702:
2064:, an insect that infests the roots of vines and causes fungal infections. Initially, farmers unsuccessfully attempted to contain the pest by removing and burning affected vines. When it was discovered that phylloxera was an invasive species introduced from North America, some suggested importing rootstock from the region as the North American vines were resistant to the pest. Others, opposed to the idea, argued that American rootstocks would imbue the French grapes with an undesirable taste; they instead preferred to inject the soil with expensive pesticides. Ultimately, grafting French vines onto American rootstocks became prevalent throughout the region, creating new grafting techniques and machines. American rootstocks had trouble adapting to the high soil pH value of some regions in France so the final solution to the pandemic was to
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764:: It is a good procedure to keep the cutting tool sharp to minimize tissue damage and clean from dirt and other substances to avoid the spread of disease. A good knife for general grafting should have a blade and handle length of about 3 inches and 4 inches respectively. Specialized knives for grafting include bud-grafting knives, surgical knives, and pruning knives. Cleavers, chisels, and saws are utilized when the stock is too large to be cut otherwise.
665:, cannot normally be grafted. As a general rule, the closer two plants are genetically, the more likely the graft union will form. Genetically identical clones and intra-species plants have a high success rate for grafting. Grafting between species of the same genus is sometimes successful. Grafting has a low success rate when performed with plants in the same family but in different genera. And grafting between different families is rare.
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1579:. The bark of the tree may be stripped away when the roots make physical contact with each other, exposing the vascular cambium and allowing the roots to graft together. A group of trees can share water and mineral nutrients via root grafts, which may be advantageous to weaker trees, and may also form a larger rootmass as an adaptation to promote fire resistance and regeneration as exemplified by the California black oak (
854:) uses a bud instead of a twig. Grafting roses is the most common example of bud grafting. In this method a bud is removed from the parent plant, and the base of the bud is inserted beneath the bark of the stem of the stock plant from which the rest of the shoot has been cut. Any extra bud that starts growing from the stem of the stock plant is removed. Examples: roses and fruit trees like peaches.
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688:: After grafting, it is important to nurse the grafted plant back to health for a period of time. Various grafting tapes and waxes are used to protect the scion and stock from excessive water loss. Furthermore, depending on the type of graft, twine or string is used to add structural support to the grafting site. Sometimes it is necessary to prune the site, as the rootstock may produce
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522:
790:: Adds support and pressure to the grafting site to hold the stock and scion together before the tissues join, which is especially important in herbaceous grafting. The employed material is often dampened before use to help protect the site from desiccation. Support equipment includes strips made from various substances, twine, nails, and splints.
1007: in) deep. If it is a branch that is not vertical then the cleft should be cut horizontally. The end of the scion should be cut cleanly to a long shallow wedge, preferably with a single cut for each wedge surface, and not whittled. A third cut may be made across the end of the wedge to make it straight across.
1843:
non-refrigerated control was held in the nursery. After completion of the cold treatment, the grafts were moved into the greenhouse with an 18-hour photoperiod until late
October. Height increment was significantly (P 0.01) influenced by cold treatment. Best results were given by the 1000-hour treatment.
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of scientific, technological, and cultural advancement. Creating lavishly flourished gardens would be a common form of competition among
Islamic leaders at the time. Because the region would receive an influx of foreign ornamentals to decorate these gardens, grafting was used much during this period.
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as in the first cycle. Grafts are moved into cold frames or unheated greenhouse in
September until January. Flower induction treatments are begun on grafts that have reached a minimum length of 1.0 m. Repotting from an initial pot size of 4.5 litre to 16 litre containers with a 2:1:1 soil mix of peat
1828:
Since grafts of white spruce put on relatively little growth in the 2 years after grafting, techniques for accelerating the early growth were studied by
Greenwood (1988) and others. The cultural regimes used to promote one additional growth cycle in one year involve manipulation of day length and the
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Slide the wedge into the cleft so that it is at the edge of the stock and the centre of the wedge faces are against the cambium layer between the bark and the wood. It is preferable if a second scion is inserted in a similar way into the other side of the cleft. This helps to seal off the cleft. Tape
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The four-flap graft (also called banana graft) is commonly used for pecans, and first became popular with this species in
Oklahoma in 1975. It is heralded for maximum cambium overlap, but is a complex graft. It requires similarly sized diameters for the rootstock and scion. The bark of the rootstock
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The stock is cut through on one side only at a shallow angle with a sharp knife. (If the stock is a branch and not the main trunk of the rootstock then the cut surface should face outward from the centre of the tree.) The scion is similarly sliced through at an equal angle starting just below a bud,
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and other wound-response tissues. Generally, grafting is performed when the scion is dormant, as premature budding can drain the grafting site of moisture before the grafting union is properly established. Temperature greatly affects the physiological stage of plants. If the temperature is too warm,
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per unit of land, of higher quality, and reduce the danger of accidents by harvest crews working on ladders. Care must be taken when planting dwarf or semi-dwarf trees. If such a tree is planted with the graft below the soil, then the scion portion can also grow roots and the tree will still grow to
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lighting. In this technique, grafts are grown until elongation has been completed, normally by mid-March. Soluble 10-52-10 fertilizer is applied at both ends of the growth cycle and 20-20-20 during the cycle, with irrigation as needed. When growth elongation is complete, day length is reduced to 8
1819:
A method of grafting white spruce of seed-bearing age during the time of seed harvest in the fall was developed by
Nienstaedt et al. (1958). Scions of white spruce of 2 ages of wood from 30- to 60-year-old trees were collected in the fall and grafted by 3 methods on potted stock to which different
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In whip grafting the scion and the stock are cut slanting and then joined. The grafted point is then bound with tape and covered with a soft sealant to prevent dehydration and infection by germs. The common variation is a whip and tongue graft, which is considered the most difficult to master but
339:: The ability to induce fruitfulness without the need for completing the juvenile phase. Juvenility is the natural state through which a seedling plant must pass before it can become reproductive. In most fruiting trees, juvenility may last between 5 and 9 years, but in some tropical fruits, e.g.,
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In the whip and tongue variation, a notch is cut downwards into the sliced face of the stock and a similar cut upwards into the face of the scion cut. These act as the tongues and it requires some skill to make the cuts so that the scion and the stock marry up neatly. The elongated "Z" shape adds
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can take up to seven days. Joints formed by grafting are not as strong as naturally formed joints, so a physical weak point often still occurs at the graft because only the newly formed tissues inosculate with each other. The existing structural tissue (or wood) of the stock plant does not fuse.
