Gothic architecture

5700: 1674: 7199: 5129: 3005: 8634: 632: 2149: 5388: 2614: 3801: 2836: 8626: 3592: 5400: 2272: 5053: 674:, the capital of the medieval kingdom of Armenia concluded to have discovered the oldest Gothic arch. According to these historians, the architecture of the Saint Hripsime Church near the Armenian religious seat Etchmiadzin was built in the fourth century A.D. and was repaired in 618. The cathedral of Ani was built in 980–1012 A.D. However many of the elements of Islamic and Armenian architecture that have been cited as influences on Gothic architecture also appeared in Late Roman and Byzantine architecture, the most noticeable example being the pointed arch and flying buttress. The most notable example is the capitals, which are forerunners of the Gothic style and deviated from the Classical standards of ancient Greece and Rome with serpentine lines and naturalistic forms. 6378: 7565: 3164: 7215: 6482: 3316: 5979: 5180: 2284: 775: 2389: 4947: 3517: 5716: 3148: 2785: 5837: 4178: 6409: 978: 7494:. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders did not define divisions of style. Many different factors like geographical/geological, economic, social, or political situations caused the regional differences in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period that would often become even more apparent in the Gothic. For example, studies of the population statistics reveals disparities such as the multitude of churches, abbeys, and cathedrals in northern 4197: 5477:, which were added to Notre-Dame in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the church, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows so that it would not erode the mortar binding the stone. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the church. 4250: 921: 5995: 5798: 6891: 7333: 2423: 7031: 7377: 5920: 5751: 4835: 5113: 4962: 4235: 6734: 5213: 4977: 3955: 4118: 3623: 794: 955: 3132: 2321: 6691: 4992: 7230: 3277: 5260: 6201: 3710: 5732: 5007: 3021: 7066: 64: 6653: 2658: 6275: 2490: 2634: 845: 4137: 902: 6517: 5766: 2598: 2981: 2801: 5022: 4772: 1563: 4156: 3048: 5784:, or white glass, with a geometric pattern, usually joined with medallions of stained glass. These windows allowed much more light into the cathedral, but diminished the vividness of the stained glass, since there was less contrast between the dark interior and bright exterior. The most remarkable and influential work of stained glass in the 13th century was the royal chapel, Sainte-Chapelle (1243–1248), where the windows of the upper chapel, 15 m (49 ft) high, occupied all of the walls on the three sides, with 1,134 individual scenes. Sainte-Chapelle became the model for other chapels across Europe. 5818: 3363: 2817: 5963: 5245: 4266: 3762: 1148: 2408: 7137: 5681: 7357: 3196: 6707: 5951: 6497: 3607: 2993: 5935: 7678:; in Sassanian architecture, employed in palace and sacred construction. These pre-Islamic arches were decorative rather than structural in their function. The pointed arch as an architectonic principle was first clearly established in Islamic architecture; as an architectonic principle, the pointed arch was entirely alien to the pre-Islamic world. Use of the pointed arch seems to have taken off dramatically in Islamic architecture. It begins to appear throughout the Islamic world in close succession after its adoption in the late Umayyad or early Abbasid period. Some examples are the 4901:), the porches were deeper, the niches and pinnacles were more prominent. The portals were crowned with high arched gables, composed of concentric arches filled with sculpture. The rose windows became enormous, filling an entirely wall above the central portal, and they were themselves covered with a large pointed arch. The rose windows were pushed upwards by the growing profusion of decoration below. The towers were adorned with their own arches, often crowned with pinnacles. The towers themselves were crowned with spires, often of open-work sculpture. One of the finest examples of a 2450: 3262: 5432: 4756: 3116: 6220: 3694: 864: 1846: 5165: 4442: 5038: 826: 7153: 5572: 3348: 2958: 1378: 75: 810: 4741: 3679: 7550: 2478: 3379: 2302: 5229: 760: 3475:

were decorated with sculpture. Amiens Cathedral has a flèche. The most famous example was that of Notre-Dame de Paris. The original flèche of Notre-Dame was built on the crossing of the transept in the middle of the 13th century, and housed five bells. It was removed in 1786 during a program to modernize the cathedral, but was put back in a new form designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The new flèche, of wood covered with lead, was decorated with statues of the Apostles; the figure of St Thomas resembled Viollet-le-Duc. The flèche was destroyed in the

4851: 4788: 883: 6105: 3646: 7644: 2769: 7613: 4216: 4819: 6363: 4613: 2370: 7092: 2942: 6875: 5553: 3486: 3060: 7396: 3180: 2336: 6940: 6906: 7585: 4803: 6676: 6424: 4686:, following the model of the Romanesque churches, the buildings had thick, solid walls with a minimum of windows in order to give enough support for the vaulted roofs. An elevation typically had four levels. On the ground floor was an arcade with massive piers alternating with thinner columns, which supported the six-part rib vaults. Above that was a gallery, called the tribune, which provided stability to the walls, and was sometimes used to provide seating for the nuns. Above that was a narrower gallery, called the 3501: 7111: 5503: 4871: 4566: 6921: 3033: 936: 1161: 6462: 3778: 6182: 3293: 2586: 2351: 7535: 4521: 6754: 7047: 3332: 5145: 3722: 7628: 5538: 6256: 8929: 6393: 4551: 2684: 5518: 4726:

windows, until, by the late Gothic, the interiors became like cages of glass. This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress, which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls. As a result, the walls gradually became thinner and higher, and masonry was replaced with glass. The four-part elevation of the naves of early Cathedrals such as Notre-Dame (arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory) was transformed in the choir of

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was introduced, composed of a central core surrounded several attached slender columns, or colonettes, going up to the vaults. These clustered columns were used at Chartres, Amiens, Reims and Bourges, Westminster Abbey and Salisbury Cathedral. Another variation was a quadrilobe column, shaped like a clover, formed of four attached columns. In England, the clustered columns were often ornamented with stone rings, as well as columns with carved leaves.

4581: 4662: 4648: 4634: 4620: 14553: 7242: 4536: 18254: 6967: 1576: 2462: 9326: 6443: 1838: 14541: 3109:. In place of the Corinthian capital, some columns used a stiff-leaf design. In later Gothic, the piers became much taller, reaching up more than half of the nave. Another variation, particularly popular in eastern France, was a column without a capital, which continued upward without capitals or other interruption, all the way to the vaults, giving a dramatic display of verticality. 2219:. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types. Gothic details even began to appear in working-class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy, though given the expense, less frequently than in the design of upper and middle-class housing. 6596:, who was displeased by the excessive decoration of earlier styles. He wrote in 1447 that he wanted his chapel "to proceed in large form, clean and substantial, setting apart superfluity of too great curious works of entail and busy moulding." The chapel, built between 1508 and 1515, has glass walls from floor to ceiling, rising to spreading fan vaults designed by 4883:, a work of sculpture crowded with figures. The sculpture of the central tympanum was devoted to the Last Judgement, that to the left to the Virgin Mary, and that to the right to the Saints honoured at that particular cathedral. In the early Gothic, the columns of the doorways took the form of statues of saints, making them literally "pillars of the church". 5094:, often had an apse, a semi-circular projection with a vaulted or domed roof. The chevet of large cathedrals frequently had a ring of radiating chapels, placed between the buttresses to get maximum light. There are three such chapels at Chartres Cathedral, seven at Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens Cathedral, Prague Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral, and nine at 4929:, who worked on the façade from 1308 until his death in 1330. He broke away from the French emphasis on height, and eliminated the column statutes and statuary in the arched entries, and covered the façade with colourful mosaics of biblical scenes (The current mosaics are of a later date). He also added sculpture in relief on the supporting contreforts. 3668:, but only the apse and the base of one tower were finished in the Gothic period. The original plans were conserved and rediscovered in 1817, and the building was completed in the 19th century following the origin design. It has two spectacularly ornamented towers, covered with arches, gables, pinnacles and openwork spires pointing upwards. The tower of 4469:, also known as a chancel or presbytery, that was usually reserved for the clergy. The eastern end of the church was rounded in French churches, and was occupied by several radiating chapels, which allowed multiple ceremonies to go on simultaneously. In English churches the eastern end also had chapels, but was usually rectangular. A passage called the 6864:(1337–1453), with improvements in artillery, the castles lost most of their military importance. They remained as symbols of the rank of their noble occupants; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls. The tower of the Château de Vincennes became a part-time royal residence until the 1106:, begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1160. Sens Cathedral features a Gothic choir, and six-part rib vaults over the nave and collateral aisles, alternating pillars and doubled columns to support the vaults, and buttresses to offset the outward thrust from the vaults. One of the builders who is believed to have worked on Sens Cathedral, 5606:, was popular among monks in France, taught that all light was divine. When the Abbot Suger ordered the reconstruction of choir of the abbey church at Saint-Denis, he had the builders create seventy windows, admitting as much light as possible, as the means by which the faithful could be elevated from the material world to the immaterial world. 1988:(1532–1560), rivalled Notre-Dame in size, 105 m (344 ft) long, 44 m (144 ft) wide, and 35 m (115 ft) high. As construction of this church continued, elements of Renaissance decoration, including the system of classical orders of columns, were added to the design, making it a Gothic-Renaissance hybrid. 8146: 8156: 2750:. In later construction, the design was simplified, and the rib vaults were divided into only four compartments. The alternating rows of alternating columns and piers receiving the vaults' weight were replaced by simple pillars, each receiving the same weight. A single vault could cross the nave. This method was used at 3225:, a half-arch outside the building which carried the thrust of weight of the roof or vaults inside over a roof or an aisle to a heavy stone column. The buttresses were placed in rows on either side of the building, and were often topped by heavy stone pinnacles, both to give extra weight and for additional decoration. 4710:

meant that the arcades could be higher. This created more space at the top for the upper windows, which were expanded to include a smaller circular window above a group of lancet windows. The new walls gave a stronger sense of verticality and brought in more light. A similar arrangement was adapted in England, at

2762:. The four-part vaults made it possible for taller buildings to be constructed. Notre-Dame, which had begun with six-part vaults, reached a height of 35 m (115 ft). Amiens Cathedral, which had begun with the newer four-part ribs, reached a height of 42.3 m (139 ft) at the transept. 5904:

Rose windows were a prominent feature of many Gothic churches and cathedrals. The rose was a symbol of the Virgin Mary, and they were particularly used in churches dedicated to her. The French Gothic cathedrals of Chartres, Notre Dame de Paris, Reims, and Laon have them in the west façade, and in the

