Governor General of Canada

2735: 2786: 3230:, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement, in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative. This did not come without a cost, however, as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the governor general's increased spending on state affairs, for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10% the viceregal budget it had earlier supported, as well as for fostering the notion, through various demonstrations, that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself, an approach that was said by 2367: 1977: 1280:. Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s, but, it was not until Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. The Prime Minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, wrote in a letter to the media, "t seems to me no one of the King's subjects, wherever he resides, should be considered unworthy to represent the King, provided he has the personal qualifications and a position in the community which are consonant with the dignity and responsibility of that office." Massey stated of this, "a Canadian makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada." 2402: 2416: 2409: 2395: 2119: 281: 1717: 3196: 1575: 3244: 2423: 55: 67: 9459: 261: 11960: 3617: 2515: 2245: 1030: 2104: 1213: 2291:, six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy. The leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner. However, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive prime ministers since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of the 1919 3137: 3631: 11972: 9737: 1600:

influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion.

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the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public." It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister.

2635: 1895: 1319: 1713:—usually Supreme Court justices and the secretary to the governor general—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in the governor general's absence, and the chief justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as the administrator of the government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month. 3267:

sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters, as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state, thereby "unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry". But Jean ultimately won plaudits, particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and the

2997: 1129:), meaning the prime minister may recommend to the King that the viceroy remain in his service for a longer period of time; some governors general have been in office for more than seven years. No additional formalities are necessary for such an "extension"; the governor general carries on until death, resignation, or the appointment of his or her successor. Only once, with the 83: 988:, and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently Canadian sovereign (the monarch in his Canadian council). Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, such as acting as 2894: 1450: 5094: 3286:, there was a signalled emphasis for the governor general to vigorously promote learning and innovation. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: " a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all." There was also a recognition of Johnston's expertise in 1264:. These viceroys had spent no or little time in Canada prior to their appointment; though it was claimed as their travel schedules were so extensive that they could "learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime". The idea of a Canadian being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the 2162:, financial managers, speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as 1348:, who stated in 2009: "much of advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent ." Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first 2716:, created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch. As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when 3266:

followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts. Her appointment initially

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to have caused "a fury" with the Queen on one occasion in 2004. This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state, part of a

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postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time, and despite the duties they carried out, their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable at best, and damaging to the office at worst. As David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding

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was appointed as "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and Over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the Same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the Said Provinces of Lower Canada

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amongst provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the King's representative in the province, precedes the governor general. The incumbent governor general and their

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in the King's name; legally, the governor general has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill a law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the king's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent). If the governor

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safeguard against the abuse of power. For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a

3175:, her husband was offered the position of governor general of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up. Instead, Sauvé's tenure as governor general was book-ended by a series of appointments— 2956:

The governor general thus became solely the representative of the monarch within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet, and as such would be appointed only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister. The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this

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The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride. Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959, to then-Governor General Vincent Massey, "maintain the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada the most important function among the many duties of the appointment

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have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the

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The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all

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stated that the governor general is "a representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office;

1209:, however, gave only one name—Massey's—to George VI. There is typically informal consultation between the prime minister and sovereign, either directly or via the incumbent governor general, on the appointment of the next viceroy before the prime minister gives his official advice to the monarch. 3155:

four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament. By 1984, Canada's first female governor general, Sauvé, was

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In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, Michener, was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of

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It was decided at the same Imperial Conference that the governor general "should be kept as fully informed as His Majesty the King in Great Britain of Cabinet business and public affairs." How frequently governors general and their prime ministers conversed has varied; some prime ministers have

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If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every

1767:, whom the governor general must appoint to the Privy Council, if that person is not already a member, so the individual can be appointed prime minister. The prime minister then advises the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the Privy Council known as the 1256:

became concerned and instructed Bessborough to either remain in office until after the election or bring Bennett and Mackenzie King together to agree on a nominee for his replacement. The Governor General consulted with the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition and settled on Tweedsmuir.

1184:, it was decided that the Commonwealth ministers would "tender their formal advice after informal consultation with His Majesty," thereby settling the current procedure wherein the monarch appoints the governor general on the advice of the Canadian prime minister only. This was codified in the 3297:

In late 2021, the Governor General's office confirmed that its internal office network was breached as part of a "sophisticated cyber incident". Officials were unable to determine the extent of the information that was accessed. Former security officials speculated that another country may be

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said of the planned governor, "we place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence." However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were

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convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee—which was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country. In 2012, the

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essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government."

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that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada. The 1947 letters patent state, "and We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and

2727:. On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the Canadian Cabinet, Campbell did eventually concede and released St-Just from duty. The governor general was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Macdonald died, leaving 3818:

Robert Borden said, "it would be an absolute mistake to regard the governor general as a mere figurehead, a mere rubber stamp. During nine years of premiership, I had the opportunity of realizing how helpful may be the advice and counsel of a governor general in matters of delicacy and

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on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards.

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Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials; in 1918,

1634:. As the sovereign works and resides in the United Kingdom, the governor general's primary task is to perform federal constitutional duties on behalf of the monarch. As such, the governor general carries on "the government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the sovereign". 2688:, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the 3160:, as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions. 2949:, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK. In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first 1829:

and ambassadors. The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, by political convention typically binding. The governor general has mainly only the right to advise, encourage, and warn; to offer valued counsel to the prime minister.

2808:, into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his 2870:

was even advocating the end of the office. The governor general's role was also changing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs, including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of

1837:, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power. The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force the prime minister to resign on two occasions: In 1896, Prime Minister 2820:; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General". Prince Arthur's successor, the 1887:

valued their meetings with the viceroy at the time. However, the pracice is usually informal and the prime minister will typically schedule a telephone call to request the governor general perform a significant task. The governor general regularly receives the

1531:, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada. With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially the governor general, and at that moment the 2012:

Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen," the governor general acts in his place as

2777:), to take up the post of governor general, there was a "feeble undercurrent of criticism" centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors. 2071:, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at 2983:

dubbed as "disloyal". During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the

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in Quebec City. Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any "Britishness" the monarch embodied.

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Tweedsmuir's birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity, travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the

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in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng, however, refused his Canadian prime minister's advice, citing both the facts that King held the

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the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No governor general has denied royal assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve royal assent to provincial bills for the governor general, which was last invoked in 1961 by the

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stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes the place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts."

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The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart,

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postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King

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professor John E. Trent proposed the governor general be head of state and selected by the Officers of the Order of Canada, something Chris Selley argued would politicize both the head of state and the Order of Canada, itself. In 2021,

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to exercise almost all powers on behalf of the monarch. As a matter of law, however, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign; the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the

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is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.

1252:, expected to win a majority in the upcoming election and stated he would not accept a governor general recommended by then-Prime Minister Bennett, which was a constitutionally unjustifiable position for Mackenzie King to take. King 1248:'s predecessor, Bessborough, wished to resign as governor general coincidentally just ahead of Parliament reaching the end of its maximum five year life in July 1935, after which an election was required. Mackenzie King, at the time 1559:

for protection), as well as the chains of both the chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit. The governor general then gives a speech, outlining causes they will champion during their time as viceroy.

1437:, disbanded the committee in 2017, before he recommended Payette as Johnston's successor that year. Following Payette's resignation, Trudeau formed the Advisory Group on the Selection of the Next Governor General, which selected 2828:

and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as members of the official opposition, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir

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by Queen Elizabeth II approximately six months after leaving the viceregal post and was in 1967 invested into the Order of Canada. ichener was presented with the Royal Victorian Chain a few months before he retired as governor

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Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate. Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will usually travel to

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authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada." The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the

2692:. However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government—the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the 3397:. They may found an institution, as Vanier did with the Vanier Institute of the Family and Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. Three former governors general have released memoirs: the Lord Tweedsmuir ( 2009:, some of which are named for past governors general. During a federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs. 5195: 2988:, and Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian. The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI, Athlone's nephew, to be his viceroy for the duration of the war. 2937:, which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years: namely, that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom. These new developments were codified in the 3791:

Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir said of King George VI being in the Senate in 1939 to grant Royal Assent to bills: " I cease to exist as Viceroy, and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor General in

5225: 3218:, that a shift in the office took place. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the 12003: 2025:

across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces. The governor general also serves as honorary

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is generally employed to mark governor general's presence. This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general.

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candidate. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the

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docile to the suggestions of his Ministers and, yet, securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an administration or parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence."

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in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.

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and the announcement made while he was still in Canada, the Canadian Cabinet felt it necessary to end Alexander's service as viceroy immediately, while sparing him the indignity of resignation.

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Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the King for approval must first undergo

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The Cabinet in June 1978 proposed the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as

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and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener. With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution, the establishment of a distinct

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and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c."

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or parliamentary vote; a proposal echoed by Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee, but, also submit to a televised quiz on

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produced the Balfour Declaration, formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors general ceased to be advised in any way by British ministers.

1098:, and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high-level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an 3338:

in the United Kingdom in 1895, and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords. Others were made governors in other countries or territories:

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Joyal, Serge (2020), "The Changing Role of the Governor General, or How the Personality of the Office Holder is Changing the Perception of the Monarchy", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.),

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government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power. King then went on to the

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Past governor general John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, said of the job, "it is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a

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As the sovereign's representative, the governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing

4954: 3046:, for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of 2578:

as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of

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hotel in Ottawa, 1939. Mackenzie King was the only leader of the opposition to ever be involved in the appointment of a governor general, in 1935 deciding with then-Prime Minister

1879:, until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British Cabinet, with the latter taking precedence. After the 8598: 1650:

moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public, though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles.

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used to greet the governor general upon arrival and departure from most official events. To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada, the

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before the governor general. At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of

1961:, though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada. Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues 647: 12353: 8860: 1845:, leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. In 1925, the 5233: 4118: 9073: 8297: 3008: 3007:

It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that Massey became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since

11907: 11644: 9673: 6613: 5476: 3659: 2950: 2006: 8985: 8800: 4835: 2138:. The Chancellery of Honours depends from the King and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary 2021:. The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit 11785: 10245: 9824: 9107: 5472: 3347: 1606: 411: 5287: 4529: 10972: 10379: 8527: 7922: 5144: 3321:. Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a 2890:: another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all the dominions—and the United Kingdom, and thus the purpose of the governor general. 1406: 8381: 7697: 5326: 4899: 12019: 9668: 3378: 1520: 12475: 7643: 3987: 2734: 9774: 3412:

As of 2021, former governors general are entitled to a lifetime pension of nearly $ 150,000 and also to claim an additional $ 206,000 in expenses each year.

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With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. The governor general will host members of

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for approval by the prime minister. After that, a policy of consulting the Canadian Cabinet was established; though, this process was not always followed.

798: 408: 9156: 8229: 6678: 6049: 1709:, left unchanged. Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general. It is also stipulated that the governor general 12313: 11862: 10810: 10302: 9829: 3448: 3363: 637: 2366: 9854: 9814: 5396: 3955: 3367: 3359: 3306:

Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices. Edward Schreyer, for instance, was appointed

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Until 1952, all governors general were members of the British aristocracy or former British military officers, diplomats, or politicians raised to the

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is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and, in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the

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and has been criticized as too short for an office meant to represent a Crown and sovereign meant to embody continuity. The governor general serves "

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The only individuals to serve as administrators of the government of Canada due to the deaths in office of governors general were Chief Justice Sir

12308: 12199: 11639: 10297: 10240: 10137: 4869: 3669: 642: 537: 382: 8834: 8778: 961:). Consequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. The present version of the office emerged with 12501: 9839: 5566: 2770: 2739: 2713: 2310:. The governor general also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the 1504: 1244:

The only time the leader of the opposition was consulted on the choice of name to put forward to the monarch for appointment as viceroy was when

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or heir apparent to a peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as

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As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the

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recognized the governor general as no longer a stand-in for the British government, but, rather a direct representative of the Crown. At the

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responsible. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, a branch of the Communications Security Establishment, is investigating the incident.

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The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the

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which you have held with such distinction." One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from

1118: 479: 462: 388: 4962: 4719: 3853:, pegs the start date of Champlain's governorship at 1627, whereas the official website of the Governor General of Canada puts it at 1608. 3003:, the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment. 1555:. The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which is passed to the 12214: 10912: 10228: 10221: 9972: 9711: 9631: 7336:

Skelton, Oscar D. (2009), "The Day of Sir Wilfrid Laurier: A Chronicle of the 20th Century", in Wrong, George M.; Langton, H. H. (eds.),

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wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s, if not the

2135: 1958: 1512: 489: 405: 224: 12470: 9464: 9008: 8044: 7974:(Winter/Spring 2001–2001). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada (reprinted courtesy National Post) (published July 2001). Archived from 5769: 4477: 10638: 10627: 9533: 8602: 8328: 8124: 6965: 3802: 3513: 1724: 1249: 494: 17: 12450: 6716: 3937:

LeBlanc's strong ties to the Liberal Party led other party leaders to protest his appointment by boycotting his installation ceremony.