1842:
In one of the first accelerated growth experiments, white spruce grafts made in
January and February that would normally elongate shortly after grafting, set bud, and remain in that condition until the following spring, were refrigerated for 500, 1000, or 1500 hours beginning in mid-July, and a
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Veneer grafting, or inlay grafting, is a method used for stock larger than 2.5 centimetres (1 in) in diameter. The scion is recommended to be about as thick as a pencil. Clefts are made of the same size as the scion on the side of the branch, not on top. The scion end is shaped as a wedge,
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Awl grafting takes the least resources and the least time. It is best done by an experienced grafter, as it is possible to accidentally drive the tool too far into the stock, reducing the scion's chance of survival. Awl grafting can be done by using a screwdriver to make a slit in the bark, not
517:: Apples are notorious for their genetic variability, even differing in multiple characteristics, such as, size, color, and flavor, of fruits located on the same tree. In the commercial farming industry, consistency is maintained by grafting a scion with desired fruit traits onto a hardy stock.
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The refrigeration (cold treatment) phase was subsequently shown to be effective when applied 2 months earlier with proper handling and use of blackout curtains, which allows the second growth cycle to be completed in time to satisfy dormancy requirements before
January (Greenwood et al. 1988).
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Rind grafting involves grafting a small scion onto the end of a thick stock. The thick stock is sawn off, and a ~4 cm long bark-deep cut is made parallel to the stock, from the sawn-off end down, and the bark is separated from the wood on one or both sides. The scion is shaped as a wedge,
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use of cold storage to satisfy chilling requirements. Greenwood took dormant potted grafts into the greenhouse in early
January then gradually raised the temperature during the course of a week until the minimum temperature rose to 15 °C. Photoperiod was increased to 18 hours using
440:: In areas where soil-borne pests or pathogens would prevent the successful planting of the desired cultivar, the use of pest/disease tolerant rootstocks allow the production from the cultivar that would be otherwise unsuccessful. A major example is the use of rootstocks in combating
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and temperature treatments after grafting, however, had considerable effect on scion activity and total growth. The best post-grafting treatment was 4 weeks of long-day treatment followed by 2 weeks of short-day treatment, then 8 weeks of chilling, and finally long-day treatment.
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hours using a blackout curtain. Budset follows, and the grafts are held in the greenhouse until mid-May. Grafts are then moved into a cooler at 4 °C for 1000 hours, after which they are moved to a shade frame where they grow normally, with applications of fertilizer and
671:: The vascular cambium of the scion and stock should be tightly pressed together and oriented in the direction of normal growth. Proper alignment and pressure encourages the tissues to join quickly, allowing nutrients and water to transfer from the stockroot to the scion.
1962:
refers to older texts that referred to grafting, but those works are missing. Nonetheless, given the sophistication of the methods discussed, and the long history of arboriculture in the region, grafting must have already been practiced for centuries by this time.
376:. In this case, cuttings of an easily rooted plant are used to provide a rootstock. In some cases, the scion may be easily propagated, but grafting may still be used because it is commercially the most cost-effective way of raising a particular type of plant.
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and curious coppery-pink flowers that show characteristics of both "parents". Many species of cactus can also produce graft chimeras under the right conditions although they are often created unintentionally and such results are often hard to replicate.
1816:(Nienstaedt and Teich 1972). Before greenhouse grafting, rootstocks should be potted in late spring, allowed to make seasonal growth, then subjected to a period of chilling outdoors, or for about 8 weeks in a cool room at 2 °C (Nienstaedt 1966).
1904:
As humans began to domesticate plants and animals, horticultural techniques that could reliably propagate the desired qualities of long-lived woody plants needed to be developed. Although grafting is not specifically mentioned in the
784:: Keeps the grafting site hydrated. Good seals should be tight enough to retain moisture while, at the same time, loose enough to accommodate plant growth. Includes specialized types of clay, wax, petroleum jelly, and adhesive tape.
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day-length treatments had been applied prior to grafting. The grafted stock were given long-day and natural-day treatments. Survival was 70% to 100% and showed effects of rootstock and post-grafting treatments in only a few cases.
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has the highest rate of success as it offers the most cambium contact between the scion and the stock. It is the most common graft used in preparing commercial fruit trees. It is generally used with stock less than 1.25 cm (
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is grafted onto the stock of another type. In another common form called bud grafting, a dormant side bud is grafted onto the stem of another stock plant, and when it has inosculated successfully, it is encouraged to grow by
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trades. The scion is typically joined to the rootstock at the soil line; however, top work grafting may occur far above this line, leaving an understock consisting of the lower part of the trunk and the root system.
1236: in) long, then the scion is wedged and forced into the branch. The scion should be at an angle of at most 35° to the parent tree so that the crotch remains strong. The graft is covered with grafting compound.
