75:, where a third school developed which blended many ideological and theological characteristics of the two. Many language scholars carried great influence and political power as court companions, tutors, etc., to the caliphs, and many were retained on substantial pensions.
38:. The town, which developed out of a military encampment, with buildings being constructed circa 638 AD, became the intellectual hub for grammarians, linguists, poets, philologists, genealogists, traditionists, zoologists, meteorologists, and above all exegetes of
87:—provides a trove of biographical accounts of the leading figures of the two schools and would seem to be the earliest source. However greatly augmented biographical detail can be found in a number of later
156:
for his contribution to science; principal works, his famous ode “The Maqṣūra,” a voluminous lexicon (al-'Jamhara fi ‘l-Lugha) and a treatise on the genealogies of the Arab tribes (Kitābu ‘l-Ishtiqāq).
3003:
1657:
2978:
2906:
2953:
2933:
99:, and others. Basra, Kufa, and subsequently Baghdad, represent the main schools of innovation and development of Arabic grammar and punctuation, linguistics,
3008:
186:
2963:
67:. Intense competition arose between the two schools, and public disputations and adjudications between scholars were often held at the behest of the
2025:
1797:
53:
were pioneers of literary style and the sciences of Arabic grammar in the broadest sense. Their teachings and writings became the canon of the
1230:
243:
Abū Bishr ‘Amr ibn ‘Uthman (d. 793/796 CE), the
Persian whose voluminous and seminal book of grammar, ‘‘Al-Kitab'’, is universally celebrated.
3038:
1662:
246:
202:
1259:
2150:
1972:
2318:
3053:
2045:
2140:
17:
152:, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (837-934), a distinguished philologist, genealogist, and poet, awarded a pension by caliph
308:, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sarī (or Surrī) (d. 922) a philologist, theologian and a court favourite to the
3063:
404:
1932:
727:
679:
146:, Abū al-Aswad Ẓālim ibn Amr ibn Sufyān (ca. 605-688) originator of Arabic grammar and founder of Baṣrah school.
3073:
2050:
1937:
1827:
1297:
1252:
260:
249:, Abū Sa’īd al-Ḥasan ibn al-Husayn (d. 889), a collector and critic of old Arabian poetry and ancient tradition.
1342:
1397:
826:
544:
116:
3033:
2667:
2298:
1692:
1687:
1594:
2175:
1857:
1175:
1632:
766:
441:(in German). Institute for the history of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
384:
3058:
2055:
1987:
616:
2792:
1962:
1907:
1902:
1642:
1589:
1245:
305:
190:
874:
3048:
2597:
2464:
2190:
1922:
1437:
1367:
1122:
230:
143:
88:
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2554:
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2170:
2135:
1717:
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2921:
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2414:
2356:
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2230:
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1807:
1762:
1609:
1447:
1212:
131:
of the Qur’ān. He burned his collections of old poetry, &c., to devote himself to religion.
1119:
Ibn
Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān)
2968:
2911:
2394:
2215:
1862:
1852:
1697:
1377:
2943:
2901:
2817:
2602:
2434:
2145:
1952:
1747:
1667:
1514:
1504:
1327:
274:
163:, Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ghaffār (901-987) He went to Baghdād and served at the
2777:
2737:
2622:
2484:
2469:
2225:
1897:
1847:
1772:
1757:
1752:
1647:
1614:
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1579:
1452:
1357:
1337:
1147:
1135:
198:
8:
2998:
2988:
2958:
2916:
2896:
2852:
2707:
2672:
2617:
2439:
2115:
1822:
1569:
1539:
1387:
592:
227:, Abū al-‘Abbās Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (d. 899 CE), philologist author of the book Al-Kāmil
208:
63:
2130:
3068:
2938:
2662:
2632:
2607:
2582:
2308:
2273:
2200:
2040:
1892:
1837:
1727:
1722:
1637:
1604:
1554:
1534:
1519:
1292:
