 2165:—switched from 2147: 2037: 2031: 2010: 1938: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1828:South-East Asia 1816:rifle companies 1751: 1745: 1732: 1678: 1636:) (replaced by 1574: 1550:British X Corps 1519:British V Corps 1484:Polish II Corps 1464: 1459: 1370: 1326: 1320: 1318:Allied strategy 1296:XIV Panzerkorps 1280:Generalleutnant 1162:U.S. Fifth Army 1147:pincer movement 1135: 1088:U.S. Fifth Army 1049:slave labourers 1014:, commanded by 952: 941:Southern France 925: 924: 923: 918: 912: 705:Vatican bombing 576: 565: 560: 558: 556: 526: 521: 488: 483: 481: 479: 423: 422: 412: 411: 401: 389: 388: 378: 359: 358: 348: 347: 337: 336: 326: 314: 313: 303: 302: 300:Lucian Truscott 292: 291: 281: 280: 270: 252: 250: 249: 239: 237: 226: 224: 223: 215: 213: 212: 202: 200: 198: 188: 186: 184: 174: 173: 165: 163: 162: 154: 152: 151: 142: 140: 128: 126: 113: 111: 88: 63: 32: 21:Operation Olive 17: 12: 11: 5: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6789: 6786:South Sakhalin 6782: 6781: 6780: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6510: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6265: 6258: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6211:Battle of Attu 6207: 6200: 6192: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6173: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5960:Battle of Guam 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5883:Battle of Kiev 5879: 5872: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5394: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382:United Kingdom 5378: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5350: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779:British Empire 4772:United Kingdom 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4588:Czechoslovakia 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4485:Rape of Manila 4481: 4474: 4467: 4456: 4441: 4434: 4422: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4362: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4323: 4316: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4271: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4256:United Nations 4252: 4245: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4115:Decolonization 4111: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3807: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3788:United Kingdom 3784: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3634: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3556: 3547: 3534: 3514: 3505: 3499:Gotica Toscana 3496: 3483: 3477: 3472: 3461: 3460:External links 3458: 3456: 3455: 3438: 3432: 3415: 3405:on 21 May 2011 3397: 3384:Po Valley 1945 3378: 3369: 3363: 3350: 3332: 3313: 3304: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3235: 3217: 3198: 3192: 3175: 3169: 3156: 3139: 3125: 3111: 3097: 3083: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2992: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2919:Sterner, p.105 2912: 2902: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2726: 2724:Orgill, p.165. 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2679:, p. 303. 2666: 2657: 2648: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2598:Orgill, p. 65. 2591: 2582: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2541:Orgill, p. 33. 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2505:Orgill, p. 20. 2498: 2496:Orgill, p. 29. 2489: 2487:Orgill, p. 36. 2480: 2454: 2428: 2415:Chiamami Città 2402: 2400:Orgill, p. 28. 2393: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2261:Dudley Russell 2218:Monte Castello 2205: 2202: 2146: 2143: 2055:, part of the 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 2009: 2006: 1937: 1934: 1914:Sidney Kirkman 1890:Geoffrey Keyes 1850: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1804:entered Rimini 1744: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1677: 1674: 1602:278th Division 1573: 1570: 1552:employing the 1498:which had the 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1389:Chief of Staff 1369: 1366: 1319: 1316: 1308:Field Division 1216:Lake Trasimeno 1208:Trasimene Line 1134: 1131: 981:defensive line 920: 919: 911: 910: 905: 900: 893: 888: 883: 876: 869: 862: 847: 846: 841: 839:Monte Castello 836: 831: 826: 813: 812: 807: 802: 800:Trasimene Line 797: 790: 783: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 734:Bernhardt Line 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 695: 690: 683: 678: 671: 664: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 570: 567: 566: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 523: 522: 520: 519: 514: 512:Monte Castello 509: 504: 499: 493: 490: 489: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 447: 446: 443: 439: 438: 434: 433: 399: 375: 374: 370: 369: 324: 267: 266: 262: 261: 234: 139: 138: 120:United Kingdom 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 86:Northern Italy 84: 82: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 55: 54: 43: 42: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6928: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793:Kuril