1090:
597:. It was traditionally thought that the groups represent lineages, i.e., the extra membrane only evolved once, such that gram-negative bacteria are more closely related to one another than to any gram-positive bacteria. While this is often true, the classification system breaks down in some cases, with lineage groupings not matching the staining result. Thus, Gram staining cannot be reliably used to assess familial relationships of bacteria. Nevertheless, staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane, distinguishing between the presence or absence of an
20:
241:
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253:
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layer, but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria. The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide (LPS); the archetypical diderm
1093:
Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New
England setting. Clinically significant Gram-negative bacteria are usually rods, as shown near bottom
1976:"Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes"
2259:"Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Pathogenic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Isolates from the Same Hospital Environment to Investigate Common Evolutionary Trends Associated with Horizontal Gene Exchange, Mutations and DNA Methylation Patterning"
1020:
and gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers. Transformation has been studied in medically important gram-negative bacteria species such as
1327:
739:
signature. The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a
2183:
2414:
608:
organisms, monoderm prokaryotes are thought to be ancestral. Based upon a number of different observations, including that the gram-positive bacteria are the most sensitive to
2361:
1872:"What are archaebacteria: life's third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to gram-positive bacteria? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms"
4430:
1924:"Origin of diderm (gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes"
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4707:
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to antibiotics, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic
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Desvaux M, HΓ©braud M, Talon R, Henderson IR (April 2009). "Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins: a semantic awareness issue".
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511:
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Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP (2014). "Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control".
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bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide; and the diderm bacteria in which the outer cell membrane is made up of
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which break down or modify antibiotics. Drugs commonly used to treat gram negative infections include amino, carboxy and ureido penicillins (
1665:"Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes"
1094:
right. Although some gram-negative bacteria can be recognized by "bench tests", diagnosis in the modern microbiology lab usually involves
113:. They pose significant challenges in the medical field due to their outer membrane, which acts as a protective barrier against numerous
2059:"MNeisseria Gonorrhoae and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among symptomatic patients from Gondar town, north West Ethiopia"
216:. Many of these antibiotics also cover gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotics that specifically target gram-negative organisms include
4569:
4036:
2313:"Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental Gram-negative bacteria"
1765:
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1394:
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Korotetskiy I, Shilov S, Kuznetsova T, Kerimzhanova B, Korotetskaya N, Ivanova L, Zubenko N, Parenova R, Reva O (2023).
2701:
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529:
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1016:
As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between
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735:(a monoderm group) or branches in its proximity are also found to possess a diderm cell structure. They lack the
2815:
2546:
3158:
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3131:
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1974:
Marchandin H, Teyssier C, Campos J, Jean-Pierre H, Roger F, Gay B, Carlier JP, Jumas-Bilak E (June 2010).
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passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.
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982:
833:
697:
482:
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2108:
1832:
Sutcliffe IC (October 2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture".
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and gram-negative bacteria. Having just one membrane, the gram-positive bacteria are also known as
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298:
72:
377:, which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond
197:
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41:
25:
2354:"Gram-Negative Bacteria and Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: Good News Except for Fluoroquinolones"
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is a rapid diagnostic tool and once was used to group species at the subdivision of
Bacteria.
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1205:) in the peri-plasmic space. Other classes of drugs that have gram negative spectrum include
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994:
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103:
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Verduin, Cees M.; Hol, Cees; Fleer, Andre; van Dijk, Hans; van Belkum, Alex (January 2002).
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One of the several unique characteristics of gram-negative bacteria is the structure of the
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8:
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3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
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2239:
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1948:
1923:
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1142:. That is why some infections with gram-negative bacteria can lead to life-threatening
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and can cause a toxic reaction, resulting in fever, an increased respiratory rate, and
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and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred.