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of the same species is growing nearby, any of these can be grafted to the area above the damage by a method called inarch grafting. These alternatives to scions must be of the correct length to span the gap of the
2040:, was written by William Lawson in 1618. While the book contains practical grafting techniques, some even still used today, it suffers from exaggerated claims of scion-stock compatibility typical of this period.
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Graft particular to plum cherry. The scion is the largest in the plant, due to the imperfect union of the two. It can be seen on the enlarged trunk: this accumulation of starch is an indication of imperfection.
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While grafting continued to grow in Europe during the eighteenth century, it was considered unnecessary in the United States as the produce from fruit trees was largely used either to make cider or feed hogs.
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In cleft grafting a small cut is made in the stock and then the pointed end of the scion is inserted in the stock. This is best done in the early spring and is useful for joining a thin scion about 1 cm
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around the top of the stock to hold the scion in place and cover with grafting wax or sealing compound. This stops the cambium layers from drying out and also prevents the ingress of water into the cleft.
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According to recent research: "grafting technology had been practiced in China before 2000 BC". Additional evidence for grafting in China is found in Jia Sixie's 6th century CE agricultural treatise
1988:
and outlines several grafting methods. Other authors in the region would write about grafting in the following years, however, the publications often featured fallacious scion-stock combinations.
568:" provides more fruit variety for small spaces such as a suburban backyard, and also takes care of the need for pollenizers. The drawback is that the gardener must be sufficiently trained to
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has been studied using grafting. Virus indexing involves grafting a symptomless plant that is suspected of carrying a virus onto an indicator plant that is very susceptible to the virus.
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Approach grafting or inarching is used to join together plants that are otherwise difficult to join. The plants are grown close together, and then joined so that each plant has
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1958:. It discusses grafting pear twigs onto crab apple, jujube and pomegranate stock (domesticated apples had not yet arrived in China), as well as grafting persimmons. The
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tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive until the graft has "taken", usually a period of a few
98:) while the lower part is called the rootstock. The success of this joining requires that the vascular tissues grow together. The natural equivalent of this process is
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is very popular in Asia and Europe, and is gaining popularity in the United States. The main advantage of grafting is for disease-resistant rootstocks. Researchers in
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Greenwood, M.S.; Adams, G.W.; Gillespie, M. (Aug 1987). "Shortening the breeding cycle of some northeastern conifers". In
Morgenstern, E.K.; Boyle, T.J.B. (eds.).
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Stub grafting is a technique that requires less stock than cleft grafting, and retains the shape of a tree. Also scions are generally of 6–8 buds in this process.
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The joint is then taped around and treated with tree-sealing compound or grafting wax. A whip graft without a tongue is less stable and may need added support.
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below and growth above the point of union. Both scion and stock retain their respective parents that may or may not be removed after joining. Also used in
1697:" or more accurately graft chimera can occur where the tissues of the stock continue to grow within the scion. Such a plant can produce flowers and
1604:. Inosculation also sometimes occurs where two stems on the same tree, shrub or vine make contact with each other. This is common in plants such as
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grafting in countries such as Japan and Korea where farming land is both limited and used intensively. Certain machines can graft 800 seedlings /hr.
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technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion (
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is sliced and peeled back in four flaps, and the hardwood is removed, looking somewhat like a peeled banana. It is a difficult graft to learn.
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1585:). Additionally, grafting may protect the group from wind damages as a result of the increased mechanical stability provided by the grafting.
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After the graft has taken, the branch is removed and treated a few centimeters above the graft, to be fully removed when the graft is strong.
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A New Orchard and Garden: Or, the Best Way for Planting, Graffing, and to Make Any Ground Good for a Rich Orchard, Particularly in the North
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shrubs and trees. In these cases, a graft is made at a desired height on a stock plant with a strong stem. This is used to raise 'standard'
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Practical plant propagation: an exposition of the art and science of increasing plants as practiced by the nurseryman, florist and gardener
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or shoots from plants induced to flower can be grafted onto uninduced plants and transmit a floral stimulus that induces them to flower.
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is a stick with several buds on it that can be cut out and used for bud grafting. It is a common method of propagation for citrus trees.
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Beginning in 1864, and without warning, grapevines across France began to sharply decline. Thanks to the efforts of scientists such as
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may be used to connect tissues receiving flow from the roots to tissues above the damage that have been severed from the flow. Where a
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1917:). Some scholars believe the phrase mingled seeds includes grafting, although this interpretation remains contentious among scholars.
661:: Because grafting involves the joining of vascular tissues between the scion and rootstock, plants lacking vascular cambium, such as
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Nienstaedt, H.; Cech, F.C.; Mergen, F.; Wand, C.; Zak, B. (1958). "Vegetative propagation in forest genetics research and practice".
2918:. International Symposium on Transplant Production Systems. 319. International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 535–540.
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Natural grafting is rarely seen in herbaceous plants as those types of plants generally have short-lived roots with little to no
796:: Because grafting can take a lot of time and skill, grafting machines have been created. Automation is particularly popular for
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can be grafted with consistent success by using 8–10 cm (3–4 in) scions of current growth on thrifty 4- to 5-year-old
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184:. Successful grafting only requires that a vascular connection take place between the grafted tissues. Research conducted in
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2718:"Promotion and inhibition of flower formation in a dayneutral plant in grafts with a short-day plant and a long-day plant"
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as early as 1987. Plastic tubing can be used to prevent desiccation and support the healing at the graft/scion interface.
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1971:
In Greece, a medical record written in 424 BCE contains the first direct reference to grafting. The title of the work is
434:, which are rose bushes on a high stem, and it is also used for some ornamental trees, such as certain weeping cherries.
