President's rule - Knowledge

43: 433:(b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239. 5816: 1792:, followed by dissolution of Assembly. On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors. 5813: 445:

gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has

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the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may

483:

case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article

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were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.

4562: 293:. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions: 4877: 498:

Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state".

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state. President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014. President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under

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President's rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of

189:, who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either 5039: 7264: 5715: 6985: 5457: 688:

and reinstated the dismissed Congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba

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Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through the abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in

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Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.

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Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president's rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and

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Breakdown of a coalition leading to the Chief Minister not having majority support in the Assembly; and the Chief minister fails/will definitely fail to prove otherwise, within a time prescribed by the Governor of that

280:

If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however it can be extended repeatedly if the

4657: 397:(a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or 2317:

Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.

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is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed

5766: 5634: 7151: 4851: 4302: 5036: 3507:, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, president's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently. 6681: 7261: 5712: 5139: 6982: 6600: 6057: 5165: 3995: 5610: 5454: 6575: 6434: 5010: 975:

Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked the president's rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.

2212:

Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.

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Resignation of the Chief Minister following loss of coalition partner. On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was split into two union territories, UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.

7364: 5927: 4538: 4476: 4205: 6523: 4683: 7341: 4822: 4446: 6838: 6162: 806:

enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities. During the president's rule,

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the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as

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often been misused by the ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents. Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the

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state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.

387:

In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus:

5791: 7444: 7179: 6760: 6625: 6352: 6327: 6187: 5554: 7419: 6954: 6460: 7390: 326:

Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly.

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that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or

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Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.

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is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by

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The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the

216:

allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the

5136: 6597: 6047: 5162: 3992: 5602: 335: 6572: 6431: 430:(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or 6731: 6015:

Revocation of the Proclamation made by the President on the 21st October, 1981, in relation to the State of Kerala under article 356 of the Constitution

5509:

Ganguly, Sumit (7 May 2009). "Slow learning: lessons from India's counterinsurgency operations in Kashmir". In Fidler, David P.; Ganguly, Sumit (eds.).

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Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of

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may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

2830:

Assembly was dissolved and president's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.

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led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.

224:, President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of 6520: 4679: 7338: 6891: 4438: 4053: 6159: 407:

to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.

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When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (

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representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.

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Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President's rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.

2498:'s refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule. 6133: 465:

on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties. The

360:

If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,—

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A state Assembly is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister for a time prescribed by the Governor of that State, at the Will of Governor.

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was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of president's rule.

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The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.

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On the report of the Governor of the State that the State's constitutional machinery or legislature fails to abide by Constitutional norms.

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declared the president's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.

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The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the

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and two Independents, making the current government a minority government. Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as

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Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.

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was dismissed by former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi after controversial confidence vote secured by her in the legislative assembly.

2570:-led Congress government was reduced to a minority. The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994. 594:

and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing

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and state was placed under president's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected.

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After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the

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Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the president's rule in the state.

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Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.

353:, which is used to impose President's rule as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states: 5313: 4425: 2793: 2771: 174:, who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired 60: 5656: 2691:

Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.

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State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana.

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356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.

17: 6922: 4976: 4966: 3873: 1532: 595: 6933: 5066: 4416: 6497: 5976: 2254:

President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government.

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If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,―

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Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. president's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.

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that for the proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do,

259:

In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances:

1499: 724: 3073:, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature. 1418: 1158: 659:

Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the centre.

479: 400:(b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, 314: 233: 75: 64: 1456:

government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party.

7233: 6740: 6728: 6222: 2646: 2361: 857:

Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party

4203:"Constitutional Conflict Ends in India as Acting President Accepts Order Dissolving Nine State Legislatures" 3843:

State placed under president's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.

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Dynamics of Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990

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The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker

5603:"Mehbooba Mufti resigns after BJP pulls out of alliance with PDP in Jammu and Kashmir – Times of India ►" 3003: 1876: 6888: 5843:"Jawaharlal Nehru and the smoking gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's communist government in 1959?" 4875:"Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force" 2973:

Congress Government resigned due to loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.

342:

into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the

7500: 6032: 3969: 3865: 2154: 1843: 1035: 719:' against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the 212:, under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the 166: 4144:(30 April 2010). "Political change, Political Structure, and the Indian State since Independence". In 3006:

in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.

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President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval.

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Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.

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C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court – No other Government found viable.

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Loss of majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections.

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In the Union Territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the

3792:'s ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, 562: 458: 4414:

Internal migration policies in an Indian state: A study of the Mulki rules in Hyderabad and Andhra

394:

If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—

7152:"President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dismisses DMK ministry, places Tamil Nadu under President's Rule" 5955: 3646: 3244: 297:

There is already a national emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.

175: 53: 5865: 5842: 3268:

Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.

100: 6013: 3919: 3793: 3360:

in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly, due to charges of corruption while the

3323: 1906: 1709: 803: 681: 238: 186: 6951: 6809: 6648: 6375: 5188: 4019: 2233:

Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order.

2102:

Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.

273:

Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons like war, epidemic, pandemic or natural disasters.

30:"Direct rule in India" redirects here. For direct rule over India in the colonial period, see 6048:"Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982" 5510: 5455:"Congress(I) withdraws support from G.M. Shah govt, paves way for governor's rule in J&K" 4610: 4151:

Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal

4150: 1872: 1868: 1582: 162: 5713:"Janata Dal government in Karnataka falls, Governor Venkatasubbiah's role faces severe flak" 4605: 7287: 6983:"Punjab crisis takes dramatic turn, Darbara Singh govt dismissed, President's Rule imposed" 6387: 5383: 5371: 5200: 5037:"Stand-off between T. N. Seshan and Laloo Prasad Yadav leaves trail of woes for common man" 4498: 4382: 3944: 3448: 3320: 3168: 3144: 2053: 7262:"Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sacrifices Tripura Government to curry favour with the Left" 4411:

Narayana Rao, K. V. (August 1977). "Mulki agitation in the Telangana and Andhra regions".

8: 5524: 4797:"Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry" 4357: 4162: 4117: 3964: 3954: 3720:

Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan.

3361: 3295: 3120: 2801: 2797: 2642: 2412: 1998: 1287: 774: 566: 495: 491: 7128: 7058: 6276: 6231: 6104: 5904: 5643: 5260: 5011:"PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power" 4950: 4726: 4266: 3575:

Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.