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In Early Gothic churches, following the Romanesque tradition, sculpture appeared on the façade or west front in the triangular tympanum over the central portal. Gradually, as the style evolved, the sculpture became more and more prominent, taking over the columns of the portal, and gradually climbing

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that beauty was a "harmony of contrasts". Following the model of Saint-Denis and later Notre-Dame de Paris, the façade was flanked by two towers proportional to the rest of the façade, which balanced the horizontal and vertical elements. Early Gothic façades often had a small rose window placed above

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Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology. A portion of the choir collapsed in 1284, causing alarm in all of the cities with very tall cathedrals. Panels of experts were created in Sienna and Chartres to study the stability of those structures. Only the transept

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were used in the 15th and 16th centuries to create windows of increasing size with flatter window-heads, often filling the entire wall of the bay between each buttress. The windows were themselves divided into panels of lights topped by pointed arches struck from four centres. The transoms were often

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shortly after 1211, in the chevet built by Jean D'Orbais. It was employed in England around 1240. After 1220, master builders in England had begun to treat the window openings as a series of openings divided by thin stone bars, while before 1230 the apse chapels of Reims Cathedral were decorated with

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were often added to the towers, giving them much greater height. A variation of the spire was the flèche, a slender, spear-like spire, which was usually placed on the transept where it crossed the nave. They were often made of wood covered with lead or other metal. They sometimes had open frames, and

3097:, with finely-sculpted leaves. They were used in the ambulatory of the Abbey church of Saint-Denis. According to its builder, the Abbot Suger, they were inspired by the columns he had seen in the ancient baths in Rome. They were used later at Sens, at Notre-Dame de Paris and at Canterbury in England. 541:

The chaos of the Gothic left much to be desired in Wren's eyes. His aversion of the style was so strong that he refused to put a Gothic roof on the new St. Paul's, despite being pressured to do so. Wren much preferred symmetry and straight lines in architecture, which is why he constantly praised the

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tradition in his assumption that Gothic architecture did not merely represent a violent and bothersome mistake, as suggested by Vasari. Rather, he saw that the Gothic style had developed over time along the lines of a changing society, and that it was thus a legitimate architectural style of its own.

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In early Gothic churches with six-part rib vaults, the columns in the nave alternated with more massive piers to provide support for the vaults. With the introduction of the four-part rib vault, all of the piers or columns in the nave could have the same design. In the High Gothic period, a new form

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in the year 1095; this is widely regarded as proof that the Gothic style could not have possibly been derived from Saracen architecture. Several authors have taken a stance against this allegation, claiming that the Gothic style had most likely filtered into Europe in other ways, for example through

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This we now call the Gothic manner of architecture (so the Italians called what was not after the Roman style) though the Goths were rather destroyers than builders; I think it should with more reason be called the Saracen style, for these people wanted neither arts nor learning: and after we in the

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Sculpture was an important element of Gothic architecture. Its intent was present the stories of the Bible in vivid and understandable fashion to the great majority of the faithful who could not read. The iconography of the sculptural decoration on the façade was not left to the sculptors. An edict

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While French cathedrals emphasized the height of the façade, English cathedrals, particularly in earlier Gothic, often emphasized the width. The west front of Wells Cathedral is 146 feet across, compared with 116 feet wide at the nearly contemporary Amiens Cathedral, though Amiens is twice as high.

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Churches traditionally face east, with the altar at the east, and the west front, or façade, was considered the most important entrance. Gothic façades were adapted from the model of the Romanesque façades. The façades usually had three portals, or doorways, leading into the nave. Over each doorway

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were an important feature of Gothic churches. They presented a dramatic spectacle of great height, helped make their churches the tallest and most visible buildings in their city, and symbolised the aspirations of their builders toward heaven. They also had a practical purpose; they often served as

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Buttresses had existed since Roman times, usually set directly against the building, but the Gothic vaults were more sophisticated. In later structures, the buttresses often had several arches, each reaching in to a different level of the structure. The buttresses permitted the buildings to be both

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Other characteristics of the High Gothic were the development of rose windows of greater size, using bar-tracery, higher and longer flying buttresses, which could reach up to the highest windows, and walls of sculpture illustrating biblical stories filling the façade and the fronts of the transept.

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Architecture "became a leading form of artistic expression during the late Middle Ages". Gothic architecture began in the earlier 12th century in northwest France and England and spread throughout Latin Europe in the 13th century; by 1300, a first "international style" of Gothic had developed, with

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which preceded it; by the growing population and wealth of European cities, and by the desire to express local grandeur. It was influenced by theological doctrines which called for more light and by technical improvements in vaults and buttresses that allowed much greater height and larger windows.

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Even though he openly expressed his distaste for the Gothic style, Wren did not blame the Saracens for the apparent lack of ingenuity. Quite the opposite: he praised the Saracens for their 'superior' vaulting techniques and their widespread use of the pointed arch. Wren claimed the inventors of the

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over the crossing of the transept; two towers on the western front; and two towers on the ends of the transepts. Laon's towers, with the exception of the central tower, are built with two stacked vaulted chambers pierced by lancet openings. The two western towers contain life-size stone statues of

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in order to remove walls and to make more space for windows. He described the new ambulatory as "a circular ring of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty." To support the vaults he

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and features of a Gothic fortress. However, it was soon made obsolete by the development of artillery, and in the 15th century it was remodelled into a comfortable residential palace. While the outer walls retained their original military appearance, the castle itself, with a profusion of spires,

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or maze on the floor of the nave near the choir, which symbolised the difficult and often complicated journey of a Christian life before attaining paradise. Most labyrinths were removed by the 18th century, but a few, like the one at Amiens Cathedral, have been reconstructed, and the labyrinth at

5470:, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church. 606:

There can be no doubt that the term 'Gothic' as applied to pointed styles of ecclesiastical architecture was used at first contemptuously, and in derision, by those who were ambitious to imitate and revive the Grecian orders of architecture, after the revival of classical literature. But, without

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of learning and refinement. Thus the Gothic style, being in opposition to classical architecture, from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication. The assumption that classical architecture was better than Gothic architecture was widespread and proved

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The placement of the windows was also determined by religious doctrine. The windows on the north side, frequently in the shade, had windows depicting the Old Testament. The windows of the east, corresponding to the direction of the sunrise, had images of Christ and scenes from the New Testament.

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Italian Gothic façades have the three traditional portals and rose windows, or sometimes simply a large circular window without tracery plus an abundance of flamboyant elements, including sculpture, pinnacles and spires. However, they added distinctive Italian elements. as seen in the façades of

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An important characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportion to its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven. The increasing height of cathedrals over the Gothic period was accompanied by an increasing proportion of the wall devoted to

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period, thanks to the introduction of the four part rib vault, a simplified elevation appeared at Chartres Cathedral and others. The alternating piers and columns on the ground floor were replaced by rows of identical circular piers wrapped in four engaged columns. The tribune disappeared, which

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The towers of cathedrals were usually the last part of the structure to be built. Since cathedral construction usually took many years, and was extremely expensive, by the time the tower were to be built public enthusiasm waned, and tastes changed. Many projected towers were never built, or were

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Nothing was thought magnificent that was not high beyond Measure, with the Flutter of Arch-buttresses, so we call the sloping Arches that poise the higher Vaultings of the Nave. The Romans always concealed their Butments, whereas the Normans thought them ornamental. These I have observed are the

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that had created the Gothic style. The term 'Saracen' was still in use in the 18th century and it typically referred to all Muslims, including the Arabs and Berbers. Wren mentions Europe's architectural debt to the Saracens no fewer than twelve times in his writings. He also decidedly broke with

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could not because of the economic inequality of the two. This wealth, concentrated in rich monasteries and noble families, would eventually spread certain Italian, Catalan, and Hanseatic bankers. This would be amended when the economic hardships of the 13th century were no longer felt, allowing

5791:. Clear glass was dipped into coloured glass, then portions of the coloured glass were ground away to give exactly the right shade. In the 15th century, artists began painting directly onto the glass with enamel colours. Gradually the art of glass came closer and closer to traditional painting. 1818:

Lacey patterns of tracery continued to characterize continental Gothic building, with very elaborate and articulated vaulting, as at Saint Barbara's, Kutná Hora (1512). In certain areas, Gothic architecture continued to be employed until the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in provincial and

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in Paris, close to Notre-Dame de Paris, begun in 1119, which was the principal residence of the French kings until 1417. Most of the Palais de la Cité is gone, but two of the original towers along the Seine, of the towers, the vaulted ceilings of the Hall of the Men-at-Arms (1302), (now in the

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In the later Gothic, the sculpture became more naturalistic; the figures were separated from the walls, and had much more expressive faces, showing emotion and personality. The drapery was very skilfully carved. The torments of hell were even more vividly depicted. The late Gothic sculpture at

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The new High Gothic churches competed to be the tallest, with increasingly ambitious structures lifting the vault yet higher. Chartres Cathedral's height of 38 m (125 ft) was exceeded by Beauvais Cathedral's 48 m (157 ft), but on account of the latter's collapse in 1248, no

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In the 15th century, following the late Gothic period or flamboyant style, elements of Gothic decoration began to appear in the town halls of northern France, Flanders and the Netherlands. The Rouen Courthouse in Normandy is representative of Flamboyant Gothic in France. The Hôtel de Ville of

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period. The choirs became more important. The choir was often flanked by a double disambulatory, which was crowned by a ring of small chapels. In England, transepts were more important, and the floor plans were usually much more complex than in French cathedrals, with the addition of attached

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In France, the four-part rib vault, with two diagonals crossing at the center of the traverse, was the type used almost exclusively until the end of the Gothic period. However, in England, several imaginative new vaults were invented which had more elaborate decorative features. They became a

5080:, a major theme in Cathedral sculpture. The portion of the church east of altar is the choir, reserved for members of the clergy. There is usually a single or double ambulatory, or aisle, around the choir and east end, so parishioners and pilgrims could walk freely easily around east end. 670:, to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims. It adapted features from earlier styles. According to Charles Texier (French historian, architect, and archaeologist) and Josef Strzygowski (Polish-Austrian art historian), after lengthy research and study of cathedrals in the medieval city of 7702:

in Tunisia, and the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba in 987 AD. The pointed arch had already been used in Syria, but in the mosque of Ibn Tulun we have one of the earliest examples of its use on an extensive scale, some centuries before it was exploited in the West by the Gothic architects.

