396:
56:
132:
99:
63:
125:
825:
316:
92:
777:
808:, are covered by braided sedimentary channels indicative of high sediment load (similar to glacial runoff). Native fish have nearly disappeared from now-turbid waters of the Aikwa River, which are unsuitable for aquatic life. The overburden (700 kt/d) remains in the highlands, up to 480 m deep and covering 8 square kilometres (3 sq mi). Its acidic runoff, dissolved copper, and the finer material gets washed into the headwaters of the
708:
34:
836:(OPIC) revoked Freeport's insurance policy for environmental violations of a sort that would not be allowed in the US. It was the first action of this sort by OPIC, and Freeport responded with a lawsuit against them. Freeport argued that an environmental report reached inaccurate conclusions, the result of a single 1994 visit to Grasberg. The company later underwent an independent environmental audit by
891:, who are not fully subsidized by the government, leaving them dependent on being the source of security for extractive companies in an area such as Freeport. The need for profit motivates planned incidents such as these resulting in the “need” for increased protection of the mine sites. These incidents have increased when Freeport’s security needs have decreased.
467:, geologist and vice president of Freeport Minerals Co., who immediately recognized the mining potential of Ertsberg. Wilson convinced Freeport to back an expedition to explore the Ertsberg site, and in 1960 led an exploration party on an arduous, 6 week long trek to Ertsberg that confirmed the presence of an immense amount of copper mineralization. The directors of
538:(Dutch, "Grass Mountain"), 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the Ertsberg mine. The construction of the winding road to Grasberg, the H.E.A.T. (Heavy Equipment Access Trail), was estimated to cost $ 12 million to $ 15 million to build. An Indonesian road-builder, Ilyas Hamid, who had contributed to the Ertsberg road took a
915:
In 2013, a roof collapse in the Big Gossan Mine underground training centre trapped 38 workers. Only 10 survived. The miners were trapped inside a lower chamber while attending a refresher training course on work safety in underground mining areas. The absence of a secondary escape route was critical
898:
On 7 April 2011, two
Freeport employees were killed when the company car they were traveling in caught fire. Bullets were found inside the car, giving weight to the suspicion that the car was fired on by unknown gunmen. This incident sparked a protest by hundreds of Freeport employees concerned about
452:
Dozy's
Ertsberg report came to light again in 1959 when Jan van Gruisen, managing director of the Dutch company Oost Borneo Maatschappij N.V, or East Borneo Company, searched for geological studies on nickel deposits in Western New Guinea. Although the Dozy report did not mention nickel, Van Gruisen
911:
In 2003, a landslide killed eight workers. A government investigation concluded that the incident was the result of negligence. Important warning signs had been detected two days prior. In response to this, management moved some equipment, but did not keep workers out of the area. A month later two
894:
A series of attacks started on 11 July 2009 and continued for more than five days. A Freeport employee, 29-year-old
Australian Drew Grant was shot and killed while sitting in the back of a car on the way to a game of golf. Indonesian police indicated that Grant was killed by five shots he sustained
902:
The
Grasberg mine has been a frequent source of friction in Papua. Causes of friction are the mine's environmental impact on Papua, the perceived low share of profits going to local Papuans (Freeport's annual report shows it made $ 4.1billion in operating profit on revenue of $ 6.4billion in 2010)
373:
FCX operates under a
Contract of Work (CoW) agreement with the government of Indonesia, which allows Freeport to conduct exploration, mining and production activities in a 11,100-hectare (27,400-acre) area (Block A). It also conducts exploration activities in a 167,000 ha (413,000 acres) area
932:
On
October 17, 2011, the company halted operations in Papua amid a strike that led to a deteriorating security situation and intensified calls for Papuan independence. Seventy percent of Grasberg workers joined the strike, appealing for higher pay September 15, 2011, blocking roads, clashing with
490:
administration's 1967 foreign investment laws intended to attract foreign investment to
Indonesia's then ruined economy. Built at 4,100 metres (14,000 ft) above sea level in one of Papua's most remote areas, it involved a capital and technology input well beyond Indonesia's resources at the
820:
and constantly monitored. Tailings are transported to the lowlands in a designated river system. Once reaching the lowlands, they are captured in an engineered system of levees built for that purpose." An
Indonesian Environment Ministry's field report from 2004 found sediment levels of 37,500
378:
of 30.8 billion pounds (14.0 million tonnes) of copper, 26.3 million ounces (808 tonnes) of gold and 121.3 million ounces (3773 tonnes) of silver. Grasberg has three undergound mining operations: Grasberg Block Cave, Deep Mill Level Zone and Big Gossan. The 2023 production was 680,000 tonnes
920:
geological team, the collapse at the Big Gossan tunnel was caused by erosion of the ceiling, brought about by the continuous infiltration of the limestone wallrocks by corrosive acidic groundwater. Freeport was accused of negligence by the
Indonesian National Human Rights Commission.