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1997:
1953:
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677:
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464:
361:
166:
16:
Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation
2243:
1761:
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2713:
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1987:
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include a multitude of species. Some of them cause primarily respiratory problems (
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87:
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2383:
2023:(4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
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that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall (made of
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83:
45:
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2016:
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331:
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189:
138:
126:
68:
57:
53:
1541:
1524:
1277:), if any, governs the document being written. This is further explained at
52:
method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is their
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4675:
4399:
4191:
4163:
4072:
3992:
3928:
3783:
3758:
3681:
3277:
3259:
2978:
2963:
2843:
2584:
2502:
2450:
2338:
2294:
2235:
2169:
2094:
2038:
2017:"Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus"
2001:
1992:
1975:
1957:
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1813:
1753:
1642:
1623:
1498:
1458:
1390:
1190:
1143:
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1010:
806:
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721:
661:
632:
413:
318:
154:
1897:
1698:
1591:
1057:. It has also been studied in gram-negative species found in soil such as
327:
exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
240:
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4561:
4168:
4095:
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2419:
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665:
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367:
193:
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to combat the presence of enzymes that can digest these drugs (known as
593:, while gram-negative bacteria, having two membranes, are also known as
4770:
4662:
4441:
4173:
4100:
3437:
3403:
3283:
3050:
2973:
2958:
2876:
2609:
2256:
1234:
1230:
1210:
1182:
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1150:
963:
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582:
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421:
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393:
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118:
114:
49:
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there is a space filled with a concentrated gel-like substance called
4153:
3419:
2968:
2799:
2757:
2669:
2563:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1174:
1158:
1095:
740:
732:
456:
452:
441:
425:
409:
381:
335:
314:
284:
264:
245:
225:
209:
122:
64:
75:. These bacteria are found in all environments that support life on
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3138:
3054:
2477:
2454:
1973:
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990:
772:
351:
260:
130:
37:
3425:
2907:
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2507:
1483:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1375:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1165:). The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to
1111:
998:
341:
306:
294:
layer is present (this is much thicker in gram-positive bacteria)
252:
146:
820:
etc. Other notable groups of gram-negative bacteria include the
180:
have been developed to target gram-negative bacteria, including
2953:
2708:
1178:
729:
401:
2136:"Moraxella catarrhalis: from Emerging to Established Pathogen"
2057:
Yeshanew, Addisu Gize; Geremew, Rozina
Ambachew (2018-07-17).
344:
is directly attached to the outer membrane rather than to the
2881:
2384:"Preferred Usage - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC"
1302:
758:
are a major superphylum of gram-negative bacteria, including
743:
736:
709:
705:
701:
460:
448:
444:
150:
149:
component can trigger a toxic reaction when the bacteria are
76:
1791:
125:
that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and the
2213:
1338:
626:, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick
1717:"The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes"
459:, the property that all descendants be encompassed by the
1154:
271:
Conventional gram-negative (LPS-diderm) bacteria display
3049:
2133:
1009:
virus into the host bacterium). In transformation, the
455:
requires a single common ancestor but does not require
1787:
1785:
1149:
The outer membrane protects the bacteria from several
989:, in which exogenous genetic material passes from one
4924:
1470:
1468:
1177:(space between the two cell membranes) also contains
612:
and that the gram-negative bacteria are, in general,
581:
Bacteria are traditionally classified based on their
1415:
Silhavy, T. J.; Kahne, D.; Walker, S. (2010-05-01).
1782:
1001:between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and
502:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2109:"Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual"
1827:
1825:
1823:
1525:"Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria"
1465:
1414:
82:Within this category, notable species include the
1607:"Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses"
483:Bacteria Β§ Classification and identification
4948:
1529:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
2056:
2015:Guentzel, M. Neal (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.),
1969:
1967:
1820:
2390:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2063:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
1604:
1366:
1106:. The outer leaflet of this membrane contains
708:) protein. In addition, a number of bacterial
3035:
2435:
2310:
2176:
2101:
2050:
1522:
1298:Gram-variable and gram-indeterminate bacteria
1261:, their initial letter can be either capital
604:Of these two structurally distinct groups of
2127:
1964:
1831:
1069:, and gram-negative plant pathogens such as
927:), and primarily gastrointestinal problems (
2250:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1598:
977:
878:is another medically relevant coccal type.
555:It has been suggested that this section be
370:are attached to the polysaccharide backbone
153:by immune cells. This reaction may lead to
3042:
3028:
2449:
2442:
2428:
1421:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2328:
2284:
2274:
2159:
2084:
2074:
1991:
1947:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1865:
1863:
1735:
1688:
1632:
1622:
1581:
1540:
1523:Gibbons, N. E.; Murray, R. G. E. (1978).
1474:
1448:
530:Learn how and when to remove this message
514:, without removing the technical details.
354:have four supporting rings instead of two
2306:
2304:
2202:
2184:"For Clinicians: Haemophilus influenzae"
2014:
1921:
1869:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1555:
1477:"Microbiology of the Circulatory System"
1088:
251:
239:
18:
1362:
1360:
948:Gram-negative bacteria associated with
648:group of gram-negative bacteria (e.g.,
428:of the gram-negative bacteria has been
380:Most, with few exceptions, do not form
4949:
1904:
1860:
1549:
1118:. If gram-negative bacteria enter the
3023:
2423:
2351:
2301:
1705:
1662:
1649:
1134:(hormonal regulators). This leads to
559:out into another article titled
512:make it understandable to non-experts
133:produced by animals as part of their
3004:
1357:
1240:
1197:). These drugs may be combined with
843:include the four types that cause a
696:") are uniquely identified by a few
541:
486:
263:are differentiated chiefly by their
141:of this membrane contains a complex
1367:Baron S, Salton MR, Kim KS (1996).
330:Between the outer membrane and the
23:Microscopic image of gram-negative
13:
2364:from the original on 10 March 2018
2352:GlΓΌck, Thomas (12 December 2003).