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Each vault of the nave formed a separate cell, with its own supporting piers or columns. The early cathedrals, like Notre-Dame, had six-part rib vaults, with alternating columns and piers, while later cathedrals had the simpler and stronger four-part vaults, with identical columns.

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was inspired by Northern Europe. It has an exceptional cluster of openwork spires, towers, and pinnacles, drenched with ornament. It was begun in 1444 by a German architect, Juan de Colonia (John of Cologne) and eventually completed by a central tower (1540) built by his grandson.

289:, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so, a new architectural style emerged that emphasized verticality and the effect created by the transmission of light through 5205:

in 787 had declared: "The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition. Only the art belongs to the artist; the composition belongs to the Fathers."

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The use of iron rods between the panels of glass and a framework of stone mullions, or ribs, made it possible to create much larger windows. The three rose windows at Chartres (1203–1240) each were more than 12 m (40 ft) in diameter. Larger windows also appeared at

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went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the upper walls. The buttresses counterbalanced the outward thrust from the rib vaults. This allowed the builders to construct higher, thinner walls and larger

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Castles were surrounded by a deep moat, spanned by a single drawbridge. The entrance was also protected by a grill of iron which could be opened and closed. The walls at the bottom were often sloping, and protected with earthen barriers. One good surviving example is the

4508:, and other structures (See plans of Salisbury Cathedral and York Minster below). This reflected a tendency in France to carry out multiple functions in the same space, while English cathedrals compartmentalized them. This contrast is visible in the difference between 5634:

to fuse the enamel on the glass. The pieces were fit into a framework of thin lead strips, and then put into a more solid frame or iron armatures between the panels. The finished window was set into the stone opening. Thin vertical and horizontal bars of iron, called

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The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade of Notre-Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the

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The west front of Wells was almost entirely covered with statuary, like Amiens, and was given even further emphasis by its colors; traces of blue, scarlet, and gold are found on the sculpture, as well as painted stars against the dark background on other sections.

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built in different styles than other parts of the cathedral, or with different styles on each level of the tower. At Chartres Cathedral, the south tower was built in the 12th century, in the simpler Early Gothic, while the north tower is the more highly decorated

3421:, whose bells told the time by announcing religious services, warned of fire or enemy attack, and celebrated special occasions like military victories and coronations. Sometimes the bell tower is built separate from a church; the best-known example of this is the 7718:, which connected the dome to the arches below. The pendentives were decorated with ribs. Unlike the Gothic rib vault, the Islamic ribs were purely decorative; they did not extend outside of the vault, and they were not part of the structure supporting the roof. 342:

With the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy during the mid-15th century, the Gothic style was supplanted by the new style, but in some regions, notably England and Belgium, Gothic continued to flourish and develop into the 16th century. A series of

1995:, (1510–1512) combined with Gothic vaults; and others appeared in the Church of St. Michael in Munich, but in Germany Renaissance elements were used primarily for decoration. Some Renaissance elements also appeared in Spain, in the new palace begun by Emperor 522:

It was no secret that Wren strongly disliked the building practices of the Gothic style. When he was appointed Surveyor of the Fabric at Westminster Abbey in the year 1698, he expressed his distaste for the Gothic style in a letter to the bishop of Rochester:

4940:(1330–1336). They were not the first; Abbot Suger had commissioned bronze doors for Saint-Denis in 1140, but they were replaced with wooden doors when the Abbey was enlarged. Pisano's work, with its realism and emotion, pointed toward the coming Renaissance. 1095:

also introduced columns with capitals of carved vegetal designs, modelled upon the classical columns he had seen in Rome. In addition, he installed a circular rose window over the portal on the façade. These also became a common feature of Gothic cathedrals.

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period, the glass was particularly thick and was deeply coloured with metal oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, iron for green, and antimony for yellow. The process of making the windows was described in detail by the 12th-century monk known as

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Tracery was used on both the interior and exterior of buildings. It frequently covered the façades, and the interior walls of the nave and choir were covered with blind arcades. It also often picked up and repeated the designs in the stained glass windows.

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common design features and formal language. A second "international style" emerged by 1400, alongside innovations in England and central Europe that produced both the perpendicular and flamboyant varieties. Typically, these typologies are identified as:

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bar-tracery (c.1300) deployed mullions without capitals which branched off equidistant to the window-head. The window-heads themselves were formed of equal curves forming a pointed arch and the tracery-bars were curved by drawing curves with differing

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Beginning in the mid-15th century, the Gothic style gradually lost its dominance in Europe. It had never been popular in Italy, and in the mid-15th century the Italians, drawing upon ancient Roman ruins, returned to classical models. The dome of

619:, ... printed in London so early as 1624. ... But it was a strange misapplication of the term to use it for the pointed style, in contradistinction to the circular, formerly called Saxon, now Norman, Romanesque, &c. These latter styles, like 1441:

allowed by the flying buttresses enabled increasingly ambitious expanses of glass and decorated tracery, reinforced with ironwork. Shortly after Saint-Denis, in the 1250s, Louis IX commissioned the rebuilt transepts and enormous rose windows of

7214: 1281:, king of England. The builders simplified the elevation used at Notre Dame, eliminated the tribune galleries, and used flying buttresses to support the upper walls. The walls were filled with stained glass, mainly depicting the story of the 2528:

for arches, arcades, and ribbed vaults. In Gothic architecture, particularly in the later Gothic styles, they became the most visible and characteristic element, giving a sensation of verticality and pointing upward, like the spires. Gothic

528:

first Things that occasion the Ruin of Cathedrals, being so much exposed to the Air and Weather; the Coping, which cannot defend them, first failing, and if they give Way, the Vault must spread. Pinnacles are no Use, and as little Ornament.

5699: 2879:, built about 1320. A second type was called a reticulated vault, which had a network of additional decorative ribs, in triangles and other geometric forms, placed between or over the traverse ribs. These were first used in the choir of 7198: 7564: 3004: 3163: 2537:, and especially in the later Gothic styles decorating the façades. They were also sometimes used for more practical purposes, such as to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults, as in the nave and aisles of 2171:

ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this

581:

Spain or Sicily. The Spanish architecture from the Moors could have favoured the emergence of the Gothic style long before the Crusades took place. This could have happened gradually through merchants, travelers and pilgrims.

5313:

The columns below the tympanum are in the form of statues of saints, literally representing them as "the pillars of the church". Each saint had his own symbol at his feet so viewers could recognize them; a winged lion meant

611:, and others, who lent their aid in depreciating the old mediaeval style, which they termed Gothic, as synonymous with every thing that was barbarous and rude, it may be sufficient to refer to the celebrated Treatise of Sir 5797: 1074:

was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220. Its most distinctive feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows.

1204:, who had worked on Sens Cathedral, won the competition. Work began that same year, but in 1178 William was badly injured by falling from the scaffolding, and returned to France, where he died. His work was continued by 9038: 5128: 3516: 2870:

The 14th century brought the invention of several new types of vaults which were more and more decorative. These vaults often copied the forms form of the elaborate tracery of the Late Gothic styles. These included the

5387: 6531:

The Gothic style was adopted in the late 13th to 15th centuries in early English university buildings, with inspiration coming from monasteries and manor houses. The oldest existing example in England is probably the

3104:

Later styles added further variations. Sometimes the piers were rectangular and fluted, as at Seville Cathedral, In England, parts of columns sometimes had contrasting colours, using combining white stone with dark

2746:(begun 1163), were divided by the ribs into six compartments. They were very difficult to build and could only cross a limited space. Since each vault covered two bays, they needed support on the ground floor from 5087:, Abbot Suger first used the novel combination rib vaults and buttresses to replace the thick walls and replace them with stained glass, opening up that portion of the church to what he considered "divine light". 3927:, with increasing complexity and decreasing weight. The lines of the mullions continued beyond the tops of the window lights and subdivided the open spandrels above the lights into a variety of decorative shapes. 2271: 3950:

also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery, where earlier styles had used moulding of a single size, with different sizes of mullions. The rose windows of Notre-Dame de Paris (c.1270) are typical.

7757:. The early rib vaults in Spain were used to support cupolas, and were decorative. The dome of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba was supported by pendentives, rather than the vault. These were frequently used in 5905:

transepts as well. Amiens Cathedral, Strasbourg Cathedral and Westminster Abbey also have them in transepts. The designs of their tracery became increasingly complex, and gave their names to two periods; the

14173:

An analysis of Gothick architecture: illustrated by a series of upwards of seven hundred examples of doorways, windows, etc., and accompanied with remarks on the several details of an ecclesiastical edifice

10850: 9589: 12580:

of Europe. Already, pointed arches and clustered piers, whose appearance together is considered one of the hallmarks of mature Gothic architecture, are found in this remote corner of the Christian East."

4771: 558:

The Holy War gave the Christians, who had been there, an Idea of the Saracen Works, which were afterwards by them imitated in the West; and they refined upon it every day, as they proceeded in building

7254:

There are a few mosques in Gothic style. They are Latin Catholic churches converted into mosques. The conversion implied compromises since Latin churches are oriented towards the east and mosques are

5589:

Increasing the amount of light in the interior was a primary objective of the founders of the Gothic movement. Abbot Suger described the new kind of architecture he had created in the east end of the

4946: 6175:

towers, pinnacles, arches and gables, became a visible symbol of royalty and aristocracy. The style was copied in chateaux and other aristocratic residences across France and other parts of Europe.

4512:, with its minimal transepts and semicircular apse, filled with chapels, on the east end, compared with the double transepts, projecting north porch, and rectangular east end of Salisbury and York. 3315: 436:, whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. When Vasari wrote, Italy had experienced a century of building in the 6814:

Towers, usually round, were placed at the corners and along the walls in the Phillipienne castle, close enough together to support each other. The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, a

7475:(1131–1267) in Sicily, built when Sicily was under Norman rule, is another interesting example. It featured pointed arches and large Gothic rib vaults combined with ornamental mosaic decoration. 7457:

when two barrel vaults met at right angles. These vaults were the immediate ancestors of the Gothic rib vault. One of the first use of the Gothic rib vaults to cover a nave was in the Romanesque

5817: 3893:

preferred plainer vertical mullions and transoms. Tracery is practical as well as decorative, because the increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind.