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by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by

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suggested a number of names in an informal letter to King George V in 1930, all of which the King approved, leading Bennett to pick

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are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign. These organized offices and support systems include

1710: 1688:

power in and over Canada is vested in the monarch. The governor general is permitted to exercise most of this power, including the

791: 391: 218: 12430: 12410: 7796: 4644: 1013:, including the office of governor general, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislative assembly as well as the 12184: 12044: 10868: 10185: 10149: 10132: 8305: 6855: 5682: 3294:

in 2008 and 2009, which initiated some debate about the governor general's role as the representative of Canada's head of state.

2181: 2050:, which is held by the King. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the chief scout for Canada, which was renamed 476: 394: 385: 7164:

Emerich, John Edward; Acton, Dalberg; Benians, Ernest Alfred; Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero George Walter (29 October 1976).

5119: 4122: 4047: 12526: 12318: 12275: 10688: 10391: 10197: 9859: 9849: 9716: 9678: 9424: 9081: 6996:"Heraldry > Emblems of Canada and of Government House > Symbols of the Governor General > The Governor General's Flag" 3472: 3335: 3236: 2897: 2371: 2351: 2176:

288,900, which has been taxed since 2013. Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the

1931: 1532: 1312: 1198: 399: 71: 8338:. Vol. Autumn-Winter 2007, no. 27. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada (published 2007). p. 12. Archived from 1751:, who are all technically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the royal prerogative. 428: 12521: 10047: 9819: 7612: 7502: 7347: 7290: 7173: 7100: 7073: 6807: 6307: 6265: 6251:"The Senior Realms of the Queen > The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand" 5779: 5495: 5442: 5283: 4812: 4695: 4609: 4252: 4060: 3863: 3664: 2812:'s uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to 2728: 2187: 1205:(later the Viscount Alexander of Tunis). Mackenzie King then made the formal recommendation to the King, which was accepted. 344: 9039: 8206: 8075: 7998: 6617: 5348: 4843: 12506: 12194: 12084: 10947: 10561: 10204: 9760: 9740: 8263: 7967: 5562: 3962:

both also served in the British Cabinet following their viceregal careers, and Lansdowne went on to serve as leader of the

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in the monarch's stead, and, in 1927, the first official international visit by a governor general was made. In 1947, King

6575: 5522: 5041: 3038:, in person, at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet, thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from 1569: 12224: 12104: 11421: 11051: 10156: 10120: 9600: 9563: 3897:, the Earl of Bessborough voluntarily cut his salary by ten percent as a sign of his solidarity with the Canadian people. 3649: 3307: 2693: 2689: 2654:

brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant

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and receives the same from foreign ambassadors and other Commonwealth countries' high commissioners appointed to Canada.

1936: 1728: 1170: 1111: 784: 450: 367: 9129: 8365: 5992: 12204: 12128: 11591: 11002: 10343: 10216: 9997: 7926: 7689: 3806: 3143:(left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of Montreal 2575: 2035: 1748: 954: 931: 572: 440: 310: 11988: 9339: 9235: 8535: 4907: 1627: 11360: 11017: 10942: 10937: 10922: 10655: 9929: 9809: 9794: 9434: 9256: 8950: 8636: 8557: 7905: 6433: 5747: 5291: 3915: 3552: 3434: 3331: 3219: 2766: 2717: 2496: 2292: 2039: 1732: 1511:, and other guests are assembled. The King's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the 1413: 208: 6385: 2658:

to the Canadian provinces. As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected

12465: 12328: 11943: 11897: 11561: 10997: 10967: 10835: 10521: 10458: 10432: 10042: 8182:

Jackson, Michael (2002). "Political Paradox: The Lieutenant Governor in Saskatchewan". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.).

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to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life.

2355: 2303: 2256: 1970: 1826: 1671: 1368: 1225: 1107: 975: 927: 770: 765: 730: 547: 470: 341: 7188: 6867:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 1 April 1999). pp. 2C1–1. A-AD-200-000/AG-000. Archived from 4985: 4192: 3226:(she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher 3129:, an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of 12270: 12252: 12247: 12189: 12094: 12079: 12054: 11810: 11032: 10396: 10168: 9965: 7948: 6766: 6712: 6260:. Vol. Autumn 2009, no. 30. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada (published October 2009). p. 10. 6118: 4473: 4162: 3725: 2659: 1810: 967: 946:, the governor general acts almost always (except on the matter of honours) on the advice of the prime minister. 760: 456: 6920: 4441: 4410: 3870:

in the 1970s, and are now preserved as a tourist attraction along with other historic offices in the East Block.

2769:

so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had "paid in cold, hard cash". Later, prior to the arrival of

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Canadian; and so, in spite of his Liberal Party attachments, Vanier was chosen by Conservative prime minister

2666:

they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849,

2504: 1140:(or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as the 1102:

with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and their spouse into the

12511: 12445: 12280: 12219: 12161: 12049: 11458: 11261: 11012: 10774: 10769: 10704: 10531: 10427: 10192: 3762: 3327: 3322: 2721: 2311: 1508: 1308: 1261: 1166: 1066:, the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission, prepared in Canada, and issued under the 467: 300: 9279: 1433:(though, the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch). However, the next ministry, headed by 12455: 12390: 12290: 12171: 11534: 11509: 11441: 10902: 10784: 10779: 10571: 10323: 10127: 10002: 9799: 9683: 9499: 7629: 6639: 4374: 3644: 3268: 2743: 2527: 2207: 2002: 1994: 1802: 1426: 1265: 1186: 1122: 984: 895: 888: 859: 750: 577: 372: 315: 190: 9103: 7255: 5146:

Buckingham Palace throws cold water on Treaty chiefs' request to intervene in Governor General replacement

3535: 3011:

was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the

2298:

Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as Chancellor and Principal Companion of the

953:

and, following the British conquest of the colony in 1763, the British monarch appointed governors of the

12516: 12146: 12136: 12074: 12069: 11933: 11514: 11389: 11247: 10861: 10764: 10694: 10665: 10612: 10546: 10451: 9721: 9626: 7588: 7314: 7306: 7232: 7224: 7150: 5830: 5822: 5548: 4119:"Parliament Hill > The History of Parliament Hill > East Block > Office of the Governor General" 3172: 3157: 3047: 2938: 2934: 2825: 2519: 2488: 2177: 2164: 2147: 2143: 2086: 1776: 1755:

dictates, though, that the governor general must draw from the Privy Council an individual to appoint as

1556: 1528: 1380: 1221: 1177: 842: 459: 424: 291: 174: 7118:"Governor General > Role and Responsibilities > Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General" 3946:

In 1952, the Earl Alexander of Tunis resigned as governor general of Canada to accept an appointment as

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the full honours of representative of a head of state. It would be another decade, however, before the

2547: 1764: 1018: 868: 740: 605: 453: 5581: 5016: 4779: 2550:

establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new

2206:

As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the

2056: 1367:

There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process.

12440: 12420: 11775: 11727: 11693: 11431: 11266: 11163: 11088: 10794: 10622: 10498: 10059: 10032: 8666:. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from 8571:. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from 7634: 7260: 7140: 6549: 6016: 5608:"Governor General > Role and Responsibilities > A Modern Governor General – Active and Engaged" 4801:

Trepanier, Peter (2006), "A Not Unwilling Subject: Canada and Her Queen", in Coates, Colin M. (ed.),

3343: 3052: 2222: 2195: 2043: 1986: 1948: 1922: 1854: 1340:

while in office, governors general were often former politicians; a number held seats in the British

1276:, and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective 864: 690: 632: 335: 305: 3828:

Some seven years after he left office, the Earl Alexander of Tunis was appointed as a Member of the

2415: 2408: 2394: 2001:

and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the

1980:

Governor General David Johnston greeting a crowd during Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, July 2016

12400: 12348: 12242: 11928: 11556: 11355: 11286: 11276: 11271: 11256: 10632: 10602: 10597: 10526: 10012: 9693: 9516: 8429: 7892: 5863: 3947: 2930: 2724: 2563: 2539: 1957:, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent the King and country abroad on 1954: 1906: 1880: 1756: 1484: 1390: 1181: 321: 178: 8085:. No. May 1999. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy. p. 26. Archived from 7750: 5068: 2953:

thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy.

2597:

Following the 1783 recognition of the independence of the 13 continental colonies that became the

11519: 11485: 11372: 10987: 10895: 10617: 10592: 10556: 10551: 10516: 10037: 8008:. No. May 1999. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy. p. 8. Archived from 7520: 7163: 3963: 3467: 3429: 3195: 2974: 2909: 2169: 1990: 1867:

cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further,

1850: 1638: 1623: 1574: 1524: 1516: 1402: 1333: 1137: 1063: 899: 846: 627: 338: 104: 10254: 9293:

Macbeth, Robert A. (2005), "The Origin of the Canadian Cancer Society", Artifacts and Archives,

7897: 7494: 7229:"Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Executive Branch in Canadian History" 6414:

Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939

3115: 2118: 1752: 1430: 12338: 12141: 11923: 11867: 11855: 11845: 11750: 11720: 11571: 11541: 11529: 11490: 11426: 11367: 11323: 10854: 10699: 10607: 10566: 10369: 10287: 10269: 8160: 7518:

Marshall, Peter (September 2001). "The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth".

5172: 4076: 3547: 3283: 3243: 3168: 2838: 2655: 2643: 2594:, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead. 2579: 2535: 2484: 2401: 2283: 2191: 1914: 1902: 1864: 1817:, district, and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in 1772: 1677: 1642: 1465: 1337: 1326: 1283:

This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative

1153: 1046: 962: 943: 735: 612: 527: 512: 8339: 8135: 5657: 4573: 4244: 4238: 2917:

in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier; he thus called on

2684:

This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the

1425:, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial 12333: 11598: 11480: 11436: 11394: 11379: 11129: 10576: 10374: 9016: 8052: 4481: 3833: 3455: 3291: 2942: 2849: 2845: 2678: 2614: 2210:, preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy is considered 1918: 1841:

refused to step down after his party failed to win a majority in the House of Commons during

1760: 1716: 1117:

The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years; though, this is only a developed

923: 911: 685: 6969: 2969:

regions. Not all Canadians, however, shared Tweedsmuir's views; the Baron raised the ire of

12343: 12298: 12234: 12156: 12151: 11703: 11686: 11676: 11618: 11613: 11340: 11310: 11103: 10757: 10017: 6917:"Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada" 6720: 6609: 3568: 2901: 2567: 2237: 2022: 1846: 1701: 1385: 1136:

Should a governor general die, resign, or leave the country for longer than one month, the

1067: 1055: 1034: 997: 915: 854: 695: 617: 324: 115: 7575: 6345: 4172: 3866:(PMO), but have been restored to their 19th century appearance after the PMO moved to the 2562:

remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until the cabinet of

2538:

in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to

2422: 54: 8: 12303: 12033: 11790: 11708: 11664: 11603: 11416: 11296: 11153: 10022: 10007: 9652: 9465:

Proclamation Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada

8169: 6774: 5483:. Vol. 2. Montreal: Champlain Society (published 17 September 1893). pp. 13–15. 3580: 3204: 3105: 3097: 3039: 2914: 2583: 2480: 2125: 2082: 2072: 1631: 1583: 1488: 950: 935: 327: 318: 151: 82: 66: 10318: 8741: 8704: 8667: 8572: 8475: 7493:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Leo Cooper in association with Secker & Warburg. pp. 6966:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Honours and salutes > Musical salute" 6647: 6271: 4631: 4293:"The Law behind the Conventions of the Constitution: Reassessing the Prorogation Debate" 4085: 3491: 12262: 12018: 11805: 11681: 11608: 11546: 11453: 11407: 11328: 11291: 11215: 10727: 10282: 10027: 9981: 9488: 9458: 8165: 7804: 7537: 7487: 5694:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1A-3. A-AD-200-000/AG-000. Archived from 4780:"Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone" 4081: 3287: 3043: 3016: 2685: 2651: 2639: 2476: 2212: 2031: 1962: 1619: 1372: 1099: 949:

The office began in the 17th century, when the French Crown appointed governors of the

834: 824: 522: 332: 272: 260: 133: 9280:"Payette's resignation shines light on expense account, pension for governors general" 5374:

Julie Payette's vetting for governor general questioned amid 'disquieting' revelations

3214:

It was with the Queen's appointment of Clarkson, on the advice of then Prime Minister

2314:. As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the 2198:

VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada.