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Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM

2436:

Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM

1994: 1216: 1115: 1106:

Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM

799: 213: 7314:"Imposition of President's rule in Uttar Pradesh comes as a boon to political parties" 7245: 7238: 6963: 6927: 6821: 6662: 6493: 5982: 5972: 5528: 5330: 5322: 4970: 4962: 4166: 3456: 2023: 1342: 1317: 1262: 951: 807: 638: 591: 470: 454: 7195: 4328: 4292:"What was the SR Bommai judgment, which the SC relied on in its Article 370 ruling?" 6913: 6096: 5964: 5861: 5308: 4823:"Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return" 4766: 2999: 2763: 2713: 2078: 1528: 1371: 1212: 1107: 900: 154: 5928:"Political instability brings Kerala under President's rule again for fourth time" 4770: 4325:"National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution" 1712:

withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister

7448: 7423: 7402: 7397: 7345: 7320: 7294: 7268: 7183: 7158: 7138: 7114: 7093: 7088: 7068: 7044: 7015: 6989: 6958: 6937: 6895: 6870: 6845: 6816: 6789: 6764: 6735: 6710: 6685: 6658: 6629: 6604: 6579: 6553: 6527: 6487: 6469: 6464: 6438: 6382: 6356: 6331: 6306: 6286: 6264: 6241: 6217: 6191: 6166: 6140: 6052: 5934: 5914: 5892: 5886:"Vimochana Samaram and First Communist Ministry in Kerala: A historical analysis" 5872: 5849: 5825: 5820: 5795: 5770: 5745: 5719: 5663: 5638: 5583: 5520: 5461: 5435: 5403: 5378: 5353: 5290: 5270: 5246: 5220: 5195: 5169: 5143: 5117: 5070: 5043: 5017: 4980: 4957: 4881: 4855: 4829: 4803: 4736: 4712: 4630: 4566: 4420: 4276: 4254: 4209: 4157: 3999: 3869: 3444: 2738: 1814: 1449: 1031: 1027: 777:

representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.

158: 7453: 7365:"Lessons from Uttarakhand and Arunachal: What court orders on Central rule say" 7350: 7188: 7033: 7020: 6875: 6794: 6769: 6715: 6361: 6336: 6196: 6145: 5800: 5440: 5408: 5225: 4571: 4297: 4214: 4083: 4004: 3440: 3353: 3219: 2031: 1764: 1393: 925: 716: 540: 500: 6300:"President's rule imposed in Manipur, Congress(I) and PDF stake claim to rule" 5986: 4752:"Religion, ethnicity, and the role of the state: Explaining conflict in Assam" 4439:"President's Rule imposed in Andhra Pradesh under Article 356 of Constitution" 321: 251:

are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far.

190: 7489: 7417:"President's Rule Lifted From Uttarakhand, Congress Back In Power: 10 Points" 6978: 6253: 5838: 5318: 3554: 3390: 3357: 2978: 749: 503:

also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).

466: 270:

Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the house.

5074:(PDF) (PhD thesis). Heidelberg University. p. 186-187. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4973: 4624:"President's rule brings to an end political melodrama in Arunachal Pradesh" 3599:

Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.

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on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the governor

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resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks.

7119: 7049: 6930: 6917: 6087: 5251: 5063: 4717: 4413: 3993:"13 years in J&K, 10 times in Manipur, UP: History of President's Rule" 3789: 3696: 3671: 3596: 3415: 2567: 2437: 2129: 1818: 1789: 612: 244: 182: 7249: 5968: 7391:"SC stays Uttarakhand HC order which set aside President's Rule in state" 7325: 7273: 7163: 6994: 6850: 6839:"President R. Venkataraman faces criticism for playing partisan politics" 6690: 6634: 6609: 6584: 6558: 6532: 6443: 6311: 5939: 5775: 5750: 5724: 5466: 5358: 5334: 5295: 5284:"Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik" 5174: 5148: 5048: 5022: 4886: 4860: 4834: 4808: 4635: 3939: 3822: 3767: 3326:

Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.

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Defections and counter defections led to imposition of president's rule.

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Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's

6279: 6257: 5907: 5885: 5085:"Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006" 4680:"After Arunachal Pradesh debacle, PM Modi must abolish post of governor" 4650:"It's against Constitution: Politicians react to Prez rule in Arunachal" 4077:

Bhardwaj, Ashutosh; Sinha, Amitabh; Mohanty, Debabrata (29 March 2016).

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DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly.

2178:

No party could form a government after a fractured election verdict and

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Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.

836:

Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.

7131: 7107: 7061: 7037: 6547:"President's Rule imposed in Nagaland under questionable circumstances" 6234: 6210: 6108: 6081: 5263: 5239: 5111:"President's Rule imposed in Delhi after Arvind Kejriwal's resignation" 5084: 4729: 4706:"Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil--Assam, 1979-1985" 4705: 4269: 4247: 4145: 4141: 3331: 3095: 2470: 2466: 447: 7475: 7009:"Punjab comes under President's rule: Assembly in suspended animation" 7299: 6900: 6171: 5668: 5588: 4111:"Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI : Emergency Provisions" 4058: 3948: 3897:

Collapse of Democratic Coalition following split in Bangla Congress.

3528:

Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment.

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government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed

1085:

Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.

42: 2524: 2495: 2415:

suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.

6926:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 463–467. 2566:

The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the

6949:

Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). "Governor's Whim Prevails- 1971".

5956:"The rise and decline of the Left and Democratic Front in Kerala" 4079:"Over 100 blows old, Article 356 is a hammer that all govts love" 3482: 2445: 2191: 1295: 1166: 153:) is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct 5577:"Mehbooba to be sworn in as J&K's first woman CM on April 4" 5314:

India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy

2591:

Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation.

6807:

Chatterjee, Sibranjan (1992). "The Dismissal of the Ministry".

4351:"Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI: Emergency Provisions" 3273: 2621: 1884: 462: 7476:

Discusses the instances where presidents rule has been invoked

1930:

Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections.

7108:"India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession" 7038:"Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections" 6598:"President's Rule had become necessary in Nagaland: Governor" 5739:"Spate of communal violence hits Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh" 3451:'s report and enjoying majority in the legislative assembly. 1187:

Loss of majority following vertical split in Congress during

1006: 815: 694: 142: 4018:

Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department (1963).