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993: in) in diameter. The branch or stock should be split carefully down the middle to form a cleft about 3 cm (
969: in) diameter to a thicker branch or stock. It is best if the former has 3–5 buds and the latter is 2–7 cm (
511:. It may be faster to graft a new cultivar onto existing limbs of established trees than to replant an entire orchard.
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396:: Because the scion has weak roots or the roots of the stock plants are tolerant of difficult conditions. e.g. many
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exposing cambium on both sides, and is pushed in under the back of the stock, with a flat side against the wood.
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them correctly, or one strong variety will usually "take over." Multiple cultivars of different "stone fruits" (
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inspired a number of authors to publish books on gardening that included information on grafting. One example,
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typical of both plants as well as shoots intermediate between the two. The best-known example this is probably
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Tape has been used to bind the rootstock and scion at the graft, and tar to protect the scion from desiccation.
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may be grafted at regularly spaced intervals onto trees down rows, say every fourth tree. This takes care of
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and fruit on their own roots. Grafting can reduce the time to flowering and shorten the breeding program.
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2028:, grafting survived in the Christian monasteries of Europe until it regained popular appeal during the
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472:: To repair damage to the trunk of a tree that would prohibit nutrient flow, such as stripping of the
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A Preliminary Survey of the Book Ch'i Min Yao Shu, and Agricultural Encyclopaedia of the 6th Century
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In Rome, Marcus Porcius Cato wrote the oldest surviving Latin text in 160 BCE. The book is called
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3115:"Simulation-based Economic Feasibility Analysis of Grafting Technology for Propagation Operation"
2319:"A Developmental Framework for Graft Formation and Vascular Reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana"
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2876:. Tree Improvement – Progressing Together Sympos. Truro, NS (published 1988). pp. 43–52.
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Melnyk, Charles W.; Schuster, Christoph; Leyser, Ottoline; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (May 2015).
2017:
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premature budding may result. Elsewise, high temperatures can slow or halt callus formation.
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1979:. The language of the author suggests that grafting appeared centuries before this period.
1909:, it is claimed that ancient Biblical text hints at the practice of grafting. For example,
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penetrating the cambium layer completely. Then inset the wedged scion into the incision.
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Loehle, C. & Jones, R.H. (1998). "Adaptive Significance of Root Grafting in Trees".
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strength, removing the need for a companion rod in the first season (see illustration).
677:: The grafting is completed at a time when the scion and stock are capable of producing
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1996:
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are grafted on to dwarf or semi-dwarf trees planted at high density. They provide more
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Mudge, K.; Janick, J.; Scofield, S.; Goldschmidt, E. (2009). "A History of Grafting".
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inserted, and wrapped with tape to the scaffolding branches to give it more strength.
770:: Treating the cutting tools with disinfectants ensures the grafting site is clear of
372:: Because the scion is difficult to propagate vegetatively by other means, such as by
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uses grafting techniques to join separate trees or parts of the same tree to itself.
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353:: To induce dwarfing or cold tolerance or other characteristics to the scion. Most
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2889:"Grafting Watermelon Onto Squash or Gourd Rootstock Makes Firmer, Healthier Fruit"
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so that the bud is at the top of the cut and on the other side than the cut face.
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so that both are produced on the same plant, one above ground and one underground.
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of fruits such as apples are sometimes grafted on a single tree. This so-called "
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in fruit tree breeding programs. Hybrid seedlings may take ten or more years to
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Proceedings of the 2012 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
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1130: in) and the scion should be of roughly the same diameter as the stock.
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By 500 BCE grafting was well established and practiced in the region as the
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takes place after three days of initial grafting, whereas the connection of
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3192:. (with diagrams). Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
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1928:, starting at verse 17, there is a discussion about the grafting of wild
2550:. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from
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Kobayashi, Ken; Suzuki, Masato; Sasaya, Sadao (1999). "Grafting Robot".
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describes grafting as a commonplace technique used to grow grapevines.
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A problem with root grafts is that they allow transmission of certain
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on heavy soils, common in urban gardens, and are grafted onto hardier
3121:. IIE Annual Conference. Norcross: Institute of Industrial Engineers.
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343:, juvenility may be prolonged for up to 15 years. Grafting of mature
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to potentially make a new species making grafting a form of natural
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of the same species will sometimes naturally graft; this is called
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3238:. (with diagrams). The University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from
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Meng, Chao; Xu, Dong; Son, Young-Jun & Kubota, Chieri (2012).
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off the stem of the stock plant just above the newly grafted bud.
3151:. (with photographs). Providence Farm Ornamentals. Archived from
3022:"Bible (King James)/Romans - Wikisource, the free online library"
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1933:
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1120: in) diameter, with the ideal diameter closer to 1 cm (
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of widely different forms are sometimes grafted on to each other.
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onto rootstocks can result in fruiting in as little as two years.
170:
27:
Horticultural technique of joining plant tissues to grow together
1913:
19:19 states " shalt not sow their field with mingled seed..." (
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830:. The graft can be successfully accomplished any time of year.
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2777:"Farmers may have been accidentally making GMOs for millennia"
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2181:
2165:
2143:
1929:
1888:
1884:
1726:
595:
was a prolific tree shaper who grew over 75 mature specimens.
459:
362:
354:
198:
150:
157:
to be duplicated in future production by the grafted plant.
2824:(3). Society of American Foresters: 374–384. Archived from
2400:
Hartmann, H.T.; Kester, D.; Davies, F.; Geneve, R. (2001).