1224:
1093:
1051:
50:
2993:
2983:
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2948:
2885:
2827:
2787:
2687:
2474:
2429:
2255:
1982:
1957:
1942:
1702:
1624:
1574:
1524:
1412:
1268:
703:
400:
309:
176:
160:
1203:
Yāqūt, Shīhab al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1970) , Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.),
2928:
2847:
2802:
2732:
2652:
2577:
2562:
2489:
2479:
2459:
2035:
1977:
1677:
1549:
1544:
1486:
1462:
1457:
1432:
392:
164:
83:
57:. Shortly after the Basran school's foundation, a rival school was established at
2727:
2717:
2657:
2587:
2544:
2499:
2494:
2424:
2419:
2371:
1967:
1927:
1817:
1584:
1417:
1382:
1187:
436:
280:
138:
54:
2857:
2837:
2762:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2682:
2567:
2444:
2338:
2328:
2245:
2065:
1992:
1812:
1802:
1682:
1529:
312:
212:
396:
3027:
2842:
2832:
2742:
2692:
2642:
2612:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2366:
2278:
2235:
2105:
2075:
2030:
2002:
1867:
1832:
1767:
1352:
1316:
1114:
1047:
172:
168:
128:
92:
2125:
283:(d. 798) Persian, expert on grammar inflection, lived to be 88 years old; -
2822:
2797:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2647:
2637:
2539:
2529:
2509:
2454:
2303:
2165:
2070:
1997:
1877:
1777:
1732:
1672:
1402:
1332:
1161:
1035:
1031:
790:
496:
217:
194:
1887:
137:‘Abd al-Mālik ibn Qurayb (c. 739-833) great humanist who flourished under
2862:
2807:
2767:
2697:
2572:
2524:
2361:
2351:
2323:
2293:
2205:
2100:
1882:
1872:
1842:
1737:
1509:
1467:
1422:
1392:
1362:
1347:
1073:
353:
Abu Ziyad al-Sumuwi al-Kilabi, Arabian nomad, of Banu 'Amir ibn Kilab: -
224:
153:
1792:
2757:
2677:
2534:
2449:
2313:
2288:
2250:
2240:
2195:
2120:
2110:
2095:
2090:
2060:
2012:
1947:
1917:
1742:
1652:
1427:
1281:
1196:
Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb (Yaqut's
Dictionary of Learned Men)
1165:
1140:
kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (The
Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men)
736:, pp. 90, 111, 112–14, 118, 123, 129, 131, 133, 135–39, 187, 1101.
688:, pp. 76, 101, 112, 118, 120, 125–27, 130–32, 135, 165, 398, 1047.
520:
252:
149:
2283:
2185:
2160:
2080:
1912:
1782:
1712:
1564:
1559:
1131:
959:
957:
389:
In the Shadow of Arabic: The
Centrality of Language to Arabic Culture
347:
234:
100:
78:
39:
1237:
835:, pp. 76–77, 83, 87, 98, 115–18, 120, 125, 190, 312, 348, 1116.
568:
2627:
2220:
2180:
2085:
1787:
1170:. Vol. III (Arabic ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyah.
993:
256:
240:
182:
134:
1407:
954:
802:
2155:
2017:
1707:
457:
418:
416:
255:, 'Īsā ibn 'Umar (d. 766/67) a noted early grammarian who taught
72:
1040:
The
Fihrist of al-Nadīm A Tenth Century Survey of Muslim Culture
667:
625:, pp. 78, 92–6, 105, 111, 142, 161, 175, 184, 365, 1030, I.
2592:
1442:
1085:
775:, pp. 75, 104, 132, 163, 173, 176, 317, 345–53, 356, 1104.
332:
263:. He was a Qur’ān reciter and was blind. His two known books
104:
96:
68:
46:
42:
850:
814:
739:
413:
1069:
1010:
1008:
932:
930:
908:
906:
883:, pp. 77, 131–33, 135, 139, 178, 185, 187, 191, 1131, I.
691:
655:
604:
328:
Abu al-Bayda' al-Rabahi, tribesman, poet and language scholar
120:
35:
1198:. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill.
969:
360:
Abu Sawwar al-Ghanawi, (fl. C9th) authority for Arabic words
185:, Abū ‘Umar Ṣāliḥ ibn Isḥāq (d. 840) grammarian, student of
1142:. Göttingen: Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts.
1127:
Four volumes vol I & II 1843, vol III 1868, vol IV 1873
233:(d. 821), a Baṣrah native, leading philologist of his age,
124:
58:
1005:
927:
903:
838:
778:
715:
532:
486:
484:
580:
556:
469:
445:
862:
633:
631:
508:
2884:
981:
893:
891:
889:
756:
754:
481:
49:, from across the Islamic world. These scholars of the
27:
Arabic
Grammarians of Basra city under Caliphate period
942:
335:' and noted expert in vernacular, memorised corpus: -
628:
886:
751:
1042:. New York & London: Columbia University Press.