1233: 11902: 11872: 11820: 11780: 11770: 11742: 11715: 11551: 11497: 11472: 11191: 11181: 10885: 10737: 10474: 10401: 10333: 10328: 9919: 9430: 9312: 9236:"Cyberbreach at Rideau Hall was 'sophisticated' intrusion, internal documents reveal" 8632: 8373: 7901: 7742: 7608: 7541: 7498: 7343: 7286: 7169: 7096: 7069: 6803: 6303: 6261: 6079: 5865:

Windsor & Annapolis Railway Co. v. The Queen and the Western Counties Railway Co.

5775: 4808: 4691: 4605: 4248: 4056: 3951: 3779: 3528: 3279: 3227: 3200: 3108: 2335: 2095:

of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for a governor general's husband.

1794: 1768: 1689: 1579: 1540: 1457: 1284: 1206: 1161: 1071: 1006: 907: 705: 675: 587: 169: 10359: 10338: 9924: 8912: 3989:

The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada

3540: 3248: 2973:

when he said in Montreal in 1937: "a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British

2248: 1833:

Both the King and his viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the

1453: 1361: 567: 11938: 11815: 11765: 11760: 11344: 11073: 11027: 10747: 10732: 10364: 9340:

Governor General of Canada > Former Governors General > Ramon John Hnatyshyn.

9302: 7639: 7529: 7265: 6150: 5724: 4891: 4530:"Haitian community holds special church service for the governor general-designate" 4269: 4043: 3907: 3894: 3846: 3775: 3674: 3371: 3231: 3223: 3031: 3023: 2979: 2946: 2904:, a catalyst for change over the role of the governor general in the British Empire 2887: 2866: 2797: 2663: 2379: 2047: 1806: 1500: 1345: 1304: 1300: 1014: 903: 857:

in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving

850: 592: 445: 9914: 7042: 6015:

McIntosh, Andrew; Monet, Jacques; Bishop, Paul; McIntosh, Andrew (29 March 2023),

5499: 5450: 5420: 3745: 3310:

upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984, and Michaëlle Jean became the

3215: 3184: 2841: 2274:, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with 2155: 12372: 11976: 11795: 11732: 11698: 11502: 11227: 11205: 11200: 10752: 10719: 10277: 9899: 9889: 8694:"A Very Alarming Situation: the New Threat to the Canadian Monarchy – What Next?" 8086: 8009: 7337: 7280: 7090: 6797: 6409: 6297: 6145: 4802: 4685: 4599: 3712: 3636: 3176: 2966: 2958: 2883: 2853: 2830: 2747: 2709: 2543: 2514: 2492: 2339: 2299: 2252: 2244: 2173: 1781: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1357: 1296: 1103: 979: 816: 582: 517: 9904: 8271: 8125:"Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark" 7975: 4572:. Fall-Winter 2005 (24). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 4. Archived from 4270:"Governor General > Former Governors General > The Marquess of Willingdon" 3496: 3222:—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a 3140: 1464:

The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the

1353: 11850: 11800: 11222: 11210: 11176: 10982: 10493: 10488: 10067: 9884: 9879: 9688: 9508: 9069: 8134:. Summer 2004 (22). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 19–20. Archived from 7828:"Former Governors General: General The Right Honourable Georges Philias Vanier" 6699: 6584: 6583:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 6. Appendix B.2.a. Archived from 6573: 6141: 5990: 5526: 5398:

Prime Minister announces The Queen's approval of Canada's next Governor General

5095:"How Canada can shift from constitutional monarchy to constitutional democracy" 4639: 3867: 3829: 3729: 3708: 3484: 3207: 3000: 2918: 2834: 2816:. These actions, however, led to conflict with the prime minister at the time, 2793: 2720:, disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, Macdonald, over the dismissal of 2622: 2500: 2383: 2359: 1853:

in the House of Commons, advised Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy to

1838: 1834: 1814: 1697: 1646: 1615: 1586: 1492: 1434: 1417: 1349: 1341: 1322: 1133:, has a royal proclamation been issued to end a governor general's incumbency. 1075: 1038: 838: 622: 185: 9894: 9752: 8404: 7533: 6942: 4993: 1626:

and that individual, in the monarch's capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has

12495: 11964: 11318: 11232: 11083: 10742: 9934: 9909: 9555: 9047: 8946: 8856: 8624: 8377: 7887: 7746: 7405: 6717:"Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Across Canada > Standards" 5449:. Autumn 1999 (3). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. 1999. Archived from 4950: 4928: 4563:"The Installation of the Governor General in 2005: Innovation and Evolution?" 3881: 3749: 3622: 3506: 3314: 3180: 2941:, through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931, Canada, along with the 2922: 2876: 2817: 2809: 2774: 2598: 2559: 2468: 1868: 1822: 1720: 1548: 1480: 1269: 1237: 1194: 1095: 1079: 720: 560: 8740:. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 12. Archived from 7311:"Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Governor General" 5827:"Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Governor General" 5768:(12 January 1877). "Speech". In Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick (ed.). 3567:

The letters patent constituting the office and official publications of the

3273:

parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009

1193:

How many names the prime minister puts forward to the sovereign has varied.

1078:

in 1952, the royal commission was authorized by the monarch's signature and

1029: 833:. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other 11755: 11186: 11113: 10092: 9316: 8893:(Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. 27 November 2007 8703:. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. Archived from 8652: 8474:. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 6. Archived from 7572:""What's in a name?" – The curious tale of the office of High Commissioner" 7092:

Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government

6851: 6823: 4431: 4400: 3442: 3386: 3255: 3093: 3035: 2985: 2606: 2602: 2591: 2472: 2327: 2151: 1926: 1790: 1398: 1212: 1106:

as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the

919: 715: 700: 680: 499: 9355: 9307: 8891:"Governor General proposes two new options to recognize Constable Garrett" 7557:

The Present Juridical Status of the British Dominions in International Law

6441: 6206: 5607: 3711:

served as governor general between 15 September 1959 and 5 March 1967 and

2570:, should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as 2103: 1114:(should either person not have already received either of those honours). 1082:.) That individual is, from then until being sworn in, referred to as the 11281: 11093: 10292: 10097: 10082: 9864: 9647: 9480: 6771:"Table of titles to be used in Canada (as revised on June 18, 1993)" 6548:. Vol. 143, no. 17. 25 April 2009. p. 1200. Archived from 6465:"La Citadelle > An Official Residence at the Heart of the Old Capital" 6393: 6381: 6046:"The Governor General of Canada: Role, Duties and Funding for Activities" 5322:

Harper creates new panel to ensure 'non-partisan' vice regal appointments

5288:"PM welcomes appointment of David Johnston as Governor General Designate" 4895: 3733: 3715:

served for just under seven years, from 17 April 1967 to 14 January 1974.

3382: 3263: 3136: 3034:

as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen

3027: 2970: 2933:

that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the

2805: 2701: 2671: 2618: 2555: 2331: 2109: 2068: 1898: 1818: 1759:. In almost all cases, this is the member of Parliament who commands the 1736: 1681: 1590: 1536: 1495:. From there, the party is led by the King's parliamentary messenger—the 1273: 1245: 1229: 958: 922:

to bills; calling elections; and signing commissions for officers of the

829: 710: 652: 532: 435: 155: 141: 9426:

Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation

9402: 3630: 2700:

and who, as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the

1930:

general withholds the King's assent, the sovereign may within two years

982:), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the 10917: 10072: 9939: 8801:"Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye" 7866:"Former Governors General: The Right Honourable Daniel Roland Michener" 7865: 7827: 7773: 7666: 7436: 6895:"Honours > National Orders > Order of Merit of the Police Forces" 6894: 6827: 6490: 6464: 5580:(1). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 15. Archived from 5226:"Tight circle of monarchists helping Harper pick next Governor General" 4198: 4113: 3390: 3247:

As the representative of Canada's head of state, the governor general,

3152: 3130: 3042:. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new 2705: 2231: 2159: 1966: 1891:

from Cabinet meetings and any documents referred to in those minutes.

1860: 1515:

and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the

1438: 1201:. Mackenzie King in 1945 gave three names to King George VI, who chose 872: 112: 90: 9379:"'People's Governor General' David Johnston bids farewell at ceremony" 8890: 7117: 6995: 6516: 5656:(3). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 9. Archived from 5394: 5282: 4866:"New governor general must clarify sovereignty position, premiers say" 4721:

The Evolution of the Selection and Appointment of the Governor General

3022:

As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an

1371:

has advocated the election of the nominee to the sovereign, either by

11586: 10443: 10087: 9989: 9950: 8951:"'Your biggest problem is Rideau Hall', top bureaucrat warned Harper" 7168:. Vol. 8. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–347. 6671:"Governor General's salary to be taxed, but it won't cost him a dime" 5350:

Liberals leave royal position vacant in Queen's Sapphire Jubilee year

4339: 3278:

With the appointment of academic David Johnston, former principal of

3188: 3151:, but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers. When the 2996: 2755: 2634: 2609:

to Spain, the remaining British colonies of North America, including

2279: 1997:. The governor general will also induct individuals into the various 1376: 1288: 1217: 1059: 1010: 993: 9409:. Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 20 December 2016. 9213:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon's office says its internal network was hacked" 9185:"Cyber security breach at Rideau Hall confirmed by governor general" 9157:"Statement from the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General" 8827:"Governor General calling herself 'head of state' riles monarchists" 8771:"John Fraser: When Quebecers loved the Crown (and why they stopped)" 7863: 7825: 7771: 7664: 7434: 7115: 6993: 6892: 6514: 6488: 6462: 6249:

Boyce, Peter (2008). Written at Sydney. Jackson, Michael D. (ed.).

6204: 5991:

Office of the Secretary to the Governor General (22 December 2016),

5605: 5418: 5196:"Selection panel ordered to find non-partisan governor-general: PMO" 4777: 4345:

Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada

4267: 4190: 3111:

was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "

1894: 1657:, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel", and 12020:

Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and dominions

11840: 11078: 10077: 8441: 8270:. Autumn 1999. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 7741:. Vol. IXX, no. 17. New York: Time Inc. 21 October 1957. 7282:

Canada's Department of External Affairs: The early years, 1909–1946

6868: 6440:(Spring 1995). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 6392:(Spring 1996). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from 5695: 3585: 3394: 3122: 3057: 2991: 2358:. When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the 2343: 2288: 2266:

Prior to 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the

1876: 1685: 1405:

before the appointment of a new governor general, stating, "we are

1318: 1277: 1253: 2017:

and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title

11134: 11098: 11068: 10107: 8534:. September 2000. Kanata: Canvet Publications Ltd. Archived from 6943:"Library > Miscellaneous > Biographies > Vincent Massey" 6299:

On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada

5771:

Visit of his Excellency the Governor-General to the National Club

4643:. Vol. Extra 139, no. 8. 27 September 2005. p. 1. 3101: 3089: 3012: 2961:

born outside of Canada, John Buchan (later the Lord Tweedsmuir).

2780: 2610: 2267: 2027: 1888: 1292: 1094:, there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 1001: 880: 355: 8327:

Jackson, D. Michael (1999). Written at Toronto-Buffalo-London.

7605:

Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present

7412:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 601–602. 6861:

The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces

5688:

The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces

4684:

Copeland, Lewis; Lamm, Lawrence W.; McKenna, Stephen J. (1999).

4243:. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 4084:

1867, c. III, s. 10, as amended by R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 5 (

2235:

and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of

11108: 10877: 10714: 7947: 5774:. Toronto: Hunter Rose & Co. (published 1877). p. 10. 4171:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 3. Archived from 4161: 3594: 3576: 3311: 2857: 2813: 2697: 2566:

adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and

2464: 2347: 2312:

Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

1654: 1456:

swearing the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice

1091: 884: 145: 7028: 7016: 6741: 5681: 4955:"Let MPs vet G-G candidates, and show hearings, Clarkson says" 4348:, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada (published 1 October 1947) 2217:

spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving

11139: 7774:"Former Governors General: Major General The Earl of Athlone" 5754:. Fredericton: Brunswick Press (published 1955). p. 201. 4986:"Crisis showed Parliamentary system not understood: Clarkson" 1993:, continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General 1849:

took place, in which Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a

1797:. The governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the 6638: 6614:"Salaries of the Governors General of Canada – 1869 To Date" 5567:"Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" 2893: 2586:, that the king's representative, with a change in title to 1645:

as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a

1570:

Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects

1449: 1416:

as governor general-designate. For the task, Prime Minister

6963: 6765: 6711: 6014: 4472: 3590: 2681:, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation. 1356:. The third woman to hold this position was also the first 876: 5750:(c. 1880). Written at Ottawa. MacNutt, W. Stewart (ed.). 4601:

Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption

3660:

List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada

1789:. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal 10846: 5764: 3693:

When the position is held by a male, the French title is

1863:, a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of 1779:

on the use of executive power; an arrangement called the

1468:, who then accompanies the governor general-designate to 1295:

to Canada. Moreover, the practice of alternating between

1044:

The position of governor general is mandated by both the

8230:"Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson on love in royal palace" 7472:

Canada's Governors General, Lord Monck to General Vanier

6574:

Office of the Secretary to the Governor General (2007).

