140:
suffixes in particular, together with most noun endings, consistently relate with specific genders, and there are very few frequent exceptions to this (as reflected in the first column). Nevertheless, the details in the second column are not solid rules, and their irregularities should be noted.
1668:
Wird ein generisches
Maskulinum verwendet, kann durch einen sich anschließenden Zusatz in Klammern deutlich gemacht werden, welche Geschlechter gemeint sind. Dies eignet sich besonders in Stellenanzeigen, weniger jedoch im Fließtext: Statt:
1382:
Most job titles have both a masculine and feminine form that reflects the gender of the professional, similar to the
English distinction between "waiter" and "waitress". Feminine job titles are usually created by adding
118:: masculine, feminine or neuter. While the gender often does not directly influence the plural forms of nouns, there are exceptions, particularly when it comes to people and professions (e.g. Ärzte/Ärztinnen).
1328:
Compound words usually carry the gender of their last element. Moreover, the gender of abbreviations is decided by the gender of the base word, and shortened words take the gender of the full word.
1336:
Many loanwords from
English adopt the gender of their native German equivalent; the gender of other loanwords may be deduced by the word's form or ending. For example, nouns from English -
1466:
The lists of exceptions here do not necessarily include all of them. Furthermore, the notes referring to the information in the chart are referenced using the pages on its caption.
1320:
The genders of a few nouns are not fixed, and may be linked to regional or register differences. There are a number of words with two meanings distinguished by gender.
1373:
129:
in order to remember their gender. However, for about 80% of nouns, the grammatical gender can be deduced from their singular and plural forms and their meaning.
1356:
Monosyllabic nouns from verbs are often masculine, and the same goes for monosyllabic words for which there is no other indication, which are mainly masculine.
1812:
997:
The gender of many nouns can be seen by their meaning. However, in almost all circumstances, the rules in the paragraph above override those given here.
1216:
Different parts of speech used as nouns (most importantly, this category contains verb substantivisations, but also languages, colours and so on).
1826:
1416:
recommends adding an explanatory note "(männlich/weiblich/divers)" or "(m/w/d)", indicating the role is open to persons of all genders.
97:
1364:
In many cases the gender can vary, either because of regional differences or because the noun's gender is not firmly established.
1835:
1788:
1768:
1749:
1723:
1702:
1649:
1387:
to the grammatically masculine word in question. For example, the general grammatically masculine term for train driver is
1654:
1413:
445:
arising from verbs are masculine (anyhow, most of them describe human beings). Four categories which are not masculine:
1454:
While
Donaldson (2007) says that it is imperative to do so, Durrell (2017) only mentions that is an ideal method.
1804:
1377:
90:
1859:
924:
About a third of them are feminine. More specifically, nouns derived from adjectives with the suffix
745:(the weak masculines are a group of nouns, most of which denote male humans or animals, which end in
66:
1818:
1604:
1344:, 'loop' esp. in context of a rollercoaster. Another source of neuter loanwords are adverbials like
559:
137:
56:
126:
1864:
83:
71:
1340:
forms are neuter when referring to actions, but masculine when not referring to actions e.g.
164:
8:
115:
61:
1784:
1764:
1745:
1719:
1698:
46:
1832:
1839:
1425:
122:
51:
41:
22:
1853:
1435:
1430:
111:
36:
31:
1266:
Names of planes and ships frequently have the gender of their base words.
1409:
754:
711:
1374:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender § German
347:(which are of foreign origin), provided that they designate things.
1482:
Donaldson (2007) asserts that all nouns of French origin ending in
723:
194:
911:
are neuter when they mean ‘pleasure’ and ‘salary’, respectively.).
729:
The weak masculines which are names of male persons and animals:
1240:
As usual, compounds carry the gender of their second component.
715:
279:
168:
937:
If they describe persons, they are masculine. Irregularities:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1783:(in German) (9th ed.). Duden. 2016. pp. 156–172.
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1284:
Except several feminines, masculines and names ending in -
1650:"Leitlinien der GFDS zu den Möglichkeiten des Genderings"
1587:
1585:
1508:
125:, it is useful to memorize nouns with their accompanying
1621:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1759:
Foster, Wendy; Christensen, Paulina; Fox, Anne (2013).
1041:
Compass points, words about winds and types of weather.
1582:
1539:
1758:
1393:(singular or plural). This yields the feminine form
1173:
1605:"der, die, das – Gender of Nouns in German Grammar"
1205:
Cities, towns, countries, provinces and continents.