71:courts. Later many scholars moved to the court at
643:
1205:Mu'jam Buldan (Jacut's Geographisches Worterbuch)
438:Kitab al-Fihrist, Ibn an-Nadīm: Texts and Studies
357:; Differentiation; Camels; The Disposition of Man
3025:
1062:Isbahani (al-), Abu al-Faraj 'Ali ibn al-Husayn
211:, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (ca. 718-786) inventor of the
1160:
1156:(Archive.org ed.), London: T Fisher Unwin
1060:
999:
601:, pp. 123, 125, 128, 137, 139, 188, 1023.
1253:
1211:
1188:Yāqūt, Shīhab al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī
975:
1030:
1014:
936:
912:
880:
856:
832:
796:
772:
733:
709:
685:
622:
598:
574:
550:
526:
502:
463:
422:
1260:
1246:
1229:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
712:, pp. 76, 83, 114, 190–91, 234, 1081.
1146:
1113:
868:
844:
820:
784:
745:
721:
697:
661:
610:
586:
562:
538:
514:
490:
475:
451:
435:al-Nadīm, Muḥammad ibn Ishāq Ibn (2005).
271:(Completed) were lost at an early period.
1104:
1100:, vol. 15, Damascus: Al-Tariq Press
1092:
1079:
987:
948:
434:
382:
61:circa 670, by philologists known as the
1162:Qutaybah (Ibn), Abu Muhammad 'Abd Allah
385:"Pioneers of Arabic Linguistic Studies"
331:Abu Malik 'Amr ibn Kirkirah, Arabian, '
14:
3026:
1174:
1130:
1056:(German ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus.
1046:
897:
760:
649:
637:
215:who wrote the first Arabic dictionary
2883:
2392:
1484:
1314:
1279:
1267:
1241:
1219:. Vol. IX (2nd ed.). Cairo.
1202:
1186:
963:
808:
673:
350:, poet, literary stylist and linguist
277:Ma’mar ibn al-Muthannā (ca. 728–824)
110:
1180:A Short History of Syriac Literature
1053:Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber
127:; an eminent scholar and one of the
34:lived during the seventh century in
3039:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate
2886:National literatures of Arab states
1115:Khallikān, Aḥmad ibn Muhammad (ibn)
281:Yūnus ibn Ḥabīb, Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥmān
24:
119:(ca. 689–770), or Zabbān, born at
25:
3085:
1207:, vol. 6, Leipzig: Brockhaus
505:, pp. 119, 345–48, 361, 965.
319:
799:, pp. 68, 91–92, 111, 1111.
383:Bernards, Monique (2011-01-01).
103:, Quranic exegesis and recital,
1315:
1298:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
1153:A Literary History of the Arabs
918:
3054:Medieval grammarians of Arabic
1398:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
811:, p. 164, Irshād, VI (7).
529:, pp. 87–91, 346, 982, I.
428:
376:
13:
1:
1595:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
1485:
369:
676:, p. 137, Irshad,VI(7).
301:The Small Book of Rare Forms
293:The Large Book of Rare Forms
81:—the 10th century author of
7:
2056:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
1213:Zirikli (al-), Khayr al-Din
1132:Nawawī (al-), Abū Zakarīyā’
10:
3090:
2393:
1590:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
1148:Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne
1024:
966:, p. 439, Mu'jam, VI.
2892:
2879:
2598:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
2553:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2337:
2264:
2011:
1623:
1497:
1493:
1480:
1323:
1310:
1288:
1275:
1123:William McGuckin de Slane
577:, pp. 139, 140, 986.
397:10.1163/9789004216136_009
107:, poetry and literature.
89:encyclopedic dictionaries
3064:Lexicographers of Arabic
1988:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
924:Hajj Khalifa, III. p.173
364:
2357:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
1808:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
1663:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
1448:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
1343:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād
1280:
466:, pp. 63–231, 959.
237:and natural scientist.
205:and debated in Baghdād.
197:and others, who taught
3074:Philologists of Arabic
1863:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
1853:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
1368:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
1194:, David Samuel (ed.).
1125:. London: W. H. Allen.
1032:Nadīm (al-), Ibn Ishaq
823:, p. 388-98, III.
748:, p. 300, n2, IV.