1933:(1500–1505) to restore French control over Milan and Genoa. They brought back Italian paintings, sculpture and building plans, and, more importantly, Italian craftsmen and artists. The Cardinal 10803: 5836: 5399: 8848: 5259: 3276: 5112: 4976: 3573:

Westminster Abbey's crossing tower has for centuries remained unbuilt, and numerous architects have proposed various ways of completing it since the 1250s, when work began on the tower under

2613: 12666:, a longitudinal stone building with pointed vaults and a central dome, built about 1001, is astonishingly Gothic in every detail, and numerous other equally close parallels could be cited." 6559:, designed the New College quadrangle in the 1380s, which combined a hall, chapel, library, and residences for Fellows and undergraduates. A similar kind of academic cloister was created at 5212: 13579:

Vasari on Technique: Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design, Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects

9712:

Vasari on technique: being the introduction to the three arts of design, architecture, sculpture and painting, prefixed to the Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors and architects

2222:

The middle of the 19th century was a period marked by the restoration, and in some cases modification, of ancient monuments and the construction of neo-Gothic edifices such as the nave of

2057:

Gothic architecture, usually churches or university buildings, continued to be built. Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the construction of

1688:

style was characterised by the multiplication of the ribs of the vaults, with new purely decorative ribs, called tiercons and liernes, and additional diagonal ribs. One common ornament of

4734:

and choir of Beauvais were completed, and in the 21st century, the transept walls were reinforced with cross-beams. No cathedral built since exceeded the height of the choir of Beauvais.

2711:

buildings, where the weight pressed directly downward, and required thick walls and small windows, the Gothic rib vault was made of diagonal crossing arched ribs. These ribs directed the

1866:, was one of the first Renaissance landmarks, but it also employed Gothic technology; the outer skin of the dome was supported by a framework of twenty-four ribs. In the 16th century, as 3531:, completed in 1320 by William of Farleigh. It was a remarkable feat of construction, since it was built upon the pillars of the much earlier church. A crossing tower was constructed at 3147: 3020: 2283: 7445:

filled with sculpture was another characteristic Romanesque feature, as was the use of the buttress to support the walls from the outside. Gothic architects improved them by adding the

7171:

Although Christianity played a dominant role in the Gothic sacred architecture, Jewish communities were present in many European cities during the Middle Ages and they also built their

7030: 3547:

caused a problem; it was too heavy for the original structure. An unusual double arch had to be constructed in the centre of the crossing to give the tower the extra support it needed.

3261: 1500:

similarly sought to emphasize the windows, but excelled in the ornamentation of their tracery. Churches with features of this style include Westminster Abbey (1245–), the cathedrals at

8892: 2657: 16941: 16778: 3591: 2980: 1904:: "...the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation, these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age, produced by the torrents of barbarism..." The dominant styles in Europe became in turn 572:

There are several chronological issues that arise with this statement, which is one of the reasons why Wren's theory is rejected by many. The earliest examples of the pointed arch in

7584: 7498:

while in more urbanised regions construction activity of a similar scale was reserved to a few important cities. Such an example comes from Roberto López, wherein the French city of

4991: 4234: 1870:

from Italy began to appear in France and other countries in Europe. The Gothic style began to be described as outdated, ugly and even barbaric. The term "Gothic" was first used as a

5052: 5006: 3195: 2905:. It has an additional network of ribs, like the ribs of an umbrella, which criss-cross the vault but are only directly attached to it at certain points. It appeared in a chapel of 9058: 5593:: "a circular ring of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty." 2633: 9048: 11425: 10902: 10477: 10429: 10381: 10273: 10050: 9649: 9488: 7749:'s adoption of the pointed arch. Another feature of Gothic architecture, a kind of rib vault, had also earlier appeared in Islamic architecture, and spread to Western Europe via 6690: 5164: 3896:

Plate tracery, in which lights were pierced in a thin wall of ashlar, allowed a window arch to have more than one light – typically two side by side and separated by flat stone

2422: 1880: 424: 9068: 5731: 5715: 5349:

To make the message even more prominent, the sculpture of the tympanum was painted in bright colors. following a system of colours codified in the 12th century; yellow, called

2301: 1269:, an important pilgrimage church south of Paris. The Romanesque cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1194, but was swiftly rebuilt in the new style, with contributions from King 6811:

was a good example. It was 52 m (171 ft) high, and, even though within the moat and walls of the fortress, had its own separate drawbridge to going to higher floor.

4473:

circled the choir. This allowed parishioners, and especially pilgrims, to walk past the chapels to see the relics displayed there without disturbing other services going on.

2992: 1634:

of continental Europe, emulated not only by the collegiate churches and cathedrals, but by urban parish churches which rivalled them in size and magnificence. The minster at

3709: 2816: 2719:

and bundled columns, to the pillars and columns below. The space between the ribs was filled with thin panels of small pieces of stone, which were much lighter than earlier

2388: 5680: 5021: 5244: 4275: 1128:

churches were heavily influenced both by the ambulatory and side-chapels around the choir at Saint-Denis, and by the paired towers and triple doors on the western façade.

9053: 5179: 3527:

In English Gothic, the major tower was often placed at the crossing of the transept and nave, and was much higher than the other. The most famous example is the tower of

1417:

maximized the coverage of stained glass windows such that the walls are effectively entirely glazed; examples are the nave of Saint-Denis (1231–) and the royal chapel of

11784: 5978: 4679:

Gothic architecture was a continual search for greater height, thinner walls, and more light. This was clearly illustrated in the evolving elevations of the cathedrals.

3585:, after first Christopher Wren had proposed a design in 1710, but stopped again in 1727. The crossing remains covered by the stub of the lantern and a 'temporary' roof. 1120:

was influential in its strongly vertical appearance and in its three-part elevation, typical of subsequent Gothic buildings, with a clerestory at the top supported by a

3440:, became the model for the early Gothic cathedrals and High Gothic cathedrals in northern France, including Notre-Dame de Paris, Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral. 12590:

Kite, Stephen (September 2003). "'South Opposed to East and North': Adrian Stokes and Josef Strzygowski. A study in the aesthetics and historiography of Orientalism".

4834: 4177: 4082:

and continue up their straight vertical lines to the top of the window's main arch, some branching off into lesser arches, and creating a series of panel-like lights.

3908:. Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the "Dean's Eye" rose window at Lincoln Cathedral. 3131: 774: 3743:

In Italy the towers were sometimes separate from the cathedral; and the architects usually kept their distance from the Northern European style. the leaning tower of

16533: 10773: 5870:

of the city. These windows usually incorporated a panel which illustrates the work of the guild which funded it, such as the drapers, stonemasons, or barrel-makers.

4961: 4886:

In the early Gothic, the façades were characterized by height, elegance, harmony, unity, and a balance of proportions. They followed the doctrine expressed by Saint

2784: 5310:, and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese. This set a pattern of complex iconography which was followed at other churches. 4196: 1673: 17948: 6481: 5072:

Cathedrals and churches were traditionally constructed with the altar at the east end, so that the priest and congregation faced the rising sun during the morning

4002:

as the window-heads. The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps. The intersecting branches produced an array of

3550:

England's Gothic parish churches and collegiate churches generally have a single western tower. A number of the finest churches have masonry spires, with those of

7152: 3115: 2180:), gradually widened to encompass "low church" as well as "high church" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as 1124:, all carried on high arcades of pointed arches. In the following decades flying buttresses began to be used, allowing the construction of lighter, higher walls. 1070:(begun 1185) was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic with distinct Norman features, including a lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades. 10826: 9563: 3622: 2520:, which was widely used in both structure and decoration. The pointed arch did not originate in Gothic architecture; they had been employed for centuries in the 7822:, who rejected this notion as she argued that the pointed arches did not serve the same function of supporting the vault. Lucy Der Manuelian contends that some 4740: 2597: 16563: 7376: 6733: 6706: 6423: 4249: 7972: 7229: 6200: 5228: 3500: 3240:. The arches had an additional practical purpose; they contained lead channels which carried rainwater off the roof; it was expelled from the mouths of stone 2875:, where a group of additional ribs between the principal ribs forms a star design. The oldest vaults of this kind were found in the crypt of Saint Stephen at 7433:

and transept, choir, disambulatory, and radiating chapels, came from the Romanesque model. The grand arcades of columns separating the central vessel of the

5271: 4117: 2800: 10795: 5765: 3047: 1738:

was unknown in continental Europe and unlike earlier styles had no equivalent in Scotland or Ireland. It first appeared in the cloisters and chapter-house (

793: 17868: 6874: 3436:

In the Île-de-France, cathedral towers followed the Romanesque tradition of two identical towers, one on either side of the portals. The west front of the

844: 7977: 7441:

over the grand arcades, and the windows high on the walls allowing light into the nave were all also adapted from the Romanesque model. The portal with a

5919: 4136: 16966: 12955: 9881:

Raquejo, Tonia. “The ‘Arab Cathedrals’: Moorish Architecture as Seen by British Travellers.” The Burlington Magazine 128, no. 1001 (August 1986), p. 556.

7769:

in Istanbul, which also was supported by pendentives. The Gothic rib vault, among other features, such as the flying buttress, have their antecedents in

6408: 6274: 3678: 3581:

resembling that of Ely Cathedral was installed instead, which was then demolished in the 16th century. Construction began again in 1724 to the design of

3059: 2046:

to Italy to study the style. Shute published the first book in English on classical architecture in 1570. The first English houses in the new style were

12650:. The most interesting features of this building are its pointed arches and vaults and the clustering or coupling of the columns in the Gothic manner." 10642: 6377: 5480:

Many of the statues at Notre-Dame, particularly the grotesques, were removed from the façade in the 17th and 18th century, or were destroyed during the

4802: 4265: 3433:

style. Chartres would have been even more exuberant if the second plan had been followed; it called for seven towers around the transept and sanctuary.