Islands 6790: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560:Syrmian Front 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506:Market Garden 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6365:Monte Cassino 6362: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731:Baltic states 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375:United States 5372: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311:Quốc dân Đảng 5308: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5011:Liechtenstein 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4963:Collaboration 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788:United States 4785: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478:Comfort women 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4462: / 4461: 4457: 4454: 4451: / 4450: 4447: / 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438:Camp brothels 4435: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327:The Holocaust 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313:forced labour 4310: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166:Marshall Plan 4163: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4019:Eastern Front 4016: 4013: 4012:Western Front 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906:Puppet states 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3848:Naval history 3845: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3795:United States 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3576:Time Line of 3575: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3495:Canada at War 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3433:9780979689611 3429: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3398:0-16-048134-1 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3333:9781249453659 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3193:1-84574-071-8 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3123:9781848847620 3120: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3109:9780160613104 3106: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3095:9781843548942 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3056:0-330-48230-0 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3006:0-7183-0386-5 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2946:Clark, p.608 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2661: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258:Major-General 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123:Raticosa Pass 2119: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:U.S. II Corps 1883: 1879: 1876:, one of the 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859:Major General 1856: 1855:U.S. IV Corps 1845: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1790:Sherman tanks 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1740: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:56th Infantry 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Foglia Valley 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:and into the 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Mark W. Clark 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 993:Field Marshal 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:Gotenstellung 959: 955: 950: 942: 938: 934: 929: 917: 916: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 881: 877: 875: 874: 870: 868: 867: 863: 861: 860: 856: 855: 854: 853: 852: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 795: 791: 789: 788: 784: 782: 781: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Monte Cassino 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 728: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 710:Volturno Line 708: 706: 703: 701: 700: 696: 694: 691: 689: 688: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676: 672: 670: 669: 665: 663: 662: 658: 657: 656: 655: 654: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 631: 627: 625: 624: 620: 618: 617: 613: 611: 610: 606: 604: 603: 599: 597: 596: 592: 590: 589: 585: 583: 582: 578: 577: 575: 574: 568: 563: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 533: 530: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 491: 486: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 456: 453: 444: 441: 440: 435: 432: 427: 421: 416: 410: 405: 400: 398: 393: 387: 382: 377: 376: 371: 368: 363: 357: 352: 346: 341: 335: 330: 325: 323: 318: 312: 307: 301: 296: 290: 285: 279: 274: 269: 268: 263: 260: 247: 235: 233: 222: 210: 196: 183: 178: 172: 161: 150: 149:United States 136: 124: 123: 122: 121: 109: 108: 103: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 80: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 61: 56: 53: 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6867:Bibliography 6850: 6663:Project Hula 6628:Vistula–Oder 6597: 6530: 6521: 6505: 6483: 6475: 6424: 6408: 6399: 6390: 6356: 6253: 6168: 6144: 6114: 5865: 5758: 5703:North Africa 5405:Soviet Union 5359:Soviet Union 5285:Soviet Union 5053:Vatican City 4956:Vichy France 4861:German Reich 4758:Soviet Union 4744:South Africa 