700:, pp. 29–30, III.
664:, pp. 31–37, III.
613:, pp. 493–498, I.
337:The Disposition of Man
209:Khalīl (al-) ibn Aḥmad
117:'Amr (Abū) ibn al-'Alā
2603:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
2435:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
2136:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
1953:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
1515:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
1505:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
1328:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
1167:Kitab 'Uyun al-Akhbar
1002:, pp. 157, l, 4.
859:, pp. 63–158, I.
231:Quṭrub the Grammarian
91:, by authors such as
18:Grammarians of Basrah
3034:Grammarians of Basra
2778:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
2738:Mohamed Said Raihani
2623:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
2470:Suleyman al-Boustani
2299:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
1848:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
1773:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
1753:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
1648:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
1610:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
1600:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
1580:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
1453:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
1358:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
1098:Mu'jam al-Mu'allafin
285:Meaning of the Quran
64:Grammarians of Kūfah
32:Grammarians of Baṣra
2853:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
2708:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
2440:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
1823:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
1698:Baha' al-din Zuhair
1570:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
1438:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
1388:Antarah ibn Shaddad
1378:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
1138:, Ferdinand (ed.).
1094:Kahhalah, Umar Rida
1000:Qutaybah (Ibn) 1930
425:, p. 141, n.2.
346:Abu 'Irar, Arab of
261:Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad
187:al-Akhfash al-Awsat
3059:Islamic Golden Age
2663:Abdul Rahman Munif
2633:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
2608:Muhammad al-Maghut
2583:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
2309:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2274:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
1893:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
1728:Al-Hariri of Basra
1723:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
1668:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
1605:Dorayd bin Al Soma
1535:Maysun bint Bahdal
1373:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
1293:Namara inscription
1080:Isbahani (1900) .
976:Zirikli (al-) 1959
847:, p. 586, VI.
787:, p. 419, II.
724:, p. 396, II.
541:, p. 37, III.
478:, p. 123, II.
454:, p. 399, II.
111:Major Philologists
51:Islamic Golden Age
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2828:Ibrahim Nasrallah
2788:Ibrahim al-Mazini
2688:Saadallah Wannous
2485:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
2475:Butrus al-Bustani
2430:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2256:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
2141:ibn Hani al-Azdi
1983:Usama ibn Munqidh
1958:Sharif al-Murtaza
1943:Al-Sharif al-Radi
1903:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’
1703:Bashshar ibn Burd
1575:Suraqah al-Bariqi
1525:Hassan ibn Thabit
1476:
1475:
1413:Laila bint Lukaiz
1338:Afira bint 'Abbad
1306:
1305:
1269:Arabic literature
1105:Kahhalah (1961),
589:, p. 629, I.
565:, p. 379, I.
517:, p. 662, I.
16:(Redirected from
3081:
3049:History of Basra
2881:
2880:
2848:Mourid Barghouti
2803:Nazik Al-Malaika
2733:Abdellatif Laabi
2653:Ghassan Kanafani
2578:Sonallah Ibrahim
2563:Nawal El Saadawi
2490:Abdallah Marrash
2480:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
2460:Qustaki al-Himsi
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2131:Lubna of Córdoba
2036:Maria Alphaizuli
1923:Laylā bint Ṭarīf
1678:Ahmad al-Tifashi
1550:Jarir ibn Atiyah
1545:Suraqa bin Malik
1540:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1463:Aktham ibn Saifi
1458:Zuhayr ibn Janab
1312:
1311:
1277:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1183:
1182:. London: Black.
1171:
1157:
1143:
1126:
1121:. Translated by
1110:
1109:, vol. XIII
1101:
1089:
1076:
1068:, vol. 20,
1057:
1043:
1038:, Bayard (ed.).
1018:
1017:, p. 98, I.
1015:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1012:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
952:
946:
940:
939:, p. 97, I.
937:Nadīm (al-) 1970
934:
925:
922:
916:
915:, p. 96, I.
913:Nadīm (al-) 1970
910:
901:
895:
884:
881:Nadīm (al-) 1970
878:
872:
871:, p. 28, I.