3331: 3251:, whose choir and buttresses were rebuilt in Gothic style by William of Sens and William the Englishman. However, they were very popular in Germany: in 1261:–1250) was a brief but very productive period, which produced some of the great landmarks of Gothic art. The first building in the High Gothic (French: 1029:(1135–1164). They were the first buildings to systematically combine rib vaulting, buttresses, and pointed arches. Most of the characteristics of later 8086: 7356: 2909:

in 1300. and then several other English churches. This style of vault was adopted in the 14th century in particular by German architects, particularly

11718: 6652: 5750: 3911:

At the beginning of the 13th century, plate tracery was superseded by bar-tracery. Bar-tracery divides the large lights from one another with moulded

17433: 15261: 7136: 6675: 5866:

paid for the rose windows in the transept of Notre-Dame de Paris, while other windows were often financed by the contributions of the professions or

882: 9043: 7643: 4155: 3606: 3485: 901: 16219: 15736: 13859: 8633: 6920: 5994: 5950: 5934: 3693: 3179: 2548:, which are narrow windows terminating in a lancet arch. A lancet arch has a radius longer than their breadth (width) and resembles the blade of a 759: 11651: 6890: 5626:, shaped into small sheets, cracked with a hot iron into small pieces, and assembled on a large table. The details were painted onto the glass in 2957: 2407: 954: 17754: 3817:

Tracery is an architectural solution by which windows (or screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into sections of various proportions by stone

3247:

Flying buttresses were used less frequently in England, where the emphasis was more on length than height. One example of English buttresses was

920: 8902: 6570:

The design of the colleges was influenced not only by abbeys, but also the design of English manor houses of the 14th and 15th century, such as

5962: 935: 7722: 4755: 6841:, from which soldiers could see what was happening at the corners or on the ground below. In addition, the towers and walls were pierced with 6219: 5787:

The 14th century brought a variety of new colours, and the use of more realistic shading and half-toning. This was done by the development of

2941: 1446:(1250s for the north transept, 1258 for the beginning of south transept). This first 'international style' was also used in the clerestory of 18146: 17933: 16936: 16273: 14220: 12819:

Clark, W. W.; King, R. (1983). Laon Cathedral, Architecture. Courtauld Institute Illustration Archives. 1. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.

9345: 8642: 8054: 5658:

paid for the rose windows in the transept of Notre-Dame de Paris, but other windows were financed by the contributions of the professions or

4850: 3347: 2320: 1832: 1768:

were often used, and lierne vaults seen in early buildings were developed into fan vaults, first at the latter 14th century chapter-house of

1354:

was used for the rose window, but at Reims the bar-tracery was free-standing. Lancet windows were supplanted by multiple lights separated by

960: 863: 809: 172: 3761: 2768: 1972:

Nonetheless, new Gothic buildings, particularly churches, continued to be built. New Gothic churches built in Paris in this period included

631: 16816: 12572:

turned out to be a masterpiece. Even without its dome, the cathedral amazes the onlooker. Technically, it is far ahead of the contemporary

6181: 5446:

Besides saints and apostles, the exteriors of Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening

5037: 825: 17485: 17228: 16766: 7395: 7091: 2731:. As a result, the massive, thick walls of Romanesque buildings were no longer needed, as since the vaults were supported by columns and 2699:

was one of the essential elements that made the great height and large windows of Gothic architecture possible. Unlike the semi-circular

331:, universities and, less prominently today, private dwellings. Many of the finest examples of medieval Gothic architecture are listed by 10080: 7306:. The minaret was added during Ottoman times and was later adapted to the building's overall Gothic style by British colonial architects 7175:

in the Gothic style. Unfortunately, most of the Gothic synagogues did not survive, because they were often destroyed in connection with

4818: 3645: 3032: 18141: 17170: 17073: 12544:; Boswell, John (1978). Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century. Yale University Press. 11399: 10876: 10451: 10403: 10355: 10247: 10024: 9763: 9623: 9537: 9462: 4694:, where the high windows were placed. The upper level was supported from the outside by the flying buttresses. This system was used at 1527:

developed its second 'international style' with increasingly autonomous and sharp-edged tracery mouldings apparent in the cathedral at

7065: 5552: 5144: 3777: 2575:

and by pointed pinnacles on either side. The arches of the doorway were further decorated with small cabbage-shaped sculptures called

2148: 1139:(begun 1160). Their builders abandoned the traditional plans and introduced the new Gothic elements from Saint-Denis. The builders of 501:

west lost both, we borrowed again from them, out of their Arabic books, what they with great diligence had translated from the Greeks.

18106: 17968: 16886: 15823: 10699: 8843: 8625: 7478:

Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as

6392: 1021:

in Normandy (1098). However, the first buildings to be considered fully Gothic are the royal funerary abbey of the French kings, the

4787: 1374:

further attempt was made to build higher. Attention turned from achieving greater height to creating more awe-inspiring decoration.

1102:

was the first cathedral to employ a rib vault, built between 1093 and 1104. The first cathedral built entirely in the new style was

16481: 15877: 14413: 12364:

Warren, John (1991). "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture".

10721:

Warren, John (1991). "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture".

8907: 8705: 8093: 6496: 6461: 6295: 14138:, a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps 18053: 17147: 13914: 11203: 9117: 6261: 6132: 5423:, pointing toward the Renaissance, is particularly notable. Much of it is now kept in a museum to protect it from deterioration. 5012: 4215: 3292: 2199:, is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century. Examples from the 2039: 2022:, England was largely isolated from architectural developments on the continent. The first classical building in England was the 8872: 6362: 3800: 16381: 16376: 3755:

in the Florentine Gothic style, decorated with encrustations of polychrome marble. It was originally designed to have a spire.

2835: 2394: 2243: 1013:, had appeared in England, Sicily and Normandy in the 11th century. Rib-vaults were employed in some parts of the cathedral at 15361: 8257: 7421:

had a major influence upon Gothic architecture. The plan of the Gothic cathedral was based upon the plan of the ancient Roman

4612: 4461:

churches. They have a long nave making the body of the church, where the parishioners worshipped; a transverse arm called the

4090:

style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom, transected by horizontal transoms and bars.

3369:

from the south west – façade towers 12th–15th century, the flamboyant tower to the 15th century, spire rebuilt in 16th century

1647: 18324: 18085: 18033: 16665: 15845: 15254: 14838: 14833: 14454: 14449: 14094: 14076: 14057: 14038: 14019: 14000: 13978: 13930: 13896: 13877: 13849: 13809: 13767: 13741: 13698: 13671: 13615: 13562: 13543: 13508: 13476: 13440: 13421: 13394: 13375: 13301: 13242: 13204: 13185: 13127: 13076: 13053: 13002: 12968: 12927: 12908: 12844: 12810: 12772: 12726: 12521: 12403: 12071: 12044: 12017: 11990: 11961: 11419: 11305: 10896: 10844: 10675: 10471: 10423: 10375: 10267: 10044: 9831: 9643: 9583: 9482: 9296: 8738: 8232: 7220:

The carpet pattern marks the ranks for the faithful to pray towards Mecca (obliquely on the right) in the Selimiye Mosque of

6305:

has an imposing Gothic bell tower, featuring a spire surrounded by smaller towers, and its windows are decorated with ornate

6255: 5502: 4495:

Transepts were usually short in early French Gothic architecture, but became longer and were given large rose windows in the

627:, of course belong more to the Gothic period than the light and elegant structures of the pointed order which succeeded them. 7534: 6905: 5892:

Much of the stained glass in Gothic churches today dates from later restorations, but a few, notably Chartres Cathedral and

5517: 18023: 17759: 16277: 16212: 15741: 14545: 14497: 14299: 13223: 12115: 9224: 9105: 8656: 8031: 6988: 5537: 4894:

In the High Gothic period, the façades grew higher, and had more dramatic architecture and sculpture. At Amiens Cathedral (

2585: 2369: 2350: 2062: 2027: 15436: 8882: 8862: 7784:

subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with

5855:(1370s), with walls of glass from floor to ceiling. The original glass was destroyed, and is replaced by grisaille glass. 5466:, which was said to eat human flesh. The strix appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet 351:, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for churches and university buildings, into the 20th century. 18063: 17893: 16801: 16548: 15448: 14828: 14502: 14407: 10769: 9271: 7814:, completed 1001 or 1010, as a possible influence on the Gothic, especially due to its use of pointed arches and cluster 6697: 6589: 6147:. Given the complicated political situation, it combined the functions of a church, a seat of government and a fortress. 6054:

Abandonment of fourth stage, either the deep triforium gallery or the shallow tribune gallery, in the internal elevation.

5843: 5772: 2003:(1485–1550), inspired by Bramante and Raphael, but it was never completed. The first major Renaissance work in Spain was 1777: 652: 636: 7046: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 17722: 17219: 16828: 16553: 15979: 15768: 15443: 9355: 8670: 8467: 8124: 7734: 6939: 5095: 5083:

In Romanesque churches, the east end was very dark, due to the thick walls and small windows. In the ambulatory of the

3255:

the buttresses were lavishly decorated with statuary and other ornament, and were a prominent feature of the exterior.

2254: 1332: 1293: 5488:

during the 19th-century restoration. Similar figures appear on the other major Gothic churches of France and England.

2560:) and before the introduction of tracery in the windows in later styles, lancet windows predominated Gothic building. 180: 17705: 17307: 16954: 16788: 16239: 14213: 13959: 13721: 13648: 13322: 13282: 13166: 13106: 13023: 12824: 12791: 12747: 12549: 12541: 12465: 12434: 12348: 11233: 9698: 8594: 8477: 8400: 8151: 7730: 7549: 7014: 5913:. Two of the most famous Rayonnant rose windows were constructed in the transepts of Notre-Dame in the 13th century. 8838: 6996: 6578:. They were composed of rectangular courtyards with covered walkways which separated the wings. Some colleges, like 5662:

of the city. These windows usually had a panel which illustrated the work of the guild which funded it, such as the

3467:

was often placed the centre of the nave, at the meeting point with the transept, to give light to the church below.

2076:(1790–1818) are other examples. In the 17th and 18th century several important Gothic buildings were constructed at 1961:

in 1528–1540. In 1546 Francois I began building the first example of French classicism, the square courtyard of the

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Cathedrals increasingly tall in relation to width, facilitated by the development of complex systems of buttressing

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The 13th century flèche of Notre Dame, recreated in the 19th century, destroyed by fire in 2019, now being restored

1905: 1655: 1536: 1054:, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome. The 9033: 6057:

Columns of classical proportion disappear in favour of increasingly tall columns surrounded by clusters of shafts.

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In England, the stained glass windows also grew in size and importance; major examples were the Becket Windows at

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with high arches connecting the buttresses to the upper walls. In the interior, Romanesque architecture used the

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Later Gothic towers in Central Europe often followed the French model, but added even denser decorative tracery.

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Mouldings of Flamboyant shape often used as non structural decoration over openings, topped by a floral finial (

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However, due to awkward sites in city centres, the traditional "east end" often faces in a different direction.