2243:
2231:
2071:
1755:
1729:, in 1825. This small tree bears yellow flowers typical of
1572:
823:
576:
species) can be grafted on a single tree. This is called a
431:
181:
154:
142:
130:
87:
84:
3184:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
2604:"Four-Flap Grafting of Pecans - Oklahoma State University"
2399:
1966:
838:
30:
This article is about plant grafting. For other uses, see
521:
507:
in a fruit orchard to a more profitable cultivar, called
454:. For example, in tightly planted or badly planned apple
2845:
2801:. Research Paper. Vol. WO-15. USDA, Forest Service.
57:
A grafted tree showing two differently coloured blossoms
2871:
2374:
2372:
2370:
3263:"Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one"
2715:
2947:
2433:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–100.
90:
81:
2909:
2367:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
2992:
2716:Lang, A.; Chailakhyan, M.K.; Frolova, I.A. (1977).
2684:
2682:
2578:
Texas A&M University - Kingsville Citrus Center
2522:"Terms and Conditions of Supply of Budwood by CCPP"
2395:
2393:
1932:trees concerning the relationship between Jews and
78:
2910:Onoda, A.; Kobayashi, Ken; Suzuki, Masato (1992).
2401:
2281:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
480:that completely girdles the trunk. In this case a
3226:. The University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from
3275:
3062:
2874:Proc. Part 2, 21st Meet. Can. Tree Improv. Assoc
2679:
2464:
2390:
3260:
3112:
2814:"Dormancy and dormancy release in white spruce"
2796:
2381:"Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding"
2003:
1894:
1226:An incision is made into the branch 1 cm (
601:
1975:and is thought to be written by a follower of
774:. The most commonly used sterilizing agent is
160:In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a
2899:(7). United States Department of Agriculture.
1887:developed automated processes using grafting
2386:. Pacific Northwest Extension. pp. 3–5.
2301:
1091:Graft needing attention the following season
940:Successful cleft graft after 2 years' growth
705:Depiction of general-purpose grafting knives
2688:
2450:. United Kingdom: Read Books. p. 101.
2404:Plant Propagation: Principals and Practices
2110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1661:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1506:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1431:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1281:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1183:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1053:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
902:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
675:Completed during appropriate stage of plant
244:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
176:For successful grafting to take place, the
3117:. In Lim, G. & Herrmann, J.W. (eds.).
2998:
2811:
2190:– stem cuttings, grafting, aerial layering
1467:
3046:"oremus Bible Browser : Romans 9–11"
2941:
2751:
2741:
2350:
2130:Learn how and when to remove this message
1681:Learn how and when to remove this message
1526:Learn how and when to remove this message
1451:Learn how and when to remove this message
1376:Learn how and when to remove this message
1301:Learn how and when to remove this message
1203:Learn how and when to remove this message
1073:Learn how and when to remove this message
922:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:. The technique is most commonly used in
2903:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2297:
2295:
2072:Cultivated plants propagated by grafting
2007:
1985:De Agri Cultura (On Farming Agriculture)
1956:(Essential Skills for the Common People)
1546:
1214:
1098:
1086:
947:
935:
837:
808:
700:
520:
326:
52:
44:
36:
2774:
2047:
1967:Greece and Rome, and Islamic Golden Age
591:, hearts, entry archways are examples.
14:
3276:
3261:Danielle Elliot (September 26, 2013).
2499:. plantpropagation.org. Archived from
2470:
2443:
2428:
1995:, Arabic regions were experiencing an
1850:
3212:"An Overview of Asexual Reproduction"
2858:
2839:
2805:
2790:
2651:
2528:. University of California, Riverside
2497:"Budding Plant Propagation Technique"
2378:
2292:
692:that inhibit the growth of the scion.
109:of commercially grown plants for the
3135:2nd ed, Beijing: Science Press, 1982
2950:Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics
2886:
2580:. September 29, 2015. Archived from
2574:"Citrus Budwood Cerfication Program"
2475:. Cassell Illustrated. p. 131.
2108:adding citations to reliable sources
2075:
1659:adding citations to reliable sources
1626:
1504:adding citations to reliable sources
1471:
1429:adding citations to reliable sources
1396:
1354:adding citations to reliable sources
1321:
1279:adding citations to reliable sources
1246:
1181:adding citations to reliable sources
1148:
1051:adding citations to reliable sources
1018:
900:adding citations to reliable sources
867:
708:
605:
539:A practice sometimes carried out by
275:
242:adding citations to reliable sources
209:
2968:
2060:, the culprit was identified to be
1899:
1542:
525:An example of approach grafting by
41:Cherry tree, consolidated "V" graft
24:
3218:. Texas A&M University System.
3001:"Herbaceous Plant Grafting Manual"
2797:Nienstaedt, H.; Teich, A. (1972).
2068:the American and French variants.
1920:Grafting is also mentioned in the
1745:
25:
3315:
3141:
2912:"The Study of the Grafting Robot"
2447:Principles of Agricultural Botany
1563:), the result of natural grafting
193:has shown that the connection of
153:. The scion contains the desired
3224:"Arizona Master Gardener Manual"
2526:Citrus Clonal Protection Program
2080:
2012:Possible deliberate grafts on a
1631:
1622:
1476:
1401:
1326:
1251:
1153:
1023:
952:Same graft after 4 years' growth
872:
713:
659:Compatibility of scion and stock
610:
280:
214:
74:
3125:
3106:
3038:
3014:
2924:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.319.84
2880:
2775:Le Page, Michael (2016-03-17).
2768:
2709:
2645:
2621:
2596:
2566:
2540:
2408:(7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
1855:Grafting is often done for non-
1804:
1750:Grafting has been important in
1589:use root grafting as a form of
3236:"Sexual Propagation: grafting"
2514:
2489:
2437:
2422:
2310:
728:format but may read better as
669:Cambium alignment and pressure
625:format but may read better as
458:of a single variety, limbs of
295:format but may read better as
13:
1:
2286:
1219:Successful stub graft, healed
813:Grafting process (Uzbekistan)
804:
205:
164:of a selected, desired plant
2999:Matej Lexa (29 April 1996).