866:
860:
857:Nadīm (al-) 1970
854:
848:
842:
836:
833:Nadīm (al-) 1970
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
797:Nadīm (al-) 1970
794:
788:
782:
776:
773:Nadīm (al-) 1970
770:
764:
758:
749:
743:
737:
734:Nadīm (al-) 1970
731:
725:
719:
713:
710:Nadīm (al-) 1970
707:
701:
695:
689:
686:Nadīm (al-) 1970
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
626:
623:Nadīm (al-) 1970
620:
614:
608:
602:
599:Nadīm (al-) 1970
596:
590:
584:
578:
575:Nadīm (al-) 1970
572:
566:
560:
554:
551:Nadīm (al-) 1970
548:
542:
536:
530:
527:Nadīm (al-) 1970
524:
518:
512:
506:
503:Nadīm (al-) 1970
500:
494:
488:
479:
473:
467:
464:Nadīm (al-) 1970
461:
455:
449:
443:
442:
432:
426:
423:Nadīm (al-) 1970
420:
411:
410:
380:
221:; (uncompleted)
84:Kitab al-Fihrist
21:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3044:Arabic language
3024:
3023:
3022:
3013:
2888:
2867:
2728:Mohammed Bennis
2718:Mohamed Choukri
2658:Ghada al-Samman
2588:Mahmoud Darwish
2549:
2545:Tawfiq al-Hakim
2500:Maryana Marrash
2495:Francis Marrash
2425:Nasif al-Yaziji
2420:Maruf al Rusafi
2397:
2376:
2372:Ahmed Ben Triki
2333:
2260:
2015:
2007:
1968:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1838:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
1818:Yunus ibn Habib
1763:ibn al-Mudabbir
1619:
1585:Waddah al-Yaman
1555:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
1520:Fadl Ashsha'ira
1489:
1472:
1418:Mahd al-Aadiyya
1383:Amr ibn Kulthum
1319:
1302:
1284:
1271:
1266:
1222:
1221:
1215:(1959) . "10".
1176:Wright, William
1084:. Vol. V.
1082:Kitab al-Aghani
1066:Kitab al-Aghani
1027:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
955:
947:
943:
935:
928:
923:
919:
911:
904:
896:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
759:
752:
744:
740:
732:
728:
720:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
629:
621:
617:
609:
605:
597:
593:
585:
581:
573:
569:
561:
557:
553:, p. 1970.
549:
545:
537:
533:
525:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
489:
482:
474:
470:
462:
458:
450:
446:
433:
429:
421:
414:
407:
381:
377:
372:
367:
325:Affar ibn Laqit
322:
291:(Vernaculars);
265:The Compilation
139:Hārūn al-Rashid
113:
55:Arabic language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:Samih al-Qasim
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Omar Abu Risha
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Youssef Rzouga
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Leila Abouzeid
2720:
2715:
2713:Alaa Al Aswany
2710:
2705:
2703:Leila Aboulela
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Colette Khoury
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Abbās al-Aqqād
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Naguib Mahfouz
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Naoum Mokarzel
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2329:Al-Qalqashandi
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Ibn al-Kattani
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Ibn Abd Rabbih
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Ibn al-Shajari
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Rabia of Basra
1810:
1805:
1803:Aban al-Lahiqi
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Abu al-Atahiya
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Ibn Abi Hasina
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1209:
1200:
1184:
1172:
1158:
1144:
1128:
1111:
1102:
1090:
1077:
1058:
1048:Flügel, Gustav
1044:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1004:
992:
990:, p. 238.
980:
978:, p. 238.
968:
953:
941:
926:
917:
902:
885:
873:
869:Khallikān 1843
861:
849:
845:Khallikān 1843
837:
825:
821:Khallikān 1843
813:
801:
789:
785:Khallikān 1843
777:
765:
750:
746:Khallikān 1843
738:
726:
722:Khallikān 1843
714:
702:
698:Khallikān 1843
690:
678:
666:
662:Khallikān 1843
654:
642:
640:, p. 230.
627:
615:
611:Khallikān 1843
603:
591:
587:Khallikān 1843
579:
567:
563:Khallikān 1843
555:
543:
539:Khallikān 1843
531:
519:
515:Khallikān 1843
507:
495:
493:, p. 343.