4737:Sierra Leone 4690:Newfoundland 4509:Participants 4492:Marocchinate 4196: 4187: 4157: 4035:North Africa 3996:Indian Ocean 3855:Nazi plunder 3746:Cryptography 3619:World War II 3585: 3581:(in Italian) 3554:(in Italian) 3526:. Retrieved 3522: 3469:(in Italian) 3441: 3422:Go for Broke 3421: 3407:. Retrieved 3403:the original 3383: 3373: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3318: 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3292:the original 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3227:. Retrieved 3223:the original 3203: 3183: 3160: 3143: 3128: 3114: 3100: 3086: 3068: 3046: 3024: 3015: 2996: 2981: 2963: 2954: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2892: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2844:Clark, p.606 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2734: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2677:Jackson 2004 2660: 2651: 2635: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2471:. Retrieved 2469:(in Italian) 2466: 2457: 2445:. Retrieved 2443:(in Italian) 2440: 2431: 2419:. Retrieved 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2354: 2279: 2265: 2250: 2234: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2189: 2181: 2160: 2156: 2132: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104:Ligurian Sea 2079: 2061: 2050: 2038: 2011: 1995: 1987: 1981: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1918:1st Infantry 1852: 1819: 1813: 1798: 1771: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1696:Generalmajor 1694: 1691: 1686:Panther tank 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1625: 1617: 1605: 1597: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1562:27th Lancers 1547: 1539:7th Armoured 1512: 1510:in reserve. 1481: 1431: 1427: 1416: 1371: 1342: 1327: 1312: 1305: 1295: 1289: 1286:—commanding 1278: 1260: 1248:Adriatic Sea 1198: 1196: 1136: 1115:Oliver Leese 1103: 1095: 1090:against the 1077: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1025:Adolf Hitler 1023: 1010:against the 991:. 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6531:Pointblank 5867:Silver Fox 5853:Summer War 5606:Winter War 5585:Phoney War 5366:Azerbaijan 5327:Yugoslavia 5222:Luxembourg 5064:Resistance 4804:Yugoslavia 4669:Luxembourg 4471:Sook Ching 4267:War crimes 3869:Technology 3862:Opposition 3804:Lend-Lease 3781:Australian 3774:Home front 3732:Blitzkrieg 3682:Casualties 3673:Commanders 3645:Operations 3559:Portal FEB 3453:8874650957 3364:0739101951 3137:0786410094 2974:References 2127:Monghidoro 2014:Firenzuola 1763:San Marino 1502:(with the 1470:A British 1400:his forces 1228:Arno River 1133:Background 1125:, and the 1119:El Alamein 1038:Green Line 903:Collecchio 844:Garfagnana 829:San Marino 744:San Pietro 517:Garfagnana 502:San Marino 386:Fifth Army 289:Mark Clark 6763:Manchuria 6649:Indochina 6425:Bagration 5876:Lithuania 5521:Anschluss 5318:Viet Minh 5215:Lithuania 5157:Hong Kong 4920:Manchukuo 4875:Azad Hind 4534:Australia 4334:Aftermath 4197:Paperclip 4092:Aftermath 3892:Total war 3760:Diplomacy 3723:In Europe 3067:(2007) . 2743:0307-2886 2644:0307-2886 2371:Citations 2346:Footnotes 2226:Belvedere 2222:Lizano in 2214:Po Valley 2072:Massarosa 2068:Gallicano 1982:Luftwaffe 1946:Luftwaffe 1786:88mm guns 1521:with the 1306:Luftwaffe 1240:La Spezia 1234:north of 1057:casemates 954:‹See Tfd› 720:Bari raid 675:Slapstick 668:Avalanche 646:Centuripe 616:Narcissus 588:Mincemeat 581:Corkscrew 420:14th Army 409:10th Army 6874:Category 6823:document 6733:document 6590:Ardennes 6574:Budapest 6522:Crossbow 6400:Overlord 6239:Smolensk 5457:Timeline 5292:Slovakia 5278:Thailand 5129:Ethiopia 5094:Bulgaria 5018:Portugal 4949:Thailand 4831:Bulgaria 4609:Eswatini 4602:Ethiopia 4555:Bulgaria 4380:Unit 731 4341:Response 4158:Keelhaul 4108:Cold War 4081:Americas 4072:timeline 4065:Atlantic 3945:Theaters 3562:Archived 3540:Archived 3489:Archived 3298:29 April 3241:(1966). 3152:29051302 3045:(2001). 2294:See also 2076:Camaiore 1998:Division 1968:and the 1950:16th SS 1928:and the 1872:and two 1857:, under 1712:Riccione 1666:Division 1642:Division 1442:Florence 1404:Lombardy 1353:Russians 1250:between 1224:Grosseto 1183:, under 1173:Cisterna 1086:and the 1033:outflank 972:) was a 787:Strangle 774:Cisterna 630:Ladbroke 609:Chestnut 373:Strength 81:Location 6800:Shumshu 6567:Hungary 6514:Estonia 6498:Lapland 6476:Dragoon 6409:Neptune 6391:Ichi-Go 6357:Tempest 6299:Changde 6254:Cottage 6146:Jubilee 5862:Finland 5760:Compass 5466:Prelude 5419:Finland 5305:Vietnam 5271:Romania 5143:Germany 5122:Estonia 5108:Denmark 5087:Belgium 5080:Austria 5073:Albania 5004:Ireland 4990:Andorra 4974:Neutral 4934:Romania 4868:Hungary 4853:Finland 4725:Romania 4617:Finland 4595:Denmark 4541:Belgium 4527:Algeria 4233:Romania 4219:Hungary 3975:Pacific 3699:General 3653:Leaders 3638:Battles 3631:Outline 3182:(ed.). 2473:7 April 2447:7 April 2421:7 April 2237:Ravenna 2230:Vergato 2088:Fornaci 2084:Serchio 1446:Bologna 1444:toward 1374:General 1360:at the 1349:Hungary 1345:Austria 1256:Ravenna 1220:Perugia 1139:Cassino 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