1084:
749:
235:
14:
4978:
2408:
1280:Gram staining Β§ Orthographic note
881:Medically relevant gram-negative
839:Medically-relevant gram-negative
387:
4934:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2330:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00353.x
1889:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00978.x
1681:10.1128/MMBR.62.4.1435-1491.1998
1326: This article incorporates
1321:
993:to another, the other two being
546:
491:
436:. However some authors, such as
2692:Bacterial cellular morphologies
2394:from the original on 2018-01-29
2376:
2345:
2008:
1771:from the original on 2018-07-20
1505:from the original on 2022-04-13
1475:Pelletier, Lawrence L. (1996).
1397:from the original on 2021-07-06
1005:(injection of foreign DNA by a
968:ventilator-associated pneumonia
903:), primarily urinary problems (
2276:10.3390/microorganisms11020323
1574:10.1128/MMBR.51.2.221-271.1987
1516:
1408:
1257:, a Danish bacteriologist; as
985:is one of three processes for
728:) that are either part of the
463:) and refer to the group as a
1:
2152:10.1128/CMR.15.1.125-144.2002
2140:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1980:Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol
1417:"The Bacterial Cell Envelope"
1314:
863:), and respiratory symptoms (
273:the following characteristics
63:sandwiched between an inner (
2311:Seitz P, Blokesch M (2013).
950:hospital-acquired infections
845:sexually transmitted disease
7:
1663:Gupta, RS (December 1998).
1605:Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006).
1433:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
1286:
1253:derive from the surname of
470:
317:) in its outer leaflet and
56:, which consists of a thin
10:
4983:
2935:Bacteria (classifications)
2657:Primary nutritional groups
480:
474:
4899:
4862:
4736:
4537:
4436:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
4422:
4409:
4152:
4084:
4026:
3953:
3853:
3840:
3776:
3695:
3664:
3657:
3562:
3402:
3350:
3191:
3178:
3062:
2989:
2920:
2900:
2852:
2741:
2732:
2684:
2577:
2515:
2501:
2461:
2076:10.1186/s13756-018-0376-3
1940:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8
1846:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005
1806:10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.004
1746:10.1080/10408410091154219
1669:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
1199:beta-lactamase inhibitors
1098:and/or multitarget assay.
834:green non-sulfur bacteria
698:conserved signature indel
137:. Furthermore, the outer
4693:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
4431:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
3446:"Thermosediminibacteria"
3384:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
2811:Bacterial outer membrane
1922:Gupta RS (August 2011).
1870:Gupta RS (August 1998).
1351:
1104:bacterial outer membrane
987:horizontal gene transfer
978:Bacterial transformation
620:. Some bacteria such as
424:(var.). Since 1987, the
408:based on Gram staining:
305:(LPS, which consists of
29:bacteria (pink-red rods)
4727:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4528:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
3387:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
1928:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1542:10.1099/00207713-28-1-1
1309:Outer membrane receptor
955:Acinetobacter baumannii
392:Along with cell shape,
202:piperacillin-tazobactam
198:betalactamase inhibitor
167:reduced oxygen delivery
4957:Gram-negative bacteria
4883:Salinosulfoleibacteria
4701:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
4523:Thermosulfidibacterota
3800:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
3443:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
3370:Vampirovibrionophyceae
2806:Gram-negative bacteria
2785:Gram-positive bacteria
2360:. NEJM Journal Watch.
1993:10.1099/ijs.0.013102-0
1624:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19
1556:Woese CR (June 1987).
1328:public domain material
1124:innate immune response
1099:
1072:Ralstonia solanacearum
1048:Haemophilus influenzae
1036:Neisseria meningitidis
1030:Legionella pneumophila
936:Salmonella enteritidis
900:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
894:Legionella pneumophila
875:Haemophilus influenzae
860:Neisseria meningitidis
440:still treat them as a
404:was divided into four
268:
249:
200:combinations (such as
178:classes of antibiotics
98:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
42:gram-positive bacteria
34:Gram-negative bacteria
30:
26:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3795:Macinerneyibacteriota
2661:Substrate preference
1558:"Bacterial evolution"
1269:, depending on which
1122:, LPS can trigger an
1092:
1042:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
888:Klebsiella pneumoniae
866:Moraxella catarrhalis
850:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
644:The conventional LPS-
481:Further information:
255:
243:
104:Chlamydia trachomatis
91:, along with various
22:
4778:Polarisedimenticolia
4766:"Guanabaribacteriia"
4708:Schekmaniibacteriota
4449:"Desulfurobacteriia"
4364:"Handelsmanbacteria"
4352:"Krumholzibacteriia"
3915:Firestoneibacteriota
3895:Desantisiibacteriota
3713:Coprothermobacterota
3593:"Absconditabacteria"
3510:"Desulfitobacteriia"
3379:Margulisiibacteriota
2642:Microbial metabolism
2021:Medical Microbiology
1724:Crit. Rev. Microbiol
1481:Medical Microbiology
1479:. In Baron S (ed.).