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State Politics In Contemporary India: Crisis Or Continuity?

5481:"Jammu & Kashmir under Governor's rule for eighth time" 5122: 4017: 2182:

broke the pre-poll alliance it had with the BJP. See also:

1240:"Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government. 322:

Imposition in Union territories with a Legislative Assembly

304:

certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.

7415:

Pandey, Sidharth (15 May 2016). Singh, Veer Arjun (ed.).

6019:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1981. p. 11. 3910: 3905: 3889: 3884: 3856: 3851: 3835: 3830: 3809: 3804: 3780: 3775: 3754: 3749: 3733: 3728: 3712: 3707: 3687: 3682: 3662: 3657: 3649:

tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.

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Congress Government formed following induced collapse of

3311: 3306: 3286: 3281: 3260: 3255: 3235: 3230: 3210: 3205: 3189: 3184: 3160: 3155: 3136: 3131: 3111: 3106: 3086: 3081: 3061: 3056: 3040: 3035: 3019: 3014: 2991: 2986: 2965: 2960: 2944: 2939: 2922: 2917: 2901: 2896: 2872: 2867: 2843: 2838: 2822: 2817: 2784: 2779: 2754: 2749: 2729: 2724: 2704: 2699: 2683: 2678: 2662: 2657: 2634: 2629: 2604: 2599: 2583: 2578: 2558: 2553: 2537: 2532: 2511: 2506: 2486: 2481: 2458: 2453: 2428: 2423: 2403: 2398: 2377: 2372: 2352: 2347: 2331: 2326: 2309: 2304: 2288: 2283: 2267: 2262: 2246: 2241: 2225: 2220: 2204: 2199: 2170: 2165: 2153:

Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies

2145: 2140: 2120: 2115: 2094: 2089: 2069: 2064: 2044: 2039: 2014: 2009: 1985: 1980: 1964: 1959: 1943: 1938: 1922: 1917: 1897: 1892: 1859: 1854: 1834: 1829: 1805: 1800: 1780: 1775: 1755: 1750: 1734: 1729: 1700: 1695: 1679: 1674: 1654: 1649: 1621: 1598: 1593: 1573: 1568: 1552: 1547: 1519: 1514: 1490: 1485: 1469: 1464: 1441: 1436: 1409: 1404: 1384: 1379: 1358: 1353: 1333: 1328: 1308: 1303: 1278: 1273: 1253: 1248: 1232: 1227: 1204: 1199: 1179: 1174: 1149: 1144: 1128: 1123: 1098: 1093: 1077: 1072: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1019: 1014: 988: 983: 967: 962: 941: 936: 916: 911: 891: 886: 870: 865: 849: 844: 828: 823: 790: 785: 765: 760: 740: 735: 707: 702: 672: 667: 651: 646: 625: 620: 598:

to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate

582: 577: 553: 548: 490:

has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the

6650:

Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State

3393:

in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.

318:, due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced. 5689:. Press Trust of India. 18 January 2013. Archived from 5372:"Going by the book, read anew, but large issues remain" 5347:"Janta Front govt in Gujarat suffers a two vote defeat" 1871:(IPL), which was scheduled to begin on April 18, 2008 ( 1716:

resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.

7082:"Sikkim Put Under Federal Rule After Mass Party Shift" 5854:

The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics

4606:

Presidential rule in India: A study in crisis politics

1030:

resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the

241:

restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.

7203:"Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991" 6661:

New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Company. pp. 134–135.

4499:"Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh" 4383:"Constituent Assembly Debates: Volume 9- 04 Aug 1949" 2792:

President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (

1527:

Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM

6962:(1st ed.). Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 180–200. 6952:

President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab

5737:

Kumar, Yeshwanth; Awasthi, Dilip (31 October 1990).

5711:

Rajghatta, Chidanand; Chawla, Prabhu (15 May 1989).

4849:"Assam crisis puts government in catch-22 situation" 4076: 3477:

Loss of majority following split in Congress Party.