2306:. New York: A.T. De La Mare.
2004:Europe and the United States
1895:History, society and culture
1735:, purple flowers typical of
1242:
602:Factors for successful graft
422:: To provide a strong, tall
7:
2250:
1839:moss, loam, and aggregate.
1799:
1693:Occasionally, a so-called "
817:
788:Tying and support materials
583:Ornamental and functional,
10:
3320:
3190:"Orchard Grafting Methods"
2652:Hogan, C. Michael (2008).
2444:Nelson, Alexander (2007).
1973:On the Nature of the Child
846:Bud grafting (also called
29:
3090:10.1002/9780470593776.ch9
2629:"Grafting | MU Extension"
2343:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.032
2208:– stem cuttings, grafting
2158:- stem cuttings, grafting
1709:, a graft hybrid between
1619:in the vascular cambium.
1392:
686:Proper care of graft site
3284:Horticultural techniques
3149:"Grafting Demonstration"
2799:Genetics of white spruce
2548:"Citrus Budwood Program"
2196:– stem cutting, grafting
1946:
1721:, which originated in a
863:
696:
400:plants are sensitive to
2962:10.20965/jrm.1999.p0213
2812:Nienstaedt, H. (1966).
2032:. The invention of the
1468:Rind (also called bark)
1144:
1014:
737:converting this section
634:converting this section
438:Disease/pest resistance
382:: To speed maturity of
304:converting this section
3252:: CS1 maint: others (
3202:: CS1 maint: others (
3172:: CS1 maint: others (
2988:on September 16, 2011.
2743:10.1073/pnas.74.6.2412
2722:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2654:"California Black Oak
2633:extension.missouri.edu
2024:After the fall of the
2021:
1768:Grafting can transfer
1564:
1317:
1220:
1104:
1092:
953:
941:
843:
833:
814:
706:
530:
466:needs at blossom time.
332:
58:
50:
42:
32:Graft (disambiguation)
3078:Horticultural Reviews
2608:extension.okstate.edu
2302:Hottes, A.C. (1925).
2011:
1553:husband and wife tree
1550:
1218:
1103:Successful whip graft
1102:
1090:
951:
939:
841:
812:
704:
524:
330:
56:
48:
40:
3294:Asexual reproduction
2104:improve this section
2048:French Wine Pandemic
1761:The transmission of
1732:Laburnum anagyroides
1655:improve this section
1593:of normal redwoods.
1500:improve this section
1425:improve this section
1350:improve this section
1275:improve this section
1177:improve this section
1047:improve this section
896:improve this section
543:is to graft related
238:improve this section
187:Arabidopsis thaliana
137:is selected for its
129:is selected for its
2893:AgResearch Magazine
2848:Journal of Forestry
2779:. The New Scientist
2734:1977PNAS...74.2412L
2471:Garner, R. (1988).
2429:Garner, R. (1958).
2335:2015CBio...25.1306M
2202:- grafting, budding
1851:Herbaceous grafting
1794:genetic engineering
515:Genetic consistency
370:Ease of propagation
121:In most cases, the
3289:Plant reproduction
2916:Acta Horticulturae
2691:Functional Ecology
2584:on 27 October 2017
2554:on 22 October 2017
2473:Grafter's Handbook
2431:Grafter's Handbook
2379:Kumar, G. (2011).
2022:
1997:Islamic Golden Age
1993:European Dark Ages
1565:
1221:
1105:
1093:
954:
942:
844:
815:
768:Disinfecting tools
739:, if appropriate.
707:
636:, if appropriate.
531:
501:Changing cultivars
406:eastern Australian
398:Western Australian
366:its standard size.
333:
306:, if appropriate.
59:
51:
43:
3182:"Repair Grafting"
3026:en.wikisource.org
2887:Core, J. (2005).
2656:Quercus kelloggii
2482:978-0-304-32172-8
2457:978-1-4067-4662-4
2415:978-0-136-79235-2
2329:(10): 1306–1318.
2267:Tree of 40 Fruits
2140:
2139:
2132:
1782:mitochondrial DNA
1776:that can conduct
1738:Cytisus purpureus
1691:
1690:
1683:
1602:Dutch elm disease
1582:Quercus kelloggii
1536:
1535:
1528:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1083:
1082:
1075:
932:
931:
924:
794:Grafting machines
758:
757:
655:
654:
325:
324:
274:
273:
266:
16:(Redirected from
3311:
3270:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3163:
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3160:
3136:
3131:Shih Sheng-han,
3129:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3050:bible.oremus.org
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:. Archived from
2980:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2926:. Archived from
2907:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2728:(6): 2412–2416.