1373:Medical Microbiology
1371:. In Baron S (ed.).
1259:eponymous adjectives
1217:), aminoglycosides,
1066:Acinetobacter baylyi
1060:Pseudomonas stutzeri
972:intensive-care units
918:Enterobacter cloacae
812:acetic acid bacteria
599:outer lipid membrane
451:; his definition of
332:cytoplasmic membrane
321:in the inner leaflet
135:innate immune system
46:crystal violet stain
44:, do not retain the
4912:Alternative views:
4784:Thermoanaerobaculia
4587:"Anaeroferrophilia"
4539:Deltaproteobacteria
4511:Desulfobacterota G
4374:Neomarinimicrobiota
4347:Krumholzibacteriota
4248:Edwardsiibacteriota
3974:"Hinthialibacteria"
3753:"Thermodesulfobiia"
3718:Coprothermobacteria
3530:"Halanaerobiaeota"
3478:"Thermaerobacteria"
3365:"Sericytochromatia"
2892:Non-motile bacteria
2488:Pathogenic bacteria
2317:FEMS Microbiol. Rev
2228:10.1038/nrmicro3199
2216:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2190:. February 13, 2018
1273:(e.g., that of the
1255:Hans Christian Gram
1114:portion acts as an
1024:Helicobacter pylori
930:Helicobacter pylori
924:Serratia marcescens
375:Braun's lipoprotein
303:lipopolysaccharides
163:respiratory failure
93:pathogenic bacteria
4640:"Methylomirabilia"
4590:"Deferrimicrobiia"
4474:"Calescibacteriia"
4300:"Raymondbacteriia"
4282:"Fermentibacteria"
4241:Delongiibacteriota
4222:Coatesiibacteriota
4049:Lindowiibacteriota
3969:Hinthialibacterota
3748:Thermodesulfobiota
3596:"Andersenbacteria"
3522:"Syntrophomonadia"
3513:"Desulfotomaculia"
3504:"Carboxydothermia"
3335:"Eudoremicrobiia"
3320:"Heboniibacteriia"
2821:Lipopolysaccharide
1231:folate antagonists
1140:low blood pressure
1120:circulatory system
1108:lipopolysaccharide
1100:
1078:Xylella fastidiosa
778:Enterobacteriaceae
618:selection pressure
585:response into the
477:Bacterial taxonomy
362:lipoteichoic acids
269:
250:
206:folate antagonists
159:low blood pressure
143:lipopolysaccharide
31:
4922:
4921:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4809:Leptospirillaeota
4763:"Fischerbacteria"
4635:Methylomirabilota
4611:Desulfuromonadota
4582:Deferrimicrobiota
4506:"Deferribacteria"
4469:Calescibacteriota
4459:"Campylobacteria"
4393:Tianyaibacteriota
4367:"Latescibacteria"
4277:Fermentibacterota
4255:Eiseniibacteriota
4157:(Sphingobacteria)
4131:Verrucomicrobiota
4089:(Planctobacteria)
3986:"Hydrogenedentia"
3888:"Tritonobacteria"
3772:
3771:
3638:"Saccharimonadia"
3619:"Howlettbacteria"
3558:
3557:
3542:"Selenobacteria"
3507:"Dehalobacteriia"
3501:"Carboxydocellia"
3496:Desulfotomaculota
3486:"Hydrogenisporia"
3475:"Symbiobacteriia"
3464:"Proteinivoracia"
3308:"Abditibacteriia"
3221:"Geothermincolia"
3017:
3016:
2916:
2915:
2862:Bacterial capsule
2828:Periplasmic space
2795:Lipoteichoic acid
2680:
2679:
2652:Microbial ecology
2647:Nitrogen fixation
2030:978-0-9631172-1-2
1715:Gupta RS (2000).
1490:978-0-9631172-1-2
1382:978-0-9631172-1-2
1241:Orthographic note
1175:periplasmic space
1126:, activating the
912:Proteus mirabilis
678:Verrucomicrobiota
591:monoderm bacteria
579:
578:
574:
540:
539:
532:
434:molecular studies
186:ureidopenicillins
4974:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4814:"Leptospirillia"
4789:Vicinamibacteria
4720:"Entotheonellia"
4616:Desulfuromonadia
4547:Bdellovibrionota
4515:Syntrophorhabdia
4502:Deferribacterota
4455:Campylobacterota
4420:
4419:
4359:Latescibacterota
4293:Chitinivibrionia
4270:"Tariuqbacteria"
4143:Verrucomicrobiia
3981:Hydrogenedentota
3944:Ratteibacteriota
3937:"Velamenicoccia"
3922:Goldiibacteriota
3885:"Erginobacteria"
3879:"Ancaeobacteria"
3851:
3850:
3831:Walliibacteriota
3819:Rifleibacteriota
3812:"Muiribacteriia"
3741:"Lithacetigenia"
3662:
3661:
3632:"Microgenomatia"
3609:"Doudnabacteria"
3454:"Dethiobacteria"
3413:
3393:"Termititenacia"
3357:Cyanobacteriota
3341:"Eremiobacteria"
3272:"Limnocylindria"
3246:"Bipolaricaulia"
3189:
3188:
3091:
3071:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2945:Former groupings
2739:
2738:
2590:Human microbiome
2513:
2512:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1986:(Pt 6): 1271β9.