861:. Freeport argues that its actions meet industry standards and have been approved by the requisite authorities. It was reported in 2005 that since 1997 Freeport had been breaching Indonesian environmental laws. Freeport estimated it will generate six billion tons of waste.
545:
The 2003–2006 boom in copper prices increased the profitability of the mine. The extra consumption of copper for Asian electrical infrastructure overwhelmed copper supply and caused prices to increase from around $ 1500/ton to $ 8100/ton ($ 0.70/lb to $ 4.00/lb).
733:
Ore undergoes primary crushing at the mine, before being delivered by ore passes to the mill complex for further crushing, grinding and flotation. Grasberg's milling and concentrating complex is the largest in the world, with four crushers and two giant
386:
In August 2017, FCX announced that it will divest its ownership in PTFI so that
Indonesia owns 51%. In return the CoW will be replaced by a special license (IUPK) with mining rights to 2041 and FCX will build a new smelter by 2022.
2304:
936:
In October 2014, around 1,000 workers stayed home and demanded the firing of 50 managers as a result of a fatal accident at the Grasberg mine. Production declined to 60-70% of normal levels as a result of the strike.
530:
attacked the mine. The group dynamited the main slurry pipe, which caused tens of millions of dollars in damage, and attacked the mine facilities. The Indonesian military reacted harshly, killing at least 800 people.
430:
840:
and got a clean bill of health. In April 1996, Freeport canceled its policy with the OPIC, stating that their corporate activities had outgrown the policy's limits. The OPIC report was later publicly released.
788:
is the high point of the snow-covered ridge to the east of the mine. The peak is at 4,884 metres (16,024 ft) above sea level. The rim of the open pit is at about 4,270 metres (14,010 ft).
1818:
1800:
821:
milligrams per litre as the river entered the lowlands and 7,500 milligrams as the river entered the Arafura Sea, while the maximum under Indonesian law is 400 milligrams per litre.
2258:
678:(PTFI) is the company that currently manages Grasberg mine. The mining company is a joint venture between Indonesian and American interests, with the Indonesian government through
1244:
895:
to the neck, chest and stomach by unknown assailants using military-issue weapons. The attack also killed Freeport security guard Markus Ratealo and a number of police officers.
534:
By the mid-1980s, the original mine had been largely depleted. Freeport explored for other deposits in the area. In 1988, Freeport identified reserves valued at $ 40 billion at
1663:
Final Report - Environmental Review of P.T. Freeport Indonesia Copper and Precious Metals Mine - Irian Jaya, Indonesia presented to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation
2327:
696:
negotiated ownership of 51.23% of the company, while Freeport-McMoRan owned 48.77%. PT Indocopper Investama also changed its name to PT Indonesia Papua Metal & Mineral.
682:
company PT Mineral Industri Indonesia (MIND ID) and PT Indonesia Papua Metal & Mineral, a company co-owned by MIND ID and government of Papua, owning a 51.23% stake and
379:(1,500,000,000 lb) of copper, 52.9 tonnes (1,700,000 ozt) of gold and 190 tonnes (6,000,000 ozt) of silver. The concentrate is delivered by pipeline to
1977:
2305:
Detailed 2006 report on environmental effects of mine; includes discussion of related violations of Indonesian law. English language report linked at bottom of page
2007:
849:
While landscape reclamation projects have begun at the mine, environmental groups and local citizens are concerned with the potential for copper contamination and
515:) were built. It officially opened in 1973 (although the first ore shipment was in December 1972), and was expanded by Ertsberg East, which opened in 1981. Steep
2570:
912:
workers died from exposure to sulfur fumes. The government ultimately overturned the investigation's conclusion, and attributed the incident to natural causes.