614:A few neuter nouns, the most common of which are:
1739:
1851:
1351:
811:A large number of feminine and masculine nouns:
1323:
159:-ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or, -us
16:German nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter
626:(when it means ‘inheritance’ or ‘heritage’),
91:
1740:Diewald, Gabriele; Steinhauer, Anja (2017).
1400:
1394:
1388:
1275:Less commonly, these names act as feminines.
753:in the plural and in all cases besides the
448:Nouns which stem from verb infinitives in
98:
84:
1692:
1533:
504:The rest are 19% neuter and 14% feminine.
1210:die Schweiz; der/(das) Iran, Irak, Sudan
1195:Cafés, cinemas, hotels and restaurants.
1713:
1636:
1591:
1552:
1852:
163:The majority of nouns which come from
1823:University of Michigan College of LSA
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1025:Seasons, months and days of the week.
663:are neuter, even if they end with an
1462:
1460:
1331:
1200:Names of companies with no article.
354:Notes: exceptions and irregularities
13:
1805:Identifying a German Word’s Gender
1733:
1469:
470:Roughly 15% of the other nouns in
467:are neuter (see the first column);
14:
1876:
1819:Some Hints on How to Guess Gender
1798:
1716:Hammer's German Grammar and Usage
1655:Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache
1457:
1414:Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache
1359:
1057:Alcoholic and plant-based drinks.
1046:die Windböe; das Wetter, Gewitter
274:-ma, -ment, -sel, -tel, -tum, -um
171:(but often with a vowel change).
1576:
1564:
1315:
1123:Fruits, trees, and many flowers.
1112:Female human beings and animals.
992:
1642:
1597:
1570:
1558:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1249:The nouns which end in either -
1243:
1234:
1157:Young human beings and animals.
931:
918:
791:
762:
605:
572:
548:
507:
428:Since no feminine nouns end in
1448:
1367:
1143:das Flugzeug, Schiff, Motorrad
1093:Mountains and mountain ranges.
1009:Male human beings and animals.
797:The irregularities here are:
498:
435:
422:
393:
360:
1:
1761:German All-in-One For Dummies
1501:
1352:Monosyllabic nouns from verbs
1168:Metals and chemical elements.
1138:Planes, ships and motorbikes.
670:Nine exceptional masculines:
184:, as well as 80% of those in
153:Masculine gender indications
132:
114:are included in one of three
1695:German: An Essential Grammar
1378:Gender marking in job titles
554:Chemical terms which end in
205:Feminine gender indications
7:
1763:. Wiley. pp. 307–311.
1718:(6th ed.). Routledge.
1419:
1324:Compounds and abbreviations
1190:Letters and musical notes.
1008:
659:Most nouns with the prefix
10:
1881:
1686:
1371:
1005:
278:90% of the nouns with the
262:Neuter gender indications
1693:Donaldson, Bruce (2007).
1408:For job listings, if the
1153:
1108:
1001:Noun meanings and gender
710:in the plural and in the
611:The main exceptions are:
266:
209:
157:
1714:Durrell, Martin (2017).
1675:Wir suchen Maler (m/w/d)
1441:
1184:der Meter; der/das Liter
1104:Rain and Precipitation
1073:Rivers outside Germany.
245:originating from verbs.
1827:on the Internet Archive
1813:on the Internet Archive
1257:are typically feminine.
928:are primarily feminine.
374:(collection of texts),
290:Two-thirds of nouns in
1410:generic masculine form
1401:
1395:
1389:
800:Categories of humans (
485:Circa 25% of those in
145:Noun forms and gender
1087:das (britische) Pfund
1014:die männliche Giraffe
303:Most nouns ending in
241:Most nouns ending in
211:-a, -ei, -enz, -heit,
1744:(in German). Duden.
1609:deutsch.lingolia.com
1228:Notes for the chart:
1078:Names of currencies.
1052:Rocks and minerals.
1149:Names of numerals.
1083:die (Deutsche) Mark
1002:
146:
116:grammatical genders
1860:Grammatical gender
1838:2021-02-07 at the
1130:; trees ending in
1115:but, for example:
1016:(feminine meaning
1012:but, for example:
1000:
150:Masculine endings
144:
67:Sentence structure
1790:978-3-411-04049-0
1770:978-1-118-49140-9
1751:978-3-411-74357-5
1725:978-1-138-85371-3
1704:978-0-415-36602-1
1639:, pp. 12–16.
1536:, pp. 33–37.
1332:English loanwords
1225:
1224:
1179:Scientific units.
808:‘assistant’ etc);
718:singular, but in
351:
350:
202:Feminine endings
188:, are masculine.