1971:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1919:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1834:Trends Microbiol
1829:
1818:
1817:
1794:Trends Microbiol
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1739:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1364:
1346:
1341:. Archived from
1325:
1324:
1011:genetic material
999:genetic material
942:Salmonella typhi
906:Escherichia coli
801:Stenotrophomonas
570:
550:
549:
542:
535:
528:
524:
521:
515:
495:
494:
487:
467:"Negibacteria".
274:
182:aminopenicillins
88:Escherichia coli
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4906:Bergey's Manual
4895:
4850:
4845:"Pseudomonadia"
4755:"Aminicenantia"
4744:Acidobacteriota
4732:
4715:Tectimicrobiota
4597:Deferrisomatota
4557:Bdellovibrionia
4552:Bacteriovoracia
4533:
4491:Dadaibacteriota
4413:
4405:
4400:Zixiibacteriota
4386:"Marinisomatia"
4340:"Stahlbacteria"
4313:"Glassbacteria"
4306:Gemmatimonadota
4215:"Cloacimonadia"
4180:Ignavibacteriia
4156:
4148:
4135:Kiritimatiellia
4125:"Uabimicrobiia"
4108:Planctomycetota
4088:
4080:
4029:bacteriobiontes
4028:
4022:
4005:"Saltatorellae"
3949:
3901:Elusimicrobiota
3844:
3836:
3824:"Ozemibacteria"
3807:Muiribacteriota
3768:
3736:Lithacetigenota
3725:Dictyoglomerota
3691:
3653:
3641:"Torokbacteria"
3635:"Paceibacteria"
3629:"Kazanbacteria"
3614:Gracilibacteria
3606:"Dojkabacteria"
3585:Patescibacteria
3578:"Elulimicrobia"
3554:
3472:"Sulfobacillia"
3411:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3390:"Saganbacteria"
3351:Cyanoprokaryota
3346:
3330:Eremiobacterota
3298:"Dormibacteria"
3293:Dormiibacterota
3269:Ktedonobacteria
3265:Dehalococcoidia
3241:Bipolaricaulota
3233:Thermoleophilia
3224:"Humimicrobiia"
3182:
3174:
3173:
3089:
3067:
3058:
3048:
3018:
3013:
2985:
2940:Bacterial phyla
2924:
2912:
2896:
2854:
2848:
2839:Arabinogalactan
2744:
2728:
2676:
2573:
2517:
2505:
2497:
2483:Lysogenic cycle
2464:
2457:
2448:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2309:
2302:
2255:
2251:
2212:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2115:. April 3, 2018
2107:
2106:
2102:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2013:
2009:
1972:
1965:
1920:
1905:
1868:
1861:
1830:
1821:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1737:10.1.1.496.1356
1719:
1713:
1706:
1661:
1650:
1603:
1599:
1554:
1550:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1473:
1466:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1289:
1245:The adjectives
1243:
1227:chloramphenicol
1203:beta-lactamases
1087:
1085:Role in disease
1054:Vibrio cholerae
980:
752:
750:Example species
726:Elusimicrobiota
690:Acidobacteriota
682:Planctomycetota
595:diderm bacteria
575:
572:(November 2023)
551:
547:
536:
525:
519:
516:
508:help improve it
505:
496:
492:
485:
479:
473:
390:
272:
238:
236:Characteristics
218:aminoglycosides
171:lactic acidosis
157:, resulting in
110:Yersinia pestis
17:
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4944:
4943:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:Pseudomonadota
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:Blastocatellia
4756:
4753:
4750:Acidobacteriia
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:"Bradymonadia"
4665:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:"Moduliflexia"
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:Deferrisomatia
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:"Dadabacteria"
4487:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4411:Proteobacteria
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4381:Marinisomatota
4377:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:"Hydrothermia"
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:Gemmatimonadia
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4288:Fibrobacterota
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:"Electryoneia"
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:"Cosmopolitia"
4225:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4210:Cloacimonadota
4206:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4185:"Kapabacteria"
4183:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:Planctomycetia
4118:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:"Brachyspirae"
4060:
4059:"Brevinematia"
4052:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4000:Saltatorellota
3996:
3993:Poribacteriota
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3962:Abyssubacteria
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:Elusimicrobiia
3898:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:"Auribacteria"
3880:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:Fusobacteriota
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:Dictyoglomeria
3722:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:Katanobacteria
3620:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:Berkelbacteria
3597:
3594:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:"Thermincolia"
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3459:Natranaerobiia
3455:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:Fimbriimonadia
3315:
3314:Chthonomonadia
3312:
3309:
3304:Armatimonadota
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:Coriobacteriia
3214:
3213:"Aquicultoria"
3211:
3206:
3204:Acidimicrobiia
3199:Actinomycetota
3195:
3193:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:Mesomycetozoea
3161:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3100:Diaphoretickes
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:classification
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2697:cell structure
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:Saccharophilic
2667:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Microaerophile
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2409:External links
2407:
2405:
2404:
2375:
2358:www.jwatch.org
2344:
2300:
2263:Microorganisms
2249:
2201:
2175:
2146:(1): 125β144.