4016:"Mary Simon installed as Canada's 30th Governor General" 1913:

The governor general also summons Parliament, reads the

871:

officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is

8731:"Hope for the Monarchy in Canada: The Provincial Crown" 7667:"Former Governors General: Lord Tweedsmuir of Elsfield" 7305: 7223: 6101:

Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

5821: 3416:

Canadian institutions established by governors general

3060:

in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "

2511:

in 1663, after whom 12 more people served in the post.

2150:—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which 7342:, vol. III, Tucson: Fireship Press, p. 228, 5421:"Media > Fact Sheets > The Great Seal of Canada" 5395:

Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (6 July 2021),

9452: 9179: 9177: 6491:"The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General" 3503:

Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund

2046:. This ceremonial position is directly under that of 1672:

Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional role

1412:

A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of

1393:

Vernon Watchmaker and Chief Germaine Anderson of the

1379:. Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the 251: 9207: 9205: 7590:

Imperial Conference of 1926 — Summary of Proceedings

7474:(2 ed.). York: York Publishing Co. p. 156. 7189:

Royal Proclamation, 1763, RSC 1985, App. II, No. 1).

6700:

Office of the Secretary to the Governor General 2007

6342:"About > Management Team > Board of Governors" 6163: 5978: 5520: 5493: 5014: 4741: 4690:. Mineola: Courier Dover Publications. p. 381. 4671: 4478:"Monarchy in Canada > Governor General Designate" 4372: 3862:

The offices were subsequently incorporated into the

3612: 3171:, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to 2977:, but to Canada and Canada's King", a statement the 10811:

Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada

10303:

The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada

6416:. Toronto: E.P. Taylor Foundation. ASIN B0006EB752. 5120:"What happened to Canada's anti-monarchist moment?" 4683: 3468:

King George V Silver Jubilee Cancer Fund for Canada

2338:") followed by the first and last four bars of the 2194:of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses 1692:, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the 1637:The governor general acts within the principles of 9376: 9174: 8501:"Clarkson out of hospital after pacemaker surgery" 8363: 7486: 7437:"Former Governors General: The Duke of Devonshire" 6854:(1997). "Constitution of the Order of Canada". In 6668: 6148:in 1970 to request an authorization to invoke the 4906:, Toronto (published 10 June 2010), archived from 4055:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 34, 2241:for their time in office and for life afterwards. 2168:and its departments are funded through the normal 1144:and exercises all powers of the governor general. 974:Although the post initially still represented the 9202: 7920: 6207:"Governor General > Role and Responsibilities" 5443:"Adrienne Clarkson Installed as Governor General" 2908:In 1926, Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a 12493: 10298:The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces 9230: 9228: 9226: 8364:Janigan, Mary; Nicol, John (20 September 1999). 8076:"Don't Mess With Success – and Good Luck Trying" 7723:. Boston: Little Brown and Company. p. 423. 7068:. Darby: Diane Publishing Company. p. 284. 6608: 6175: 6072:Imperial Conference 1926: Summary of Proceedings 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5901: 5794: 5752:Days of Lorne: Impressions of a Governor-General 5498:. Her Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 5481:The Canadian Journal of Lady Aberdeen, 1893–1898 4221: 4074: 3670:Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces 3210:in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000 2992:Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation 2714:Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom 1771:and it is, in practice, only from this group of 1421:committee was made permanent and renamed as the 9782: 9130:"Johnston named Canada's next governor general" 8978:"Governor General to Dan Gardner: you're right" 8657:"Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" 8562:"Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" 6517:"Heraldry > The Canadian Heraldic Authority" 5471: 3985: 2771:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 2112:, the primary residence of the governor general 926:. The ceremonial duties include delivering the 9585: 7896:. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited. pp. 7285:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. p. 71. 6802:. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. p. 124. 5643:"Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit" 5166: 5042:"One thing in Ottawa that doesn't need fixing" 3317:to Haiti and, later, the secretary-general of 2781:Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom 2491:was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by 2459: 1401:, suggesting that the federal Cabinet consult 1325:(left), the first Canadian-born viceroy since 1272:, consulted with South African prime minister 1165:appointed by the monarch on the advice of the 1158:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada 27:Federal representative of the Canadian monarch 12004: 10862: 10459: 10260:Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments 9966: 9768: 9571: 9223: 7149:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). 4232: 4230: 3301: 1775:that the king and governor general will take 1423:Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments 792: 12354:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12349:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9040:"Jean was right to stave off Bloc coalition" 8764: 8762: 8629:The Governor General and the Prime Ministers 7997:Smith, David (1999). Watson, William (ed.). 7925:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 7313:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 7231:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6968:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6850: 6822: 6773:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6719:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6646:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6616:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6119:"What does the Governor General do all day?" 6048:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 6043: 5829:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 5805: 5803: 5525:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 5290:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 5171:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 4504:"Gov. Gen. designate denies separatist link" 4480:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 4440:, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from 4430: 4409:, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from 4399: 4217: 4215: 4197:, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from 4121:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 3726:Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 3694: 3163: 3156:appointed. While it was she who created the 3113: 3088:for state occasions, and expecting women to 3084:by the governor general, the requirement of 3070: 3062: 2090: 2076: 2007:awards associated with private organizations 1009:. Any constitutional amendment that affects 938:from incoming ambassadors; and distributing 42: 9632:Secretary to the Governor General of Canada 8184:Saskatchewan Politics into the 21st Century 6919:. St. John Ambulance Canada. Archived from 6759: 6427: 6425: 4858: 4836:"Martin defends viceregal couple's loyalty" 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4142: 4140: 4115:Public Works and Government Services Canada 4038: 4036: 3655:Armorial of the governors general of Canada 3187:—that have been generally regarded as mere 2219:Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners 2063: 1905:at the opening of the third session of the 12011: 11997: 10933:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 10869: 10855: 10466: 10452: 9973: 9959: 9775: 9761: 9578: 9564: 9534:Governor General of the Province of Canada 9457: 9354:. The Hnatyshyn Foundation. Archived from 8291: 8289: 8257: 8255: 8186:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center. 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 7864:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 7859: 7857: 7826:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 7772:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 7665:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 7489:Byng of Vimy: General and Governor General 7435:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 7116:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6994:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6893:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6747: 6515:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6510: 6508: 6489:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6463:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6205:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 6200: 6198: 6196: 6084:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6039: 6037: 5606:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 5521:Government of Canada (24 September 2014). 5419:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 4778:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 4300:Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law 4268:Office of the Governor General of Canada. 4227: 4191:Office of the Governor General of Canada, 3514:International Council for Canadian Studies 2668:Governor-General of the Province of Canada 1589:(left) in the governor general's study of 990:Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia 799: 785: 259: 81: 9306: 8759: 8728: 8631:. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press. p. 46. 8623: 8462: 7965: 7794: 7627: 6484: 6482: 6374: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6112: 6110: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5889: 5877: 5851: 5800: 5640: 5223: 5169:"Governor General Consultation Committee" 4800: 4667: 4665: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4338: 4212: 4186: 4184: 4182: 2629: 2503:took control of the colony and appointed 2487:in the early 17th century, serving until 2188:The governor general's air transportation 2184:, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2172:, as is the governor general's salary of 2015:Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces 1545:Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces 1142:administrator of the government of Canada 10831:Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom 9617:Deputy of the Governor General of Canada 9377:The Canadian Press (18 September 2017), 9257:"Michaëlle Jean begins UN job for Haiti" 9037: 8855: 8798: 8596: 8456: 7517: 7484: 7278: 7088: 6989: 6987: 6795: 6735: 6422: 6295: 5718: 5716: 5599: 5066: 4983: 4807:, Hamilton: Dundurn Press, p. 143, 4455: 4137: 4109: 4107: 4033: 3966:in the House of Lords for over a decade. 3931: 3906:Governors general had been venturing to 3761:As Alexander was to be appointed to the 3748:resigned the viceregal post in 1999 and 3562: 3242: 3194: 3135: 2995: 2892: 2784: 2733: 2633: 2513: 2365: 2243: 1975: 1925:Parliament. The governor general grants 1893: 1801:, to appoint in the monarch's name, the 1743:The governor general is required by the 1725:Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition 1715: 1573: 1448: 1317: 1211: 1062:. As such, on the recommendation of the 1028: 11405: 9422: 9333: 9328: 9292: 8975: 8824: 8691: 8326: 8286: 8264:"The LeBlanc Years: A Frank Assessment" 8261: 8252: 8227: 8196: 8181: 8074:Valpy, Michael. Watson, William (ed.). 8027: 7854: 7848: 7457: 7422: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7335: 7211: 6832:. 3. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada 6829:The Constitution of the Order of Canada 6753: 6531: 6505: 6431: 6408: 6368: 6328: 6193: 6187: 6034: 5913: 5809: 5746: 5628: 5561: 5494:Government of Canada (2 October 2014). 5318: 4890: 4833: 4765: 4753: 4717: 4560: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4290: 4284: 4236: 4146: 4098: 4042: 3840: 3377:An outgoing governor general may leave 3308:Canadian High Commissioner to Australia 2201: 1949:Monarchy of Canada § Cultural role 1444: 875:, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An 823:) is the federal representative of the 306:Sovereigns of Canada and their consorts 14: 12502:Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations 12494: 11829: 10473: 9980: 9717:Flag of the governor general of Canada 9277: 9006: 8911: 8768: 8651: 8601:. CanWest News Service. Archived from 8556: 8428: 8402: 8295: 8199:"A stealth campaign against the Queen" 8042: 7886: 7607:. New York: Basic Books. p. 287. 7592:(Ottawa: King's Printer, 1926), p 14. 7404: 7138: 7095:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 26. 7066:Encyclopedia of North American Indians 7064:Hoxie, Frederick E. (September 1999). 6479: 6380: 6233: 6116: 6107: 5967: 5284:Office of the Prime Minister of Canada 5261:, Toronto, 9 July 2010, archived from 5117: 5067:McCreery, Christopher (22 July 2005), 5015:Canwest News Service (18 April 2009). 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4662: 4624: 4359: 4179: 4157: 4155: 4013: 1857:the new parliament, but Byng refused. 1700:issued over the decades, particularly 1665: 1533:flag of the governor general of Canada 1313:Canadian Security Intelligence Service 1033:First page of the proclamation of the 11992: 11635:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 10850: 10447: 9954: 9756: 9559: 9068: 8945: 8861:"The remarkable new Governor-General" 8597:Greenway, Norma (27 September 2005). 8525: 8366:"Clarkson Appointed Governor General" 8110: 7996: 7718: 7554: 7469: 7253: 7141:"Saffray de Mézy (Mésy), Augustin de" 7063: 7043:"Governor General of Canada (Canada)" 6984: 6248: 5722: 5713: 5370: 5346: 5193: 5092: 4949: 4597: 4506:. CTV. 18 August 2005. Archived from 4104: 3940: 3921: 3887: 3822: 3785: 3768: 3739: 3718: 3702: 3665:Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft 2860:, though he had little real success. 2574:. The post was created in 1786, with 2019:Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada 1803:lieutenant governors of the provinces 1747:, to appoint for life persons to the 9295:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 9038:Dreschel, Andrew (5 December 2008). 8403:Walker, William (9 September 1999). 8329:"The Crown in Today's Federal State" 8122: 7795:Galbraith, William (February 2002). 7602: 6799:Mackenzie King: Friends & Lovers 6669:The Canadian Press (29 March 2012). 5766:Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick 5729:, Vancouver: Simon Fraser University 5325:, The Canadian Press, archived from 5224:Ditchburn, Jennifer (28 June 2010), 5142: 5093:Trent, John E. (22 September 2022), 4872:from the original on 4 February 2007 4718:Feldman, Stephanie (19 April 2021), 4536:from the original on 3 December 2010 4325: 3873: 3832:. Similarly, Massey was awarded the 3755: 1553:Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery 11908:Topics by provinces and territories 9601:List of governors general of Canada 9110:from the original on 4 October 2010 8503:. CTV. 11 July 2005. Archived from 8298:"Jean is now least boring G-G ever" 7968:"Opinion: Trudeau and the Monarchy" 7923:"Canada: a Constitutional Monarchy" 7690:"John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir" 7687: 7143:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). 7029:Department of National Defence 1999 7017:Department of National Defence 1999 6742:Department of National Defence 1999 5118:Selley, Chris (28 September 2022), 4704: 4650:from the original on 9 October 2022 4152: 3900: 3856: 3650:List of governors general of Canada 3525:Institute for Canadian Citizenship 3040:Canada's two main linguistic groups 2925:. Within a week however, Meighen's 2694:secretary of state for the colonies 2499:then administered New France until 2479:as Viceroy of Canada. The explorer 2455:List of Governors General of Canada 2308:Order of Merit of the Police Forces 1937:Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan 1352:and the second woman, following on 1332:Although required by the tenets of 1171:secretary of state for the colonies 1112:Order of Merit of the Police Forces 24: 9998:Monarchy in the Canadian provinces 9416: 9154: 9074:"That was the weird week that was" 9007:Taylor, Nathan (6 December 2008). 8599:"Jean puts imprint on swearing-in" 7630:"Constitutional History of Canada" 7628:McConnell, W.H. (18 August 2022). 7040: 5319:Cheadle, Bruce (4 November 2012), 5255:"David Johnston: a worthy viceroy" 5143:Ball, David P. (3 February 2021), 4931:. Citizens for a Canadian Republic 4834:LeBlanc, Daniel (13 August 2005). 3795: 3282:and subsequently president of the 2800:as the governor general of Canada. 2763:Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf 1942: 1616:shares the person of the sovereign 1216:(Left to right) T.A. Crerar, King 279: 25: 12538: 9444: 9136:from the original on 11 July 2010 8976:Gardner, Dan (13 February 2009). 8917:"Will Jean thwart election call?" 8825:Boswell, Randy (7 October 2009). 8528:"The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" 8228:Miranda, Charles (2 March 2009). 8197:Gardner, Dan (17 February 2009). 8073: 7569: 6964:Department of Canadian Heritage. 5347:Beeby, Dean (19 September 2017), 3992:, Queen's Printer, archived from 3220:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3009:the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal 2957:new system was still, however, a 2497:Company of One Hundred Associates 2356:King's personal Canadian standard 2136:secretary to the governor general 1963:letters of credence and of recall 1513:secretary to the governor general 736:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 490:Secretary to the Governor General 225:Secretary to the governor general 12373:United Kingdom lieutenancy areas 12100:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11971: 11970: 11958: 10836:Royal Heraldry Society of Canada 10433:Debate on the monarchy in Canada 9736: 9735: 9395: 9370: 9344: 9322: 9286: 9278:Bryden, Joan (31 January 2021). 9271: 9249: 9148: 9122: 9096: 9062: 9031: 9000: 8969: 8939: 8905: 8883: 8849: 8818: 8799:Galloway, Gloria (7 June 2010), 8792: 8722: 8685: 8645: 8617: 8590: 8550: 8519: 8493: 8422: 8396: 8384:from the original on 8 June 2011 8357: 8320: 8221: 8190: 8175: 8153: 8116: 8104: 8067: 7990: 7959: 7941: 7914: 7880: 7842: 7819: 7788: 7765: 7727: 7712: 7700:from the original on 3 July 2007 7681: 7658: 7646:from the original on 8 June 2011 7621: 7596: 7582: 7563: 7559:. London: Longmans. p. 231. 7548: 7511: 7478: 7463: 7451: 7428: 7416: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7329: 7299: 7272: 7247: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7182: 7157: 7146:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7132: 7109: 7082: 7057: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6957: 6935: 6909: 6886: 6844: 6816: 6789: 6705: 6693: 6662: 6632: 6602: 6567: 6456: 6360: 6334: 6322: 6302:, Toronto: Dundurn, p. 54, 6289: 6221: 6181: 6169: 6117:Hopper, Tristan (27 July 2021), 3724:The Lord Tweedsmuir died at the 3629: 3615: 3583:, which do include a hyphen. As 3435:John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne 3098:Canada's centennial celebrations 2731:to select a new prime minister. 2718:John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne 2421: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2117: 2102: 2054:after 1946 and again in 2011 as 1729:Queen's Privy Council for Canada 1369:Citizens for a Canadian Republic 976:government of the United Kingdom 940:honours, decorations, and medals 771:Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II 766:Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II 731:Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria 446:Provincial residences or offices 219:Deputies of the governor general 65: 53: 12368:Other viceregal representatives 10993:Former colonies and territories 9622:Administrator of the Government 8526:Black, Dan (1 September 2000). 