877:
110 versts (117 km); in the center of the province is the great inland basin of Virz-Yerva; followed by the considerable lakes
Burtnek, Luban, Marienburg, etc. - All these lakes are of little commercial and industrial importance for the gubernia so far (except for fishing), but they can be combined into a whole system of water communications, the projects of which have already arisen more than once. On the coastal strip of the Livonian gubernia the Gulf of Riga forms two harbors, accessible to large ships, although the entrance to them is hampered by bars and the tortuosity of the fairway. These harbors are Riga harbor at the mouth of the Western Dvina River and Pernava harbor at the mouth of the river of the same name. The Baltic Sea on the coasts of the Livonian islands is full of small harbors, but uncomfortable due to the shallow water and many reefs and shoals, except Ahrensburg, which is more convenient and has a good roadstead. The main islands that lie in the Baltic Sea and belong to the Livonian province (Ezel, Moone) are separated from the coast of the Estonian province by the big strait, or Moone-Sund, and from each other by the Small-Sund. The rivers of Livonia province belong to the basins of the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland. The former include the navigable Pernava with its tributaries Navast, Hallist and Reio; the Salis River, the outlet of Lake Burtnek, into which the rivers Ruijen and Zedde flow; the Svent-Uppe River, which flows directly into the Gulf of Riga and is connected to the Salis by the Neibach Channel. In addition, numerous lakes and coastal rivers 20–30 km long flow directly into the Gulf of Riga. The Livonian Aa, which is floating only for forests and only irrigates most of the southern half of the province in the spring, flows out into the Gulf of Riga. The Western Dvina River belongs to the Livonian province on its right bank only for 138 miles (147 km), from the confluence of the Evsta to its mouth which is formed by the port of Riga and both banks of which are within the province. and from which flows the Great Embach River, which connects the Wirtz-Yerw with the Peipus; it is the only navigable river in this basin.
860:
is replete with many picturesque ruins of castles. On the
Piebalga heights are the sources of the Gauja River and many of its tributaries and the Western Dvina. Wooded, covered with meadows, partly peat bogsand the richly irrigated lowlands of the Livland province are located: along the shores of Lake Peipus, around Lake Wirtz-Erva and Pernovskoye - along the shores of the Gulf of Riga and along the basins of the Pernava and Salis rivers, as well as along the lower reaches of the rivers Aa and Zapadnaya Dvina. This lowland passes to the north into the Estonian, and in the south into the Courland province. Dunes stretch along the coast of the Gulf of Riga, of which the largest, near Gutmansbach, reaches 129 m in height. The lowlands in the eastern part of the province abound in swamps. Wirtz-Jerv lowland, expanding like Lake Wirtz-Jerv, to the north, tapering to the south of the Livland province is a vast plateau rising above the coastal lowland and separating terrace-like uplands from itself. Wavy hills in the east and southeast of the province have in their depths the sources of the main rivers and streams. Once connected with the province of Estland, as well as among themselves, the main islands of the province of Estland, Ezel and Moon, are very similar in their terrain to the province of Estland: a flat hill ( German: Landrücken ) passes through both, and both on the northern slope of the coast abruptly break off above the sea, forming the so-called Glint (Glint). Moon Island is surrounded, just like
853:; on it is the "Blue Mountain" ( German: Blauberg ), once considered sacred and now still enjoying special respect among Latvians. The second branch is cut by the river Embach, to the south of which it is called the Odenpe Plateau. Near Arral, a plateau terrace of 100 feet (30 m) pushes out of itself in the middle of the swamps the mountain Munna-Megi (up to 800 feet (244 m)) with a blunt cone. The highest plateau of the Livonian province, Gangof, stretches south from Mount Verro, descending to Lake Marienburg, its southwestern spurs connect with the Pebalga, or Aa plateau, between pp. Aa, Evst and Western Dvina. In the northern part of the Gangof plateau there is one of the highest points of the East European plain, Mount Munna-Megi, covered with forests and having a height of 323 m; near it - Vella-Megi, 228 m. To the southeast, the Gangof plateau through the Devil's Mountain continues to the Pskovand Vitebsk provinces.
918:
Dvina, and others; swampy meadows (Sumpfwiesen), mainly in the northern part of the province, follow the course of rivers; mossy bogs (Hochmoor) (German, Est. Hochmoor, Est. Rabba, Lit. Tirrul), actually peat bogs, are found in depressions and hollows mainly in Riga and
Pernova counties, as well as on the south-western slopes of the Pebalga Heights; they are most common in Pernova (Netzi-Rabba, Laisma-Soo and Majamo-Soo) and Fellin (Pindrina-Soo and Pendara-Soo) counties, and least common in Vendena and Arensburg counties. The island of Ösel has fewer bogs than the rest of the Livonian province. Draining the bogs every year greatly reduces the space they occupy. In general, the bogs, mostly bare and mossy, occupy about 360 thousand dessiatinas (3933 km), or 1/10 of the whole surface of the governorate.
540:
3290:
than 300 in the
Livland province. Grass sowing has long been widespread. Meadows with artificial grass and pastures, including drained swamps, covered 41.5% of the entire surface of the province. The yield of grain in some places is higher than in the best black-earth provinces. Dairy farming and cheese making developed, at the same time distilleries were closed. At the end of the 19th centuryfactories and plants processing the products of the animal kingdom are developing more and more in view of the spreading of correct cattle breeding; in 1890, cloth factories, dairy and cheese factories, tanneries and bone mills increased their productivity the most.
1130:
332:
819:. The middle part of the northern part of the Livonian Gubernia belongs to the middle layer of the Silurian system. In the rest of Livonia the Devonian system of limestones, dolomites, clays with gypsum, marls, sandstones and sands is spread under dilluvial deposits, while the latter rocks form the lower tier of this system and occupy most of the middle part of the gubernia. This sandstone layer is remarkable for its caves. The middle layer of the Devonian system, made up of dolomites, limestone and clay with gypsum and marl, is spread in the southern part of the Livonian province. Between the rivers
3489:
347:
322:
548:
1880:
461:
1463:
975:
905:
places (the best in the
Gokhrazen estate). At the present time, forest management and conservation works have been carried out everywhere in the Livonian province, which, however, started at the end of the last century. Forest easements, which have existed here for a long time, are also being eliminated vigorously. Artificial cultivation of forests is also developing. The forestry in the state forests is especially rational, occupying the area of about 210 thousand
2118:
1813:
66:
1245:
25:
2877:
sharpest fluctuations; the climate of the
Livonian Province in general was unstable and the main reason was to be found in the wind which rarely became stormy, but blew almost continuously. Southwest winds prevailed. Rains were favorable by quantity, distribution and type; downpours were rare; snow cover was as a rule deep, frequent dense fogs occurred in the coastal strip and in the swampy areas and lowlands.
168:
1285:
1210:
1170:
1093:
1367:
1325:
1053:
2958:, at 58°N, January −2.1 °C). Precipitation was more than 500 mm a year, much more in the south and west of the province than in the north and east; July was the rainiest month, but the next three months were also quite rainy, and there were often long rainy days in those months. On the whole, the Livonian province suffered from an excess of rain.
3591:
and 62,771 women, or 45.77%. There were 48,443 children studying at home under the supervision of the clergy ; thus, there are 185,728 students in total. In the 13th century, the
Catholic church and school system spread in Estonia. At first, cathedral schools were established, traditionally teaching the liberal arts (the oldest known was the
3604:
laid. A permanent four-tier system of public educational institutions was established: parish schools (elementary schools) (Estonian language of instruction), county schools (German language of instruction), governorate grammar schools (German language of instruction) and universities. The educational institutions in the province were:
3603:
On 5 November 1804, the
Emperor Alexander I approved the initial regulations for folk education. The Tartu Study Circle was created under the leadership of the curator Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger. The types of schools were defined and the basis for state supervision and management of schools was
900:
is almost entirely covered by forests, passing also into the adjoining part of the Felin County. The forests extend from the border with the
Governorate of Estonia in a wide strip to the south along the Pernov river basin, 400 (427 km) long and 70–90 miles wide in Volmari County to the shores of
859:
heights are dotted with hundreds of lakes and form a very picturesque area. The highest point here is Mount
Gaising-Kalns, 312 m. The slopes to the Gauja River near Sigulda, Turaida, Krimulda and the banks of the Western Dvina near Selburg and even more Koknese are especially beautiful. All this area
3599:
In 1786, the Russian regulation on national schools was issued, which required the opening of a four-form upper-secondary school (five years of study) in the governorate towns and a two-form lower-secondary school (two years of study) in the county towns. The post of director of the national schools
3590:
In 1890, 86.61% of children of schooling age used correct education. In the same year, of the recruits accepted for service, there were 83 illiterate, and literate and semi-literate - 2458 people. Educational institutions in 1890 were 1959 with 137,285 students ; of which 74,514 men, or 54.23%,
3289:
The agriculture of the province reached a high level of development. Everywhere a multi-field, fruit-shifting economy was introduced with enhanced fertilizer of all kinds and drainage of fields. Irrigation was carried out, among other things, with the help of artesian wells, of which there were more
904:
The main forest species of the Livonian province are spruce and pine (reaching the size of a ship forest), birch, alder, ash, oak and willow. The preserved oaks of colossal size prove that in the past, this type of forest dominated in the gubernia; nowadays, the oak groves are preserved only in some
831:
to the Western Dvina sandstones and sands and partly clay and marl form the upper tier of the Devonian system with the predominance of fish fossils in it. The coastal formations of the province and the erratic boulders covering its surface belong to the latest, or dilluvial, system: under the former
876:
The province of Livonia is very rich in water: in the west it is washed by the Gulf of Riga, everywhere abundantly irrigated by 325 rivers; and the lakes in it number up to 1000; of the latter more than half are in Venden County The vast Lake Peipus in the east washes the Livonian province for over
3293:
In 1888 there were 216,870 horses in the province, 401,498 cattle, 1,020,800 sheep, and 478,649 pigs. The cultivation of the fields was carried out by horses and partly by oxen. The local horse breeding breeds the native breed of kleper and doppel kleper. Sheep breeding developed; pig breeding has
2164:
The bulk of the population were former landlord peasants, who were mainly engaged in arable farming and cattle breeding. Until 1804, they were completely dependent on the will of the landlord, from that year they received some personal rights, and in 1819 they were freed from serfdom; the right to
844:
The continuation of the Estonian uplands forms in the Livland province a wide plateau up to 121 m in height, the middle of which is lost in the Wirtz-Erv lowland, but at the edges it is divided into two branches: the Fellin branch, which forms the western watershed of the Livland province, and the
917:
A third of the entire area of the Livonian province, which is occupied by lowlands, is covered by bogs; of them the lowland meadow bogs (German: Wiesenmoor, Est. Soo, Lit. Purr) are passable only in summer and stretch along Lake Peipus and the Gulf of Riga, as well as the rivers Pernava, Embachu,
3692:
In 1890, there were 262 doctors in the province, of which 218 were free practitioners and 3 were women; pharmacies 104 (rural 43); there are hospitals in all county towns, from 20 to 60 beds. In Riga, apart from the prison hospital, there are 2 hospitals with 882 beds. At the Medical Faculty of
2876:
The climate of the Livonian Province had a more continental character than one would expect from its position near the northern Baltic sea, which froze regularly. The climate was also greatly influenced by the extensive marshes and forests. The spring temperature was subject to the largest and
3710:
In the northern part of the governorate, in what is now southern Estonia, there were the Tapa-Tartu railway connecting the broad-gauge railway with the Tallinn-Narva railway in the Principality of Estonia, the Tartu-Valga railway and the Riga-Pskov railway, part of the Valga-Petseri railway.
3845:
Literal translation: Gules, a griffin Argent, armed with a sword or, on his breast the cypher ПB ИB (Pyotr Vtoroy, Imperator Vserossiyskiy) gules, imperially crowned; for a Crest, the Russian Imperial crown; for Supporters, Branches of oak or, tied with the blue ribbon of the Order of Saint
3378:
The Estonian province was governed by a governor appointed by the emperor. The representative body of local self-government is the Landtag, whose chairman was called the Landmarshal, the executive body is the Landrat College, which consisted of 12 landrats elected for life.
3835:«Въ червленомъ полѣ серебряный грифъ съ золотымъ мечомъ, на груди, подъ Императорской короною, червленый вензель: ПВ ИВ (Петръ Вторый, Императоръ Всероссійскій). Щитъ увѣнчанъ Императорскою короною и окруженъ золотыми дубовыми листьями, соединенными Андреевскою лентою»
3297:
Cattle in Livland province are small and unsatisfactory; occasionally there are good breed bulls and cows. Horses are very unsatisfactory; the well- known breed of clapers has almost completely bred and survived only near Fellin, Ober Palen and on the island of Ezele.
3719:
Postal traffic in Livonia was organised by the Livonian knighthood from the mid-17th century and by the governorate government from the 19th century. The governorate was criss-crossed by four postal routes, along which a network of postal stations was established.
3561:«В червленом поле серебряный гриф с золотым мечом, на груди, под Императорской короною, червленый вензель: ПВ ИВ (Петр Второй, Император Всероссийский). Щит увенчан Императорскою короною и окружен золотыми дубовыми листьями, соединенными Андреевскою лентою»
3020:
As the bogs have been drained, land cultivation spread and the forests decreased, the number of wild animals in the Livonian province was considerably decreased and some species were extinct such as the wild boar. The most common animals are the following:
4111:
3595:
cathedral school in 1251). Later, monastic schools were established. The education of the peasantry at that time remained at the level of 'folk pedagogy'. In 1630, the Tartu Gymnasium was opened, and in 1632 the University of Tartu.
901:
the Gulf of Riga. They also cover part of Riga County and the southern part of Wenden County along the Evsta river basin 250 versts (267 km) long and up to 60 versts (64 km) wide. The island of Ösel is the least forested.
885:
The sponge soil is generally composed of sand, clay, marl, and chalk and should be termed sparsely fertile, only black earth occurs in places; in the lowlands the soil passes into meadow and moss bogs, and in places into peat bogs.
726:), composed of 35 Baltic Germans, 13 Estonians, and 11 Latvians, passed a resolution calling upon the German Emperor to recognise the Baltic provinces as a monarchy and to make them a German protectorate. In agreements concluded in
3701:
In the governorate there were navigable bays and harbours: the port of Riga on the estuary of the Daugava River, the port of Pärnu on the estuary of the Pärnu River, and the ports of Kuressaare, Sõrve, Mustla and Maas in Saaremaa.
4247:
2165:
use peasant land was granted to them in 1849. Since that time, corvee began to be replaced by dues and a local peasant bank was established, with the help of which the peasants acquire land as property.
510:
to the west. In 1897, the population of the governorate was 1,299,365, and it had an area of 47,030.87 square kilometres (18,158.72 sq mi). The administrative centre of the governorate was the
3793:
1389:("subcounties"), which were supervised by assistant chiefs of the district. Each uchastok had two upper peasant court districts, with the exception of the Ezelsky uezd, which had only one uchastok.
783:
to the west. The length of the western border (the seacoast) is 280 versts (299 km). The area of the Livonian province (according to Strelbitsky) is 41,325.4 square versts (47,030.87 km).
759:
The province was a fairly rectangular in shape, with a maximum length of 246 versts (262 km) and a width of 198 versts (211 km). Its borders were the Governorate of Estonia to the north,
3693:
Yuriev University, and at Rotenberg's dacha near Riga there is a mental hospital with 362 beds. Almshouses have been set up in Riga (8, for 1,200 persons) and in all county towns (7 in total).
3265:
in the province of Livonia are unobtainable and of unsatisfactory quality. As a consequence of the scarcity of grasses in the province, an almost ubiquitous herb-growing has arisen, such as
3630:
3711:
Narrow-gauge railway lines in South Estonia: between Valga-Ruhja-Pärnu, the Mõisaküla-Viljandi narrow-gauge branch and the Tallinn-Viljandi line connecting with the Estonian province.
2954:
of the lower parts of the south and north of the Livonian province. The climate in the northeastern part of the province was colder on the uplands and much warmer on the islands (e.g.
4953:
1395:
The Livonian province was divided into five judicial districts: the districts of Riga-Volmar, Venden-Valk, Jurjev-Verro, Pernov-Fellini, and Ezel. There were 42 electoral districts.
4251:
832:
there are calcareous tuffs, peaty marls and marshy iron ores; between the latter crystalline rocks (gneiss, granites and syenites, diorites and porphyries) prevail; fossils of the
4966:
3640:
1427:
population (Dorpat, Pernau, Fellin, Werro and Ösel) as well as the populated by the Estonians townships of Walk county were all included into the composition of the neighboring
4942:
4350:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4935:
4373:
4372:
4348:
4347:
4346:
1785:
1404:), which consisted of all the taxpayers in the volost, or elected assemblies, elected by the taxpayers in the volost; the executive of the volost was the volost foreman.
4408:
5429:
4825:
4417:
5419:
4380:
4354:
5424:
5404:
4522:
4484:
189:
4702:
721:
3294:
reached a high level of perfection. Among the secondary sectors of the economy, poultry farming played a large role, and beekeeping played a smaller role.
4448:
3207:
and others. On Lake Peipus there are more than 100,000 fishermen, mostly Russians, catching up to 150,000 barrels of snets alone annually; in the rivers
2177:
of 1897, the Livonia Governorate had a population of 1,299,365, including 629,992 men and 669,373 women. The largest segment of the population indicated
1415:
issued the proclamation on 30 March 1917 "On the autonomy of Estland", according to which the Government of Livonia was divided: five northern counties (
5414:
5059:
623:
5484:
5243:
5159:
4921:
615:
3729:
2037:
646:
4366:
4343:
4982:
2966:
The economy of the province came from shipbuilding, shipping, and fishing. Part of the population is engaged in seal fishing on Ruhnu-Runo and
4401:
575:
was created from territory in Smolensk Governorate at that time. It was incorporated into Smolensk Governorate when it was reformed in 1726.
331:
3869:
2146:
824:
731:
4349:
5530:
3306:
The Livonian province is less rich in fish than the lakes and rivers of northern Russia. The main subject of fishing: the marine species
1841:
4430:
176:
4614:
4607:
3286:
The total land in 974 landowners and 120 church estates ( pastorates ) was considered in 1881-1883 3,147,216 acres ( 3,438,000 ha ).
130:
4378:
5570:
4394:
864:
Island, many small islands; near the latter there are also larger ones ( Abro, Filzand, etc.); in the Gulf of Riga - the island of
741:
was nominally recognised as a sovereign state by Wilhelm II on 22 September 1918. On 5 November 1918, a temporary Regency Council (
102:
4000:
5565:
4352:
83:
38:
3684:
24 newspapers and periodicals are published (12 in Riga, 10 in Yuriev, 2 in Pernov), including several in Estonian and Latvian.
633:
Until the late 19th century the governorate was not ruled by Russian laws but was administered autonomously by the local German
5550:
1765:
3527:
Gules, a segreant griffin agent, in his dexter armed with a sword or, on his breast the cypher ПВ ИВ gules, imperially crowned
109:
3896:
594:) was added to Riga Governorate. In 1726 Smolensk Governorate was separated from Governorate, which now had five provinces:
5075:
2090:
2055:
1921:
1755:
1697:
321:
346:
5255:
4996:
4377:
1750:
556:
4375:
4374:
116:
4572:
2080:
2065:
849: ; the first, reaching a height of 133 m, stretches east to the river Aa, south to Lemsal. Here it is called the
5004:
4915:
4367:
1770:
1735:
676:
214:
149:
52:
4368:
4344:
5560:
5540:
2139:
1989:
1954:
1659:
1418:
98:
4302:
Geographischer Arbiss der Dreideutschen Ostsee-Provinzen Russlands; oder, der Gouvernemens Ehst-, Liv- und Kurland
5555:
5545:
5525:
5300:
3104:
The Livonian province is not as rich in fish as northern Russia. The main objects of fishing are: marine species
1834:
657:
5030:
4972:
4345:
3577:). The shield was topped with the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves tied by the ribbon of the
1573:
1412:
87:
1745:
1392:
There were 17 uchastok commissioners in the counties, subordinate to the Livonian Peasant Affairs Commission.
539:
4878:
4648:
1790:
803:
period. The first one is spread in the northernmost part of the gubernia and on the islands and consists of
5535:
5111:
5016:
4977:
4728:
4551:
4057:
2106:
2060:
495:
1129:
4751:
4642:
4316:
3614:
2132:
2032:
1859:
1801:
1740:
680:
44:
5010:
4863:
4460:
3621:
3384:
3363:
3180:
3161:
1977:
1827:
1442:
1431:. However the new border between the Governments of Estonia and Livonia was never properly demarcated.
4376:
4165:
3970:
3944:
3012:. Of the islands of the Livonian province, the island of Ösel stands out for its abundance of flora.
2759:
627:
123:
4529:
3570:
2797:
4351:
2970:. Smaller industries such as trapping, poultry farming, trade and industry exist in the province.
5260:
5100:
4659:
4454:
3780:
3544:
3283:
From berries garden strawberries, raspberries, currants and others; hops are occasionally found.
2588:
2075:
1939:
1775:
1760:
1641:
1558:
1553:
1147:
748:
715:
656:). German nobles insisted on preserving their privileges and use of the German language. In 1816
375:
181:
76:
5358:
5313:
5290:
3866:
651:
5502:² An asterisk (+) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914.
5381:
5341:
5285:
5280:
5247:
5233:
4899:
4478:
3749:
2022:
1664:
1428:
672:
491:
5394:
4300:
3886:
3488:
1227:
5088:
4868:
4858:
4769:
4690:
4636:
4600:
4504:
4466:
2174:
1944:
1916:
1588:
1583:
1009:
5335:
4032:
3569:"In a scarlet field, there is a silver griffin with a golden sword, on the chest, under the
1070:
734:
accepted the loss of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia.
5369:
5352:
5209:
5190:
5130:
4841:
4836:
4819:
4764:
4745:
4669:
4654:
4589:
4498:
4472:
4425:
4083:
3739:
1687:
1631:
1030:
776:
568:
503:
309:
5363:
8:
5505:
5388:
5200:
5124:
5118:
5094:
5038:
4831:
4814:
4789:
4774:
4739:
4733:
4708:
4696:
4664:
4625:
4583:
4567:
4562:
4535:
4515:
4491:
3744:
3734:
3608:
3578:
3125:
2352:
2333:
1730:
1692:
1649:
1487:
1408:
772:
738:
704:
668:
619:
483:
4058:"§ 61. Местное самоуправление Прибалтийских губерний. | Проект 'Исторические Материалы'"
2955:
5452:
5346:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5136:
5105:
4948:
4910:
4852:
4846:
4779:
4758:
4723:
4718:
4630:
4545:
4509:
4010:
3574:
2371:
2085:
2004:
1868:
1780:
1654:
1621:
2967:
567:) which also included Smolensk uezd, Dorogobuzh uezd, Roslavl uezd and Vyazma uezd of
5458:
5375:
5220:
5048:
4809:
4794:
4713:
4679:
4674:
4620:
4594:
4577:
4540:
4386:
3892:
3815:
3522:
3073:
2238:
2182:
1451:
768:
587:
572:
499:
280:
547:
5478:
5227:
5083:
5053:
5043:
4799:
4784:
4684:
4557:
4440:
3806:
3771:
3512:
3351:
3280:
The most common fruits are various varieties of apples, cherries, pears and plums.
3188:
3172:
3149:
2466:
2428:
2295:
2276:
2219:
2190:
2178:
1994:
1949:
1720:
1626:
1568:
889:
Erratic masses reach 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter; the boulders are mostly rounded.
661:
583:
560:
265:
250:
3227:
The Livonian province is very rich in bread products, of which the most used are:
3179:
are caught in great numbers, in Lake Peipus, Virts-Järve, Luban and Burtnekskoe -
5465:
5153:
5142:
4905:
4892:
4886:
4804:
3928:
3873:
3797:
3270:
2740:
2607:
2485:
2447:
2390:
2314:
2257:
2186:
1999:
1889:
1636:
1505:
856:
804:
634:
579:
295:
3549:
The coat of arms of the Livonia Governorate was adopted on 8 December 1856. The
1879:
5472:
5065:
4959:
4928:
3307:
3204:
3105:
2409:
2122:
2070:
1964:
1598:
1578:
671:
in 1917, the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia was combined with the
487:
360:
460:
5519:
5500:
indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914.
5185:
5180:
3216:
2645:
1959:
1901:
1896:
1817:
1593:
1482:
1477:
846:
688:
4196:[Coat of arms of Livonia (Riga) Governorate of the Russian Empire].
1302:
5304:
5175:
5170:
5148:
3627:
School of Paramedics at the Veterinary Institute of Tērbat with 8 students,
3219:). Salmon and snets are exported in large quantities outside the province.
3184:
1984:
1616:
1535:
1501:
1342:
1262:
1187:
828:
820:
780:
507:
4224:[Coat of arms of governorates and oblasts of the Russian Empire].
4140:
3537:
Branches of oak or, tied with the blue ribbon of the Order of Saint Andrew
707:
and united with Vidzeme, which by then was under control of the Bolshevik
5446:
5165:
3004:
The flora of the province of Livonia is especially rich in summer around
2721:
2569:
1702:
1462:
1110:
974:
760:
684:
490:, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876. Governorate of Livonia bordered
4273:
3240:
2778:
1520:
1492:
1313:
764:
692:
512:
449:
438:
850:
700:
4135:
4133:
4084:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
4033:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
3532:
3327:
3236:
2664:
1530:
1525:
1424:
1398:
The representative bodies of the volosts were the volost assemblies (
906:
816:
812:
478:
4002:Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.
1563:
65:
4218:
3367:
3323:
3315:
3274:
3244:
3176:
3165:
3121:
3113:
3093:
3005:
2991:
2683:
1725:
1386:
1273:
1244:
1158:
978:
Administrative divisions of the Governorate of Livonia (as of 1914)
861:
833:
808:
800:
796:
792:
4130:
3592:
1198:
1081:
897:
845:
eastern one, which forms the watershed between Lake Wirtz-Erv and
607:
599:
3343:
3212:
3141:
3077:
3065:
3053:
2998:
2951:
2702:
2626:
2095:
791:
Geologically the Livonian province and the island belongs to the
708:
640:
528:
520:
4061:
3658:
140 Evangelical Lutheran church schools and 1087 parish schools,
1119:
611:
167:
5026:
4992:
3550:
3428:
1874 – 1882 Baron Alexander Karl Abraham von Uexküll-Güldenband
3355:
3339:
3319:
3266:
3232:
3208:
3200:
3153:
3137:
3117:
3089:
3081:
3049:
3038:
2983:
951:
727:
603:
524:
4365:
4342:
4190:
3916:. United Kingdom: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 323–324.
3555:
Coat of arms of governorates and oblasts of the Russian Empire
3434:
1885 Hermann Friedrich Johannes von Tobiesen (acting governor)
1284:
1209:
1169:
1092:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3311:
3262:
3196:
3192:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3109:
3085:
3061:
3057:
3030:
3009:
2979:
1906:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1366:
1355:
1041:
966:) for the peasantry as the lowest level of the court system.
944:(Courts of First Instance) for the gentry, the county court (
865:
751:, was formed on a joint basis from both local Land Councils.
696:
3446:
1900 – 1901 Aleksandr Nikolayevich Bulygin (acting governor)
3440:
1895 – 1896 Aleksandr Nikolayevich Bulygin (acting governor)
1324:
1052:
4191:"Gerb Liflyandskoy (Rizhskoy) gubernii Rossiyskoy imperii"
3867:
The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott
3331:
3255:
3251:
3129:
3069:
3042:
3026:
3022:
2995:
2987:
2947:
1911:
1235:
992:
595:
516:
388:
3239:
in small quantities in the middle and southwestern parts.
2197:
Linguistic composition of the Livonia Governorate in 1897
630:
this territory was renamed as the Governorate of Livonia.
3277:. Vined grasses are abundant only on the island of Ösel.
3258:. The former is one of the most important native plants.
3228:
3034:
2542:
Religious composition of the Livonia Governorate in 1897
4317:"filateelia.ee Hobupostijaamad Suure-Jaani kihelkonnas"
3410:
1847 Johann Ludwig Ferdinand von Cube (acting governor)
3404:
1829 Johann Ludwig Ferdinand von Cube (acting governor)
559:
in 1710, Peter the Great, on 28 July 1713, created the
4416:
4193:Герб Лифляндской (Рижской) губернии Российской империи
664:, in a precursor to his plans for the rest of Russia.
3785:
687:. On December 14, 1917, the Bolshevik government of
4106:
4104:
3464:
1916 Sergei Sergeyevich Podolinsky (acting governor)
3422:
1871 – 1872 Julius Gustav von Cube (acting governor)
3243:
are bred in large numbers, of which the main one is
3661:
125 Orthodox church schools and 242 parish schools,
3455:
1905 Yakov Dmitrievich Bologovsky (acting governor)
932:(Livonian Court of Appeal, the highest court), the
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4101:
5517:
4112:"Категория:ЭСБЕ:Лифляндская губерния — Викитека"
3911:
3452:1905 Pyotr Petrovich Neklyudov (acting governor)
3416:1862 – 1868 August Georg Friedrich von Oettingen
519:. It roughly corresponded to most of the modern
4278:Sõjaeelse Eesti esseistika ja kirjanduskriitika
4219:"Gerby guberniy i oblastey Rossiyskoy imperii"
3730:Administrative divisions of Russia in 1713-1714
3407:1827 – 1847 Baron Georg Friedrich von Fölkesahm
2168:
982:The Governorate of Livonia was divided into 9
272:
4402:
4166:"21005-Pam-kn-Liflyandskoy-gub | BookLibrary"
3971:"Система управления Прибалтикой — Студопедия"
3926:
3458:1905 – 1914 Nikolai Aleksandrovich Zvegintsov
3413:1847 – 1862 Heinrich Magnus Wilhelm von Essen
2140:
1835:
403:47,030.87 km (18,158.72 sq mi)
257:
242:
4221:Гербы губерній и областей Россійской имперіи
3646:2 craft schools (in Riga) with 447 students,
3467:1916 – 1917 Nikolai Nikolayevich Lavrinovsky
2181:to be their mother tongue, with significant
1416:
1399:
961:
955:
945:
939:
933:
927:
742:
719:
638:
287:
4298:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3425:1872 – 1874 Baron Mikhail Egorovich Vrangel
3419:1868 – 1871 Friedrich Woldemar von Lysander
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4409:
4395:
3461:1914 – 1916 Arkady Ippolitovich Kelepovsky
3443:1896 – 1900 Vladimir Dmitrievich Surovtsev
2147:
2133:
1842:
1828:
969:
679:. In September 1917, Riga was occupied by
3639:2 teachers' seminaries with 18 students (
718:on 12 April 1918, a Provincial Assembly (
551:Unofficial flag of Governorate of Livonia
543:Map of Riga and Reval Lieutenancies, 1783
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
3988:
3714:
3449:1901 – 1905 Mikhail Alekseyevich Pashkov
3437:1885 – 1895 Mihail Alekseyevich Zinoviev
973:
546:
538:
459:
192:of all important aspects of the article.
3575:Peter the Second, Emperor of All Russia
3401:1827 – 1829 Baron Paul Theodor von Hahn
786:
5518:
3482:Coat of arms of Governorate of Livonia
3392:1797 – 1808 Christoph Adam von Richter
703:counties should be separated from the
188:Please consider expanding the lead to
5506:Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship
4390:
3884:
3649:3 maritime schools with 245 students,
3643:in Valka, Tērbata Teachers' Seminary)
3636:16 male gymnasia, 11 female gymnasia,
3553:was, according to the description in
3389:1797 Count Ernst Burchard von Mengden
4141:"Срок регистрации домена закончился"
3395:1808 – 1811 Ivan Nikolayevich Repyev
3136:are caught. River and lake species:
1698:The First Latvian National Awakening
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
3470:1917 Sergei Alekseyevich Shidlovsky
658:the serfs of Livonia were liberated
557:capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
13:
5531:Governorates of the Russian Empire
4418:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
4226:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library
3888:The Baltic States and Their Region
3431:1882 – 1885 Ivan Egorovich Shevich
1365:
1323:
1283:
1243:
1208:
1168:
1128:
1091:
1051:
763:and the strait connecting it with
747:) for the new state, led by Baron
14:
5582:
4274:"Koolide venestamisest Baltimail"
4060:. 28 October 2016. Archived from
3674:
2973:
1771:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
1736:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
677:Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
34:This article has multiple issues.
4250:. 4 October 2019. Archived from
3912:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016).
3620:Veterinary Institute of Tērbat (
3487:
3330:, near the Baltic port and near
3128:, near the Baltic port and near
2833:Other non-Christian denomination
2116:
1878:
1811:
1660:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1461:
345:
330:
320:
166:
64:
23:
5571:Historical geography of Estonia
4360:
4337:
4309:
4292:
4266:
4240:
4211:
4183:
4158:
4076:
4050:
3839:
3827:
3573:, a scarlet monogram of ПВ ИВ (
3474:
3334:are caught in large numbers of
3015:
2159:
180:may be too short to adequately
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
5566:Historical geography of Latvia
4025:
3963:
3937:
3920:
3905:
3878:
3860:
3762:
3250:Of the fibrous and oily ones:
3222:
2950:and Yuriyev characterized the
1574:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1413:Russian Provisional Government
351:Location in the Russian Empire
190:provide an accessible overview
1:
5551:1721 establishments in Russia
3853:
3687:
1791:2008 Latvian financial crisis
622:reorganized Governorate into
229:Governorate in Russian Empire
4299:Bienenstamm, H. von (1826).
4248:"Лифляндская губерния — ЭНЭ"
4009:(in Russian). Archived from
3585:
3373:
3099:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2816:Other Christian denomination
2169:Russian Empire census (1897)
1990:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
1385:The uezds were divided into
926:The courts consisted of the
839:
754:
7:
3885:Smith, David James (2005).
3833:In pre-reform orthography:
3786:
3723:
3705:
3615:Riga Polytechnic University
3398:1811 – 1827 Joseph Du Hamel
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2091:Restoration of independence
2056:Declaration of Independence
1786:Restoration of Independence
582:to Russia in 1721 with the
10:
5587:
3802:Livländisches Gouvernement
3641:Vidzeme Teachers' Seminary
3622:Tartu Veterinary Institute
3542:
3385:Balthasar von Campenhausen
3338:. River and lake species:
2961:
2881:Average temperatures (°C)
2871:
892:
626:. Only in 1796, after the
618:was added. On 3 July 1783
534:
411:318 m (1,043 ft)
289:Livländisches Gouvernement
5494:
5438:
5403:
5299:
5242:
5199:
5074:
5025:
4991:
4877:
4424:
3834:
3775:
3631:Riga Theological Seminary
3565:Which was translated as:
3531:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3481:
3370:are abundant everywhere.
3168:are abundant everywhere.
3116:; and in smaller numbers
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
1766:1944 Soviet re-occupation
1376:(2,758.0 sq mi)
1334:(1,105.3 sq mi)
1294:(1,764.3 sq mi)
1254:(2,402.8 sq mi)
1179:(1,915.0 sq mi)
1139:(1,645.2 sq mi)
1102:(2,176.7 sq mi)
1062:(2,328.3 sq mi)
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
950:) for the peasantry, the
912:
628:Third Partition of Poland
586:. In 1722 Dorpat County (
564:
447:
436:
428:
420:
415:
407:
399:
394:
384:
374:
366:
356:
344:
316:
307:
243:
234:
4220:
4192:
4001:
3930:Griff nach der Weltmacht
3755:
3696:
3679:
2978:Mineral wealth - mainly
1746:1934 Latvian coup d'état
960:) and the parish court (
938:(Courts of Appeal), the
929:Livländisches Hofgericht
871:
238:
99:"Governorate of Livonia"
16:1796–1918 unit of Russia
5561:19th century in Estonia
5541:18th century in Estonia
3945:"ЭСБЕ/Зедде — Викитека"
3787:Liflyandskaya guberniya
3545:Coat of arms of Vidzeme
3301:
1776:Popular Front of Latvia
1761:The Holocaust in Latvia
1559:Principality of Koknese
1554:Principality of Jersika
1219:(2,063 sq mi)
970:Administrative division
880:
777:Governorate of Courland
749:Adolf Pilar von Pilchau
716:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
376:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5556:19th century in Latvia
5546:18th century in Latvia
5526:Governorate of Livonia
5508:was abolished in 1876.
5191:Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
3927:Fritz Fischer (1967).
3819:
3810:
3801:
3776:Лифля́ндская губе́рния
3750:Livonian Confederation
3670:3 schools for the deaf
3583:
3563:
3517:Russian Imperial crown
3088:and others. There are
3048:Native birds include:
1751:1940 Soviet occupation
1683:Governorate of Livonia
1665:Couronian colonization
1429:Governorate of Estonia
1417:
1400:
1370:
1328:
1288:
1248:
1213:
1173:
1133:
1096:
1056:
979:
962:
956:
946:
940:
934:
928:
921:
743:
720:
673:Governorate of Estonia
639:
591:
578:Sweden formally ceded
552:
544:
506:to the south, and the
492:Governorate of Estonia
470:Governorate of Livonia
465:
408:Highest elevation
288:
273:
258:
236:Governorate of Livonia
4305:(in German). Deubner.
3872:19 March 2009 at the
3715:Postal infrastructure
3609:University of Yuriyev
3579:Order of Saint Andrew
3567:
3559:
3326:. Near the shores of
3318:; in smaller numbers
3124:. Near the shores of
2193:speaking minorities.
2175:Russian Empire Census
1917:Baltic Finnic peoples
1589:Bishopric of Courland
1584:Archbishopric of Riga
1369:
1327:
1287:
1247:
1212:
1172:
1132:
1095:
1055:
997:Administrative centre
977:
779:to the west, and the
722:Vereinigter Landesrat
550:
542:
463:
432:28/km (72/sq mi)
5407:Galicia and Bukovina
5076:Caucasus Viceroyalty
4615:Little Russia (1796)
4608:Little Russia (1764)
3740:Courland Governorate
3655:222 private schools,
3624:) with 290 students,
2096:Contemporary Estonia
1688:Courland Governorate
1642:Polish–Swedish Wars
1632:Inflanty Voivodeship
787:Geological structure
769:Governorate of Pskov
569:Smolensk Governorate
504:Courland Governorate
472:, also known as the
464:Livonian Governorate
429: • Density
244:Лифляндская губерния
84:improve this article
5536:Baltic governorates
5201:Baltic Governorates
3745:Estonia Governorate
3735:Baltic governorates
3617:with 1025 students,
3611:with 2095 students,
2882:
2543:
2198:
2061:War of Independence
1741:War of Independence
1731:United Baltic Duchy
1693:Vitebsk Governorate
1650:Second Northern War
1611:Early modern period
1488:Corded Ware culture
1409:February Revolution
1401:Gemeindeversammlung
1000:Arms of county town
739:United Baltic Duchy
730:on 27 August 1918,
705:Vitebsk Governorate
669:February Revolution
620:Catherine the Great
484:Baltic governorates
474:Livonia Governorate
5453:Emirate of Bukhara
5084:Baku (Governorate)
4064:on 28 October 2016
3820:Liivimaa kubermang
3652:48 county schools,
3633:with 145 students,
2968:Schwarbe peninsula
2880:
2760:Armenian Apostolic
2541:
2196:
2123:Estonia portal
2086:Singing Revolution
2033:National awakening
2005:Great Northern War
1781:Singing Revolution
1677:National Awakening
1655:Great Northern War
1622:Kingdom of Livonia
1371:
1329:
1289:
1249:
1214:
1174:
1134:
1097:
1057:
980:
775:to the south, the
667:After the Russian
553:
545:
500:Pskov Governorates
476:, was a province (
466:
421: • Total
400: • Total
274:Liivimaa kubermang
5513:
5512:
5459:Khanate of Kokand
5049:Semirechye Oblast
4649:Novgorod-Seversky
4385:
4384:
4359:
4358:
4321:www.filateelia.ee
4280:. 31 October 2008
4254:on 4 October 2019
4116:ru.wikisource.org
3949:ru.wikisource.org
3898:978-90-420-1666-8
3784:
3667:6 Sunday schools,
3664:6 Jewish schools,
3541:
3540:
3132:large numbers of
2945:
2944:
2866:
2865:
2798:Armenian Catholic
2539:
2538:
2173:According to the
2157:
2156:
2081:Soviet occupation
2038:German occupation
1852:
1851:
1818:Latvia portal
1726:German occupation
1645:
1644:(1600–1629)
1383:
1382:
963:Kirchspielgericht
836:period are rare.
767:to the east, the
637:through a feudal
573:Smolensk Province
482:) and one of the
458:
457:
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
5578:
5479:Khanate of Khiva
5112:Georgia-Imeretia
5054:Syr-Darya Oblast
5011:Siberian Kirghiz
4936:Orenburg Kirghiz
4729:Saint Petersburg
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4361:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4088:www.demoscope.ru
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4037:www.demoscope.ru
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4007:www.demoscope.ru
3997:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3882:
3876:
3864:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3811:Vidzemes guberņa
3796:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3766:
3491:
3479:
3478:
2956:Sõrve Lighthouse
2883:
2879:
2589:Eastern Orthodox
2544:
2540:
2211:Native speakers
2199:
2195:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2119:
1950:Livonian Crusade
1934:Medieval Estonia
1922:Ancient counties
1882:
1872:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1721:Latvian Riflemen
1643:
1627:Duchy of Livonia
1569:Livonian Crusade
1465:
1455:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1403:
1020:Name in Russian
989:
988:
965:
959:
949:
943:
937:
931:
909:(2294 km).
746:
744:Regentschaftsrat
725:
662:Tsar Alexander I
655:
644:
624:Riga Viceroyalty
584:Treaty of Nystad
566:
565:Рижская губерния
561:Riga Governorate
496:Saint Petersburg
349:
334:
324:
299:
291:
284:
276:
269:
261:
259:Vidzemes guberņa
254:
246:
245:
232:
231:
220:
213:
202:
199:
193:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5490:
5485:Zeravshan Okrug
5466:Russian America
5434:
5406:
5405:Governorates of
5399:
5295:
5238:
5195:
5070:
5021:
4987:
4873:
4752:Sloboda Ukraine
4643:Nizhny Novgorod
4428:
4420:
4415:
4381:
4379:
4355:
4353:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4013:on 22 June 2011
4003:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3925:
3921:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3874:Wayback Machine
3865:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3792:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3588:
3547:
3477:
3376:
3304:
3225:
3102:
3018:
2994:found near the
2992:swamp ironstone
2976:
2964:
2901:Annual average
2874:
2868:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2066:Interwar period
2051:
2043:
2042:
2028:Russian Livonia
2023:Russian Estonia
2018:
2017:Russian Estonia
2010:
2009:
2000:Swedish Livonia
1980:
1978:Swedish Estonia
1970:
1969:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1892:
1890:Ancient Estonia
1870:
1863:
1848:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1756:Nazi occupation
1716:
1708:
1707:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1637:Swedish Livonia
1612:
1604:
1603:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1434:
1375:
1374:7,143.2 km
1351:
1333:
1332:2,862.7 km
1293:
1292:4,569.5 km
1253:
1252:6,223.3 km
1218:
1178:
1177:4,959.7 km
1138:
1137:4,261.1 km
1101:
1100:5,637.6 km
1061:
1060:6,030.2 km
1007:
972:
957:Gemeindegericht
941:Ordnungsgericht
924:
915:
895:
883:
874:
842:
789:
757:
649:
635:Baltic nobility
580:Swedish Livonia
537:
352:
340:
339:
338:
337:
328:
327:
312:
303:
302:
293:
278:
263:
248:
237:
230:
221:
210:
209:
208:
203:
197:
194:
187:
175:This article's
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5511:
5510:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5473:Uryankhay Krai
5469:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5309:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Abo-Byorneborg
5252:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5031:Turkestan Krai
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:Yekaterinoslav
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4461:Archangelgorod
4457:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4308:
4291:
4265:
4239:
4210:
4182:
4157:
4129:
4100:
4075:
4049:
4024:
3987:
3962:
3936:
3919:
3904:
3897:
3877:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3790:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Infrastructure
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3587:
3584:
3571:Imperial crown
3539:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3375:
3372:
3308:Baltic herring
3303:
3300:
3224:
3221:
3101:
3098:
3017:
3014:
2975:
2974:Natural wealth
2972:
2963:
2960:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:Roman Catholic
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Era of Silence
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:Modern Estonia
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Polish Livonia
1992:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:Baltic Germans
1962:
1957:
1955:Danish Estonia
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:Baltic Germans
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Livonian Order
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:Ancient Latvia
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:Name in German
1014:
1013:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
986:("counties").
971:
968:
923:
920:
914:
911:
894:
891:
882:
879:
873:
870:
851:Lemsal Plateau
841:
838:
788:
785:
756:
753:
675:to form a new
616:Schlock County
614:. In 1783 the
555:Following the
536:
533:
521:Vidzeme Region
494:to the north,
488:Russian Empire
456:
455:
452:
445:
444:
441:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
364:
363:
361:Russian Empire
358:
354:
353:
350:
342:
341:
335:
329:
325:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
285:
270:
255:
239:
235:
228:
223:
222:
205:
204:
184:the key points
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5583:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5507:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5017:Semipalatinsk
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4363:
4362:
4340:
4339:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3975:studopedia.ru
3972:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3842:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3782:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:was created.
3597:
3594:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:timothy grass
3268:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2925:
2924:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Narva culture
1900:
1898:
1897:Kunda culture
1895:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:Modern Latvia
1712:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Terra Mariana
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Narva culture
1481:
1479:
1478:Kunda culture
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:5,343 km
1216:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
994:
990:
987:
985:
976:
967:
964:
958:
953:
948:
942:
936:
930:
919:
910:
908:
902:
899:
898:Pernov County
890:
887:
878:
869:
867:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:
732:Soviet Russia
729:
724:
723:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Soviet Russia
686:
682:
681:German troops
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
653:
648:
647:Livonian Diet
643:
642:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
562:
558:
549:
541:
532:
530:
527:and southern
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
502:to the east,
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
462:
453:
451:
448: •
446:
442:
440:
437: •
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
387:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
355:
348:
343:
333:
323:
315:
311:
306:
297:
290:
286:
282:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
252:
241:
240:
233:
227:
219:
216:
201:
198:February 2024
191:
185:
183:
178:
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:November 2022
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5497:
5483:
5464:
5457:
5445:
5439:Dependencies
5387:
5380:
5368:
5351:
5334:
5312:
5301:Governorates
5281:Sankt-Mikhel
5244:Governorates
5226:
5219:
5214:
5158:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5110:
5093:
5058:
5039:Transcaspian
5009:
4997:Stepnoy Krai
4965:
4958:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4898:
4891:
4851:
4824:
4757:
4750:
4738:
4701:
4647:
4635:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4582:
4550:
4530:Ingermanland
4528:
4521:
4514:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4439:
4426:Governorates
4324:. Retrieved
4320:
4311:
4301:
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4228:. p. 28
4225:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4198:geraldika.ru
4197:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4170:book-olds.ru
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4145:kurlandia.ru
4144:
4120:. Retrieved
4118:(in Russian)
4115:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4052:
4042:23 September
4040:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
4011:the original
4006:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3951:(in Russian)
3948:
3939:
3929:
3922:
3914:The Romanovs
3913:
3907:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3841:
3829:
3764:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3683:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3504:Relinquished
3475:Coat of arms
3377:
3366:and others.
3305:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3260:
3249:
3235:everywhere,
3226:
3171:In the sea,
3170:
3164:and others.
3103:
3047:
3019:
3016:Wild animals
3003:
2977:
2965:
2946:
2875:
2867:
2646:Old Believer
2521:
2172:
2163:
2160:Demographics
2107:
2076:World War II
2027:
1985:Livonian War
1802:
1682:
1617:Livonian War
1536:Semigallians
1502:Baltic Finns
1433:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1353:
1311:
1271:
1196:
1156:
1079:
1039:
983:
981:
947:Kreisgericht
925:
916:
903:
896:
888:
884:
875:
855:
843:
823:through the
790:
781:Gulf of Riga
758:
736:
713:
666:
632:
577:
554:
508:Gulf of Riga
477:
473:
469:
467:
336:Coat of arms
226:
211:
195:
179:
177:lead section
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5447:Bukey Horde
5101:Elizavetpol
4949:Primorskaya
4911:Transbaikal
4660:Novorossiya
4552:Kiev (1708)
4455:Arkhangelsk
3383:1797 Baron
3223:Agriculture
1960:Old Livonia
1869:History of
1703:New Current
1548:Middle Ages
1452:History of
1423:) with the
1152:Вольмарский
1010:1897 census
935:Landgericht
907:dessiatinas
801:(dilluvial)
799:and modern
761:Lake Peipus
691:ruled that
685:World War I
650: [
367:Established
310:Governorate
5520:Categories
5430:Chernovtsy
5370:Podlyashye
4900:Bessarabia
4826:Voznesensk
4479:Bessarabia
3891:. Rodopi.
3854:References
3688:Healthcare
3543:See also:
3241:Root crops
3173:salakushka
3106:salakushka
2886:City/Month
2532:1,299,365
2353:Belarusian
2334:Lithuanian
2108:Chronology
1945:Viking Age
1803:Chronology
1521:Latgalians
1493:Amber Road
1407:After the
1314:Kuressaare
1310:Arensburg
1192:Перновский
1075:Венденский
1006:Population
817:sandstones
813:limestones
765:Lake Pskov
714:After the
693:Daugavpils
563:(Russian:
513:Baltic Sea
416:Population
110:newspapers
39:improve it
5420:Peremyshl
5286:Tavastgus
5089:Black Sea
5060:Turkestan
5044:Samarkand
5005:Akmolinsk
4916:Kamchatka
4869:Yeniseysk
4859:Yaroslavl
4770:Stavropol
4691:Petrograd
4637:Nikolayev
4601:Lithuania
4505:Chernigov
4467:Astrakhan
3794:‹See Tfd›
3781:romanized
3586:Education
3533:Supporter
3374:Governors
3364:whitefish
3237:buckwheat
3205:koryushka
3181:whitefish
3162:whitefish
3100:Fisheries
3001:springs.
2859:1,299,365
2779:Mennonite
2580:1,031,016
2372:Ukrainian
2202:Language
1940:Oeselians
1531:Selonians
1526:Curonians
1506:Livonians
1387:uchastoks
1352:(Yuryev)
1347:Юрьевский
1307:Эзельский
1115:Верроский
840:Mountains
805:dolomites
755:Geography
479:guberniya
424:1,299,365
182:summarize
45:talk page
5425:Tarnopol
5382:Sandomir
5359:Petrokov
5314:Avgustov
5291:Uleaborg
5210:Courland
5160:Imeretia
5154:Dagestan
5143:Armenian
5131:Shemakha
4967:Tarnopol
4954:Sakhalin
4929:Kwantung
4906:Don Host
4893:Belostok
4842:Voronezh
4837:Volhynia
4820:Vladimir
4765:Smolensk
4746:Simbirsk
4670:Orenburg
4655:Novgorod
4590:Kostroma
4523:Iziaslav
4499:Caucasus
4485:Bratslav
4473:Belgorod
4232:13 March
4203:13 March
3870:Archived
3816:Estonian
3724:See also
3706:Railways
3368:Crayfish
3324:flounder
3316:sturgeon
3275:corn pea
3245:potatoes
3177:flounder
3166:Crayfish
3122:flounder
3114:sturgeon
3096:island.
3074:sparrows
2722:Anglican
2665:Reformed
2570:Lutheran
2529:669,373
2526:629,992
2249:518,594
2246:271,246
2243:247,348
2239:Estonian
2230:563,929
2227:292,714
2224:271,215
2183:Estonian
1860:a series
1858:Part of
1443:a series
1441:Part of
1425:Estonian
1379:190,317
1274:Viljandi
1257:396,101
1182:112,836
1159:Valmiera
1105:124,208
1065:120,585
1035:Валкский
857:Piebalga
834:Silurian
797:Devonian
793:Silurian
592:Tartumaa
588:Estonian
515:port of
281:Estonian
5498:Italics
5395:Suvalki
5389:Sedlets
5353:Mazovia
5347:Lyublin
5276:Nyuland
5248:Finland
5234:Estonia
5215:Livonia
5186:Zakatal
5181:Sukhumi
5125:Kutaisi
5119:Georgia
5095:Derbent
5066:Fergana
5027:Oblasts
4993:Oblasts
4960:Taurida
4922:Caspian
4879:Oblasts
4832:Vologda
4815:Vitebsk
4790:Tobolsk
4775:Taurida
4740:Siberia
4734:Saratov
4709:Poltava
4703:Polotsk
4697:Podolia
4665:Olonets
4626:Mogilev
4584:Kolyvan
4568:Kherson
4563:Kharkov
4536:Irkutsk
4516:Finland
4492:Belarus
4326:27 June
4284:27 June
4258:27 June
4175:27 June
4150:27 June
4122:27 June
4068:27 June
3955:27 June
3846:Andrew.
3807:Latvian
3783::
3772:Russian
3496:Adopted
3352:vendace
3344:lamprey
3328:Estland
3310:, then
3213:lamprey
3189:vendace
3150:vendace
3142:lamprey
3126:Estland
3108:, then
3078:pigeons
3066:magpies
3054:falcons
3039:martens
2999:sulphur
2962:Economy
2952:climate
2926:Yuriyev
2898:October
2889:January
2872:Climate
2862:100.00
2856:669,373
2853:629,992
2741:Karaite
2684:Baptist
2627:Judaism
2599:187,740
2577:541,779
2574:489,237
2561:Number
2553:Female
2535:100.00
2504:Others
2467:English
2429:Swedish
2325:15,132
2306:23,728
2303:11,539
2300:12,189
2287:68,124
2284:29,280
2281:38,844
2277:Russian
2268:98,573
2265:53,803
2262:44,770
2220:Latvian
2208:Female
2191:Russian
2179:Latvian
1871:Estonia
1337:60,263
1297:99,747
1270:Fellin
1240:282,230
1232:Рижский
1222:98,123
1195:Pernau
1155:Wolmar
1142:97,185
1118:Werro (
1078:Wenden
954:court (
893:Forests
847:Chudsky
773:Vitebsk
709:Iskolat
701:Rēzekne
683:during
641:Landtag
535:History
529:Estonia
486:of the
385:Capital
357:Country
266:Latvian
251:Russian
124:scholar
5364:Plotsk
5342:Lomzha
5336:Krakov
5330:Keltsy
5325:Kalish
5320:Warsaw
5305:Poland
5271:Kuopio
5266:Vyborg
5137:Tiflis
5106:Erivan
4973:Turgay
4853:Vyborg
4847:Vyatka
4780:Tambov
4759:Slonim
4724:Samara
4719:Ryazan
4631:Moscow
4546:Kaluga
4510:Grodno
3980:6 June
3895:
3798:German
3551:blazon
3523:Shield
3356:navaga
3340:salmon
3320:burbot
3267:clover
3233:barley
3209:salmon
3154:navaga
3138:salmon
3118:burbot
3090:storks
3086:snipes
3082:grouse
3050:eagles
3027:wolves
3010:Wenden
3006:Fellin
2984:gypsum
2703:Muslim
2656:16,777
2637:29,683
2634:14,497
2631:15,186
2618:30,539
2615:13,149
2612:17,390
2602:14.45
2596:89,064
2593:98,676
2583:79.35
2547:Faith
2513:1,060
2486:Danish
2448:French
2344:6,594
2341:2,463
2338:4,131
2322:6,811
2319:8,321
2315:Polish
2296:Jewish
2258:German
2252:39.91
2233:43.40
2189:, and
2187:German
1912:Chudes
1862:on the
1564:Tālava
1454:Latvia
1445:on the
1362:42,308
1350:Dorpat
1343:Dorpat
1267:Феллин
1263:Fellin
1205:12,898
1188:Pernau
1148:Wolmar
1071:Wenden
1048:10,922
993:County
952:volost
913:Swamps
728:Berlin
608:Pernau
604:Dorpat
600:Wenden
525:Latvia
454:70.69%
443:29.31%
296:German
292:
277:
262:
247:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
5376:Radom
5221:Reval
5176:Terek
5171:Kuban
5149:Batum
4983:Yakut
4810:Vilna
4795:Tomsk
4714:Pskov
4680:Penza
4675:Oryol
4621:Minsk
4595:Kursk
4578:Kovno
4573:Kholm
4541:Kazan
4449:Altai
4093:2 May
4017:2 May
3756:Notes
3697:Ports
3680:Press
3593:Pärnu
3513:Crest
3360:perch
3348:trout
3336:sprat
3312:perch
3263:herbs
3217:Dvina
3201:sudak
3197:perch
3193:ruffe
3185:snets
3158:perch
3146:trout
3134:sprat
3110:perch
3062:crows
3058:hawks
3043:hares
3035:foxes
3023:bears
2980:clays
2892:April
2850:Total
2845:0.00
2828:0.01
2811:0.00
2792:0.00
2773:0.00
2754:0.00
2735:0.02
2716:0.04
2697:0.08
2694:1,086
2678:0.12
2675:1,557
2659:1.29
2653:9,224
2650:7,553
2640:2.28
2621:2.35
2556:Both
2550:Male
2522:Total
2516:0.08
2499:0.02
2480:0.02
2461:0.03
2442:0.03
2423:0.03
2410:Tatar
2404:0.04
2391:Gipsy
2385:0.05
2366:0.07
2347:0.51
2328:1.16
2309:1.83
2290:5.24
2271:7.59
2205:Male
1907:Aesti
1516:Balts
1510:Vends
1497:Aesti
1419:Kreis
1356:Tartu
1320:4,603
1280:7,736
1199:Pärnu
1165:5,050
1125:4,152
1111:Werro
1088:6,356
1082:Cēsis
1042:Valka
1038:Walk
1025:1897
984:uezds
872:Water
866:Ruhnu
821:Zedde
809:marls
697:Ludza
654:]
450:Rural
439:Urban
131:JSTOR
117:books
5415:Lvov
5261:Vaza
5228:Riga
5166:Kars
4978:Ural
4943:Omsk
4887:Amur
4800:Tula
4785:Tver
4685:Perm
4558:Kiev
4441:Azov
4431:List
4328:2022
4286:2022
4260:2022
4234:2024
4205:2024
4177:2022
4152:2022
4124:2022
4095:2023
4070:2022
4044:2024
4019:2023
3982:2022
3957:2022
3893:ISBN
3507:1918
3499:1856
3332:Riga
3322:and
3302:Fish
3261:The
3256:hemp
3254:and
3252:flax
3215:(in
3175:and
3130:Riga
3120:and
3094:Esel
3070:owls
3041:and
3008:and
2996:Riga
2988:peat
2948:Riga
2941:4.4
2935:17,1
2929:−6,7
2921:6.0
2915:17.9
2909:−5.1
2906:Riga
2895:July
2510:406
2507:654
2496:223
2490:129
2477:311
2474:153
2471:158
2458:339
2455:241
2439:424
2436:201
2433:223
2420:449
2414:428
2401:495
2398:224
2395:271
2382:638
2376:555
2363:852
2360:153
2357:699
1411:the
1303:Ösel
1236:Riga
1228:Riga
1120:Võru
1031:Walk
1003:Area
881:Soil
862:Ezel
829:Ogre
827:and
825:Abze
815:and
771:and
737:The
699:and
612:Ösel
610:and
596:Riga
517:Riga
498:and
468:The
395:Area
389:Riga
380:1918
370:1796
326:Flag
103:news
5303:of
5246:of
5029:of
4995:of
4805:Ufa
3229:rye
3092:on
3031:elk
2938:4,7
2932:3,2
2918:6.6
2912:4.7
2732:211
2726:126
2713:536
2707:506
2691:605
2688:481
2672:859
2669:698
2493:94
2452:98
2417:21
2379:83
922:Law
660:by
523:of
86:by
5522::
5504:³
5496:¹
4319:.
4276:.
4168:.
4143:.
4132:^
4114:.
4103:^
4086:.
4035:.
4005:.
3990:^
3973:.
3947:.
3818::
3809::
3800::
3778:,
3774::
3581:."
3557::
3362:,
3358:,
3354:,
3350:,
3346:,
3342:,
3314:,
3273:,
3269:,
3247:.
3231:,
3211:,
3203:,
3199:,
3195:,
3191:,
3187:,
3183:,
3160:,
3156:,
3152:,
3148:,
3144:,
3140:,
3112:,
3084:,
3080:,
3076:,
3072:,
3068:,
3064:,
3060:,
3056:,
3052:,
3045:.
3037:,
3033:,
3029:,
3025:,
2990:,
2986:,
2982:,
2842:23
2836:23
2825:71
2822:35
2819:36
2789:15
2770:47
2764:39
2751:58
2748:56
2745:32
2729:85
2710:30
2564:%
2214:%
2185:,
1508:,
1495:/
1358:)
1316:)
1276:)
1201:)
1161:)
1122:)
1084:)
1044:)
1012:)
868:.
811:,
807:,
795:,
711:.
695:,
652:lv
606:,
602:,
598:,
590::
571:.
531:.
48:.
5475:²
5471:*
5203:³
4693:²
4689:*
4451:²
4447:+
4444:¹
4433:)
4429:(
4410:e
4403:t
4396:v
4330:.
4288:.
4262:.
4236:.
4207:.
4179:.
4154:.
4126:.
4097:.
4072:.
4046:.
4021:.
3984:.
3959:.
3933:.
3901:.
2839:0
2808:6
2805:3
2802:3
2786:9
2783:6
2767:8
2148:e
2141:t
2134:v
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1512:)
1504:(
1354:(
1312:(
1272:(
1197:(
1157:(
1080:(
1040:(
1008:(
645:(
298:)
294:(
283:)
279:(
268:)
264:(
253:)
249:(
218:)
212:(
200:)
196:(
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)