2713:
2707:
2706:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2664:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
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2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
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2407:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2282:
2279: – Chimaera
2135:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2084:
2076:
1915:King James Bible
1900:Fertile Crescent
1686:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1635:
1627:
1617:secondary growth
1591:plant parasitism
1543:Natural grafting
1531:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1480:
1472:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1405:
1397:
1381:
1374:
1370:
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1361:
1330:
1322:
1306:
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1292:
1286:
1255:
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1234:
1230:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1157:
1149:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1027:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
987:
984:
978:
977:
973:
968:
967:
963:
927:
920:
916:
913:
907:
876:
868:
753:
750:
744:
735:You can help by
717:
716:
709:
650:
647:
641:
632:You can help by
614:
613:
606:
578:fruit salad tree
503:: To change the
357:trees in modern
320:
317:
311:
302:You can help by
284:
283:
276:
269:
262:
258:
255:
249:
218:
210:
178:vascular cambium
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
21:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3074:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
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3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2908:
2904:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2859:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2714:
2710:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
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2541:
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2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2323:Current Biology
2315:
2311:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2272:Cutting (plant)
2253:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2101:
2085:
2074:
2050:
2006:
1969:
1949:
1902:
1897:
1881:Tomato grafting
1853:
1807:
1802:
1788:containing the
1784:and the entire
1748:
1746:Scientific uses
1687:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1652:
1636:
1625:
1587:Albino redwoods
1571:and more often
1545:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1497:
1481:
1470:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1422:
1406:
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1371:
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1362:
1347:
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1307:
1296:
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1287:
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1228:
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1209:
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1192:
1189:
1174:
1158:
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1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1044:
1028:
1017:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
989:
985:
982:
980:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
960:
956:
955:
944:
943:
928:
917:
911:
908:
893:
877:
866:
836:
820:
807:
754:
748:
745:
734:
718:
714:
699:
651:
645:
642:
631:
615:
611:
604:
380:Hybrid breeding
321:
315:
312:
301:
285:
281:
270:
259:
253:
250:
235:
219:
208:
77:
73:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3242:on 2017-02-10.
3232:
3230:on 2017-01-29.
3220:
3208:
3186:
3178:
3143:
3142:External links
3140:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3105:
3098:
3061:
3037:
3013:
2991:
2967:
2956:(3): 213–219.
2940:
2902:
2879:
2857:
2854:(11): 826–839.
2838:
2818:Forest Science
2804:
2789:
2767:
2708:
2697:(2): 268–271.
2678:
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2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2240:- bud grafting
2235:
2229:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2058:J. E. Planchon
2049:
2046:
2034:printing press
2005:
2002:
1968:
1965:
1948:
1945:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1852:
1849:
1806:
1803:
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1798:
1778:photosynthesis
1747:
1744:
1705:Laburnocytisus
1689:
1688:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1561:Prunus spinosa
1544:
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1016:
1013:
946:
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865:
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852:shield budding
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593:Axel Erlandson
581:
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527:Axel Erlandson
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26:
9:
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3209:
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3199:
3191:
3187:
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3179:
3175:
3169:
3155:on 2013-11-14
3154:
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3109:
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3099:9780470593776
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3017:
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2977:
2971:
2963:
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2955:
2951:
2944:
2930:on 2018-10-01
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2864:
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2853:
2849:
2842:
2828:on 2017-09-15
2827:
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2800:
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2731:
2727:
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2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2668:on 2012-02-13
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2503:on 2023-06-02
2502:
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2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2123:
2120:November 2021
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:This section
2087:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
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2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:New Testament
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
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1817:
1815:
1811:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:plant viruses
1759:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:Paris, France
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1671:November 2021
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1640:This section
1638:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1623:Graft chimera
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
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1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1519:
1516:November 2021
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:This section
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1444:
1441:November 2021
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:This section
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1366:November 2021
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1335:This section
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1291:November 2021
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:This section
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1224:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1193:November 2021
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1162:This section
1160:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1063:November 2021
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:This section
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1008:
950:
938:
926:
923:
915:
912:November 2021
905:
901:
897:
891:
890:
886:
881:This section
879:
875:
870:
869:
861:
859:
855:
853:
849:
840:
831:
829:
825:
811:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:Cutting tools
760:
759:
752:
743:is available.
742:
738:
732:
731:
727:
722:This section
720:
711:
710:
703:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
649:
640:is available.
639:
635:
629:
628:
624:
619:This section
617:
608:
607:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
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559:
556:
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532:
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523:
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495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:: To provide
449:
448:Pollen source
446:
443:
439:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
416:are examples.
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
338:
335:
334:
329:
319:
310:is available.
309:
305:
299:
298:
294:
289:This section
287:
278:
277:
268:
265:
257:
254:November 2021
247:
243:
239:
233:
232:
228:
223:This section
221:
217:
212:
211:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
116:
112:
111:horticultural
108:
105:
101:
95:
71:
70:horticultural
67:
63:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3266:
3240:the original
3228:the original
3215:
3157:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3132:
3127:
3118:
3108:
3081:
3077:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:
3016:
3006:14 September
3004:. Retrieved
2994:
2983:the original
2970:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2915:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2873:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2821:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2781:. Retrieved
2770:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2694:
2690:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2661:
2655:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2610:. 2017-02-01
2607:
2598:
2588:13 September
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2577:
2568:
2558:13 September
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2542:
2532:13 September
2530:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2491:
2472:
2466:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2403:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2262:Seed orchard
2257:Inosculation
2238:Rubber Plant
2222:) – grafting
2184:) – grafting
2126:
2117:
2102:Please help
2090:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2026:Roman Empire
2023:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1960:Qimin yaoshu
1959:
1954:Qimin Yaoshu
1952:
1950:
1938:
1919:
1907:Hebrew Bible
1903:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1831:incandescent
1827:
1818:
1810:White spruce
1808:
1805:White Spruce
1786:cell nucleus
1770:chloroplasts
1767:
1760:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:graft hybrid
1692:
1677:
1668:
1653:Please help
1641:
1614:
1606:strawberries
1595:
1580:
1577:inosculation
1566:
1560:
1537:
1522:
1513:
1498:Please help
1486:
1462:
1447:
1438:
1423:Please help
1411:
1387:
1372:
1363:
1348:Please help
1336:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1273:Please help
1261:
1238:
1225:
1222:
1199:
1190:
1175:Please help
1163:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1108:
1069:
1060:
1045:Please help
1033:
1009:
957:
918:
909:
894:Please help
882:
857:
856:
848:chip budding
845:
821:
793:
787:
781:
767:
761:
746:
741:Editing help
723:
685:
674:
668:
658:
643:
638:Editing help
620:
585:tree shaping
573:
534:
514:
508:
500:
486:water sprout
482:bridge graft
469:
447:
437:
426:for certain
419:
393:
379:
369:
350:
336:
313:
308:Editing help
290:
260:
251:
236:Please help
224:
185:
175:
159:
134:
122:
120:
115:agricultural
100:inosculation
65:
61:
60:
3084:: 449–475.