6864:"Pondy Assembly dissolved; uproarious scenes in LS" 6837:Badhwar, Inderjit; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1991). 6456:Karmakar, Rahul; Sharma, Nagendar (19 March 2009). 285:recommends that elections are not possible. If the 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7481:Lok Sabha Secretariat's report on President's Rule 6080: 6012: 5954: 5163:"Credible rule becomes a thing of the past in Goa" 4750: 4531:"Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio" 4469:"Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio" 4290: 1666:'s resignation following defeat in Tamar bypolls. 1636:(Article 356 does not apply to Union Territories) 590:Political impasse following the resignation of CM 6748:(9): 235. 28 February 1953. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6046:Mehar, Rakesh; Balan, Saritha S. (19 June 2017). 2909:Fall of government due to political instability. 1993:Loss of majority due to withdrawal of support by 7487: 6773:. 19 September 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6679:"Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigns" 5009:Louis, Arul B.; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1980). 1708:Loss of majority BJP's ruling coalition partner 7506:Parts and articles of the Constitution of India 7457:. 21 February 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5444:. 16 December 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5137:"Polls only solution for confused Goa assembly" 3439:The government headed by former chief minister 3414:The government headed by former chief minister 3385:The government headed by former chief minister 3352:The government headed by former chief minister 2519:Defections reduced the Government to minority. 1318:dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority 1157:Loss of majority following split in the ruling 727:(ULFA) resulted in breakdown of law and order. 7192:. 31 January 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6200:. 26 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 1905:Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM 514: Denotes currently imposed President rule 6365:. 1 January 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6340:. 8 January 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6082:"Politics of Defection in India in the 1980s" 4748: 2275:Collapse of Government following defections. 1763:Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM 1417:Government dismissed in the aftermath of the 680:21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the 6573:"Nagaland, Manipur turn political hot spots" 6481: 6479: 5683:"Jharkhand put under President's rule again" 5512:India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons learned 4575:. 17 March 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 27:Indian law of suspension of state government 6879:. 5 March 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6719:. 6 March 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6485: 6432:"Biased rulings spark trouble in Meghalaya" 6160:"Maharashtra placed under President's Rule" 5412:. 7 April 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4749:Darnell, Alfred T.; Parikh, Sunita (1988). 3620:Chief Minister resigned as a result of the 2132:enjoying majority support in the Assembly. 7339:"Uttar Pradesh put under President's rule" 6820:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 136. 6810:Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution 6402:"Meghalaya clamped under President's Rule" 6149:. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6045: 5897:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4288: 3960:Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India 1634:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 1419:destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan 1265:enjoying majority support in the Assembly 810:was launched to flush out ULFA militants. 351:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 226:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 6904:. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6798:. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6613:. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6476: 6298:Laithangbam, Swarnalata (31 March 1981). 6134:"President's rule imposed in Maharashtra" 5963:. New York: Routledge. pp. 109–118. 5829:. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4021:Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 3622:1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt 3503:In the backdrop of refugee influx due to 535:Reason(s) to impose the President's rule 418:Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 7471:Article 355 and 356 text from wikisource 7260:Banerjee, R; Baweja, H (31 March 1993). 6889:"President's Rule imposed in Puducherry" 6694:. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5814:"Karnataka again under President's rule" 5804:. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5779:. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5647:. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5387:. 1 November 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 3935:Article 370 of the Constitution of India 2880:Fall of coalition government of AIADMK, 2022:Loss of majority following defection of 1867:Announcement of the first season of the 1720: 1215:led Congress government resigned due to 231:Following the 1994 landmark judgment in 7177:"TN Assembly dissolved: elections soon" 5789:"President's rule in Karnataka revoked" 5764:"President's rule imposed in Karnataka" 5632:"President's rule imposed in Jharkhand" 5397:"Haryana placed under President's rule" 5061:Zarhani, Seyedhossein (December 2015). 4289:Vishwanath, Apurva (12 December 2023). 4248:"The Indian Union and Emergency Powers" 3922:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3699:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3674:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3443:was dismissed by former prime minister 3389:was dismissed by former prime minister 3356:was dismissed by former prime minister 3247:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3222:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3123:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3098:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 3094:Government dismissed in spite of Giani 2766:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 2741:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 2081:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 2056:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 1909:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 1767:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 1396:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 1345:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 928:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 903:enjoying majority support in Assembly. 14: 7488: 7354:. 10 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7150:Marthandam, Nambi (29 February 1976). 7106:Hardgrave, Robert L. (February 1985). 6638:. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6623:"President's rule revoked in Nagaland" 6521:"Mizoram comes under President's Rule" 6430:Majumdar, Sarbari (15 November 1991). 6374:Chaudhuri, Kalyan (16 February 2002). 6078: 5952: 5362:. 31 March 1976. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4511:from the original on 24 September 2014 4389:. Centre for Law and Policy Research. 4259:International Political Science Review 457:to dismiss the democratically elected 254: 7213:from the original on 10 December 2016 6981:; Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1983). 6060:from the original on 31 December 2023 5672:. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 5544: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5229:. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4951:Politics of President's Rule in India 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 3364:was set up to probe the allegations. 3069:Following poor performance in March, 2888:and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved. 1533:transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage 7286:Swami, Venkitesh (1 November 1997). 6783:"Forty Years Ago: November 13, 1978" 5613:from the original on 9 November 2020 5091:from the original on 16 October 2010 4847:Sengupta, Uttam (15 December 1990). 4660:from the original on 26 January 2016 4426:MIT Center for International Studies 4246:Tummala, Krishna K. (October 1996). 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4034:from the original on 4 February 2022 4027:. New Delhi: Authority. p. 34. 3987: 3985: 3294:Loss of majority following split in 2794:Patiala and East Punjab States Union 2772:Patiala and East Punjab States Union 561:Breakdown of law & order due to 506: 494:of government in Indian polity. The 329: 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 7141:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 7071:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 6519:Menon, Ramesh (30 September 1988). 6350:"Manipur placed under Central rule" 6289:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 6269:Journal of the Indian Law Institute 6244:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 6158:Singh, Vijaita (12 November 2019). 6115:from the original on 5 October 2023 5917:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 5491:from the original on 11 August 2023 5273:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 4739:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 4622:Chawla, Prabhu (30 November 1979). 4279:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR. 1506:& breakdown of law & order 1290:government, supported by Congress. 24: 7442:"President takes over West Bengal" 7080:Claiborne, William (26 May 1984). 5926:Kartha, G. S. (31 December 1979). 5415: 5214:"Goa Cong accept President's Rule" 5109:Kumar, Devesh (17 February 2014). 4986: 4967:Indian Institute of Advanced Study 4893: 4578: 4449:from the original on 18 April 2014 596:Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill 25: 7522: 7464: 7371:from the original on 14 July 2016 7312:Mishra, Subhash (18 March 2002). 6325:"Manipur placed under Delhi rule" 6258:"President's Rule: Recent Trends" 6209:Yambem, Sanamani (11 June 1977). 6023:from the original on 13 June 2024 5993:from the original on 13 June 2024 5161:Abreu, Robin (22 February 1999). 4686:from the original on 17 July 2016 4424:(PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4221: 4176: 3982: 3918:Government dismissed in spite of 3762:Indecisive outcome of elections. 3695:Government dismissed in spite of 3670:Government dismissed in spite of 3243:Government dismissed in spite of 3218:Government dismissed in spite of 3197:Indecisive outcome of elections. 3119:Government dismissed in spite of 2851:Assembly dissolved after fall of 2762:Government dismissed in spite of 2737:Government dismissed in spite of 2184:2019 Maharashtra political crisis 2077:Government dismissed in spite of 2052:Government dismissed in spite of 1392:Government dismissed in spite of 1341:Government dismissed in spite of 1261:Government dismissed in spite of 924:Government dismissed in spite of 899:Government dismissed in spite of 798:Government dismissed in spite of 7496:History of the Republic of India 7435: 7409: 7383: 7357: 7332: 7306: 7280: 7254: 7225: 7170: 7144: 7100: 7074: 6545:Menon, Ramesh (31 August 1988). 6185:"Centre takes over Manipur rule" 5575:Ashiq, Peerzada (1 April 2016). 5557:from the original on 5 June 2020 5238:Rubinoff, Arthur G. (May 1992). 5035:Ahmed, Farzand (15 April 1995). 4873:Ahmed, Farzand (31 March 1991). 4704:Baruah, Sanjib (November 1986). 4541:from the original on 6 July 2014 4479:from the original on 6 July 2014 3991:Das, Anjishnu (29 August 2023). 3171:and breakdown of law and order. 3147:and breakdown of law and order. 1662:Political instability due to CM 723:(AASU). The violence fuelled by 197:, necessitating a new election. 41: 7389:Sinha, Bhadra (23 April 2016). 7027: 7007:Chawla, G. S. (12 March 1987). 7001: 6972: 6943: 6907: 6882: 6857: 6831: 6801: 6776: 6758:"President takes over in Pondy" 6751: 6722: 6697: 6672: 6641: 6616: 6591: 6565: 6539: 6513: 6458:"President's Rule in Meghalaya" 6450: 6424: 6394: 6368: 6343: 6318: 6292: 6247: 6203: 6178: 6152: 6127: 6072: 6039: 6005: 5946: 5920: 5878: 5832: 5807: 5782: 5757: 5731: 5705: 5675: 5657:"President's rule in Jharkhand" 5650: 5625: 5595: 5569: 5545:Kumar, Vinay (9 January 2015). 5538: 5503: 5473: 5447: 5390: 5365: 5340: 5302: 5276: 5240:"Goa's Attainment of Statehood" 5232: 5207: 5181: 5155: 5129: 5103: 5077: 5055: 5029: 4867: 4841: 4815: 4789: 4777:from the original on 2 May 2024 4742: 4698: 4672: 4642: 4616: 4603:Dua, Bhagwan D. (Spring 1977). 4553: 4523: 4491: 4461: 4431: 4405: 4393:from the original on 4 May 2024 4375: 4343: 4317: 4305:from the original on 4 May 2024 4201:Borders, William (1 May 1977). 4091:from the original on 4 May 2024 2884:following division of votes by 2469:Ministry led by Chief Minister 1539:pulling out of coalition Govt. 1366:Rebellion in the ruling party. 773:Congress (I) government led by 748:Congress (I) government led by 725:United Liberation Front of Asom 52:needs additional citations for 6647:Sethy, Rabindra Kumar (2003). 6079:Kamath, P. M. (October 1985). 5953:Varkey, Ouseph (4 June 2019). 5884:Shefi, A. E. (December 2019). 5453:Dubey, Suman (31 March 1986). 5282:Panchal, Chinu (31 May 1979). 5135:Rahman, M. (15 January 1991). 4821:Sen, Sumanta (15 April 1982). 4428:. p. 63. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4282: 4135: 4103: 4070: 4046: 4011: 480:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India 344:erstwhile state's constitution 315:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India 234:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India 13: 1: 7024:. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6741:Economic and Political Weekly 6729:"President's rule for PEPSU?" 6223:Economic and Political Weekly 5565:– via www.thehindu.com. 4795:Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981). 4771:10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604 4218:. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 3975: 3947:(A similar procedure used in 411: 185:). The council is led by the 7231:Maheshwari, Shriram (1977). 6704:"President's Rule for PEPSU" 5547:"Governor's rule in J&K" 5187:Sharma, Ravi (1 July 2005). 4054:"Limitations of Article 356" 3165:4 years, 288 days 2542:2 years, 248 days 2230:2 years, 156 days 2128:Govt. dismissed in spite of 1927:2 years, 177 days 1817:dismissed by Prime Minister 1632:Imposed under section 73 of 1629:4 years, 332 days 1495:6 years, 264 days 437: 283:Election Commission of India 7: 6571:Menon, R. (30 April 1992). 5429:"Three BJP govts dismissed" 5189:"Another government in Goa" 3928: 3738:1 year, 154 days 3349:1 year, 150 days 3141:1 year, 358 days 2927:1 year, 265 days 2877:3 years, 96 days 1877:Royal Challengers Bangalore 1603:1 year, 133 days 1209:1 year, 129 days 161:. Under Article 356 of the 10: 7527: 6211:"Back to President's Rule" 6033:National Archives of India 5959:. In Wood, John R. (ed.). 3970:State governments of India 3861:1 year, 14 days 3474:1 year, 13 days 3291:1 year, 60 days 2906:1 year, 65 days 2463:1 year, 22 days 1189:1969 presidential election 469:regime and post-emergency 29: 7293:25 September 2024 at the 7234:President's rule in India 7087:25 September 2024 at the 7014:25 September 2024 at the 6437:25 September 2024 at the 5866:10.1080/14662049108447602 5718:25 September 2024 at the 4758:Ethnic and Racial Studies 4156:25 September 2024 at the 3840:1 year, 5 days 3821: 3766: 3553: 3505:Bangladesh Liberation War 3481: 3416:V. N. Janaki Ramachandran 3330: 3272: 3175: 2977: 2808: 2789:1 year, 3 days 2688:1 year, 3 days 2620: 2523: 2444: 2389: 2190: 2106: 2030: 1883: 1640: 1504:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 1425: 1370: 1294: 1165: 1114: 1042: 814: 721:All Assam Students' Union 693: 637: 539: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 336:revocation of Article 370 178:not native to the state. 7237:. New Delhi: Macmillan. 7157:3 September 2022 at the 6190:18 December 2022 at the 4963:Rashtrapati Niwas, Simla 4560:"When Centre stepped in" 4445:. news.biharprabha.com. 3572:1 year, 1 day 3071:1971 Lok Sabha Elections 2364:and continued violence. 1581:Death of chief minister 382: 208:had a similar system of 7432:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7406:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7329:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7303:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7277:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7167:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7097:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 7067:3 November 2023 at the 7057:(12): 1244–1248, 1250. 7043:3 November 2023 at the 6998:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6940:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6923:State Politics in India 6854:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6828:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6588:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6562:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6536:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6473:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6447:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6391:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6315:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6175:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5943:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5875:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5754:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5728:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5592:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5535:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5470:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5337:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5299:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5204:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5178:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5152:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5126:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5052:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 5026:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4983:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4890:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4864:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4812:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4735:20 October 2023 at the 4711:20 October 2023 at the 4639:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4613:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4387:constitutionofindia.net 4173:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 4008:. Retrieved 2 May 2024. 3645:Congress Government of 3245:Bhairon Singh Shekhawat 3048:Break-up of coalition. 2670:Break-up of coalition. 1844:ICC Men's T20 World Cup 1842:India's victory in the 1788:Loss of majority of CM 6376:"Uncertain in Manipur" 5311:(2007). "The Rivals". 4948:Siwach, J. R. (1979). 4838:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 4327:. 2001. Archived from 3920:Siddhartha Shankar Ray 3794:Uttarakhand High Court 3324:Sikkim Janata Parishad 1001:act by the president. 435: 409: 380: 239:Supreme Court of India 7137:23 April 2024 at the 7113:23 April 2024 at the 6916:(1968). "Punjab". In 6669:Retrieved 2 May 2024. 6492:. Lancer Publishers. 5969:10.4324/9780429307454 5769:11 April 2023 at the 4765:(3). Routledge: 274. 4611:University of Alberta 4066:on 19 September 2003. 2360:1000 persons died in 1873:Kolkata Knight Riders 1869:Indian Premier League 1583:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 422: 389: 355: 163:Constitution of India 7422:13 June 2024 at the 6936:13 June 2024 at the 6844:13 June 2024 at the 6815:13 June 2024 at the 6734:13 June 2024 at the 6657:13 June 2024 at the 6486:S. P. Sinha (2007). 6165:25 June 2022 at the 5794:13 June 2024 at the 5662:13 June 2024 at the 5525:Taylor & Francis 5519:13 June 2024 at the 5377:13 June 2024 at the 4956:13 June 2024 at the 4802:13 June 2024 at the 4163:Taylor & Francis 3945:Federal intervention 3449:Surjit Singh Barnala 3321:Nar Bahadur Bhandari 2054:Shyama Charan Shukla 563:Jai Andhra Agitation 461:state government of 61:improve this article 18:Governor's Rule 7511:Federalism in India 4656:. 25 January 2016. 3965:Sarkaria Commission 3955:Federalism in India 3362:Sarkaria Commission 3121:Parkash Singh Badal 2802:Gian Singh Rarewala 2800:government, led by 1454:National Conference 567:P. V. Narasimha Rao 529:Date of revocation 526:Date of imposition 496:Sarkaria Commission 420:. Which thus reads 302:Election Commission 255:Imposition in state 200:Prior to 2019, the 7447:2 May 2024 at the 7396:2 May 2024 at the 7344:2 May 2024 at the 7319:2 May 2024 at the 7288:"A crisis defused" 7267:2 May 2024 at the 7182:2 May 2024 at the 6988:2 May 2024 at the 6957:2 May 2024 at the 6894:2 May 2024 at the 6869:2 May 2024 at the 6788:2 May 2024 at the 6763:3 May 2024 at the 6709:2 May 2024 at the 6684:2 May 2024 at the 6628:2 May 2024 at the 6603:3 May 2024 at the 6578:3 May 2024 at the 6552:2 May 2024 at the 6526:2 May 2024 at the 6463:2 May 2024 at the 6381:2 May 2024 at the 6355:2 May 2024 at the 6330:2 May 2024 at the 6305:2 May 2024 at the 6285:2 May 2024 at the 6263:2 May 2024 at the 6240:2 May 2024 at the 6216:2 May 2024 at the 6139:2 May 2024 at the 5933:2 May 2024 at the 5913:3 May 2024 at the 5891:3 May 2024 at the 5871:2 May 2024 at the 5848:2 May 2024 at the 5819:3 May 2024 at the 5744:3 May 2024 at the 5693:on 18 January 2013 5644:The Economic Times 5637:2 May 2024 at the 5607:The Times of India 5582:2 May 2024 at the 5460:2 May 2024 at the 5434:2 May 2024 at the 5402:2 May 2024 at the 5352:2 May 2024 at the 5289:2 May 2024 at the 5269:2 May 2024 at the 5245:2 May 2024 at the 5219:2 May 2024 at the 5194:2 May 2024 at the 5168:2 May 2024 at the 5142:2 May 2024 at the 5116:2 May 2024 at the 5069:2 May 2024 at the 5042:3 May 2024 at the 5016:2 May 2024 at the 4979:3 May 2024 at the 4880:2 May 2024 at the 4854:3 May 2024 at the 4828:2 May 2024 at the 4629:2 May 2024 at the 4565:2 May 2024 at the 4535:The Times of India 4473:The Times of India 4419:2 May 2024 at the 4275:2 May 2024 at the 4253:2 May 2024 at the 4208:2 May 2024 at the 3998:2 May 2024 at the 3868:Coalition between 3387:M. G. Ramachandran 3296:Kazi Lhendup Dorji 2647:Gantantra Parishad 2643:Harekrishna Mahtab 2385:Loss of majority. 1999:Kerala Congress(M) 1972:Loss of majority. 1951:Loss of majority. 1742:Loss of majority. 1687:Loss of majority. 1615:(Union Territory) 1477:Loss of majority. 1421:in Uttar Pradesh. 1217:Navnirman Movement 1116:Goa, Daman and Diu 633:Loss of majority. 214:President of India 76:"President's rule" 7501:Politics of India 7243:978-0-333-90186-1 7209:. 14 April 2016. 7036:(December 1980). 6968:978-81-7099-234-9 6914:Nayar, Baldev Raj 6826:978-81-7099-325-4 6667:978-81-7648-463-3 5533:978-1-134-00809-4 5327:978-0-230-01654-5 5309:Guha, Ramachandra 4475:. 19 April 2014. 4363:on 20 August 2014 4171:978-1-134-07858-5 4123:on 20 August 2014 3926: 3925: 3457:Travancore-Cochin 3137:29 September 1985 2818:18 September 1968 2804:, was dismissed. 2796:) State when the 2362:Naga-Kuki clashes 2141:28 September 2014 2024:Lonappan Nambadan 1918:10 September 1964 1907:EMS Namboodiripad 1680:11 September 2010 1612:Jammu and Kashmir 1427:Jammu and Kashmir 1274:19 September 1996 808:Operation Bajrang 639:Arunachal Pradesh 592:Kiran Kumar Reddy 507:List of instances 492:federal structure 455:Vimochana Samaram 330:Jammu and Kashmir 206:Jammu and Kashmir 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 7518: 7458: 7439: 7433: 7413: 7407: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7367:. 15 July 2016. 7361: 7355: 7336: 7330: 7310: 7304: 7284: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7199: 7193: 7174: 7168: 7148: 7142: 7104: 7098: 7078: 7072: 7031: 7025: 7005: 6999: 6976: 6970: 6947: 6941: 6911: 6905: 6886: 6880: 6861: 6855: 6835: 6829: 6805: 6799: 6780: 6774: 6755: 6749: 6726: 6720: 6701: 6695: 6676: 6670: 6645: 6639: 6620: 6614: 6595: 6589: 6569: 6563: 6543: 6537: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6483: 6474: 6454: 6448: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6408:. Archived from 6406:www.merinews.com 6398: 6392: 6372: 6366: 6347: 6341: 6322: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6251: 6245: 6207: 6201: 6182: 6176: 6156: 6150: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6084: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6018: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5924: 5918: 5882: 5876: 5836: 5830: 5811: 5805: 5786: 5780: 5761: 5755: 5735: 5729: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5679: 5673: 5654: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5593: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5542: 5536: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487:. 20 June 2018. 5477: 5471: 5451: 5445: 5426: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5369: 5363: 5344: 5338: 5306: 5300: 5280: 5274: 5236: 5230: 5211: 5205: 5185: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5133: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5007: 4984: 4946: 4891: 4871: 4865: 4845: 4839: 4819: 4813: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682:. 14 July 2016. 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4640: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4576: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4435: 4429: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4356:. Archived from 4355: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4244: 4219: 4199: 4174: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4122: 4116:. Archived from 4115: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4062:. Archived from 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4015: 4009: 3989: 3912: 3907: 3891: 3886: 3858: 3853: 3837: 3836:25 February 1969 3832: 3831:20 February 1968 3811: 3806: 3782: 3777: 3756: 3751: 3735: 3730: 3714: 3709: 3689: 3684: 3683:17 February 1980 3664: 3659: 3639: 3634: 3633:30 November 1975 3614: 3609: 3590: 3585: 3569: 3568:26 February 1969 3564: 3563:25 February 1968 3543: 3538: 3522: 3517: 3497: 3492: 3471: 3466: 3433: 3428: 3408: 3403: 3379: 3374: 3373:17 February 1980 3346: 3341: 3313: 3308: 3288: 3283: 3262: 3257: 3256:15 December 1992 3237: 3232: 3231:17 February 1980 3212: 3207: 3191: 3186: 3162: 3161:23 February 1992 3157: 3138: 3133: 3113: 3108: 3107:17 February 1980 3088: 3083: 3063: 3058: 3042: 3041:17 February 1969 3037: 3021: 3016: 2993: 2988: 2967: 2962: 2961:25 February 2021 2946: 2941: 2924: 2919: 2903: 2898: 2897:12 November 1978 2874: 2869: 2845: 2840: 2824: 2819: 2786: 2781: 2764:Nilamani Routray 2756: 2751: 2750:17 February 1980 2731: 2726: 2714:Nandini Satpathy 2706: 2705:29 December 1976 2701: 2700:16 December 1976 2685: 2680: 2664: 2659: 2636: 2631: 2630:25 February 1961 2606: 2601: 2585: 2584:22 February 1993 2580: 2560: 2555: 2539: 2538:25 November 1977 2534: 2513: 2508: 2507:7 September 1988 2488: 2483: 2482:11 November 1978 2460: 2455: 2430: 2425: 2405: 2400: 2379: 2374: 2354: 2353:13 December 1994 2349: 2348:31 December 1993 2333: 2328: 2311: 2306: 2305:28 February 1981 2290: 2285: 2284:14 November 1979 2269: 2264: 2248: 2243: 2227: 2222: 2206: 2205:19 February 1968 2201: 2172: 2171:23 November 2019 2167: 2166:12 November 2019 2147: 2142: 2122: 2117: 2116:17 February 1980 2096: 2091: 2090:15 December 1992 2079:Sundar Lal Patwa 2071: 2066: 2065:17 February 1980 2046: 2041: 2016: 2011: 1987: 1986:28 December 1981 1982: 1966: 1961: 1945: 1940: 1924: 1919: 1899: 1898:22 February 1960 1894: 1861: 1856: 1855:20 November 2007 1836: 1835:12 November 2007 1831: 1807: 1802: 1782: 1781:30 November 1989 1777: 1757: 1756:27 February 1978 1752: 1751:31 December 1977 1736: 1731: 1702: 1697: 1681: 1676: 1656: 1655:30 December 2009 1651: 1623: 1600: 1595: 1575: 1570: 1554: 1549: 1521: 1516: 1492: 1487: 1471: 1466: 1443: 1438: 1411: 1406: 1405:15 December 1992 1386: 1381: 1372:Himachal Pradesh 1360: 1355: 1335: 1330: 1310: 1305: 1304:21 November 1967 1280: 1275: 1263:Babubhai J Patel 1255: 1250: 1249:17 February 1980 1234: 1233:24 December 1976 1229: 1213:Chimanbhai Patel 1206: 1201: 1181: 1176: 1151: 1146: 1130: 1125: 1108:Pratap Sinh Rane 1100: 1095: 1079: 1074: 1073:10 February 1999 1058: 1053: 1052:14 December 1990 1021: 1020:14 February 2015 1016: 1015:16 February 2014 990: 989:24 November 2005 985: 969: 964: 963:12 February 1999 943: 938: 918: 913: 912:17 February 1980 901:Jagannath Mishra 893: 888: 872: 867: 851: 850:16 February 1970 846: 830: 829:26 February 1969 825: 804:Prafulla Mahanta 792: 787: 786:28 November 1990 767: 766:27 February 1983 762: 742: 737: 709: 704: 703:12 December 1979 674: 673:19 February 2016 669: 653: 648: 627: 622: 621:15 November 1954 584: 579: 578:28 February 2014 555: 554:10 December 1973 550: 517: 516: 513: 204:of the state of 167:state government 155:Union government 147:President's rule 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7486: 7485: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7449:Wayback Machine 7440: 7436: 7424:Wayback Machine 7414: 7410: 7403:Hindustan Times 7398:Wayback Machine 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7346:Wayback Machine 7337: 7333: 7321:Wayback Machine 7311: 7307: 7295:Wayback Machine 7285: 7281: 7269:Wayback Machine 7259: 7255: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7184:Wayback Machine 7175: 7171: 7159:Wayback Machine 7149: 7145: 7139:Wayback Machine 7115:Wayback Machine 7105: 7101: 7094:Washington Post 7089:Wayback Machine 7079: 7075: 7069:Wayback Machine 7045:Wayback Machine 7034:Phadnis, Urmila 7032: 7028: 7016:Wayback Machine 7006: 7002: 6990:Wayback Machine 6977: 6973: 6959:Wayback 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1967 2146:31 October 2014 2095:7 December 1993 1981:21 October 1981 1965:25 January 1980 1960:5 December 1979 1815:Veerendra Patil 1806:17 October 1990 1801:10 October 1990 1696:18 January 2013 1650:19 January 2009 1622:31 October 2019 1614: 1599:30 October 2019 1531:'s decision to 1529:Gulam Nabi Azad 1486:19 January 1990 1470:6 November 1986 1450:Sheikh Abdullah 1429: 1410:3 December 1993 1279:23 October 1996 1200:9 February 1974 1150:16 January 1980 1124:3 December 1966 1057:25 January 1991 1032:Jan Lokpal Bill 1028:Arvind Kejriwal 741:13 January 1982 717:Assam Agitation 708:6 December 1980 668:25 January 2016 652:18 January 1980 647:3 November 1979 549:18 January 1973 515: 511: 509: 440: 414: 385: 332: 324: 257: 210:Governor's rule 151:Governor's rule 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7524: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7465:External links 7463: 7460: 7459: 7454:Indian Express 7434: 7408: 7382: 7356: 7351:Times of India 7331: 7305: 7279: 7253: 7224: 7194: 7189:Indian Express 7169: 7143: 7099: 7073: 7026: 7021:Indian Express 7000: 6979:Gupta, Shekhar 6971: 6942: 6906: 6881: 6876:Indian Express 6856: 6830: 6800: 6795:Indian Express 6775: 6770:Indian Express 6750: 6721: 6716:Indian Express 6696: 6671: 6640: 6615: 6590: 6564: 6538: 6512: 6498: 6475: 6449: 6423: 6412:on 5 June 2020 6393: 6367: 6362:Indian Express 6342: 6337:Indian Express 6317: 6291: 6275:(4): 523–524. 6254:Dhavan, Rajeev 6246: 6202: 6197:Indian Express 6177: 6151: 6146:Times of India 6126: 6071: 6038: 6004: 5977: 5945: 5919: 5877: 5839:Jeffrey, Robin 5831: 5806: 5801:Times of India 5781: 5756: 5730: 5704: 5674: 5649: 5624: 5594: 5568: 5537: 5502: 5472: 5446: 5441:Indian Express 5414: 5409:Indian Express 5389: 5364: 5339: 5301: 5275: 5259:(5): 476–477. 5231: 5226:Times of India 5206: 5180: 5154: 5128: 5102: 5076: 5054: 5028: 4985: 4892: 4866: 4840: 4814: 4788: 4741: 4697: 4671: 4641: 4615: 4609:(PhD thesis). 4577: 4572:Indian Express 4552: 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Karunanidhi 3437: 3436:145 days 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3411:363 days 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3383: 3382:113 days 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3354:M. Karunanidhi 3350: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3316:287 days 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3282:18 August 1978 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265:354 days 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3240:109 days 3238: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3220:Hari Dev Joshi 3216: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3132:6 October 1983 3129: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3116:111 days 3114: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3066:276 days 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045:178 days 3043: 3038: 3036:23 August 1968 3033: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3024:119 days 3022: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2996:302 days 2994: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949:173 days 2947: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2839:3 January 1974 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R. Ambedkar 439: 436: 413: 410: 404:appear to him 384: 381: 346:for 6 months. 331: 328: 323: 320: 306: 305: 298: 278: 277: 274: 271: 268: 264: 256: 253: 187:chief minister 176:civil servants 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7523: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7283: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7103: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7004: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6975: 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5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319:HarperCollins 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4331:on 9 May 2015 4330: 4326: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4142:Harriss, John 4138: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3915:52 days 3914: 3909: 3906:30 April 1977 3904: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890:20 March 1972 3888: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852:19 March 1970 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814:19 days 3813: 3808: 3805:22 April 2016 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785:25 days 3784: 3781:21 April 2016 3779: 3776:27 March 2016 3774: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3759:56 days 3758: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734:21 March 1997 3732: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3667:54 days 3666: 3661: 3658:30 April 1977 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642:52 days 3641: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593:17 days 3592: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3555:Uttar Pradesh 3552: 3548: 3546:30 days 3545: 3542:10 April 1993 3540: 3537:11 March 1993 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3525:60 days 3524: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496:20 March 1972 3494: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3465:23 March 1956 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3391:Indira Gandhi 3388: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:Indira Gandhi 3355: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3215:53 days 3214: 3209: 3206:30 April 1977 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3194:44 days 3193: 3190:26 April 1967 3188: 3185:13 March 1967 3183: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091:51 days 3090: 3085: 3082:30 April 1977 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062:17 March 1972 3060: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992:17 April 1952 2990: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970:71 days 2969: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923:16 March 1985 2921: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2868:28 March 1974 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2848:62 days 2847: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2823:17 March 1969 2821: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734:57 days 2733: 2728: 2725:30 April 1977 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2709:13 days 2708: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2667:82 days 2666: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645:led Congress- 2644: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609:69 days 2608: 2605:12 March 2008 2603: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554:7 August 1988 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2533:22 March 1975 2531: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2433:56 days 2432: 2427: 2424:19 March 2009 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2336:92 days 2335: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293:60 days 2292: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2272:41 days 2271: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2242:28 March 1973 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226:20 March 1972 2224: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150:33 days 2149: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2049:54 days 2048: 2043: 2040:30 April 1977 2038: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019:68 days 2018: 2013: 2010:17 March 1982 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990:68 days 1989: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1969:51 days 1968: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1948:60 days 1947: 1942: 1939:4 August 1970 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1839:34 days 1838: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1776:21 April 1989 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1760:58 days 1759: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735:20 March 1972 1733: 1730:27 March 1971 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578:87 days 1577: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557:51 days 1556: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1437:27 March 1977 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389:53 days 1388: 1383: 1380:30 April 1977 1378: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1363:78 days 1362: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1338:52 days 1337: 1332: 1329:30 April 1977 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283:34 days 1282: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1228:12 March 1976 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1203: 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