7949:Department of Canadian Heritage 6767:Department of Canadian Heritage 6713:Department of Canadian Heritage 6344:. Scouts Canada. Archived from 6157: 6135: 6092: 6064: 6008: 5984: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5857: 5845: 5815: 5788: 5758: 5740: 5675: 5634: 5622: 5555: 5552:, RSC 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1) . 5541: 5514: 5487: 5465: 5435: 5412: 5388: 5364: 5340: 5312: 5306: 5276: 5247: 5217: 5187: 5160: 5136: 5111: 5086: 5060: 5034: 5008: 4984:Ferguson, Rob (17 April 2009). 4977: 4943: 4921: 4884: 4827: 4794: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4677: 4591: 4554: 4548: 4522: 4496: 4474:Department of Canadian Heritage 4424: 4393: 4261: 4163:Department of Canadian Heritage 4014:Aiello, Rachel (26 July 2021). 3812: 3807:King's Privy Council for Canada 2601:of America and the transfer of 2036:Governor General's Horse Guards 1749:King's Privy Council for Canada 1052:British North America Act, 1867 968:British North America Act, 1867 761:Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II 12314:British Indian Ocean Territory 12235:Realm of New Zealand countries 10928:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 10423:Canadian Secretary to the King 10407:Canadian Coronation Contingent 10128:Lieutenant governors in Canada 8769:Fraser, John (28 April 2012), 8045:"Who is the Governor General?" 6856:Department of National Defence 6539:"Part I > Government House" 6296:McCreery, Christopher (2008), 5683:Department of National Defence 5371:Press, Jordan (20 July 2017), 4092: 4068: 4007: 3979: 3912:President of the United States 3687: 3480:Vanier Institute of the Family 3290:, following the controversial 2761:included in a pamphlet called 2638:Political organization of the 2546:then issued in that same year 2524:Governor General of New France 2182:Department of National Defence 2040:Governor General's Foot Guards 1441:for appointment as vicereine. 1395:Six Nations of the Grand River 1268:, Canadian prime minister Sir 1152:In a speech on the subject of 1024: 821:gouverneure générale du Canada 756:Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II 746:Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II 495:RCMP Personal Protection Group 44:Gouverneure générale du Canada 13: 1: 12527:1867 establishments in Canada 12172:Canadian lieutenant governors 10428:History of monarchy in Canada 9155:Canada, Governor General of. 8043:Pepall, John (1 March 1990). 7408:(1938). Borden, Henry (ed.). 7254:Mills, David (4 March 2015). 5650:Canadian Parliamentary Review 5574:Canadian Parliamentary Review 4373:Government of Canada (1970), 3973: 3271:, as well as her role in the 3076:" ("Vanier Queen's jester"). 3048:the province's sovereigntists 2856:, made efforts to conciliate 2722:Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 2221:, entitled to the use of the 1959:state visits to other nations 1505:justices of the Supreme Court 1487:Guard, and Flag Party of the 1309:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1056:letters patent issued in 1947 230:Justices of the Supreme Court 59:Badge of the governor general 12522:Westminster system in Canada 12291:British Overseas Territories 9500:Canadian order of precedence 9104:"GG David Johnston sworn in" 7955:, Queen's Printer for Canada 7868:. Queen's Printer for Canada 7830:. Queen's Printer for Canada 7797:"The Canadian and the Crown" 7776:. Queen's Printer for Canada 7669:. Queen's Printer for Canada 7439:. Queen's Printer for Canada 7166:The Cambridge Modern History 7120:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6998:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6897:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6640:Department of Finance Canada 6519:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6493:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6467:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6432:Toffoli, Gary (April 1995). 6209:. Queen's Printer for Canada 6017:"Governor General of Canada" 5997:, Governor General of Canada 5610:. Queen's Printer for Canada 5423:. Queen's Printer for Canada 5401:, Queen's Printer for Canada 5194:Curry, Bill (11 July 2010), 4782:. Queen's Printer for Canada 4272:. Queen's Printer for Canada 3910:to meet informally with the 3696:Gouverneur général du Canada 3269:Indigenous peoples in Canada 3237:1964 Truncheon Saturday riot 2744:Canadian Expeditionary Force 2677:granted Royal Assent to the 2642:, after the introduction of 2613:, were partly integrated as 2483:became the first unofficial 2372:flag of the governor general 2330:— composed of the first six 2251:wearing the insignia of the 2208:Canadian order of precedence 1187:Statute of Westminster, 1931 1147: 1074:. (Until the appointment of 985:Statute of Westminster, 1931 751:Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II 543:Crown and Indigenous peoples 301:Canadian monarchical history 72:Flag of the governor general 7: 12507:Governors general of Canada 12309:British Antarctic Territory 10973:Crown and Indigenous people 9784:Governors general of Canada 9722:Viceregal eponyms in Canada 9627:Viceregal consort of Canada 9540:Governor General of Canada 8296:Martin, Don (28 May 2009). 7603:Judd, Denis (9 July 1998). 7555:Baker, Philip Noel (1929). 7307:Library and Archives Canada 7225:Library and Archives Canada 7151:University of Toronto Press 6099:"The Imperial Conference", 5823:Library and Archives Canada 5641:Galbraith, William (1989). 4929:"Our Goals > A Solution" 3608: 3370:all subsequently served as 3258:to Canada, 19 February 2009 3173:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 3158:Canadian Heraldic Authority 3068:" ("Vanier sold out") and " 3044:Quebec nationalist movement 2951:High Commissioner to Canada 2879:, where he was accorded by 2826:Conscription Crisis of 1917 2729:the Lord Stanley of Preston 2712:. But, the new position of 2670:and Lieutenant-Governor of 2520:Louis de Buade de Frontenac 2505:Augustin de Saffray de Mésy 2489:Charles Huault de Montmagny 2460:French and British colonies 2389: 2316:Canadian Forces' Decoration 2276:the Earl Alexander of Tunis 2261:Canadian Forces' Decoration 2178:National Capital Commission 2148:Canadian Heraldic Authority 2144:Herald Chancellor of Canada 2124:Secondary residence at the 1881:Imperial Conference of 1926 1785:or, more specifically, the 1696:, and some through various 1527:; the three oaths are: the 1381:Monarchist League of Canada 1222:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1182:Imperial Conference in 1930 1178:Balfour Declaration of 1926 932:state opening of parliament 10: 12543: 12129:Australian state governors 11863:Provincial and territorial 11786:Inventions and discoveries 10923:British Canada (1763–1867) 10876: 10720:extraordinary and emeritus 10116:Governor General of Canada 9587:Governor General of Canada 9497:Governor General of Canada 8372:. Toronto: Kenneth Whyte. 7721:John Buchanan: a Biography 7719:Smith, Janet Adam (1965). 7485:Williams, Jeffery (1983). 6386:"The Palace on the Rideau" 6074:, Ottawa, 1926, p. 14 4687:The World's Great Speeches 4632:"Part I > Proclamation" 3778:in 1940 and Chief Justice 3352:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 3302:Activities post-retirement 3292:prorogations of Parliament 3153:constitution was patriated 3026:, should be followed by a 2900:, who was involved in the 2873:the Marquess of Willingdon 2704:a suite of offices in the 2584:American revolutionary war 2528:Quebec Parliament Building 2452: 2448: 2320:chief of the Defence Staff 1946: 1669: 1567: 1384:governor general. Retired 1084:governor general-designate 1019:House of Commons of Canada 813:governor general of Canada 741:Silver Jubilee of George V 290:This article is part of a 35:Governor General of Canada 18:Governor-General of Canada 12383: 12367: 12289: 12261: 12233: 12200:Newfoundland and Labrador 12170: 12127: 12120: 12026: 11952: 11916: 11890: 11741: 11657: 11627: 11579: 11570: 11471: 11309: 11245: 11161: 11152: 11122: 11089:Newfoundland and Labrador 11061: 11050: 10956: 10893: 10884: 10823: 10803: 10713: 10677: 10664: 10648: 10585: 10537:Newfoundland and Labrador 10507: 10499:Royal Standards of Canada 10481: 10415: 10352: 10311: 10268: 10255:Territorial Commissioners 10106: 10058: 9988: 9790: 9730: 9704: 9684:Governor General's Awards 9661: 9640: 9609: 9593: 9538: 9530: 9525: 9505: 9495: 9477: 9472: 9080:. Toronto. Archived from 8867:. Toronto. Archived from 8172:at Government of Canada) 8051:. Toronto. Archived from 7966:Heinricks, Geoff (2001). 7694:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7635:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7534:10.1080/00358530120082823 7261:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7089:Tidridge, Nathan (2011). 6796:Reynolds, Louise (2005). 6164:Government of Canada 1970 6021:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5979:Government of Canada 1970 4961:. Toronto. Archived from 4842:. Toronto. Archived from 4742:Government of Canada 1970 4672:Government of Canada 1970 4306:: 131–154. Archived from 4291:Walters, Mark D. (2011). 4168:Canada: Symbols of Canada 4088:at Government of Canada) 3956:The Marquess of Lansdowne 3645:Governor General's Awards 3536:Michaëlle Jean Foundation 3520:The Hnatyshyn Foundation 3505: 3381:as a legacy, such as the 3360:the Marquess of Lansdowne 3344:Lord Lieutenant of Dublin 3164:Withering and renaissance 2898:The Viscount Byng of Vimy 2646:under the Union Act, 1848 2621:, Lieutenant-General Sir 2475:was appointed in 1602 by 2196:Bombardier Challenger 600 2170:federal budgetary process 2044:Canadian Grenadier Guards 2005:, and will also give out 2003:Governor General's Awards 1123:at His Majesty's pleasure 860:at His Majesty's pleasure 368:List of governors general 246: 238: 214: 204: 196: 191:At His Majesty's pleasure 184: 165: 132: 124: 103: 78: 64: 52: 39: 34: 12359:Turks and Caicos Islands 9517:Prime Minister of Canada 9009:"Stanton defends Harper" 8738:Canadian Monarchist News 8701:Canadian Monarchist News 8664:Canadian Monarchist News 8569:Canadian Monarchist News 8472:Canadian Monarchist News 8336:Canadian Monarchist News 8268:Canadian Monarchist News 8132:Canadian Monarchist News 7972:Canadian Monarchist News 7893:1967: The Last Good Year 7339:The Chronicles of Canada 6258:Canadian Monarchist News 5447:Canadian Monarchist News 4570:Canadian Monarchist News 4382:, WordPress, p. 105 3728:on 11 February 1940 and 3680: 3053:la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste 2742:inspects members of the 2725:Luc Letellier de St-Just 2534:With the signing of the 2306:, and Chancellor of the 2064:Residences and household 1907:18th Canadian Parliament 1727:, being admitted to the 1607:the Marquess of Aberdeen 1485:Royal Canadian Air Force 1250:leader of the opposition 11023:Persons of significance 11018:National Historic Sites 10353:Ceremonial and symbolic 9429:. Pembroke Publishers. 9106:. CBC. 1 October 2010. 7999:"Republican Tendencies" 7921:Speaker of the Senate. 7279:Hilliker, John (1990). 7256:"Rebellion Losses Bill" 6644:"Budget 2012 – Annex 4" 5477:Hamilton-Gordon, Ishbel 4900:"Diminishing the Crown" 4868:. CBC. 12 August 2005. 4724:, Library of Parliament 4532:. CBC. 27 August 2005. 3864:Prime Minister's Office 3473:The Earl of Bessborough 3430:Royal Society of Canada 3403:What's Past is Prologue 3127:Canadian honours system 2975:Commonwealth of Nations 2580:United Empire Loyalists 2471:began in the 1580s and 2352:governor general's flag 2304:Order of Military Merit 2257:Order of Military Merit 2087:governor general's wife 1991:ethnic groups in Canada 1639:parliamentary democracy 1628:10 other legal personas 1624:Commonwealth of Nations 1563: 1407:partners with the Crown 1334:constitutional monarchy 1228:, and Governor General 1199:the Earl of Bessborough 1138:chief justice of Canada 1131:Earl Alexander of Tunis 1108:Order of Military Merit 1064:Canadian prime minister 1050:(formerly known as the 965:and the passing of the 847:Canadian prime minister 12319:British Virgin Islands 10918:New France (1534–1763) 9423:Coucill, Irma (2005). 9259:. CBC. 8 November 2010 8465:"Our Governor General" 8170:Constitution Act, 1982 8168:1982, c. V, s. 41(a) ( 8161:Constitution Act, 1982 7139:Eccles, W.J. (1979) . 5723:Heard, Andrew (1990), 5496:"The Governor General" 5069:"Christopher McCreery" 4237:Hubbard, R.H. (1977). 4086:Constitution Act, 1867 4077:Constitution Act, 1867 3960:the Duke of Devonshire 3695: 3579:, unlike in the other 3548:Rideau Hall Foundation 3368:the Earl of Willingdon 3284:University of Waterloo 3259: 3211: 3169:Sarah, Duchess of York 3144: 3114: 3072:Vanier fou de la Reine 3071: 3063: 3050:and, when he attended 3017:Sir Edmund Walker Head 3004: 2939:Statute of Westminster 2905: 2839:Archbishop of Montreal 2801: 2790:Marquess of Willingdon 2751: 2690:Canadian Privy Council 2656:responsible government 2647: 2644:responsible government 2630:Responsible government 2531: 2522:, the third and sixth 2485:Governor of New France 2375: 2334:of the Royal Anthem (" 2284:Life Peerages Act 1958 2272:the Duke of Devonshire 2263: 2192:412 Transport Squadron 2142:holds the position of 2091: 2077: 1981: 1915:speech from the throne 1910: 1865:responsible government 1799:Constitution Act, 1867 1773:ministers of the Crown 1745:Constitution Act, 1867 1740: 1707:Constitution Act, 1867 1694:Constitution Act, 1867 1643:responsible government 1602: 1594: 1497:usher of the Black Rod 1466:ministers of the Crown 1461: 1329: 1266:Paris Peace Conference 1241: 1156:, made in 1866 to the 1047:Constitution Act, 1867 1041: 1037:, as published in the 980:in his British council 978:(that is, the monarch 963:Canadian Confederation 944:responsible government 928:speech from the throne 841:. The monarch, on the 827:, currently King 820: 613:Canadian royal symbols 284: 43: 12090:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11130:Northwest Territories 11033:Territorial evolution 10542:Northwest Territories 9694:King's Venturer Award 9308:10.3138/cbmh.22.1.155 8915:(27 September 2006). 8859:(28 September 2005). 6945:. Answers Corporation 6577:Annual Report 2006–07 6434:"The Hnatyshyn Years" 6176:Constitution Act 1867 5994:Constitutional Duties 5962:Constitution Act 1867 5950:Constitution Act 1867 5938:Constitution Act 1867 5926:Constitution Act 1867 5902:Constitution Act 1867 5795:Constitution Act 1867 5726:Canadian Independence 5473:Hamilton-Gordon, John 5017:"Clarkson backs test" 4434:(10 September 2005), 4403:(28 September 1999), 4222:Constitution Act 1867 3986:The Royal Household, 3834:Royal Victorian Chain 3563:Spelling of the title 3456:The Battlefields Park 3332:The Marquess of Lorne 3246: 3198: 3139: 3100:and the coincidental 2999: 2943:Union of South Africa 2896: 2850:Vilhjalmur Stefansson 2846:Duncan Campbell Scott 2788: 2737: 2679:Rebellion Losses Bill 2637: 2615:British North America 2517: 2453:Further information: 2369: 2247: 2052:Chief Scout of Canada 2023:Canadian Forces bases 1979: 1955:Canada's royal family 1947:Further information: 1897: 1851:non-confidence motion 1811:speaker of the Senate 1719: 1670:Further information: 1597: 1577: 1568:Further information: 1509:members of Parliament 1452: 1321: 1240:to choose Tweedsmuir. 1215: 1169:; until 1890, by the 1032: 924:Canadian Armed Forces 914:, and dissolving the 887:, Simon is the first 726:Coronation Contingent 686:Royal tours of Canada 485:Secretary to the King 311:Monarchy by provinces 283: 12512:Government of Canada 12215:Prince Edward Island 12034:Counsellors of State 11104:Prince Edward Island 10562:Prince Edward Island 9473:Order of precedence 9132:. CBC. 8 July 2010. 8927:on 29 September 2007 7696:. Historica Canada. 7470:Cowan, John (1965). 7045:. Flags of the World 6610:Parliament of Canada 5377:, The Canadian Press 5265:on 10 September 2010 5175:on 28 September 2011 5167:Canada News Centre. 4996:on 12 September 2012 4604:, Toronto: Dundern, 4201:on 30 September 2007 4175:on 17 February 2015. 3569:government of Canada 3441:Canada's first anti- 3399:Memory Hold-the-Door 3356:the Earl of Dufferin 3348:the Earl of Aberdeen 3336:Member of Parliament 3323:New Democratic Party 3116:Vive le Québec libre 2590:, directly governed 2568:Prince Edward Island 2548:a royal proclamation 2384:Royal Arms of Canada 2374:was adopted in 1981. 2302:, Chancellor of the 2238:the Right Honourable 2202:Symbols and protocol 1843:that year's election 1731:by Governor General 1711:may appoint deputies 1659:the Earl of Dufferin 1551:is conducted by the 1445:Swearing-in ceremony 1427:lieutenant governors 1386:University of Ottawa 1068:Great Seal of Canada 1035:Letters Patent, 1947 942:. Per the tenets of 896:lieutenant governors 891:to hold the office. 855:government of Canada 623:Royal Arms of Canada 618:Great Seal of Canada 538:Crown and the Forces 373:Lieutenant governors 116:the Right Honourable 12476:Trinidad and Tobago 12045:Antigua and Barbuda 11459:Firearms regulation 10715:Heralds in ordinary 10705:Deputy Chief Herald 9679:Chief Scout's Award 9653:Citadelle of Quebec 9189:City News Vancouver 9072:(5 December 2008). 9019:on 30 December 2008 8747:on 26 February 2009 8710:on 26 February 2009 8673:on 26 February 2009 8655:(9 December 2004). 8578:on 26 February 2009 8560:(9 December 2004). 8507:on 20 November 2007 8481:on 26 February 2009 8432:(1 February 2003). 8405:"PM names Clarkson" 8234:The Daily Telegraph 8123:Phillips, Stephen. 8092:on 17 February 2012 8015:on 17 February 2012 7953:The Crown in Canada 7807:on 20 November 2008 7264:(online ed.). 7200:The Quebec Almanack 6826:(28 October 2004). 6675:Winnipeg Free Press 6620:on 29 November 2015 6277:on 29 December 2009 5867:(1885), 10 SCR 389. 5502:on 14 November 2015 5230:Winnipeg Free Press 4510:on 11 February 2006 3996:on 20 February 2009 3948:Minister of Defence 3581:Commonwealth realms 3417: 3096:. He presided over 2935:Balfour Declaration 2931:Imperial Conference 2910:non-confidence vote 2576:the Lord Dorchester 2481:Samuel de Champlain 2126:Citadelle of Quebec 2083:Quebec City, Quebec 2032:household regiments 1899:The Lord Tweedsmuir 1787:governor-in-Council 1739:, 25 September 2017 1666:Constitutional role 1632:Canadian federation 1582:(right) meets with 1543:" is played by the 1491:) awaits to give a 1489:Royal Canadian Navy 1479:(consisting of the 1460:, 27 September 2005 1246:the Lord Tweedsmuir 1230:the Lord Tweedsmuir 936:letters of credence 835:Commonwealth realms 12517:Monarchy of Canada 12263:Crown Dependencies 11640:Population centres 10475:Heraldry in Canada 10324:Crown corporations 10283:King-in-Parliament 9982:Monarchy in Canada 9526:Political offices 9403:"Governor General" 9358:on 1 February 2013 9219:. 