491:Nicholson 1907
480:
476:Khallikān 1843
468:
456:
452:Khallikān 1843
444:
427:
412:
405:
374:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
351:
344:
329:
326:
321:
320:Minor scholars
318:
317:
316:
310:Abbasid caliph
303:
278:
272:
250:
244:
238:
228:
225:Mubarrad (al-)
222:
213:Arabic prosody
206:
180:
177:'Adud al-Dawla
158:
147:
141:
132:
112:
109:
79:Ishāq al-Nadīm
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3086:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Yusuf al-Khal
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Elia Abu Madi
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Waciny Laredj
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Zakaria Tamer
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Ibrahim Tuqan
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Nizar Qabbani
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Kahlil Gibran
2518:
2516:
2515:Mikhail Naimy
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Hafez Ibrahim
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Ibn al-Wannan
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Ibn Al Ouardy
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Ibn al-Yayyab
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Ibn al-Khatib
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Al-Rumaikiyya
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Al Suhrawardi
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Ibn al-Anbari
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Bint al-Mahdī
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:Early Islamic
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Imru' al-Qais
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1001:
996:
989:
988:Kahhalah 1961
984:
977:
972:
965:
960:
958:
951:, p. 55.
950:
949:Isbahani 1900
945:
938:
933:
931:
921:
914:
909:
907:
900:, p. 45.
899:
894:
892:
890:
882:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
834:
829:
822:
817:
810:
805:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
763:, p. 89.
762:
757:
755:
747:
742:
735:
730:
723:
718:
711:
706:
699:
694:
687:
682:
675:
670:
663:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
632:
624:
619:
612:
607:
600:
595:
588:
583:
576:
571:
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275:'Ubayda (Abū)
273:
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269:The Perfected
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253:Thaqafī (al-)
251:
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247:Sukkarī (al-)
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129:seven readers
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93:Ibn Khallikan
90:
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52:
48:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
2979:Saudi Arabia
2922:Copto-Arabic
2823:Saadi Yousef
2798:Safa Khulusi
2783:Hasan Tawfiq
2753:Alifa Rifaat
2748:Tahar Djaout
2648:Emile Habibi
2638:Sinan Antoon
2555:Contemporary
2540:Taha Hussein
2530:Jurji Zaydan
2510:Ahmed Shawqi
2455:Ameen Rihani
2304:Ibn al-Wardi
2191:al-Shushtari
2166:Umm Al-Kiram
2071:Ibn al-Abbar
2051:Al-Rukuniyya
1998:Ibn al-Nafis
1928:Al-Tha'alibi
1878:Ibn Qutaybah
1778:Al-Mutanabbi
1758:ibn al-Mahdi
1733:Ibn al-Farid
1688:ibn al-'Amid
1638:Ibn al-Ahnaf
1403:Hatim al-Tai
1333:Adi ibn Zayd
1216:
1204:
1195:
1179:
1166:
1152:
1139:
1118:
1106:
1097:
1081:
1065:
1052:
1039:
995:
983:
971:
944:
920:
876:
864:
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840:
828:
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804:
792:
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768:
741:
729:
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705:
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669:
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645:
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582:
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558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
471:
459:
447:
437:
430:
388:
378:
354:
340:
336:
306:Zajjāj (al-)
300:
299:(Proverbs);
296:
292:
288:
284:
268:
264:
218:Kitab al-Ayn
216:
161:Fārisī (al-)
150:Durayd (Ibn)
144:Du’alī (al-)
135:Aṣma’ī (al-)
123:and died at
82:
77:
62:
31:
29:
2863:Fadwa Tuqan
2808:Ahmed Matar
2793:al-Jawahiri
2773:Amal Donqol
2768:Salah Jahin
2698:Tayeb Salih
2573:Yusuf Idris
2525:Farah Antun
2465:al-Kawakibi
2362:Hanna Diyab
2339:Ottoman era
2324:Ibn Khaldun
2294:Ibn Battuta
2206:Ibn al-Arif
2101:Ibn Khafaja
1883:Dik al-Jinn
1873:Al-Qasabani
1843:Al-Mubarrad
1828:Al-Farahidi
1798:Al-Armanazi
1738:Ibn al-Rumi
1718:Al-Isfahani
1693:Al-Hamadani
1658:Al-Mudabbir
1625:Abbasid era
1615:al-Mufaddal
1510:Al-Farazdaq
1468:Al-Munakhal
1363:Al-Shanfara
1348:Al-Hujayjah
1317:Pre-Islamic
1192:Margoliouth
1074:Bulaq Press
898:Flügel 1862
761:Flügel 1862
650:Wright 1894
638:Nawawī 1847
391:: 195–220.
313:al-Mu'tadid
183:Jarmī (al-)
154:Al-Muqtadir
3028:Categories
2954:Mauritania
2758:Ali Douagi
2678:Hanna Mina
2668:Al Gosaibi
2535:May Ziadeh
2450:Ahmad Rida
2415:El Baroudy
2347:Al-Nabulsi
2319:al-Nafzawi
2314:Ibn Nubata
2289:Ibn Manzur
2266:Mamluk era
2251:Ibn Tufayl
2241:Ibn Jubayr
2211:Ibn Wahbun
2196:Abu Madyan
2126:Ibn Zaydún
2121:Ibn Zamrak
2111:Ibn Quzman
2096:Ibn Juzayy
2091:Ibn Bassam
2061:Ibn Hamdis
2026:Abu Ja'far
2013:Al-Andalus
2003:Ibn 'Adlan
1948:Ibn Hayyus
1938:al-Tawhīdī
1933:Al-Daylami
1918:Al-Tughrai
1898:Ibn Bakkar
1833:Al-Shafi'i
1768:Al-Ma'arri
1743:Ibn Duraid
1653:Abu Tammam
1428:Al-Nabigha
1136:Wüstenfeld
964:Yāqūt 1927
809:Yāqūt 1927
674:Yāqūt 1927
370:References
355:Rare Forms
203:al-Tawwazi
175:court of
30:The first
3069:Linguists
2969:Palestine
2818:al-Sayyab
2813:Al-Bayati
2284:Al-Busiri
2231:al-Fazazi
2216:Ibn Abdun
2186:Ibn Arabi
2176:Yusuf III
2171:Yusuf III
2161:Al-Tutili
2081:Ibn Amira
2046:Buthaina
2041:Ibn Ammar
1978:Al-Hallaj
1913:Niftawayh
1858:Al-Zahiri
1783:Abu Nuwas
1748:al-Zajjaj
1713:Al-Busiri
1673:Al-Asma'i
1565:Kuthayyir
1560:Al-Khansa
1487:Classical
1353:Al-Ḥurqah
1225:cite book
1190:(1927) .
1164:(1930) .
348:Banu 'Ijl
289:Languages
235:muhaddith
195:Al-Aṣma’ī
167:court of
101:philology
36:Al-Baṣrah
2912:Djibouti
2628:Said Akl
2221:Avempace
2201:al-Rundi
2181:Ibn Hazm
2116:Ibn Sahl
2086:Ibn Baqi
1963:Al Uyuni
1793:Shāriyah
1788:Al-Jahiz
1423:Mu'aqqir
1393:Al-A'sha
1217:Al-A'lam
1178:(1894).
1150:(1907),
1134:(1847).
1117:(1843).
1096:(1957),
1088:: Brill.
1064:(1868),
1050:(1862).
1034:(1970).
257:Sībawayh
241:Sībawayh
199:Al-Kitāb
191:Abū Zayd
165:Hamdanid
69:caliphal
59:al-Kūfah
40:Qur’ānic
2999:Tunisia
2984:Somalia
2959:Morocco
2944:Lebanon
2907:Comoros
2902:Bahrain
2897:Algeria
2673:Echebbi
2226:al-Baji
2156:Qasmuna
2018:Maghreb
1908:Al-Suli
1708:Buhturi
1025:Sources
297:Similes
73:Baghdad
3004:U.A.E.
2939:Kuwait
2934:Jordan
2593:Adunis
2395:Modern
2352:Fuzûlî
2151:Nazhun
1443:Tarafa
1107:Mu'jam
1086:Leiden
403:
341:Horses
333:warraq
105:Hadith
97:Suyuti
47:Ḥadīth
43:tafsir
3009:Yemen
2994:Syria
2989:Sudan
2974:Qatar
2949:Libya
2917:Egypt
2407:Nahda
2146:Muhya
1888:‘Inān
1408:Labīd
1070:Cairo
1036:Dodge
365:Notes
173:Buyid
125:Kūfah
121:Mecca
2964:Oman
2929:Iraq
2016:and
1231:link
401:ISBN
267:and
259:and
171:and
45:and
1282:Old
393:doi
201:to
193:,
3030::
1227:}}
1223:{{
1072::
1007:^
956:^
929:^
905:^
888:^
753:^
630:^
483:^
415:^
399:.
387:.
339:;
315:.
295:;
287:;
189:,
179:.
95:,
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1233:)
652:.
409:.
395::
343:.
20:)
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