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The Gothic style was used in royal and papal residences as well as in churches. Prominent examples include the

6079:

Complex vaults with Flamboyant shapes in the ribs, particularly in Spain and Central Europe, but rare in France

4484:, cathedrals usually had two towers flanking the west façade. Towers over the crossing were common in England ( 1992: 304: 10634: 8887: 2887:, with ribs spreading upwards and outwards, appeared later in the 14th century. An example is the cloister of 1288:

The model of Chartres was followed by a series of new cathedrals of unprecedented height and size. These were

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in their upper arcades, said to honour the animals who hauled the stone during the cathedral's construction.

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Over time, the buttresses and pinnacles became more elaborate supporting statues and other decoration, as at

2413: 1996: 1285:

but also, in a small corner of each window, illustrating the crafts of the guilds who donated those windows.

1110:, later travelled to England and became the architect who, between 1175 and 1180, reconstructed the choir of 11714: 6829:

from which missiles could be dropped on besiegers. The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies,

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Notre-Dame de Paris – deep portals, a rose window, balance of horizontal and vertical elements. Early Gothic

4048:

style, named for the characteristic flame-shaped spaces between the tracery-bars. These shapes are known as

2234:

as speculation of mediaeval architecture turned to technical consideration. London's Palace of Westminster,

1200:

in 1174, a group of master builders was invited to propose plans for the reconstruction. The master-builder

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La structure fondatrice gothique. Théologie, sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint-Denis (tomeI)

9756:"Gothic Architecture – Loyola's Historic Architecture – Department of History – Loyola University Maryland" 8599: 8482: 6800: 6616: 5852: 5756: 4690:, which also helped provide additional thickness and support. At the top, just beneath the vaults, was the 1977: 1921:

The Kings of France had first-hand knowledge of the new Italian style, because of the military campaign of

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Commemorating the Dead in Late Medieval Strasbourg: The Cathedral's Book of Donors and Its Use (1320-1521)

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Large windows divided by mullions into several lights (vertical panels) with geometric tracery in the arch

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In early French Gothic architecture, the capitals of the columns were modeled after Roman columns of the

2143: 1981: 1630:. This model of rich and variegated tracery and intricate reticulated rib-vaulting was definitive in the 344: 263: 176: 14557: 14141: 6845:, which sometimes took the form of crosses to enable a wider field of fire for archers and crossbowmen. 5028: 4906: 2935:

in 1493. The ribs twist and intertwine in fantasy patterns, which later critics called "Rococo Gothic".

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The design of tracery no longer dependent on circular shapes, developed S curves and flame-like shapes.

5098:

in Italy. In England, the east end is more often rectangular, and gives access to a separate and large

3920:

bar-tracery with cusped circles (with bars radiating from the centre). Bar-tracery became common after

3551: 2704: 2239: 2235: 1750: 1746: 1125: 15322: 11893: 11647: 11467: 11149: 11117: 10301: 10174: 8917: 6740: 3463:(begun 1066), Caen has nine towers and spires, placed on the façade, the transepts, and the centre. A 1350:

In High Gothic, the whole surface of the clerestory was given over to windows. At Chartres Cathedral,

1240:– decorative vaulting ribs – seem first to have been used in vaulting at Lincoln Cathedral, installed 18238: 18184: 17855: 17805: 17495: 17450: 16558: 16154: 16137: 16101: 15957: 15793: 15726: 15541: 15516: 15501: 14668: 14352: 14250: 13785: 8998: 8604: 8472: 8009: 7850: 7295: 6442: 5614: 4683: 4458: 3825:

of moulding. Pointed arch windows of Gothic buildings were initially (late 12th–late 13th centuries)

2054:, built by associates of Somerset. With those buildings, a new age of architecture began in England. 1191: 996: 14069:

Le système architectural gothique. Théologie, sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint-Denis

13911:

UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

13351: 10108: 7350:, (1093-1104. Early Gothic rib vaults are combined with round arches and other Romanesque features. 7281: 6600:. The glass walls are supported by large external buttresses concealed at the base by side chapels. 6088:

The Flamboyant arch, drafted from four centres, used for smaller openings, e.g. doorways and niches.

4044:). These types of bar-tracery were developed further throughout Europe in the 15th century into the 3954: 3841:

Gothic. Plate tracery was the first type of tracery to be developed, emerging in the later phase of

3459:

In Normandy, cathedrals and major churches often had multiple towers, built over the centuries; the

2863:

at the end of the 12th century, then at Worcester Cathedral in 1224, and then the south transept of

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Technology, Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia

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covered the nave, and pointed arches were commonly used for the arcades, windows, doorways, in the

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Vaults in France maintained simple forms but elsewhere the patterns of ribs became more elaborate.

5485: 5454:, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the 4932:

Another important feature of the Italian Gothic portal was the sculpted bronze door. The sculptor

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Harvey, L. P. (1992). "Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500." Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

9690: 9122: 8877: 8675: 8574: 8371: 8227: 7953: 7819: 7770: 7758: 7691: 7467:, similar to the Romanesque style, also influenced the Gothic style. Early examples are found in 7442: 7414: 7339: 7159: 6981: 6945: 6681: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6579: 6524: 6468: 6306: 5590: 5265:

Illumination of portals of Amiens Cathedral to show how it may have appeared with original colors

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has a similar history, begun in 1377, stopped in 1543, and not completed until the 19th century.

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Reims Cathedral had two thousand three hundred statues on the front and back side of the façade.

1366:. Inside, the nave was divided into by regular bays, each covered by a quadripartite rib vaults. 1324: 658: 492:

style', pointing out that the pointed arch's sophistication was not owed to the Goths but to the

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The Lantern Tower of Westminster Abbey, 1060-2010: Reconstructing its History and Architecture

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Gombrich, Ernst H. "The Renaissance Conception of Artistic Progress and its Consequences", in

9185: 5342:, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly 4354:

Wall structure diminshed during the Gothic era to a framework of mullions supporting windows.

2277:

Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham (begun 1749, completed in 1776), designed for Horace Walpole

1562: 1062:(1060–1070) where the Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style. 17963: 17790: 17215: 16996: 16861: 16707: 16413: 16351: 16310: 16295: 16144: 16127: 16122: 15989: 15481: 15386: 15354: 15334: 15093: 14808: 14461: 13413: 12991:

Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: Religion and Art

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the central portal. In England the rose window was often replaced by several lancet windows.

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History of Architectural Development: Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture

11979:"Tradition in the Age of Progress: Notions on Gothic Church Archicture in the United States" 9755: 9570:(21st ed.), Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London, 9510: 9018: 7797: 7471:

in Normandy, which also featured early rib vaults in the nave similar to the Gothic vaults.

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Salamanca Cathedral, Spain Flamboyant S-shaped and circular lierne ribs. (16th–18th century)

2986:

Lincoln Cathedral – quadripartite form, with tierceron ribs and ridge rib with carved bosses

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Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, pp. 295-296. Routledge.

11411: 10888: 10463: 10415: 10367: 10259: 10036: 9716: 9635: 9474: 9306: 9251: 8993: 8953: 8661: 8579: 8537: 8492: 8356: 8329: 8319: 7992: 7982: 7785: 7679: 7659: 7540: 6865: 6487: 6318: 6281: 6124: 5985: 5886: 5874: 5722: 5686: 5619: 4997: 4841: 4466: 4187: 4108: 3652: 3574: 3532: 3267: 3248: 3170: 2948: 2888: 2791: 2664: 2571:, where a pointed arch over a doorway was topped by a pointed sculptural ornament called a 2525: 2432: 2356: 2204: 2196: 2081: 1945:(1515–1524) introduced the Renaissance loggia and open stairway. King Francois I installed 1934: 1909: 1859: 1845: 1754: 1613: 1540: 1209: 1197: 1111: 1022: 907: 854: 800: 667: 620: 485: 158: 14552: 14135: 14120: 13596: 10691: 8813: 8773: 8614: 6930: 6211: 6187: 6151: 6116: 3946:

and is named for the radiation of lights around a central point in circular rose windows.

2859:, which ran down the median of the vault. It first appeared in the vaults of the choir of 2567:

style of Gothic architecture is particularly known for lavish pointed details such as the

964: 454: 41:"Gothic church" redirects here. For the church of the Goths in the Early Middle Ages, see 8: 18309: 18156: 18058: 17851: 17835: 17355: 17265: 16716: 16660: 16608: 16509: 16471: 16186: 16149: 16019: 16004: 15910: 15788: 15687: 15616: 15526: 15486: 15118: 14940: 14622: 14277: 14177: 13841: 13751: 13257: 13137: 12854:

Draper, Peter (2005). "Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited".

12621: 12577: 12565: 9331: 9291: 9276: 8948: 8695: 8690: 8680: 8665: 8507: 8417: 8351: 8299: 8284: 7815: 7695: 7687: 7464: 7418: 7176: 7052: 6926: 6808: 6593: 6552: 5941: 5671: 5571: 5528: 5451: 5135: 4982: 4793: 4781:(begun 1185) showing three levels; arcade (bottom); tribune (middle) and clerestory (top) 4711: 4571: 4526: 4485: 4099:. The windows at Cambridge of King's College Chapel (1446–1515) represent the heights of 3978: 3915:. Stone bar-tracery, an important decorative element of Gothic styles, first was used at 3597: 3528: 3299: 3154: 3088: 2864: 2827: 2743: 2732: 2624: 2496: 2341: 2258: 2212: 2127: 1950: 1930: 1926: 1543:(1276–1439)). By 1300, there were examples influenced by Strasbourg in the cathedrals of 1443: 1422: 1377: 1270: 1233: 1217: 1140: 1136: 1087: 1071: 1050:

until the 13th century, developed its own version of Gothic. One of these was the Norman

816: 599: 406: 375: 336: 300: 192: 74: 42: 13629: 13015:

Tomb – Memory – Space: Concepts of Representation in Premodern Christian and Islamic Art

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More naturalistic later Gothic. Temptation of the foolish Virgins, Strasbourg Cathedral

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Complex Gothic buttresses supported the high vaults and the walls pierced with windows

4146: 3943: 3901: 3804: 3787: 3582: 3567: 3233: 3011: 2998:

Bremen Cathedral, Germany – north aisle, a reticular (net) vault with intersecting ribs

2919:

Elaborate vaults also appeared in civic architecture. An example is the ceiling of the

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The Gothic cathedral: origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order

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Fifty English Steeples: The Finest Medieval Parish Church Towers and Spires in England

11199: 10665: 9080: 8912: 8808: 7830:) could have brought the knowledge and technique employed at Ani to the west. ---> 5431: 4520: 2130:

and flourished again in a revival from the late 18th century and throughout the 19th.