2126:
2100:
2049:
2029:
2007:
1963:
1903:
1882:(3): 695β707.
1876:Mol. Microbiol
1859:
1840:(10): 464β70.
1819:
1781:
1704:
1675:(4): 1435β91.
1648:
1597:
1562:Microbiol. Rev
1548:
1515:
1489:
1464:
1427:(5): a000414.
1407:
1381:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1345:on 2009-12-08.
1334:Science Primer
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1265:or lower-case
1242:
1239:
1207:cephalosporins
1130:and producing
1086:
1083:
983:Transformation
979:
976:
958:, which cause
756:proteobacteria
751:
748:
718:Fusobacteriota
674:Fibrobacterota
650:Pseudomonadota
577:
576:
554:
552:
545:
538:
537:
499:
497:
490:
475:Main article:
472:
469:
447:(though not a
438:Cavalier-Smith
400:, the kingdom
389:
388:Classification
386:
385:
384:
378:
371:
365:
358:Teichoic acids
355:
348:
338:
328:
322:
311:polysaccharide
299:outer membrane
295:
288:
259:and -negative
244:Gram-negative
237:
234:
190:cephalosporins
84:model organism
73:outer membrane
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4891:
4890:Teskebacteria
4887:
4884:
4880:
4876:"Qinglongiia"
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4844:
4841:
4840:Magnetococcia
4837:
4834:
4833:Mariprofundia
4830:
4827:
4826:Caulobacteria
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:"Canglongiia"
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:Moduliflexota
4644:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:Chrysiogenota
4478:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:Desulfurellia
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:Hydrothermota
4329:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4297:Fibrobacteria
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:Electryoneota
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:Calditrichota
4197:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4139:Lentisphaeria
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Phycisphaeria
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4074:
4070:
4068:"Leptospiria"
4067:
4065:"Exilispiria"
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:Spirochaetota
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3934:"Omnitrophia"
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:Endomicrobiia
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:Auribacterota
3871:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:Hydrobacteria
3839:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:Fusobacteriia
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:Fusobacterida
3775:
3763:"Thermotogia"
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:Caldisericota
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:Atribacterota
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:Synergistetes
3663:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3646:Wirthbacteria
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3548:
3547:Selenomonadia
3544:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:Halanaerobiia
3532:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3519:"Peptococcia"
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Cyanobacteria
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:Armatimonadia
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:"Caldilineia"
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:Chloroflexota
3250:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Rubrobacteria
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Actinomycetia
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:BV1, BV3, BV5
3181:
3180:Terrabacteria
3177:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Stramenopiles
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:(major groups
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Schizomycetes
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Teichoic acid
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Peptidoglycan
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Cell membrane
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2323:(3): 336β63.
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:(3): 181β96.
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:(2): 171β82.
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:(4): 139β45.
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1730:(2): 111β31.
1729:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(2): 221β71.