2 December 2021. 9084:on 7 December 2008 9078:The Globe and Mail 9050:on 7 December 2008 9044:Hamilton Spectator 9013:Packet & Times 8955:The Globe and Mail 8871:on 16 January 2009 8865:The Globe and Mail 8837:on 10 October 2009 8805:The Globe and Mail 8729:Editorial (2005). 8538:on 29 January 2009 8463:Editorial (2005). 8308:on 23 October 2014 7425:, pp. 141–142 6444:on 12 October 2006 6396:on 31 January 2009 6348:on 29 October 2011 6044:House of Commons. 6023:, Historica Canada 5549:Interpretation Act 5329:on 7 February 2013 5259:The Globe and Mail 5200:The Globe and Mail 5073:The Globe and Mail 4959:The Globe and Mail 4904:The Globe and Mail 4840:The Globe and Mail 4194:Commander in Chief 3964:Conservative Party 3950:in the Cabinet of 3916:the Viscount Monck 3914:since the time of 3415: 3379:an eponymous award 3340:the Viscount Monck 3288:constitutional law 3260: 3212: 3145: 3005: 2906: 2833:, Vincent Massey, 2822:Duke of Devonshire 2802: 2752: 2686:Province of Canada 2652:Rebellions of 1837 2648: 2640:Province of Canada 2552:Province of Quebec 2532: 2376: 2264: 2213:primus inter pares 1982: 1971:high commissioners 1911: 1827:high commissioners 1741: 1620:14 other countries 1595: 1593:, 18 December 2000 1529:Oath of Allegiance 1462: 1360:governor general, 1358:Caribbean-Canadian 1330: 1242: 1042: 955:Province of Quebec 916:federal parliament 853:to administer the 578:Crown corporations 548:Monarchical debate 523:King-in-Parliament 285: 273:Monarchy of Canada 242:$ 342,100 annually 209:The Viscount Monck 12489: 12488: 12379: 12378: 12162:Western Australia 12040:Governors-general 11986: 11985: 11965:Canada portal 11886: 11885: 11653: 11652: 11467: 11466: 11422:Political parties 11390:Foreign relations 11305: 11304: 11192:Canadian Prairies 11182:Pacific Northwest 11148: 11147: 11046: 11045: 11003:Foreign relations 10844: 10843: 10819: 10818: 10695:Herald Chancellor 10441: 10440: 10402:Thrones of Canada 10344:Royal commissions 10288:King-on-the-Bench 9948: 9947: 9750: 9749: 9554: 9553: 9521: 9506:Succeeded by 9493: 8949:(24 April 2007). 8625:McWhinney, Edward 7688:Hillmer, Norman. 7614:978-0-465-01954-0 7504:978-0-436-57110-7 7349:978-1-934757-51-2 7292:978-0-7735-0751-7 7175:978-0-521-29108-8 7102:978-1-4597-0084-0 7075:978-0-7881-6690-7 6923:on 4 October 2009 6809:978-1-4120-5985-5 6723:on 3 January 2010 6642:(29 March 2012). 6309:978-1-4597-1224-9 6267:978-1-86287-700-9 5916:, pp. 24, 27 5833:on 11 August 2009 5781:978-0-665-41480-0 5631:, pp. 16, 20 5529:on 1 January 2016 5479:(ed.). "We Twa". 4953:(17 April 2009). 4910:on 12 August 2010 4892:Russell, Peter H. 4846:on 15 August 2005 4814:978-1-55002-586-6 4804:Majesty in Canada 4697:978-0-486-40903-0 4611:978-1-4597-4575-9 4444:on 13 August 2011 4413:on 13 August 2011 4254:978-0-7735-0310-6 4062:978-0-662-46012-1 4049:A Crown of Maples 4044:MacLeod, Kevin S. 3952:Winston Churchill 3851:A Crown of Maples 3780:Robert Taschereau 3752:resigned in 2021. 3603:governor generals 3599:governors general 3558: 3557: 3529:Adrienne Clarkson 3449:The Earl of Minto 3405:), and Clarkson ( 3364:the Earl of Minto 3280:McGill University 3228:John Ralston Saul 3205:Russian president 3201:Adrienne Clarkson 3199:Governor General 3109:Charles de Gaulle 2923:form a government 2915:minority of seats 2792:(left) during an 2738:Governor General 2675:the Earl of Elgin 2572:governor-in-chief 2446: 2445: 2336:God Save the King 2293:Nickle Resolution 2152:armorial bearings 2146:, overseeing the 1909:, 27 January 1938 1795:orders in council 1690:royal prerogative 1605:Governor General 1584:Russian President 1580:Adrienne Clarkson 1578:Governor General 1557:registrar general 1541:Vice Regal Salute 1535:is raised on the 1458:Michel Bastarache 1305:background checks 1285:Adrienne Clarkson 1220:, Prime Minister 1207:Louis St. Laurent 1162:John A. Macdonald 1072:royal sign-manual 1007:royal prerogative 908:orders-in-council 889:Indigenous person 837:and lives in the 809: 808: 696:St Edward's Crown 676:Thrones of Canada 573:Royal commissions 528:King-on-the-Bench 267: 266: 170:Monarch of Canada 16:(Redirected from 12534: 12426:Irish Free State 12329:Falkland Islands 12185:British Columbia 12125: 12124: 12085:Papua New Guinea 12036:(United Kingdom) 12013: 12006: 11999: 11990: 11989: 11974: 11973: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11827: 11826: 11670:Higher education 11577: 11576: 11562:Science and tech 11449:Multiculturalism 11403: 11402: 11385:Local government 11350:House of Commons 11334:Governor General 11170: 11159: 11158: 11074:British Columbia 11059: 11058: 10913:Pre-colonization 10891: 10890: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10848: 10847: 10685:Governor General 10675: 10674: 10522:British Columbia 10510:territorial arms 10468: 10461: 10454: 10445: 10444: 10365:Crown Collection 9975: 9968: 9961: 9952: 9951: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9739: 9738: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9557: 9556: 9531:Preceded by 9512: 9484: 9478:Preceded by 9470: 9469: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9453:Official website 9440: 9411: 9410: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9383:The Toronto Star 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9348: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9310: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9232: 9221: 9220: 9209: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9046:. Archived from 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9015:. Archived from 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8984:. Archived from 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8923:. Archived from 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8833:. Archived from 8822: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8781:on 29 April 2012 8777:, archived from 8766: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8735: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8709: 8698: 8692:Fidelis (2005). 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8672: 8661: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8566: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8480: 8469: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8440:. Archived from 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8333: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8304:. Archived from 8293: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8262:Fidelis (1999). 8259: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8240:on 11 March 2009 8236:. Archived from 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8205:. Archived from 8194: 8188: 8187: 8179: 8173: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8129: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8091: 8080: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8040: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8003: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7861: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7803:. Archived from 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7749:. Archived from 7731: 7725: 7724: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7640:Historica Canada 7625: 7619: 7618: 7600: 7594: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7574:. Archived from 7567: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7492: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7383:, pp. 55–56 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7266:Historica Canada 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7019:, p. 14-2-2 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6874:on 25 March 2009 6873: 6866: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6677:. Archived from 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6429: 6420: 6417: 6410:Lanctot, Gustave 6405: 6403: 6401: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6270:. Archived from 6255: 6246: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6151:War Measures Act 6139: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6103:: 204, July 1927 6096: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6075: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5701:on 25 March 2009 5700: 5693: 5685:(1 April 1999). 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5663:on 14 March 2011 5662: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5587:on 26 April 2012 5586: 5571: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5232:, archived from 5221: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5202:, archived from 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4992:. Archived from 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965:on 20 April 2009 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4636: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4579:on 26 March 2009 4578: 4567: 4561:Fidelis (2005). 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4470: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4437:Royal Commission 4428: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4406:Royal Commission 4397: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4376:Governor General 4370: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4234: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4111: 4102: 4101:, pp. 34–35 4096: 4090: 4089: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3983: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3904: 3898: 3895:Great Depression 3891: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3838: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3776:Lyman Poore Duff 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3743: 3737: 3736:on 5 March 1967. 3722: 3716: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3691: 3675:Governor-general 3639: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3573:governor general 3571:spell the title 3492:Sauvé Foundation 3418: 3414: 3372:Viceroy of India 3232:Jack Granatstein 3224:visible minority 3119: 3106:French president 3074: 3066: 3032:John Diefenbaker 2986:Second World War 2980:Montreal Gazette 2947:Irish Free State 2902:King–Byng affair 2888:King-Byng Affair 2867:The Toronto Star 2798:Washington, D.C. 2588:Governor General 2509:governor general 2467:colonization of 2425: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2328:Viceregal Salute 2165:Government House 2121: 2106: 2094: 2089:is known as the 2080: 2048:Colonel-in-Chief 1847:King–Byng affair 1765:House of Commons 1610: 1429:and territorial 1346:Peter H. Russell 1203:Harold Alexander 951:colony of Canada 851:governor general 832: 825:Canadian monarch 801: 794: 787: 593:Crown Collection 378:LGs by provinces 363:Governor General 282: 269: 268: 263: 258: 255: 253: 98: 85: 69: 57: 48: 47: 46: 32: 31: 21: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12375: 12363: 12285: 12257: 12229: 12166: 12147:South Australia 12137:New South Wales 12116: 12105:Solomon Islands 12022: 12017: 11987: 11982: 11959: 11957: 11948: 11912: 11882: 11825: 11737: 11728:Social programs 11694:Law enforcement 11649: 11623: 11566: 11463: 11401: 11301: 11241: 11228:Atlantic Canada 11206:Canadian Shield 11201:Northern Canada 11168: 11167: 11144: 11118: 11054:and territories 11053: 11042: 10952: 10899: 10880: 10875: 10845: 10840: 10815: 10799: 10718: 10709: 10669: 10667: 10660: 10644: 10581: 10509: 10503: 10477: 10472: 10442: 10437: 10411: 10397:Title and style 10392:Special address 10348: 10319:Crown copyright 10307: 10278:King-in-Council 10264: 10102: 10054: 9984: 9979: 9949: 9944: 9786: 9781: 9751: 9746: 9726: 9700: 9657: 9636: 9610:Related offices 9605: 9589: 9584: 9543:1867 – present 9542: 9536: 9511: 9498: 9483: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9437: 9419: 9417:Further reading 9414: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9387: 9385: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9291: 9287: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9224: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9183: 9182: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9161:www.newswire.ca 9153: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9070:Wente, Margaret 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8944: 8940: 8930: 8928: 8913:Hébert, Chantal 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8872: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8823: 8819: 8810: 8808: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8782: 8767: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8696: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8659: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8532:Legion Magazine 8524: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8467: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8331: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8309: 8294: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8209:on 17 June 2009 8195: 8191: 8180: 8176: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8041: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7978:on 22 June 2008 7964: 7960: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7929:on 17 June 2008 7919: 7915: 7908: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7583: 7578:on 18 May 2008. 7568: 7564: 7553: 7549: 7528:(361): 541–53. 7521:The Round Table 7516: 7512: 7505: 7483: 7479: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7442: 7440: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7235:on 30 June 2009 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7162: 7158: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7039: 7035: 7031:, p. 4-2-6 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6972:on 3 April 2009 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6744:, pp. 11–2 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6681:on 1 April 2012 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6650:on 1 April 2012 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6438:Monarchy Canada 6430: 6423: 6399: 6397: 6390:Monarchy Canada 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6253: 6247: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6146:Roland Michener 6140: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6115: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6052:on 14 June 2012 6042: 6035: 6026: 6024: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5569: 5563:Roberts, Edward 5560: 5556: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5492: 5488: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5330: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5294:on 12 July 2010 5286:(8 July 2010). 5281: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5218: 5209: 5207: 5206:on 16 July 2010 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5126: 5116: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5048:. 23 April 2009 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4911: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4484:on 14 July 2010 4471: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4337: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4180: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4052: 4041: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3773: 3769: 3763:British Cabinet 3760: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3723: 3719: 3713:Roland Michener 3707: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3637:Politics portal 3635: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3593:, the title is 3565: 3328:British Cabinet 3319:La Francophonie 3304: 3262:Prime Minister 3203:(right) toasts 3177:Edward Schreyer 3166: 2994: 2959:British subject 2884:Calvin Coolidge 2854:Stephen Leacock 2831:Wilfrid Laurier 2806:First World War 2783: 2748:Valcartier Camp 2710:Parliament Hill 2702:First World War 2632: 2544:King George III 2536:Treaty of Paris 2493:King Louis XIII 2473:Aymar de Chaste 2462: 2457: 2451: 2340:national anthem 2300:Order of Canada 2259:along with the 2253:Order of Canada 2204: 2190:is assigned to 2132: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2066: 1999:national orders 1995:the Lord Lisgar 1951: 1945: 1943:Ceremonial role 1782:king-in-Council 1702:those from 1947 1674: 1668: 1612: 1604: 1572: 1566: 1521:puisne justices 1477:guard of honour 1474:Canadian Forces 1470:Parliament Hill 1447: 1397:wrote to Queen 1238:Richard Bennett 1234:Château Laurier 1226:Queen Elizabeth 1195:Richard Bennett 1167:British Cabinet 1150: 1104:Order of Canada 1027: 828: 805: 776: 775: 691:Royal standards 671:Style and title 666: 658: 657: 638:Royal patronage 633:Royal monuments 608: 598: 597: 583:Crown copyright 563: 553: 552: 518:King-in-Council 515: 505: 504: 431: 417: 416: 358: 280: 250: 234: 172: 161: 120: 99: 96: 94: 93: 89: 86: 74: 60: 41: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12540: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12369: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12324:Cayman Islands 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12295: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12267: 12265: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12176: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12133: 12131: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12037: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12016: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11968: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11929:Historiography 11926: 11920: 11918: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11848: 11843: 11837: 11835: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11747: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11645:Municipalities 11642: 11637: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11583: 11581: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11557:Transportation 11554: 11549: 11544: 11542:Stock exchange 11539: 11538: 11537: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11510:Communications 11507: 11506: 11505: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11477: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11356:Prime Minister 11353: 11347: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11326: 11321: 11315: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11277:National Parks 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11223:Eastern Canada 11220: 11219: 11218: 11211:Central Canada 11208: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11184: 11177:Western Canada 11173: 11171: 11169:(west to east) 11156: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11065: 11063: 11056: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10968:Constitutional 10964: 10962: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10909: 10907: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10851: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10724: 10722: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10681: 10679: 10672: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10589: 10587: 10586:Municipal arms 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10508:Provincial and 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10494:Flag of Canada 10491: 10489:Arms of Canada 10485: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10471: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10334:King's Printer 10331: 10329:King's Consent 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10274: 10272: 10270:Constitutional 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10112: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 9994: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9978: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9757: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9689:Michener Award 9686: 9681: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9560: 9552: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9509:Justin Trudeau 9507: 9504: 9494: 9489:King of Canada 9479: 9475: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9446: 9445:External links 9443: 9442: 9441: 9435: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9394: 9369: 9343: 9332: 9321: 9301:(1): 155–173, 9285: 9270: 9248: 9222: 9201: 9173: 9147: 9121: 9095: 9061: 9030: 8999: 8988:on 7 July 2012 8982:Ottawa Citizen 8968: 8947:Valpy, Michael 8938: 8904: 8882: 8857:Ibbitson, John 8848: 8831:Ottawa Citizen 8817: 8791: 8758: 8721: 8684: 8644: 8637: 8616: 8605:on 3 June 2012 8589: 8549: 8518: 8492: 8455: 8444:on 6 July 2011 8421: 8395: 8356: 8345:on 8 July 2009 8319: 8285: 8274:on 8 July 2009 8251: 8220: 8203:Calgary Herald 8189: 8174: 8152: 8141:on 8 July 2009 8115: 8103: 8083:Policy Options 8066: 8055:on 6 July 2011 8026: 8006:Policy Options 7989: 7958: 7940: 7913: 7906: 7888:Berton, Pierre 7879: 7853: 7841: 7818: 7801:Ottawa Citizen 7787: 7764: 7753:on 13 May 2007 7726: 7711: 7680: 7657: 7620: 7613: 7595: 7581: 7570:Lloyd, Lorna. 7562: 7547: 7510: 7503: 7477: 7462: 7450: 7427: 7415: 7406:Borden, Robert 7397: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7348: 7328: 7317:on 9 June 2009 7298: 7291: 7271: 7246: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7181: 7174: 7156: 7131: 7108: 7101: 7081: 7074: 7056: 7041:Nelson, Phil. 7033: 7021: 7009: 6983: 6956: 6934: 6908: 6885: 6843: 6815: 6808: 6788: 6777:on 14 May 2009 6758: 6746: 6734: 6704: 6692: 6661: 6631: 6601: 6590:on 4 June 2011 6566: 6555:on 6 July 2011 6546:Canada Gazette 6530: 6504: 6478: 6455: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6406: 6384:(April 1996). 6378: 6375:Galbraith 1989 6372: 6359: 6333: 6321: 6308: 6288: 6266: 6232: 6228:George VI 1947 6220: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6142:Pierre Trudeau 6134: 6106: 6091: 6063: 6033: 6007: 5983: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5890:George VI 1947 5882: 5878:George VI 1947 5870: 5856: 5852:George VI 1947 5844: 5814: 5799: 5787: 5780: 5757: 5748:Campbell, John 5739: 5712: 5674: 5633: 5621: 5598: 5554: 5540: 5513: 5486: 5464: 5453:on 8 July 2009 5434: 5411: 5387: 5363: 5339: 5311: 5305: 5275: 5246: 5236:on 8 July 2010 5216: 5186: 5159: 5135: 5110: 5099:Ottawa Citizen 5085: 5059: 5033: 5007: 4976: 4951:Valpy, Michael 4942: 4920: 4883: 4857: 4826: 4813: 4793: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4703: 4696: 4676: 4661: 4640:Canada Gazette 4623: 4610: 4590: 4553: 4547: 4521: 4495: 4454: 4423: 4392: 4358: 4324: 4313:on 10 May 2017 4283: 4260: 4253: 4226: 4211: 4178: 4151: 4136: 4125:on 6 July 2011 4103: 4091: 4067: 4061: 4032: 4006: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3939: 3930: 3920: 3899: 3886: 3872: 3868:Langevin Block 3855: 3849:, in his book 3839: 3830:Order of Merit 3821: 3811: 3794: 3784: 3767: 3754: 3738: 3730:Georges Vanier 3717: 3709:Georges Vanier 3701: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3626: 3610: 3607: 3601:, rather than 3564: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3553:David Johnston 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541:Michaëlle Jean 3538: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485:Georges Vanier 3482: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3350:was appointed 3342:was appointed 3334:was elected a 3303: 3300: 3249:Michaëlle Jean 3208:Vladimir Putin 3165: 3162: 3149:First Canadian 3001:Georges Vanier 2993: 2990: 2919:Arthur Meighen 2835:Henri Bourassa 2794:official visit 2782: 2779: 2773:(the uncle of 2767:Duke of Argyll 2631: 2628: 2623:George Prevost 2501:King Louis XIV 2461: 2458: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2249:Michaëlle Jean 2203: 2200: 2160:press officers 2123: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2065: 2062: 1944: 1941: 1839:Charles Tupper 1835:reserve powers 1757:prime minister 1733:David Johnston 1723:(right), then 1698:letters patent 1667: 1664: 1596: 1587:Vladimir Putin 1565: 1562: 1519:or one of the 1503:, wherein all 1501:Senate chamber 1493:general salute 1454:Michaëlle Jean 1446: 1443: 1435:Justin Trudeau 1418:Stephen Harper 1414:David Johnston 1403:treaty nations 1362:Michaëlle Jean 1350:Asian-Canadian 1342:House of Lords 1323:Vincent Massey 1149: 1146: 1127:royal pleasure 1076:Vincent Massey 1039:Canada Gazette 1026: 1023: 998:letters patent 902:justices, and 845:of his or her 839:United Kingdom 807: 806: 804: 803: 796: 789: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 588:King's Printer 585: 580: 575: 570: 564: 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 516: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 465: 448: 443: 438: 432: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 397: 380: 375: 370: 365: 359: 354: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 330: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 287: 286: 276: 275: 265: 264: 248: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 179:prime minister 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 149: 138: 136: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 119: 118: 113:Her Excellency 109: 107: 101: 100: 87: 80: 79: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12539: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12195:New Brunswick 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12014: 12009: 12007: 12002: 12000: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11979: 11978: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11889: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:Protectionism 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11486:Dairy farming 11484: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11373:Supreme Court 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11234: 11233:The Maritimes 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11084:New Brunswick 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11049: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10988:First Nations 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10867: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10758:Saint-Laurent 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649:Institutional 10647: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10532:New Brunswick 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10464: 10462: 10457: 10455: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10370:Royal symbols 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10360:Chapels Royal 10358: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10339:Royal charter 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10122: 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9676: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9576: 9574: 9569: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9510: 9503: 9502:(ceremonial) 9501: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9436:1-55138-185-0 9432: 9428: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9352:"Our Founder" 9347: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9274: 9258: 9252: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8892: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8780: 8776: 8775:National Post 8772: 8765: 8763: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8654: 8653:MacKay, Peter 8648: 8640: 8638:1-55380-031-1 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8477: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8438:National Post 8435: 8431: 8425: 8410: 8406: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8307: 8303: 8302:National Post 8299: 8292: 8290: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8256: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8107: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7907:0-385-25662-0 7903: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7860: 7858: 7851:, p. 233 7850: 7845: 7829: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7775: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735:"Royal Visit" 7730: 7722: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7668: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7481: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7454: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7395:, p. 125 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7013: 6997: 6990: 6988: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6944: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6896: 6889: 6870: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6570: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6518: 6511: 6509: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6166:, p. 153 6165: 6160: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6124: 6123:National Post 6120: 6113: 6111: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5981:, p. 152 5980: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5717: 5697: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5609: 5602: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5422: 5415: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5149:, Windspeaker 5148: 5147: 5139: 5125: 5124:National Post 5121: 5114: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4930: 4924: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4781: 4774: 4768:, p. 147 4767: 4762: 4756:, p. 145 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 104 4743: 4738: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4680: 4674:, p. 106 4673: 4668: 4666: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 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H. Asquith 3876: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3847:Kevin MacLeod 3843: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3788: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3750:Julie Payette 3747: 3746:Roméo LeBlanc 3742: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3623:Canada portal 3613: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3507:Ray Hnatyshyn 3502: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461:The Earl Grey 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407:Heart Matters 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:special envoy 3313: 3309: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:Jean Chrétien 3209: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185:Roméo LeBlanc 3182: 3181:Ray Hnatyshyn 3178: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082:court uniform 3077: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2877:United States 2874: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Paul Bruchési 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:Robert Borden 2815: 2811: 2810:Field Marshal 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2775:King George V 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740:Prince Arthur 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617:. During the 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:United States 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:New Brunswick 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540:Great Britain 2537: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2507:as the first 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495:. The French 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:King Henry IV 2474: 2470: 2469:North America 2466: 2456: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360:national flag 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2156:aides-de-camp 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965:for Canadian 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1903:Throne Speech 1900: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1869:Eugene Forsey 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823:New Brunswick 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:proclamations 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:Andrew Scheer 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618:equally with 1617: 1611: 1608: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:21-gun salute 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Supreme Court 1522: 1518: 1517:chief justice 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:commissioners 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1327:Confederation 1324: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Robert Borden 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Confederation 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:7 Rideau Gate 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:and with the 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1000:allowing the 999: 995: 991: 987: 986: 981: 977: 972: 970: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 910:; summoning, 909: 905: 901: 900:Supreme Court 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861: 856: 852: 849:, appoints a 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 826: 822: 818: 814: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 782: 780: 779: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:Accession Day 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 681:Chapels Royal 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 665:Related links 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Royal eponyms 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 607: 602: 601: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568:Royal charter 566: 565: 562: 557: 556: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 519: 514: 509: 508: 501: 500:Chapels royal 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 430: 426: 421: 420: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 357: 352: 351: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 278: 277: 274: 271: 270: 262: 257: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 220: 217: 213: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 189: 187: 183: 180: 176: 171: 168: 164: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 140: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 117: 114: 111: 110: 108: 106: 102: 92: 84: 77: 73: 68: 63: 56: 51: 45: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12466:South Africa 12461:Sierra Leone 12243:Cook Islands 12225:Saskatchewan 12121:Sub-national 12064: 11975: 11956: 11924:Bibliography 11846:Coat of arms 11830: 11751:Architecture 11721:Homelessness 11572:Demographics 11491:Floriculture 11427:Human rights 11406: 11395:Peacekeeping 11333: 11324:Constitution 11246: 11187:Great Plains 11162: 11114:Saskatchewan 10957: 10901: 10894: 10700:Chief Herald 10684: 10656:Universities 10637: 10572:Saskatchewan 10385:2000–present 10293:King's peace 10115: 10093:Elizabeth II 9783: 9734: 9674:Presented by 9586: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9514: 9513: 9496: 9486: 9485: 9425: 9406: 9397: 9386:, retrieved 9382: 9372: 9360:. Retrieved 9356:the original 9346: 9335: 9329:Hubbard 1977 9324: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9273: 9261:. Retrieved 9251: 9239:. Retrieved 9216: 9192:. Retrieved 9188: 9164:. Retrieved 9160: 9150: 9138:. Retrieved 9124: 9112:. Retrieved 9098: 9086:. Retrieved 9082:the original 9077: 9064: 9052:. Retrieved 9048:the original 9043: 9033: 9021:. Retrieved 9017:the original 9012: 9002: 8990:. Retrieved 8986:the original 8981: 8971: 8959:. Retrieved 8954: 8941: 8931:28 September 8929:. Retrieved 8925:the original 8921:Toronto Star 8920: 8907: 8895:. Retrieved 8885: 8873:. Retrieved 8869:the original 8864: 8851: 8839:. Retrieved 8835:the original 8830: 8820: 8809:, retrieved 8804: 8794: 8783:, retrieved 8779:the original 8774: 8749:. Retrieved 8742:the original 8737: 8724: 8712:. Retrieved 8705:the original 8700: 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8668:the original 8663: 8647: 8628: 8619: 8607:. Retrieved 8603:the original 8592: 8580:. Retrieved 8573:the original 8568: 8558:Graham, Bill 8552: 8540:. Retrieved 8536:the original 8531: 8521: 8509:. Retrieved 8505:the original 8495: 8483:. Retrieved 8476:the original 8471: 8458: 8446:. Retrieved 8442:the original 8437: 8434:"Excellency" 8430:Fraser, John 8424: 8412:. Retrieved 8409:Toronto Star 8408: 8398: 8386:. Retrieved 8369: 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8340:the original 8335: 8322: 8310:. Retrieved 8306:the original 8301: 8276:. Retrieved 8272:the original 8267: 8242:. Retrieved 8238:the original 8233: 8223: 8211:. Retrieved 8207:the original 8202: 8192: 8183: 8177: 8159: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8136:the original 8131: 8118: 8113:, p. 11 8106: 8094:. Retrieved 8087:the original 8082: 8069: 8057:. Retrieved 8053:the original 8048: 8017:. Retrieved 8010:the original 8005: 7992: 7980:. Retrieved 7976:the original 7971: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7931:. Retrieved 7927:the original 7916: 7891: 7882: 7870:. Retrieved 7849:Hubbard 1977 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7821: 7809:. Retrieved 7805:the original 7800: 7790: 7778:. Retrieved 7767: 7755:. 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