176:60% of nouns in -
108:
107:
57:Adverbial phrases
1872:
1844:Practical German
1794:
1774:
1755:
1729:
1708:
1680:
1679:
1671:Wir suchen Maler
1665:
1663:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1495:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1309:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1032:(dated form for
1018:the male giraffe
1006:Masculine (der)
1003:
999:
986:
935:
929:
922:
916:
795:
789:
766:
760:
667:(see the chart);
609:
603:
576:
570:
552:
546:
511:
505:
502:
496:
439:
433:
426:
420:
397:
391:
364:
250:90% of nouns in
147:
143:
127:definite article
100:
93:
86:
19:
18:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1840:Wayback Machine
1833:Gender of Nouns
1801:
1791:
1779:
1771:
1752:
1742:Richtig gendern
1736:
1734:Further reading
1726:
1705:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1661:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1594:, pp. 6–9.
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:, pp. 1–5.
1551:
1540:
1532:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1481:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1426:German articles
1422:
1380:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1109:Feminine (die)
995:
990:
989:
936:
932:
923:
919:
796:
792:
767:
763:
610:
606:
577:
573:
553:
549:
512:
508:
503:
499:
440:
436:
427:
423:
398:
394:
365:
361:
259:Neuter endings
227:-schaft, -sion,
135:
104:
72:Modal particles
17:
12:
11:
5:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1865:German grammar
1862:
1848:
1847:
1830:
1816:
1800:
1799:External links
1797:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1641:
1620:
1596:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1538:
1534:Donaldson 2007
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1468:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1402:Lokführerinnen
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:Varying gender
1358:
1353:
1350:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
988:
987:
930:
917:
915:
914:
913:
912:
858:
843:die Geschwulst
839:die Geschichte
809:
790:
761:
759:
758:
727:
706:(these end in
668:
657:
647:
604:
571:
561:) are neuter (
547:
506:
497:
495:
494:
483:
468:
457:
434:
421:
392:
378:(laboratory),
358:
357:
349:
348:
300:
299:
287:
286:
276:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
247:
246:
239:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
190:
189:
173:
172:
161:
155:
154:
151:
134:
131:
106:
105:
103:
102:
95:
88:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
34:
26:
25:
23:German grammar
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:Die Grammatik
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1697:. Routledge.
1696:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1676:
1673:. Besser so:
1672:
1658:. August 2020
1657:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1494:are feminine.
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1412:is used, the
1411:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1316:Special cases
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:Neuter (das)
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:die Mittwoche
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
998:
993:Noun meanings
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:der Kommentar
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
927:
921:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:der Geschmack
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
812:
810:
807:
803:
799:
798:
794:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
765:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:der Buchstabe
669:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
636:das Interesse
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
608:
601:
597:
593:
592:der Verdienst
589:
585:
581:
575:
568:
564:
560:
557:
551:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
501:
493:are feminine.
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
446:
444:
438:
431:
425:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
359:
356:
355:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
281:
277:
275:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
257:
253:
249:
248:
244:
240:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
156:
152:
149:
148:
142:
139:
130:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
82:
81:
79:
78:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
33:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1843:
1822:
1808:
1780:
1760:
1741:
1715:
1694:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1660:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1637:Durrell 2017
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1592:Durrell 2017
1577:Durrell 2017
1572:
1565:Durrell 2017
1560:
1553:Durrell 2017
1491:
1487:
1483:
1450:
1436:German nouns
1431:German cases
1407:
1384:
1381:
1363:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1209:
1183:
1172:
1162:der Säugling
1161:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1068:Car brands.
1061:
1045:
1034:der Mittwoch
1033:
1029:
1017:
1013:
996:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
925:
920:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:der Gehorsam
876:
872:
869:der Gefallen
868:
864:
861:der Gebrauch
860:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:die Gemeinde
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:die Gehilfin
805:
801:
793:
785:
782:der Reichtum
781:
777:
774:der Streusel
773:
769:
764:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
719:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
660:
653:
649:
643:
640:das Prestige
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Except for:
574:
566:
562:
558:(pronounced
555:
550:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:der Atlantik
522:
518:
514:
509:
500:
490:
486:
479:
475:
471:
464:
460:
453:
452:are neuter (
449:
442:
437:
429:
424:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
353:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
291:
282:
273:
270:
267:
251:
242:
235:
232:
230:-tät, -tion,
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
195:monosyllabic
185:
181:
177:
165:strong verbs
158:
138:Derivational
136:
120:
112:German nouns
109:
1809:For Dummies
1662:6 September
1396:Lokführerin
1368:Professions
1342:der Looping
1221:Fractions.
1117:das Mädchen
1098:das Gebirge
983:der Skandal
947:der Automat
943:der Apparat
897:der Gestank
875:(content),
865:der Gedanke
847:die Gestalt
815:die Gebärde
802:der Gehilfe
684:der Gedanke
596:der Verlust
567:das Protein
527:der Pazifik
513:Apart from
482:are neuter;
441:Nouns with
413:das Schloss
62:Conjugation
1854:Categories
1614:2019-12-10
1502:References
1372:See also:
971:die Person
963:die Manier
955:der Kanton
901:der Gewinn
889:der Gesang
885:der Geruch
881:der Genuss
873:der Gehalt
871:(favour),
855:die Gewalt
851:die Gewähr
831:die Gefahr
827:die Geduld
823:die Geburt
819:die Gebühr
786:der Konsum
778:der Irrtum
768:Excluding
755:nominative
726:singular);
712:accusative
688:der Glaube
676:der Friede
650:der Charme
644:das Regime
628:das Finale
580:der Dienst
563:das Benzin
543:das Purpur
535:das Abitur
531:das Mosaik
454:das Kochen
417:das Verbot
380:das Tempus
372:das Korpus
370:(gender),
167:without a
133:Noun forms
47:Adjectives
1399:(plural:
1390:Lokführer
1300:(besides
1128:der Apfel
979:der Senat
975:der Salat
967:die Moral
951:der Kanal
939:der Altar
770:die Firma
739:der Junge
704:der Wille
692:der Haufe
680:der Funke
632:das Image
588:der Frost
584:der Durst
539:das Futur
519:das Genie
459:Nouns in
386:(virus),
384:das Virus
382:(tense),
376:das Labor
368:das Genus
1836:Archived
1420:See also
1062:das Bier
905:Gefallen
743:der Löwe
735:der Bote
731:der Affe
724:genitive
700:der Same
696:der Name
654:der Käse
624:das Erbe
620:das Ende
616:das Auge
600:das Gift
515:das Sofa
405:das Lied
401:das Grab
52:Pronouns
42:Articles
1687:Sources
1579:, p. 33
1567:, p. 35
1346:das Off
722:in the
409:das Maß
390:(gate).
388:das Tor
366:Except
197:nouns.
193:67% of
1787:
1767:
1748:
1722:
1701:
1376:, and
1302:Afrika
909:Gehalt
716:dative
280:prefix
271:-lein,
268:-chen,
223:-keit,
169:suffix
123:German
1442:Notes
1306:China
1208:but:
1182:but:
1171:but:
1160:but:
1141:but:
1132:-baum
1126:but:
1096:but:
1081:but:
1060:but:
1044:but:
1028:but:
399:But:
233:-ung,
37:Verbs
32:Nouns
1785:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1664:2024
1492:-ion
1490:and
1304:and
1296:or -
1253:or -
926:-nis
907:and
714:and
652:and
489:and
478:and
465:-tel
463:and
461:-sel
343:and
333:-ier
329:-ett
325:-ent
296:-sal
294:and
292:-nis
220:-in,
217:-ik,
214:-ie,
180:and
110:All
1488:-ik
1484:-ie
1405:).
1338:ing
1292:, -
1288:, -
751:-en
749:or
720:-ns
661:Ge-
556:-in
491:-er
487:-el
480:-er
476:-en
472:-el
450:-en
443:-er
345:-on
337:-iv
321:-at
317:-är
313:-ar
309:-an
305:-al
283:Ge-
236:-ur
186:-en
182:-er
121:In
1856::
1842:,
1829:).
1821:,
1815:).
1807:,
1666:.
1652:.
1623:^
1607:.
1584:^
1541:^
1510:^
1486:,
1471:^
1459:^
1385:in
1348:.
1308:).
1298:ie
1294:ei
1085:,
1036:)
1020:)
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
867:,
863:,
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
829:,
825:,
821:,
817:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
757:).
747:-n
741:,
737:,
733:,
708:-n
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
665:-e
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
622:,
618:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
569:).
565:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
474:,
456:);
430:en
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
341:-o
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
298:.
285:.
254:.
252:-e
243:-t
178:el
1846:.
1825:(
1811:(
1793:.
1773:.
1754:.
1728:.
1707:.
1677:.
1617:.
1383:-
1290:e
1286:a
1255:e
1251:a
985:.
903:(
857:;
804:–
788:.
656:;
646:.
602:.
545:.
432:.
419:.
99:e
92:t
85:v
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