549:
In 2005, the New York Times reported that between 1998 and 2004 Freeport had given senior military and police officers and military units nearly $ 20 million.
1662:
1465:
453:
applied to the Netherlands government for an exploration concession for an area of 100 square miles (300 km) surrounding Ertsberg. In March 1959, the
2651:
2310:
1527:
689:
PT Freeport Indonesia was previously 90.64% owned by Freeport-McMoRan, including 9.36% owned through its wholly owned subsidiary, PT Indocopper Investama.
2334:
1413:
753:, over 70 miles (100 km) away, where it is dewatered. Once filtered and dried, the concentrate – containing copper, gold and silver – is shipped to
519:
are used to transport equipment and people. Ore is dropped 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the mine, concentrated and mixed with water to form a 60:40
2617:
872:, was also excluded during the period 2008–2019. Stocks at a value of ca. US$ 870 million were divested from the fund as a result of the decisions.
2112:
375:
1744:
868:, the world's second-largest pension fund, due to criticism over the environmental damages caused by the Grasberg mine. Its partner in Grasberg,
809:
464:
1502:
2321:
812:. It settles out along the river course and then into the ocean, and will continue to do so indefinitely. Freeport's official response is that
1100:"Freeport-McMoRan Announces Framework for Agreement with Indonesian Government Regarding Long-Term Operating Rights for PT Freeport Indonesia"
2037:
805:
523:. The slurry is then pumped through a 166 km pipeline through mountains, jungle and swamp to the port at Amamapare, dried and shipped.
2602:
197:
2190:
2164:
55:
2216:
1770:
1251:
699:
Indonesia also agreed to extend the Freeport-McMoRan mining lease, which would have expired in 2021, for a further 20 years until 2041.
2378:
1944:
1833:
1589:
1819:"Two companies – Wal-Mart and Freeport – are being excluded from the Norwegian Government Pension Fund – Global's investment universe"
730:. The mine is a high-volume, low-cost underground mining operation, producing and milling more than 72 million tonnes of ore in 2023.
804:. Some 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) (eventually 230 square kilometres (89 sq mi)) of lowland areas along the
1872:
417:. While there, he made notes of a peculiar black rock with greenish coloring, and spent several weeks estimating the extent of the
2671:
1366:
833:
797:
1688:"Capturing coupled riparian and coastal disturbance from industrial mining using cloud-resilient satellite time series analysis"
880:
Violent ambushes near the Grasberg mine have occurred as early as August 2002, when three contract school teachers were killed.
887:
Multiple incidents such as the August 2002 attack appear to have been instigated by Indonesian forces, some including the TNI,
459:
published an article revealing the Dutch were searching for the mountain source of alluvial gold that had been washed into the
124:
1129:
796:, generated at a rate of 700,000 tonnes per day, are the subject of considerable environmental concern, as they wash into the
1311:
865:
1558:
1439:
679:
1985:
1391:
1276:
2666:
1948:
2015:
1277:"Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands concerning West New Guinea (West Irian)"
2641:
903:
and the questionable legality of the payments made to Indonesian security forces for their services to guard the site.
91:
2577:
1186:
1099:
1027:
2646:
2085:
1327:
746:
2237:
1669:
2656:
434:
2298:
1534:
413:
was a member of an expedition that scaled Mount Carstensz (now called Puncak Jaya), the highest mountain in the
2371:
2342:
1632:
1204:"Dutch to explore New Guinea area - Remote Section of Disputed Territory Will Be Object of Intensive Research"
749:
from the ore. Slurry containing the copper-gold concentrate is delivered by three pipelines to the seaport of
1855:
1814:
1796:
2137:
472:
961:
491:
time. Construction cost was $ 175 million, $ 55 million above the original budget. A 116 km road and
1074:
442:
446:
2486:
2364:
761:
2661:
2546:
1603:
693:
632:
2676:
2338:
2286:
2280:
170:
2292:
1488:
940:
In 2017, 5,000 workers at the mine participated in a labor strike that lasted over 4 months.
765:
742:
1952:
997:
816:
is placed in the highlands as part of its Overburden Management Plan, at "sites capped with
1699:
735:
8:
527:
1703:
1503:"Indonesia's Freeport to build $ 1 billion gas-fired power plant to move away from coal"
1155:
727:
2607:
1720:
1687:
850:
567:
542:
and drove it downhill tracing the path. The road cost just $ 2 million when completed.
492:
395:
2315:
1925:
1849:
1725:
1583:
1307:
1182:
824:
438:
414:
410:
332:
315:
2038:"Protests over fatal collapse at Freeport/Rio Tinto West Papua mine | Down to Earth"
764:
supplying the Grasberg operations, which will be replaced in 2027 by a 265-megawatt
722:
2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) wide at the surface completed in 2019, three operating
2563:
2424:
2387:
2221:
1915:
1907:
1715:
1707:
1231:
917:
837:
828:
Freeport's Contract of Work Area. Deep purple in the river is mine tailings (2003).
723:
683:
646:
483:
476:
468:
367:
1911:
1049:
2061:
1565:
869:
1895:
1203:
2408:
1399:
1280:
516:
455:
336:
163:
1245:"Summary of AG-059 United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in West Irian"
692:
Since 2018 in negotiation on extending the permit of the mining operation the
2635:
2597:
2466:
2011:
1981:
1929:
1331:
985:
776:
719:
607:
363:
340:
212:
199:
175:
76:
2507:
2461:
2451:
1729:
1528:"Mining for the Future. Appendix J: Grasberg Riverine Disposal Case Study"
1440:"Freeport, Rio formally yield control of giant Grasberg mine to Indonesia"
2512:
2491:
2481:
2456:
1466:"Negotiations with Freeport took place over two-and-a-half years: Jokowi"
1035:
858:
801:
785:
738:(SAG) units processing a daily average of 240,000 tonnes of ore in 2006.
712:
508:
504:
460:
404:
348:
328:
2191:"Grasberg - deadly accident in Rio Tinto mine could have been prevented"
2476:
2471:
2283:, 3-part series, updated October 17, 2019. Other 2 parts linked within.
1414:"Indonesia officially controls 51.23 percent of Freeport shares:Jokowi"
1156:"Nederlands Nieuw Guinea en de behandeling van oliearbeiders in Sorong"
813:
711:
Underground portion of Grasberg Mine visited by President of Indonesia
486:
was transferred to Indonesia, and the mine was the first under the new
145:
2000:
1972:
1970:
1920:
1711:
1686:
Alonzo, Michael; Van Den Hoek, Jamon; Ahmed, Nabil (11 October 2016).
1130:"Freeport to yield control of giant Grasberg copper mine to Indonesia"
817:
750:
539:
407:
380:
359:
344:
185:
2062:"Freeport-McMoran: Corporate Rap Sheet | Corporate Research Project"
1801:"The Government Pension Fund divests its holdings in mining company"
884:, the Indonesian Special Forces, allegedly instigated the incident.
726:(Grasberg Block Cave, Deep Mill Level Zone and Big Gossan) and four
2356:
1967:
881:
854:
793:
754:
500:
20:
707:
2586:
2263:
2242:
2238:"Freeport Indonesia copper mine output drops due to strike -govt"
1482:
611:
487:
2259:"Freeport Indonesia mine workers extend strike for fourth month"
33:
2612:
578:
520:
422:
250:
240:
2165:"Police to focus on negligence in deadly Big Gossan collapse"
1896:"Corporate security practices and human rights in West Papua"
1813:
1795:
929:
Production at the mine has been affected by several strikes:
1836:. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2003
1745:"Freeport investors voice environmental fears over goldmine"
1234:
Mining Foundation of the Southwest. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
864:
Freeport has been excluded from the investment portfolio of
1825:
1338:, PhD Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra 1999
1075:"Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022"
899:
the security along the jungle road leading up to the mine.
496:
425:
deposits in the area. In 1939, he filed a report about the
418:
245:
2555:
1660:
660:
1945:"Military, police 'among suspects' in Freeport killings"
1867:
1865:
1685:
967:. Phoenix, Arizona: Freeport-McMoRan Inc. 25 April 2024
2113:"Team to Investigate Fatal Indonesian Mining Collapse"
1936:
1807:
1789:
2217:"Freeport halts work amid sabotage, separatist pleas"
2086:"28 bodies recovered after Indonesia tunnel collapse"
2163:
Somba, Nethy Dharma; Azwar, Ahmal S. (28 May 2013).
1862:
475:, Texaco chairman Augustus Long, George Mealey, and
463:. Van Gruisen casually mentioned the Dozy report to
1491:, Mining-Technology.com, 2006, accessed 16 Nov 2009
933:police and cutting the pipeline in several places.
857:into surrounding river systems, land surfaces, and
2236:Asmarini, Wilda; Kapa, Dennys (October 28, 2014).
1771:"Norwegian fund ends decade-long ban on Rio Tinto"
1365:Perlez, Jane; Bonner, Raymond (27 December 2005).
1269:
1080:. Phoenix, AZ: Freeport-McMoRan Inc. 21 April 2023
433:(NNGPM), an exploration company formed in 1935 by
2299:Freeport-McMoRan > Who we are > Our History
1520:
986:How much gold is there left to mine in the world?
431:Nederlandsche Nieuw Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij
351:. It is operated by PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI,
2633:
2257:Asmarini, Wilda; Taylor, Susan (July 21, 2017).
1873:"Police detain 17 suspects in Freeport killings"
1834:"US and Indonesia's military: Bedfellows again?"
956:
954:
952:
1661:EnviroSearch International (9 September 1994).
768:-fired combined cycle gas turbine power plant.
429:(Dutch for "ore mountain"). He was working for
2256:
1367:"Below a Mountain of Wealth, a River of Waste"
1022:
1020:
1018:
2571:
2372:
2281:Great Deposits of the World – Grasberg Part 1
1279:. United Nations. 26 May 2017. Archived from
1250:. United Nations. 26 May 2017. Archived from
949:
2287:Photos and comments from a visit to the mine
2235:
2138:"Big Gossan Collapse: Learning from Tragedy"
2008:"Two Freeport Workers Killed in Burning Car"
1364:
1237:
1067:
641:PT Indonesia Papua Metal & Mineral (10%)
374:(Block B). At 31 December 2022 Grasberg had
2652:Former Rio Tinto (corporation) subsidiaries
2328:Aerial photos of the Grasberg open pit mine
1384:
1015:
358:), a joint venture among the government of
2578:
2564:
2379:
2365:
2322:JFK, Indonesia, CIA & Freeport Sulphur
2162:
1668:(Report). Austin Chronicle. Archived from
1551:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
906:
1978:"Freeport Workers Protest after Killings"
1919:
1719:
2215:Somba, Nethy Dharma (October 18, 2011).
2110:
1942:
1831:
1742:
1437:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1127:
823:
775:
706:
394:
314:
1893:
1533:. Natural-resources.org. Archived from
1438:Jamasmie, Cecilia (27 September 2018).
1341:
1330:– others estimate much higher numbers.
1201:
844:
834:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
2634:
1588:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1500:
1176:
1153:
916:to the loss of life. According to the
875:
638:PT Mineral Industri Indonesia (41.23%)
2559:
2360:
2311:Grasberg Riverine Disposal Case Study
2295:, geology and mining technology, 2006
2214:
866:The Government Pension Fund of Norway
760:The facilities at the port include a
445:(40%) and Far Pacific investments (a
131:
98:
62:
2386:
2289:, by geology professor Kurt Friehauf
1900:Conflict, Security & Development
1633:"Environmental Management Factsheet"
1128:Jamasmie, Cecilia (29 August 2017).
376:proven and probable mineral reserves
1768:
1181:. New York: Antheneum. p. 14.
13:
1832:Shorrock, Tim (10 December 2002).
1743:Wootliff, Jonathan (2 June 2009).
1202:Parrots, Lindesay (6 March 1959).
745:is used to separate a copper-gold
622:Concentrate (copper, gold, silver)
14:
2688:
2316:"US-run mine warned by Indonesia"
2274:
1501:Karyza, Divya (24 October 2023).
1306:. Fontana Books. pp. 81–82.
19:For the German municipality, see
1943:Thompson, Geoff (13 July 2009).
702:
130:
123:
97:
90:
61:
54:
32:
16:Mine in Central Papua, Indonesia
2250:
2229:
2208:
2183:
2156:
2130:
2104:
2078:
2054:
2030:
1887:
1775:The Australian Financial Review
1762:
1736:
1679:
1654:
1625:
1596:
1494:
1458:
1431:
1406:
1225:
1195:
1179:The Conquest of Copper Mountain
1170:
1109:(Press release). 29 August 2017
435:Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij
335:in the world. It is located in
2672:Underground mines in Indonesia
2014:. 8 April 2011. Archived from
1984:. 8 April 2011. Archived from
1489:"Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia"
1158:(in Dutch). Utrecht University
1154:Geloof, T.C.C. van 't (2015).
1147:
1121:
1092:
1042:
998:"Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia"
990:
979:
771:
482:In 1963 the administration of
1:
2111:Cochrane, Joe (22 May 2013).
2042:www.downtoearth-indonesia.org
1912:10.1080/14678802.2015.1071975
1894:McKenna, Kylie (2015-08-08).
1815:Norwegian Ministry of Finance
1797:Norwegian Ministry of Finance
943:
718:The workings include a large
2293:Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia
1392:"Grasberg Minerals District"
784:complex from space in 2005.
354:
38:Grasberg mine open pit, 2007
7:
2585:
2318:, 23 March 2006 at BBC News
1769:Ker, Peter (25 June 2019).
443:Standard Vacuum Oil Company
10:
2693:
2667:Surface mines in Indonesia
2613:Indonesia Asahan Aluminium
2335:"Grasberg Mine, Indonesia"
924:
889:Tentara Nasional Indonesia
552:
447:Standard Oil of California
399:Panorama of the mine, 2009
390:
319:Grasberg Mine location map
18:
2642:Copper mines in Indonesia
2593:
2541:
2521:
2500:
2444:
2437:
2417:
2401:
2394:
1854:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1326:Figures published by the
1302:McDonald, Hamish (1980).
655:
626:
618:
602:
584:
574:
562:
305:
300:
292:
287:
279:
266:1.5 billion pounds copper
259:
233:
228:
191:
181:
169:
159:
81:Show map of Central Papua
48:
43:
31:
2301:Accessed 27 August 2013.
762:coal-fired power station
736:semi-autogenous grinding
526:In 1977 the rebel group
2647:Gold mines in Indonesia
2547:Freeport-McMoRan Center
1875:. The Age. 21 July 2009
1232:Forbes Kingsbury Wilson
1177:Wilson, Forbes (1981).
907:Accidents and incidents
694:government of Indonesia
633:Government of Indonesia
366:, and American company
327:has one of the largest
272:6 million ounces silver
269:1.7 million ounces gold
2657:Freeport-McMoRan mines
2339:NASA Earth Observatory
2144:. Jakarta. 29 May 2013
829:
789:
715:
590:; 57 years ago
507:and a new town called
400:
320:
150:Show map of New Guinea
2066:www.corp-research.org
1640:PT Freeport Indonesia
1611:PT Freeport Indonesia
1402:on 14 September 2017.
1107:PT Freeport Indonesia
1054:PT Freeport Indonesia
827:
779:
766:liquefied natural gas
710:
676:PT Freeport Indonesia
558:PT Freeport Indonesia
471:at the time included
398:
318:
309:PT Freeport Indonesia
213:4.05278°S 137.11583°E
114:Show map of Indonesia
111:Location in Indonesia
2018:on 22 September 2012
1988:on 22 September 2012
1604:"Tailings Factsheet"
1038:on 2 September 2017.
962:"2023 Annual Report"
845:Environmental damage
800:riverine system and
2418:President & CEO
2330:, archived ca. 2010
2324:, ca. 2000 reprint.
1704:2016NatSR...635129A
1675:on 13 January 2006.
1304:Suharto's Indonesia
1283:on 13 November 2018
1257:on 15 February 2017
876:Attacks on the mine
792:The concentrator's
559:
528:Free Papua Movement
473:Godfrey Rockefeller
449:subsidiary) (20%).
441:subsidiary) (40%),
218:-4.05278; 137.11583
209: /
28:
2608:Freeport Indonesia
1955:on 3 February 2010
1692:Scientific Reports
1371:The New York Times
1336:One Voice One Soul
1332:John Otto Ondawame
1050:"Our Project Area"
851:acid mine drainage
830:
790:
757:around the world.
716:
588:April 7, 1967
568:Perseroan terbatas
557:
401:
321:
26:
2626:
2625:
2553:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2433:
2432:
2171:. Jayapura, Papua
1712:10.1038/srep35129
1313:978-0-00-635721-6
1002:Mining Technology
838:Dames & Moore
743:flotation reagent
724:underground mines
673:
672:
439:Royal Dutch Shell
415:Dutch East Indies
411:Jean Jacques Dozy
313:
312:
2684:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2442:
2441:
2425:Richard Adkerson
2399:
2398:
2388:Freeport-McMoRan
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2341:. Archived from
2269:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:The Jakarta Post
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2169:The Jakarta Post
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1951:. Archived from
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:The Jakarta Post
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1698:(35129): 35129.
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1564:. Archived from
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1507:The Jakarta Post
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1470:The Jakarta Post
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:The Jakarta Post
1410:
1404:
1403:
1398:. Archived from
1396:Freeport-McMoRan
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1034:. Archived from
1032:Freeport-McMoRan
1024:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
994:
988:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
966:
958:
918:Freeport McMoran
686:owning 48.77%.
684:Freeport-McMoRan
669:
666:
664:
662:
647:Freeport-McMoRan
598:
596:
591:
560:
556:
484:Dutch New Guinea
469:Freeport Sulphur
368:Freeport-McMoRan
362:, government of
329:reserves of gold
224:
223:
221:
220:
219:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
151:
134:
133:
127:
115:
101:
100:
94:
82:
65:
64:
58:
36:
29:
25:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2589:
2584:
2554:
2549:
2533:
2517:
2496:
2429:
2413:
2390:
2385:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2277:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2234:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1812:
1808:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1737:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:"Archived copy"
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
991:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:
950:
946:
927:
909:
878:
847:
774:
705:
680:its state-owned
659:
594:
592:
589:
555:
517:aerial tramways
393:
275:
255:
217:
215:
211:
208:
203:
200:
198:
196:
195:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
70:
66:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Open-pit mines
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:Related topics
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2409:Gerald J. Ford
2405:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2275:External links
2273:
2271:
2270:
2249:
2228:
2207:
2182:
2155:
2129:
2117:New York Times
2103:
2077:
2053:
2029:
1999:
1966:
1935:
1906:(4): 359–385.
1886:
1861:
1824:
1817:(2006-06-06).
1806:
1799:(2008-09-09).
1788:
1761:
1735:
1678:
1653:
1624:
1595:
1550:
1519:
1493:
1481:
1457:
1430:
1405:
1383:
1340:
1319:
1312:
1294:
1268:
1236:
1224:
1211:New York Times
1194:
1187:
1169:
1146:
1120:
1091:
1066:
1041:
1014:
989:
978:
947:
945:
942:
926:
923:
908:
905:
877:
874:
853:from the mine
846:
843:
773:
770:
704:
701:
671:
670:
657:
653:
652:
651:
650:
644:
643:
642:
639:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
604:
600:
599:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
571:
564:
554:
551:
456:New York Times
392:
389:
337:Mimika Regency
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:Financial year
277:
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237:
235:
231:
230:
226:
225:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
164:Mimika Regency
161:
157:
156:
143:
137:
136:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
96:
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89:
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68:
67:
60:
59:
53:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2689:
2678:
2677:Central Papua
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Aneka Tambang
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:South America
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:North America
2443:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2345:on 2006-09-30
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:, POV article
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2092:. 22 May 2013
2091:
2087:
2081:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2012:Jakarta Globe
2009:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1982:Jakarta Globe
1979:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1571:on 2008-01-22
1567:
1560:
1554:
1540:on 2009-02-19
1536:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1188:0-689-11153-3
1184:
1180:
1173:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1003:
999:
993:
987:
982:
963:
957:
955:
953:
948:
941:
938:
934:
930:
922:
919:
913:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
885:
883:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
842:
839:
835:
832:In 1995, the
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
810:Wanagon River
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
782:Grasberg Mine
778:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
731:
729:
728:concentrators
725:
721:
720:open pit mine
714:
709:
703:Mine workings
700:
697:
695:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
668:
658:
654:
648:
645:
640:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:South Jakarta
605:
601:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
561:
550:
547:
543:
541:
537:
532:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
478:
477:Robert Lovett
474:
470:
466:
465:Forbes Wilson
462:
458:
457:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
406:
397:
388:
384:
382:
377:
371:
369:
365:
364:Central Papua
361:
357:
356:
350:
346:
342:
341:Central Papua
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Grasberg mine
317:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
271:
268:
265:
264:
262:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
227:
222:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
176:Central Papua
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
147:
138:Grasberg mine
126:
105:Grasberg mine
93:
78:
77:Central Papua
69:Grasberg mine
57:
47:
42:
35:
30:
27:Grasberg mine
22:
2628:
2528:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2262:
2252:
2241:
2231:
2220:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2197:. 2014-03-19
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2168:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1957:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1938:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1838:. Retrieved
1827:
1809:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1670:the original
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1610:
1598:
1573:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1446:. MINING.COM
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1400:the original
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1335:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1239:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1210:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1036:the original
1031:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
981:
969:. Retrieved
939:
935:
931:
928:
914:
910:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
879:
863:
848:
831:
791:
781:
759:
740:
732:
717:
698:
691:
688:
675:
674:
603:Headquarters
566:
563:Company type
548:
544:
535:
533:
525:
512:
511:(literally:
481:
454:
451:
426:
402:
385:
372:
352:
324:
322:
144:Location in
75:Location in
2513:Cerro Verde
2195:IndustriALL
1781:10 February
1754:10 February
1423:21 December
1213:. p. 8
1028:"Indonesia"
859:groundwater
806:Aikwa River
802:Arafura Sea
786:Puncak Jaya
772:Environment
747:concentrate
713:Joko Widodo
614:, Indonesia
513:copper town
509:Tembagapura
505:power plant
461:Arafura Sea
349:Puncak Jaya
216: /
192:Coordinates
2636:Categories
2603:Bukit Asam
2349:2006-05-08
2201:2022-02-08
2175:17 January
2148:17 January
2122:17 January
2096:17 January
2071:2022-02-08
2047:2022-02-08
1921:1885/34962
1646:16 October
1617:16 October
1575:2008-03-20
1544:2010-07-25
1475:2022-12-23
1450:1 February
1444:MINING.COM
1139:16 October
1134:MINING.com
1113:16 October
1007:16 October
944:References
814:overburden
606:Plaza 89,
595:1967-04-07
260:Production
229:Production
204:137°6′57″E
146:New Guinea
2522:Indonesia
2487:Henderson
1930:1467-8802
1376:9 October
1217:9 October
1059:9 October
870:Rio Tinto
818:limestone
751:Amamapare
635:(51.23%)
540:bulldozer
408:geologist
403:In 1936,
381:Amamapare
360:Indonesia
345:Indonesia
186:Indonesia
2529:Grasberg
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2452:Morenci
2402:Chairman
2142:TEMPO.CO
1850:cite web
1777:. Sydney
1730:27725748
1584:cite web
1328:ABRI/TNI
882:Kopassus
855:tailings
794:tailings
755:smelters
649:(48.77%)
619:Products
575:Industry
536:Grasberg
501:airstrip
493:pipeline
437:(BPM, a
427:Ertsberg
234:Products
201:4°3′10″S
171:Province
160:Location
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21:Grasberg
2587:MIND ID
2508:El Abra
2462:Safford
2264:Reuters
2243:Reuters
2022:9 April
1992:9 April
1959:9 April
1879:9 April
1840:9 April
1721:5057129
1700:Bibcode
1512:14 July
1162:14 July
1084:14 July
971:14 July
925:Strikes
656:Website
612:Jakarta
593: (
585:Founded
553:Company
488:Suharto
391:History
370:(FCX).
306:Company
288:History
182:Country
2492:Climax
2482:Tyrone
2457:Bagdad
2395:People
1928:
1728:
1718:
1642:. 2015
1613:. 2015
1310:
1287:26 May
1261:26 May
1185:
579:Mining
521:slurry
423:copper
333:copper
293:Opened
251:Silver
241:Copper
2618:Timah
2477:Chino
2472:Miami
2438:Mines
1673:(PDF)
1666:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
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1531:(PDF)
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1078:(PDF)
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331:and
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2124:2021
2098:2021
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1994:2011
1961:2011
1926:ISSN
1881:2011
1856:link
1842:2011
1783:2022
1756:2022
1726:PMID
1648:2017
1619:2017
1590:link
1514:2024
1452:2021
1425:2018
1378:2017
1308:ISBN
1289:2017
1263:2017
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1183:ISBN
1164:2024
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1115:2017
1086:2023
1061:2017
1009:2017
973:2024
780:The
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421:and
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353:see
323:The
296:1972
283:2023
246:Gold
2090:CNN
1949:ABC
1916:hdl
1908:doi
1716:PMC
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665:.co
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