1470:. 1250–). Masons elaborated a series of tracery patterns for windows – from the basic 1319:(1220–), whose Romanesque cathedral was rebuilt in the style of Reims Cathedral; then 18136: 17372: 16697: 16577: 16344: 16300: 16166: 16159: 15967: 15707: 15692: 15621: 15565: 15218: 15088: 15083: 14803: 14798: 14688: 14658: 14653: 14439: 14434: 14294: 14245: 14158: 14090: 14072: 14053: 14034: 14015: 13996: 13974: 13955: 13926: 13892: 13873: 13863: 13845: 13824: 13805: 13801: 13776: 13763: 13759: 13737: 13717: 13707: 13694: 13667: 13644: 13611: 13558: 13539: 13518: 13504: 13472: 13451: 13436: 13417: 13390: 13371: 13318: 13297: 13278: 13261: 13238: 13219: 13200: 13181: 13162: 13123: 13102: 13072: 13049: 13019: 12998: 12964: 12950: 12923: 12904: 12891: 12871: 12840: 12820: 12806: 12787: 12768: 12743: 12722: 12545: 12537: 12517: 12461: 12430: 12399: 12344: 12067: 12040: 12013: 11986: 11957: 11610: 11415: 11311: 11301: 11229: 10892: 10840: 10671: 10467: 10419: 10371: 10263: 10040: 9904: 9694: 9639: 9579: 9533: 9478: 9301: 9281: 9266: 9246: 9190: 9167: 9127: 8932: 8793: 8755: 8719: 8584: 8512: 8437: 8346: 8193: 8188: 8024: 8002: 7754: 7675: 7571: 7241: 7184: 7071: 6861: 6666: 6541: 6448: 6349: 6000: 5893: 5878: 5706: 5524: 5481: 5455: 5291:, to the transepts, and, as at Amiens Cathedral, even on the interior of the façade. 5155: 5043: 4922: 4857: 4778: 4715: 4661: 4556: 4225: 4091: 3999: 3962: 3684: 3661: 3559: 3491: 3460: 3354: 3283: 3252: 2964: 2906: 2880: 2860: 2840: 2648: 2223: 2112: 2077: 1946: 1800: 1765: 1713: 1312: 1301: 1229: 1063: 1043: 926: 892: 586: 360: 11888: 11462: 11144: 10296: 10169: 9818:

Gothic Legacies: Four Centuries of Tradition and Innovation in Art and Architecture.

9730:

Gothic Legacies: Four Centuries of Tradition and Innovation in Art and Architecture.

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The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier featured in

4647: 4337:

Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque era and were elaborated in the Gothic era.

428:

to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the

17998: 17772: 17734: 17692: 17620: 17615: 17582: 17389: 17322: 17285: 17280: 17260: 17255: 17180: 17033: 17023: 16983: 16514: 16332: 16315: 16086: 15702: 15168: 15098: 14895: 14823: 14793: 14773: 14745: 14429: 14324: 14319: 14181: 13733: 13603: 13359: 13145: 12863: 12601: 12373: 11407: 11112: 10884: 10832: 10831:. Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London. 2018. 10730: 10459: 10411: 10363: 10255: 10032: 9686: 9631: 9571: 9521: 9470: 9350: 9241: 9157: 9142: 9137: 9003: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8542: 8522: 8497: 8462: 8457: 8366: 8361: 8304: 8294: 8279: 8247: 8215: 8198: 8178: 8141: 7917: 7912: 7811: 7801: 7774: 7662:, Though it did not have the same functions. Precursor of pointed arch appeared in 7650: 7472: 7458: 7343: 7221: 7143: 6791:. These new fortifications were more geometric, with a central high tower called a 6780: 6779:) evolved in response to contact with the more sophisticated fortifications of the 6429: 6246: 6226: 6140: 6128: 5559: 5298:, where the three portals of the west front illustrate the three epiphanies in the 5250: 5119: 4967: 4825: 4541: 4509: 4206: 3861:, allowing the construction of much larger window openings, and the development of 3768: 3736: 3727: 3665: 3629: 3322: 3186: 3094: 2914: 2755: 2549: 2538: 2177: 2093: 1892:

whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered

1789: 1528: 1406: 1297: 1132: 1099: 1059: 1058:

was another common feature in Norman Gothic. One example of early Norman Gothic is

608: 591: 514:

Wren was the first to popularize the belief that it was not the Europeans, but the

481: 397: 204: 200: 17238: 15128: 12978: 10836: 9575: 4633: 4320:

The pointed Gothic arch varied from a very sharp form, to a wide, flattened form.

1304:(1195–1230) (which, unlike the others, continued to use six-part rib vaults); and 1208:

who replaced his French namesake in 1178. The resulting structure of the choir of

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with simple wall buttresses and flying buttresses (rebuilt into Gothic 1174–1177)

3237: 3222: 3216: 3138: 2913:, and in other parts of central Europe. Another exists in the south porch of the 2902: 2807: 2759: 2728: 2604: 2468: 2246:

are also famous examples of Gothic Revival buildings. The style also reached the

2208: 2164: 1914: 1705: 1513: 1430: 1289: 1221: 1201: 1168: 1107: 1067: 1014: 1002: 945: 873: 441: 271: 139: 119: 107: 100: 13216:

Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux

12111: 9956:“Flying Buttress and Pointed Arch in Byzantine Cyprus” – Charles Anthony Stewart 4565: 1980:. The first signs of classicism in Paris churches did not appear until 1540, at 1884:

to describe what is now considered the Gothic style. In the introduction to the

1160: 18151: 18080: 17928: 17863: 17649: 17639: 17625: 17610: 17290: 17185: 17069: 17048: 16582: 16461: 16436: 16408: 16339: 15915: 15642: 15378: 15113: 15078: 14977: 14930: 14865: 14783: 14612: 14314: 13988: 13591: 13033: 9678: 9008: 8833: 8823: 8422: 8274: 8262: 8237: 7922: 7683: 7591: 7555: 6896: 6662: 6537: 6144: 5327: 5303: 4887: 4699: 4422:

The Gothic gallery became increasingly complex and unified with the clerestory

3744: 3539:, who had previously worked on King's College at Cambridge. It was finished by 3444: 3383: 3122: 3106: 3066: 2920: 2775: 2739: 2173: 2168: 2152: 2120: 2097: 2073: 2047: 2031: 1875: 1863: 1781: 1447: 1117: 1103: 1047: 784: 595: 419: 366: 13780: 13088:

Châteaux et Cathédrals-L'Art des Batisseurs, L'Encyclopedie de la Civilisation

12867: 9028: 7698:(879 AD) in Cairo. It also appears in one of the early reconstructions of the 6753: 3169:

Perpendicular Gothic – Columns without interruption from floor to the vaults.

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is one of the finest examples of the late Gothic style. It was built by King

6338: 6163: 5863: 5859:(15th century), also followed the model of walls entirely filled with glass. 5788: 5655: 5170: 5077: 4985:– wide sculptured screen, lancet windows, turrets with pinnacles. (1220–1258) 4933: 4719: 4590: 4505: 4489: 4168: 4127: 4096: 3826: 3464: 3448: 3070: 2932: 2924: 2872: 2545: 2398: 2192: 1966: 1962: 1785: 1351: 1055: 911: 577: 551: 312: 290: 279: 8928: 5287:

above the portals, until statues in niches covered the entire façade, as in

4730:

to very tall arcades, a thin triforium, and soaring windows up to the roof.

4580: 4388:

Gothic windows varied from simple lancet form to ornate flamboyant patterns

4111:

has a west front lavishly ornamented with bar tracery matching the windows.

3715:

Tower of Freiburg Minster (begun 1340) noted for its lacelike openwork spire

1651: 266:. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed 207:, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from 18018: 17953: 17883: 17873: 17800: 17700: 17669: 17445: 17394: 17162: 17104: 17001: 16772: 16689: 16645: 16640: 16630: 16441: 16368: 16070: 16050: 15925: 15228: 15158: 15138: 15073: 15043: 15023: 15018: 14952: 14847: 14663: 14342: 13869: 13663: 13045: 12986: 12564:, p. 223: "With this experience behind him, it is not surprising that 9311: 8818: 8552: 8071: 7997: 7766: 7468: 7450: 7363: 6597: 6564: 6207: 6156: 5882: 5828: 5742: 5648: 5623: 4955:(1176–1450). Early English Gothic. The façade was a Great Wall of sculpture 4586: 4501: 3613: 3578: 3540: 3536: 3286:, with wall buttress, and chapter house with flying buttresses. (1185–1311) 2910: 2700: 2683: 2517: 2511: 1954: 1773: 1696:, an arch over a window topped by a pinnacle, which was itself topped with 1627: 1018: 780: 765: 612: 590:, Gothic was a derisive misnomer; the pointed arcs and architecture of the 484:

disapproved of the name Gothic for pointed architecture. He compared it to

297: 15239: 8242: 6302: 5862:

The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create.

5654:

The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create.

4550: 4283: 3543:, who also built the present nave of Canterbury. The new central tower at 3202: 1991:

In Germany, some Italian elements were introduced at the Fugger Chapel of

18214: 18070: 17943: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17898: 17200: 17135: 16991: 16916: 16894: 16742: 16504: 16466: 16014: 15862: 15580: 15558: 15193: 15133: 15038: 15003: 14982: 14972: 14947: 14935: 14923: 14740: 14718: 14387: 14367: 14191: 14154: 13404:

Raeburn, Michael (1980). "The Middle Ages". In Coldstream, Nicola (ed.).

9380: 8341: 8014: 7939: 7855: 7827: 7715: 7710:

was also used in Islamic architecture, for example in the ceiling of the

7575: 7454: 7426: 7263: 7247: 7208:

of the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque of Famagusta is located on a side chapel

6881: 6815: 6583: 6571: 6520: 6171: 5827:

glass and painted figures, depicting Saint Nicholas (France, 1500–1510),

5804: 5667: 5643:, were placed inside the window to reinforce the glass against the wind. 5439: 5420: 5406: 5339: 5103: 5099: 4706: 4450: 3700: 3669: 2720: 2251: 2019: 2004: 1973: 1282: 1251: 1187: 831: 252: 12883: 10915:

First Pointed Gothic of the late C12 before the introduction of tracery.