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Autochaperone
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:gram-negative
1248:
1247:gram-positive
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:peptidoglycan
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:immune system
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:(LPS), whose
1109:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:gram-positive
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:bacteriophage
1004:
1000:
997:(transfer of
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
946:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
895:
890:
889:
884:
879:
877:
876:
872:
871:coccobacillus
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:cyanobacteria
819:
818:
813:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
747:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:Negativicutes
711:
707:
703:
700:(CSI) in the
699:
695:
694:Hydrobacteria
691:
687:
686:Spirochaetota
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Cyanobacteria
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:
638:Mycobacterium
634:
629:
628:peptidoglycan
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:gram-positive
584:
583:Gram-staining
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
553:
544:
543:
534:
531:
523:
513:
509:
503:
500:This section
498:
489:
488:
484:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Gracillicutes
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Gram staining
383:
379:
376:
373:Some contain
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
347:
346:peptidoglycan
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:phospholipids
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:peptidoglycan
289:
286:
282:
281:cell membrane
278:
277:
276:
266:
262:
258:
257:Gram-positive
254:
247:
242:
233:
231:
230:ciprofloxacin
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:antimicrobial
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:peptidoglycan
55:
54:cell envelope
51:
50:Gram staining
47:
43:
40:that, unlike
39:
35:
28:
27:
21:
4967:Bacteriology
4904:
4871:Qinglongiota
4797:Canglongiota
4686:Nitrospirota
4676:Nitrospinota
4628:"Lernaellia"
4484:Chrysiogenia
4325:"Heilongiia"
4229:Cosmopoliota
4203:Calditrichia
4192:Rhodothermia
4188:"Kryptoniia"
4164:Bacteroidota
4073:Spirochaetia
4017:"Sumerlaeia"
3929:Omnitrophota
3867:"Aerophobia"
3759:Thermotogota
3707:Caldisericia
3682:Synergistota
3676:Atribacteria
3658:Thermotogida
3489:Limnochordia
3483:Bacillota G
3469:Bacillota E
3451:Bacillota D
3433:Bacillota A
3323:"Zipacnadia"
3278:Deinococcota
3260:Chloroflexia
3149:Opisthokonta
2979:Mendosicutes
2964:Gracilicutes
2944:
2844:Mycolic acid
2834:Mycobacteria
2832:
2805:
2804:
2783:
2719:Coccobacilli
2619:in pregnancy
2585:Extremophile
2569:Aerotolerant
2503:Biochemistry
2465:microbiology
2451:Microbiology
2396:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2357:
2347:
2320:
2316:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2219:
2215:
2192:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2042:, retrieved
2020:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1931:
1927:
1879:
1875:
1837:
1833:
1797:
1793:
1773:. Retrieved
1727:
1723:
1672:
1668:
1614:
1611:Biol. Direct
1610:
1600:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1480:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1372:
1343:the original
1333:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1148:
1144:septic shock
1136:inflammation
1101:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1003:transduction
981:
970:in hospital
962:, secondary
953:
947:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
873:
864:
858:
848:
838:
830:green sulfur
826:spirochaetes
815:
807:Bdellovibrio
805:
799:
795:Helicobacter
793:
787:
781:
776:, and other
771:
765:
759:
753:
741:monophyletic
722:Synergistota
662:Bacteroidota
645:
643:
636:
633:mycolic acid
621:
603:
594:
580:
571:
560:
526:
517:
501:
442:monophyletic
398:Historically
391:
368:Lipoproteins
350:If present,
283:is present (
270:
175:
155:septic shock
145:(LPS) whose
108:
102:
96:
86:
81:
48:used in the
33:
32:
24:
4914:Wikispecies
4909:(2001β2012)
4690:Nitrospiria
4680:Nitrospinia
4658:Myxococcota
4623:Lernaellota
4562:Oligoflexia
4320:Heilongiota
4169:Bacteroidia
4112:"Brocadiia"
4096:Chlamydiota
4027:Spirochaeto
4012:Sumerlaeota
3862:Aerophobota
3696:Thermocalda
3686:Synergistia
3516:"Moorellia"
3438:Clostridiia
3284:Deinococcia
3051:Prokaryotes
2867:Slime layer
2547:Facultative
2535:Facultative
2194:January 26,
2119:January 26,
1369:"Structure"
1271:style guide
1235:carbapenems
1211:monobactams
1195:ticarcillin
1191:pipercillin
1187:amoxicillin
1151:antibiotics
995:conjugation
783:Pseudomonas
712:(including
666:Chlorobiota
658:Chlamydiota
623:Deinococcus
610:antibiotics
606:prokaryotic
301:containing
285:cytoplasmic
222:monobactams
214:carbapenems
194:beta-lactam
117:(including
115:antibiotics
65:cytoplasmic
4951:Categories
4771:Holophagia
4670:Polyangiia
4663:Myxococcia
4442:Aquificota
4423:Aquificida
4174:Chlorobiia
4101:Chlamydiia
4042:"Babeliae"
3404:Firmicutes
3338:"Xenobiia"
2974:Mollicutes
2969:Firmicutes
2959:Prokaryota
2877:Glycocalyx
2702:plasticity
2665:Lipophilic
2518:preference
2493:Resistance
2398:2018-03-04
2269:(2): 323.
2069:(85): 85.
2044:2024-03-28
1775:2017-10-24
1535:(1): 1β6.
1509:2021-05-12
1401:2021-08-18
1315:References
1223:macrolides
1219:quinolones
1183:ampicillin
1171:penicillin
1159:detergents
964:meningitis
960:bacteremia
855:meningitis
841:diplococci
817:Legionella
767:Salmonella
654:Aquificota
562:Gram stain
520:March 2014
465:subkingdom
422:Mendocutes
418:Mollicutes
410:Firmacutes
364:are absent
210:quinolones
123:detergents
119:penicillin
95:, such as
4575:"Binatia"
4446:Aquificia
4154:FCB group
4086:PVC group
3564:CPR group
3420:Bacillota
3144:Amoebozoa
3122:Alveolata
3110:Cryptista
3085:Eukaryota
2927:evolution
2901:Composite
2800:Endospore
2758:Cell wall
2734:Structure
2625:Placental
2564:Nanaerobe
2542:Anaerobic
2473:Infection
1732:CiteSeerX
1441:1943-0264
1215:aztreonam
1132:cytokines
1116:endotoxin
1096:MALDI-TOF
991:bacterium
789:Moraxella
733:Bacillota
614:resistant
457:holophyly
453:monophyly
430:disproven
426:monophyly
406:divisions
336:periplasm
315:O antigen
279:An inner
267:structure
265:cell wall
248:structure
246:cell wall
226:aztreonam
224:(such as
61:cell wall
4962:Staining
4903:Source:
4570:Binatota
4037:Babelota
3846:BV2, BV4
3426:Bacillia
3139:Amorphea
3117:Rhizaria
3105:Hacrobia
3095:Excavata
3080:Bacteria
3055:Bacteria
2999:Category
2922:Taxonomy
2855:envelope
2745:envelope
2635:Salivary
2552:Obligate
2530:Obligate
2478:Exotoxin
2455:Bacteria
2392:Archived
2368:10 March
2362:Archived
2339:22928673
2295:36838287
2244:23559881
2236:24509783
2170:11781271
2095:30026943
2039:21413290
2002:19667386
1958:21717204
1854:20637628
1814:19299134
1766:Archived
1762:30541897
1754:10890353
1643:16834776
1503:Archived
1499:21413321
1459:20452953
1395:Archived
1391:21413343
1287:See also
1167:lysozyme
952:include
773:Shigella
471:Taxonomy
420:(0) and
352:flagella
261:bacteria
176:Several
131:lysozyme
69:membrane
38:bacteria
4941:Biology
4698:SAR324
3954:Clade 2
3854:Clade 1
3573:Elulota
3154:Animals
3075:Archaea
3009:Commons
2908:Biofilm
2887:Fimbria
2872:S-layer
2853:Outside
2714:Bacilli
2630:Uterine
2615:Vaginal
2525:Aerobic
2508:ecology
2463:Medical
2388:CDC.gov
2286:9961978
2086:6050735
1949:3133647
1898:9723910
1699:9841678
1634:1586193
1592:2439888
1450:2857177
1179:enzymes
1112:lipid A
883:bacilli
761:E. coli
635:(e. g.
567:Discuss
506:Please
342:S-layer
309:, core
307:lipid A
290:A thin
228:), and
147:lipid A
139:leaflet
129:enzyme
71:and an
4927:Portal
4863:others
4737:others
3412:Low GC
3192:others
3132:Plants
3069:Domain
2954:Monera
2724:Spiral
2516:Oxygen
2337:
2293:
2283:
2242:
2234:
2168:
2161:118065
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2000:
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1946:
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1379:
1305:(2011)
1233:, and
1173:. The
1157:, and
966:, and
832:, and
730:phylum
724:, and
646:diderm
402:Monera
382:spores
325:Porins
313:, and
212:, and
169:, and
107:, and
3159:Fungi
2882:Pilus
2836:only:
2816:Porin
2808:only:
2787:only:
2709:Cocci
2685:Shape
2605:Mouth
2578:Other
2240:S2CID
1769:(PDF)
1758:S2CID
1720:(PDF)
1690:98952
1352:Notes
1330:from
1303:OMPdb
853:), a
744:clade
737:GroEL
706:GroEL
702:HSP60
557:split
461:taxon
449:clade
445:taxon
432:with
416:(β),
412:(+),
151:lysed
77:Earth
3590:ABY1
2925:and
2743:Cell
2610:Skin
2600:Lung
2506:and
2370:2018
2335:PMID
2291:PMID
2232:PMID
2196:2024
2166:PMID
2121:2024
2091:PMID
2035:PMID
2025:ISBN
1998:PMID
1954:PMID
1894:PMID
1850:PMID
1810:PMID
1750:PMID
1695:PMID
1639:PMID
1588:PMID
1495:PMID
1485:ISBN
1455:PMID
1437:ISSN
1387:PMID
1377:ISBN
1339:NCBI
1249:and
1169:and
1155:dyes
1075:and
1051:and
869:, A
754:The
710:taxa
340:The
297:Has
36:are
4415:BV2
3408:BV3
2777:DAP
2772:NAG
2767:NAM
2595:Gut
2325:doi
2281:PMC
2271:doi
2224:doi
2188:CDC
2156:PMC
2148:doi
2113:CDC
2081:PMC
2071:doi
1988:doi
1944:PMC
1936:doi
1932:100
1884:doi
1842:doi
1802:doi
1742:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1629:PMC
1619:doi
1578:PMC
1570:doi
1537:doi
1445:PMC
1429:doi
1275:CDC
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