2054:C. V. Riley
2030:Renaissance
2014:sessile oak
1991:During the
1977:Hippocrates
1822:Photoperiod
782:Graft seals
566:family tree
535:Curiosities
509:top working
490:basal shoot
452:pollenizers
408:relatives.
107:propagation
3278:Categories
3216:Earth-Kind
3159:2012-06-19
3055:2024-03-25
3031:2024-03-25
2976:"Grafting"
2934:2010-06-02
2832:2017-09-14
2783:2016-07-11
2672:2017-09-14
2638:2024-06-08
2614:2024-06-08
2507:2022-10-31
2287:References
2246:- grafting
2234:– grafting
2228:– grafting
2174:grapefruit
2152:– grafting
2146:– grafting
2062:phylloxera
2020:, Scotland
1877:watermelon
1836:irrigation
1774:organelles
1754:research.
1600:, such as
1557:blackthorn
805:Techniques
749:March 2022
646:March 2022
460:crab apple
442:Phylloxera
428:ornamental
420:Sturdiness
410:Grevilleas
341:mangosteen
316:March 2022
206:Advantages
191:hypocotyls
3304:Chimerism
2212:Nut crops
2178:Tangerine
2091:does not
2066:hybridize
1926:Romans 11
1911:Leviticus
1861:vegetable
1814:rootstock
1752:flowering
1642:does not
1598:pathogens
1487:does not
1412:does not
1337:does not
1262:does not
1243:Four-flap
1164:does not
1034:does not
883:does not
842:T budding
828:pleaching
772:pathogens
589:Furniture
562:cultivars
560:Multiple
541:gardeners
414:eucalypts
394:Hardiness
337:Precocity
225:does not
127:rootstock
3299:Agronomy
3267:CBS News
3248:cite web
3198:cite web
3168:cite web
2762:16592404
2662:iGoTerra
2361:25891401
2251:See also
2018:Ayrshire
1934:Gentiles
1873:eggplant
1869:cucumber
1863:plants (
1800:Examples
1712:Laburnum
1707:'Adamii'
1569:branches
818:Approach
798:seedling
663:monocots
549:tomatoes
545:potatoes
505:cultivar
456:orchards
374:cuttings
359:orchards
351:Dwarfing
166:cultivar
133:and the
66:graftage
62:Grafting
2730:Bibcode
2703:2389347
2352:4798781
2331:Bibcode
2194:Kumquat
2156:Conifer
2150:Avocado
2112:removed
2097:sources
1772:(plant
1723:nursery
1718:Cytisus
1699:foliage
1663:removed
1648:sources
1508:removed
1493:sources
1433:removed
1418:sources
1358:removed
1343:sources
1283:removed
1268:sources
1231:⁄
1185:removed
1170:sources
1125:⁄
1115:⁄
1055:removed
1040:sources
1002:⁄
988:⁄
974:⁄
964:⁄
904:removed
889:sources
858:Budwood
776:alcohol
494:sapling
478:rodents
402:dieback
384:hybrids
246:removed
231:sources
171:pruning
147:flowers
104:asexual
18:Grafted
3096:
2760:
2753:432182
2750:
2701:
2479:
2454:
2412:
2359:
2349:
2277:Pomato
2216:walnut
2188:Grapes
2170:orange
2162:Citrus
1941:Mishna
1889:robots
1865:tomato
1790:genome
1756:Leaves
1610:potato
1393:Veneer
724:is in
690:shoots
679:callus
621:is in
574:Prunus
497:wound.
470:Repair
464:pollen
388:flower
345:scions
291:is in
195:phloem
151:fruits
143:leaves
2986:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2699:JSTOR
2384:(PDF)
2226:Peach
2220:pecan
2206:Maple
2200:Mango
2182:dayap
2166:lemon
2144:Apple
1947:China
1930:olive
1924:. In
1885:Japan
1857:woody
1725:near
1573:roots
1567:Tree
864:Cleft
824:roots
730:prose
697:Tools
627:prose
570:prune
555:Cacti
432:roses
424:trunk
363:fruit
355:apple
297:prose
199:xylem
182:weeks
162:shoot
155:genes
149:, or
139:stems
135:scion
131:roots
123:stock
68:is a
3254:link
3204:link
3174:link
3094:ISBN
3008:2017
2758:PMID
2590:2017
2560:2017
2534:2017
2477:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2357:PMID
2244:Rose
2232:Pear
2095:any
2093:cite
2056:and
1875:and
1859:and
1715:and
1646:any
1644:cite
1608:and
1491:any
1489:cite
1416:any
1414:cite
1341:any
1339:cite
1266:any
1264:cite
1168:any
1166:cite
1145:Stub
1038:any
1036:cite
1015:Whip
887:any
885:cite
726:list
623:list
547:and
474:bark
412:and
293:list
229:any
227:cite
113:and
3086:doi
2958:doi
2920:doi
2748:PMC
2738:doi
2347:PMC
2339:doi
2106:by
2016:in
1879:).
1780:),
1657:by
1559:, (
1551:A "
1502:by
1427:by
1352:by
1318:Awl
1277:by
1179:by
1049:by
898:by
850:or
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492:or
476:by
240:by
125:or
64:or
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