6837: 6170:

beginning in 1190 to house the King's archives and treasures, and given

4405:

Columns and piers developed increasing complexity during the Gothic era

3981:

arches and circles interspersed with triangular lights. The mullions of

1727:

style from the 1320s, with straightened, orthogonal tracery topped with

17908: 17903: 17727: 17654: 17270: 17190: 16821: 15882: 15867: 14957: 14885: 14735: 14678: 14362: 13828: 13631:

Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle

13583: 13265: 12385: 10742: 9236: 8714: 8647: 7865: 7750: 7742: 7603: 7180: 6575: 6368: 6029:

The west front of Notre-Dame set a formula adopted by other cathedrals.

5910: 5343: 5326:. Floral and vegetal decoration was also very common, representing the 5323: 5315: 4902: 4691: 4470: 3905: 3507: 3430: 3414: 3399: 2901:

Another new form was the skeleton vault, which appeared in the English

2735:, the walls could be made thinner and higher, and filled with windows. 2716: 2644: 2564: 2375: 2101: 2015: 1871: 1609: 1548: 1509: 1463: 941: 462: 449: 415: 31: 14198: 13468:

The Gothic enterprise: a guide to understanding the Medieval cathedral

13040:. In collaboration with Anne Prache and Roland Recht, translated from 12742:. Monastic orders. Vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.). Boydell Press. 12162: 9375: 6070: 3201:

Post-Gothic - Columns with Renaissance capitals in the city church in

2723:. The outward thrust against the walls was countered by the weight of 1897: 85: 18013: 18008: 17978: 17674: 17437: 17421: 17406: 17250: 17140: 17018: 17008: 16876: 16655: 16091: 15596: 15198: 15173: 15068: 15028: 15008: 14987: 14967: 14918: 14778: 14713: 14698: 14382: 14377: 14150:

Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer

13941:

A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe

12994: 12831:

Der Manuelian, Lucy (2001). "Ani: The Fabled Capital of Armenia". In

12426: 11983:

Global Gothic: Gothic Church Buildings in the 20th and 21st Centuries

9360: 8761: 8651: 7895: 7860: 7823: 7707: 7634: 7520: 7438: 7299: 7172: 6842: 6713: 6612: 6472: 6334: 6036: 5906: 5824: 5781: 5596:

Religious teachings in the Middle Ages, particularly the writings of

5543: 5492: 5435: 5331: 4687: 4496: 3241: 2884: 2856: 2696: 2678: 2640: 2530: 2521: 2085: 2035: 1941:

near Rouen (1502–1510) with the assistance of Italian craftsmen. The

1728: 1501: 1412: 1402: 1121: 1091: 1090:. Suger reconstructed portions of the old Romanesque church with the 1010: 888: 869: 850: 437: 328: 324: 267: 12377: 10734: 9892:

Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe.

8857: 8849:

Collegiate Basilica of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Wiślica

7163: 6966: 6643: 6383: 6309:

or ornamental arches. Similarly flamboyant town halls were found in

5780:

The 13th century saw the introduction of a new kind of window, with

4449:

The plan of Gothic cathedrals and churches was usually based on the

4070:

developed in England from the later 14th century and is typified by

2167:

and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or

1811:

and was employed over three centuries; the fan-vaulted staircase at

18253: 18161: 17988: 17087: 16456: 16060: 15999: 15932: 15203: 14482: 9870:

Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe.

9857:

Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe.

9805:

Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe.

8936: 8710: 8076: 7738: 7516: 7508: 7422: 7367: 7271: 7183:). One of the best preserved examples of a Gothic synagogue is the 6831: 6788: 6658: 6533: 6452: 6353: 6322: 6085:

Large windows of several lights with Flamboyant tracery in the arch

5508: 5484:. They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by 5474: 4535: 4462: 4454: 4032:

architecture deployed tracery in highly decorated fashion known as

3897: 3229:

taller, and to have thinner walls, with greater space for windows.

2724: 2620: 2247: 2051: 2000: 1663: 1618:

Central Europe began to lead the emergence of a new, international

547: 477: 16197: 13951: 13716:, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). 13453:

The Fasti, Tristia, Pontic Epistles, Ibis, and Halieuticon of Ovid

12760:

French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

7285: 5496:

Chartres Cathedral still exists essentially in its original form.

5377:

symbolised the sky, faithfulness and perseverance; and violet, or

1575: 662:

It was also influenced by the necessity of many churches, such as

554:

or Holy War, organised by the Kingdom of France in the year 1095:

17958: 16796: 16670: 16613: 15937: 15178: 15033: 14514: 13491: 12611: 7808: 7599: 7595: 7512: 7503: 7483: 7479: 7347: 6854: 6818: 6230: 5663: 5584: 5073: 3912: 3812: 3563: 3391: 2928: 2534: 2379: 2307: 2163:

In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the

1764:–1357) and its latter 14th century cloisters are early examples. 1544: 1455: 1336: 515: 489: 348: 275: 220: 12837:

Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital

11607:

Bell's Cathedrals - the Cathedral Church of Wells: A Description

8893:

Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew, Wrocław

6082:

Many rose windows built with Flamboyant tracery, many in France.

6008: 5881:(1200–1220). Enormous windows were also an important element of 3735:

Regional variants of Gothic towers appeared in Spain and Italy.

2715:

outwards to the corners of the vault, and downwards via slender

2461: 2195:

with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival,

2038:

until the young king came of age in 1547. Somerset's successor,

657:

The Gothic style of architecture was strongly influenced by the

584:

According to a 19th-century correspondent in the London journal

18111: 17416: 17401: 17345: 17312: 15163: 15053: 13905:

Glaser, Stephanie, "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism", in:

12510:

Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung

12211: 10670:. Internet Archive. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 8733: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7406: 7386: 7313: 7303: 7275: 7267: 7205: 7120: 7075: 6822: 6766: 6433: 6342: 6330: 6159:; and the original chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, can still be seen. 5867: 5659: 5302:. At Amiens, the tympanum over the central portal depicted the 5091: 5000:(1275–1486), a façade entirely covered in sculpture and tracery 4574:, England, length 135 m, with a central tower over the crossing 3995: 3752: 3471: 3405: 3084: 2712: 1837: 1820: 1623: 1532: 1505: 1051: 1035: 640: 573: 381: 332: 320: 316: 224: 196: 11953:

High Gothic: The Classic Cathedrals of Chartres, Reims, Amiens

11738: 11736: 11627: 9325: 7670:

architectures, This was evidenced in early church building in

5353:, symbolized intelligence, grandeur and virtue; white, called 4243:

four-centred arch, King's College Chapel, Cambridge west front

2855:

The first of these new vaults had an additional rib, called a

1098:

Some elements of Gothic style appeared very early in England.

453:

difficult to defeat. Vasari was echoed in the 16th century by

18209: 17377: 17341: 15058: 14632: 13272: 12255: 12253: 11815: 11813: 11609:(1898). Section "The West Front", loc. 55, from full text on 7671: 7618: 7255: 7187:

in Prague which was completed around 1270 and never rebuilt.

6949: 6399: 6326: 6314: 6310: 6265: 6136: 5690: 5370: 4925:, The Orvieto façade was largely the work of a master mason, 3570:. These spires all exceed 85 m (280 ft) in height. 3395: 2687:

Structure of an early six-part Gothic rib vault. (drawing by

2231: 2104: 1889: 1426: 1320: 1079: 458: 433: 308: 111: 12199: 11502: 11500: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10925: 10923: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10229: 10227: 9719:

Ed. Louisa S. Maclehose Trans. London: Dent, pp. b & 83.

6017:

Higher vaults were possible because of the flying buttresses

5491:

Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals in France was a

4749:

nave showing the four early Gothic levels (late 12h century)

3664:

had been started in the 13th century, following the plan of

3053:

Peterborough Cathedral, retrochoir – intersecting fan vaults

1925:

to Naples and Milan (1494), and especially the campaigns of

1896:, and erecting new ones in this style. In the 17th century, 1593: 17382: 17101: 13536:

Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours

12693: 12080: 11916: 11914: 11733: 10962: 9820:

Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 164.

9732:

Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 162.

7826:(historically documented as being in Western Europe in the 7434: 7430: 6792: 6020:

Larger clerestory windows because of the flying buttresses.

5631: 5467: 4021: 3882: 3453: 2663:

A detail of the windows and galleries of the west front of

2360: 1893: 1772:(demolished 1769) and cloisters at Gloucester, and then at 1667: 1638:

and other parish churches like the Heilig-Kreuz-Münster at

1556: 1482:

which had superseded the lancet window. Bar-tracery of the

1340: 1316: 1026: 12281: 12250: 12130: 11822: 11810: 11615: 11037: 11035: 10503: 10202: 10200: 10198: 5218:

Monsters and devils tempting Christians – South portal of

4368:

Wall buttresses of high projection, and flying buttresses

4024:, creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as 3747:, built between 1173 and 1372, is the best-known example. 262:

The defining design element of Gothic architecture is the

15296: 14569: 12643: 12617: 12569: 12228: 12226: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11798: 11760: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11671: 11669: 11550: 11548: 11497: 11485: 11076: 11074: 10974: 10920: 10307: 10224: 9923: 6436:, Belgium (13th c. (lower stages), 15th c. (upper stages) 5463: 5459: 2544:

The earliest Gothic pointed arches were lancet lights or

1635: 1311:

In central Europe, the High Gothic style appeared in the

671: 594:

was quite different from the rounded arches prevalent in

13602:. Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and 12669: 12479: 12477: 12238: 11911: 11861: 11577: 11575: 11560: 11259: 11257: 11244: 11242: 11179: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10556: 10554: 10450:

Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (21 May 2015),

10324: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10145: 9940: 9938: 9685:. Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and 5851:

One of the most celebrated Flamboyant buildings was the

5357:, symbolized purity, wisdom, and correctness; black, or 5185:

Interior of the Ely Cathedral Lady Chapel (14th century)

4006:-shaped lights in between numerous lancet arched lights. 2134:

was the first Gothic style revived in the 18th century.

542:

classic architecture of 'the Ancients' in his writings.

30:"Gothic style" redirects here. For the visual arts, see 13969:

The Gothic Cathedral – Architecture of the Great Church

12681: 12305: 12293: 11851: 11849: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11404: