27:
67:
1731:
205:
during the transfer maneuver. While most satellite operators plan to perform such a maneuver at the end of their satellites' operational lives, through 2005 only about one-third succeeded. Given the economic value of the positions at geosynchronous altitude, unless premature spacecraft failure
392:
is the aspect area to mass ratio of the satellite. This formula includes about 200 km for the GEO-protected zone to also permit orbit maneuvers in GEO without interference with the graveyard orbit. Another 35 kilometres (22 mi) of
331:
459:
Uncontrolled objects in a near geostationary orbit (GEO) exhibit a 53-year cycle of orbital inclination due to the interaction of the Earth's tilt with the lunar orbit. The orbital inclination varies ± 7.4°, at up to 0.8°pa.
484:
for launch by 2022 necessitates new approaches for deorbiting to assure earlier removal of the objects once they have reached end-of-life. Contrary to GEO graveyard orbits requiring three months' worth of fuel
416:(FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002, to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational lives. U.S. government regulations require a boost,
390:
243:
197:
beyond the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit beyond geostationary orbit requires the same amount of fuel as a satellite needs for about three months of
439:
362:
255:
917:
182:
of about 1,500 metres per second (4,900 ft/s), whereas re-orbiting it to a graveyard orbit only requires about 11 metres per second (36 ft/s).
534: – nuclear reactor satellite, remaining in a 700-nautical-mile (1,300 km; 810 mi) sub-synchronous Earth orbit for an expected 4,000 years
469:
210:
864:
489:
of 11 m/s) to reach, large satellite networks in LEO require orbits that passively decay into the Earth's atmosphere. For example, both
791:
709:
822:
1608:
684:
1668:
902:
413:
1663:
1543:
962:
477:
1628:
1382:
1701:
1340:
1331:
1068:
766:
26:
1755:
1648:
1118:
846:
685:"Method for re-orbiting a dual-mode propulsion geostationary spacecraft – Patent # 5651515 – PatentGenius"
1770:
1593:
202:
1573:
1400:
398:
367:
1711:
43:
1696:
1221:
453:
402:
55:
472:
of millions of years, the increasing number of satellites, the launch of microsatellites, and the
222:
1706:
1014:
394:
198:
175:
419:
1760:
1568:
1170:
1090:
1078:
798:
498:
143:
1765:
1691:
1633:
1603:
1391:
1268:
1236:
1206:
1165:
1150:
1029:
481:
401:(primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the
339:
151:
832:
66:
1716:
1538:
1322:
1211:
1180:
1108:
1083:
1058:
1019:
1000:
955:
740:
326:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}=235{\mbox{ km}}+\left(1000C_{R}{\frac {A}{m}}\right){\mbox{ km}}}
190:
147:
8:
1578:
1373:
1113:
537:
514:
246:
186:
17:
744:
1251:
1140:
1038:
893:
31:
728:
1618:
1516:
1446:
1201:
1155:
1073:
409:
170:
A graveyard orbit is used when the change in velocity required to perform a de-orbit
142:
that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a
1598:
1530:
1294:
1256:
1130:
1100:
1053:
510:
506:
468:
While the standard geosynchronous satellite graveyard orbit results in an expected
171:
39:
688:
206:
precludes it, satellites are moved to a graveyard orbit prior to decommissioning.
1638:
1231:
1135:
1024:
948:
139:
35:
1734:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1558:
1553:
1484:
1464:
1455:
1048:
1034:
1010:
1005:
980:
770:
526:
51:
501:
that decommissioned satellites will decay to a lower orbit – a
1749:
1588:
1583:
1502:
1145:
1063:
1653:
1563:
1437:
1420:
1278:
1175:
1043:
922:
446:
442:
159:
1658:
1493:
1263:
1243:
1160:
1226:
940:
918:"SpaceX and OneWeb broadband satellites raise fears about space debris"
733:
Proceedings of the 4th
European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587)
155:
119:
105:
91:
1643:
995:
827:
194:
445:
received the first-ever fine by the FCC for failing to de-orbit its
792:"Report of the IADC Activities on Space Debris Mitigation Measures"
531:
217:
1548:
895:
486:
214:
179:
150:. Some satellites are moved into such orbits at the end of their
557:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
767:"Broadcast 1666 (Special Edition) – Topic: Space debris issues"
710:"ESA – Space debris mitigation: the case for a code of conduct"
494:
490:
1353:
972:
405:, which depends on the physical parameters of the satellite.
59:
517:
the atmosphere and burn up within one year of end-of-life.
71:
452:
A spacecraft moved to a graveyard orbit will typically be
765:
Johnson, Nicholas (2011-12-05). Livingston, David (ed.).
473:
865:"DISH gets first-ever space debris fine over EchoStar-7"
154:
to reduce the probability of colliding with operational
317:
274:
727:
Jehn, R.; Agapov, V.; Hernández, C. (20 April 2005).
422:
370:
342:
258:
225:
726:
729:"End-of-Life Disposal of Geostationary Satellites"
433:
384:
356:
325:
237:
847:"US Government Orbital Debris Standard Practices"
624:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
449:satellite according to the terms of its license.
1747:
364:is the solar radiation pressure coefficient and
211:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
887:
885:
441:, of about 300 km (186 mi). In 2023
956:
595:is the gravitational constant, approximately
882:
909:
1730:
963:
949:
905:. Jerusalem, Israel. IAC-15,A6,7,3,x27478.
862:
644:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
381:
353:
234:
970:
891:
607:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
408:In order to obtain a license to provide
65:
25:
915:
764:
193:, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred
1748:
1609:Transposition, docking, and extraction
505: – where the satellite
944:
903:International Astronautical Congress
892:Anderson, Paul; et al. (2015).
863:Shepardson, David (2 October 2023).
412:services in the United States, the
397:must be allowed for the effects of
32:medium altitude orbits around Earth
13:
823:"FCC Enters Orbital Debris Debate"
587:is the orbital period in seconds;
583:is the radius of orbit in metres;
423:
259:
226:
70:An example of a graveyard orbit –
14:
1782:
1669:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
463:
414:Federal Communications Commission
1729:
1664:Interplanetary Transport Network
1544:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
385:{\displaystyle {\frac {A}{m}}\,}
1629:Astronomical coordinate systems
1383:Longitude of the ascending node
916:Brodkin, Jon (4 October 2017).
856:
1702:Retrograde and prograde motion
839:
815:
784:
758:
720:
702:
677:
618:
551:
201:. It also requires a reliable
30:Clickable image, highlighting
1:
670:
591:is the orbital speed in m/s;
1649:Equatorial coordinate system
238:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}\,}
174:is too large. De-orbiting a
23:Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
7:
520:
399:gravitational perturbations
165:
10:
1787:
1401:Longitude of the periapsis
497:have committed to the FCC
434:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}}
15:
1725:
1712:Specific angular momentum
1617:
1529:
1473:
1409:
1362:
1302:
1293:
1189:
1099:
988:
979:
56:Van Allen radiation belts
544:
403:solar radiation pressure
16:Not to be confused with
1707:Specific orbital energy
357:{\displaystyle C_{R}\,}
176:geostationary satellite
52:Moon's orbital distance
1119:Geostationary transfer
540:, in the Pacific Ocean
499:regulatory authorities
435:
386:
358:
327:
239:
144:supersynchronous orbit
123:
63:
50:, at one ninth of the
1692:Orbital state vectors
1634:Characteristic energy
1604:Trans-lunar injection
1392:Argument of periapsis
1069:Prograde / Retrograde
1030:Hyperbolic trajectory
436:
387:
359:
328:
240:
191:geosynchronous orbits
69:
29:
1539:Bi-elliptic transfer
1059:Parabolic trajectory
420:
368:
340:
256:
223:
148:geosynchronous orbit
1756:Derelict satellites
1579:Low-energy transfer
745:2005ESASP.587..373J
538:Spacecraft cemetery
513:and then naturally
509:would decay due to
247:geostationary orbit
213:(IADC) the minimum
187:geostationary orbit
44:geostationary orbit
18:Spacecraft cemetery
1771:Spacecraft endings
1574:Inclination change
1222:Distant retrograde
478:megaconstellations
476:approval of large
431:
410:telecommunications
382:
354:
323:
321:
278:
235:
185:For satellites in
124:
64:
1743:
1742:
1717:Two-line elements
1525:
1524:
1447:Eccentric anomaly
1289:
1288:
1156:Orbit of the Moon
1015:Highly elliptical
835:on March 8, 2005.
773:. 1:03:05–1:06:20
739:. ESA/ESOC: 373.
611:10 kg (1.318
379:
320:
309:
277:
209:According to the
72:Earth fixed frame
1778:
1733:
1732:
1674:Lagrangian point
1569:Hohmann transfer
1514:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1300:
1299:
1269:Heliosynchronous
1218:Lagrange points
1171:Transatmospheric
986:
985:
965:
958:
951:
942:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
913:
907:
906:
900:
889:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
854:
853:
851:
843:
837:
836:
831:. Archived from
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
797:. Archived from
796:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
724:
718:
717:
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
687:. Archived from
681:
664:
663:
661:
659:
658:
655:
652:
643:
641:
639:
638:
635:
632:
622:
616:
614:
610:
602:
600:
555:
511:atmospheric drag
507:orbital altitude
480:of thousands of
470:orbital lifetime
440:
438:
437:
432:
430:
391:
389:
388:
383:
380:
372:
363:
361:
360:
355:
352:
351:
332:
330:
329:
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
310:
302:
300:
299:
279:
275:
266:
244:
242:
241:
236:
233:
203:attitude control
152:operational life
130:, also called a
122:
117:
108:
103:
94:
89:
80:
78:
40:High Earth orbit
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1721:
1639:Escape velocity
1620:
1613:
1594:Rocket equation
1521:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1341:Semi-minor axis
1336:
1332:Semi-major axis
1327:
1318:
1312:
1285:
1207:Areosynchronous
1191:
1185:
1166:Sun-synchronous
1151:Near-equatorial
1095:
975:
969:
939:
938:
928:
926:
914:
910:
898:
890:
883:
873:
871:
861:
857:
849:
845:
844:
840:
821:
820:
816:
807:
805:
801:
794:
790:
789:
785:
776:
774:
763:
759:
749:
747:
725:
721:
708:
707:
703:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
673:
668:
667:
656:
653:
651:405,696 km
650:
649:
647:
645:
636:
633:
631:363,104 km
630:
629:
627:
625:
623:
619:
612:
608:
598:
596:
556:
552:
547:
523:
466:
426:
421:
418:
417:
371:
369:
366:
365:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
316:
301:
295:
291:
287:
283:
273:
262:
257:
254:
253:
229:
224:
221:
220:
168:
158:and generating
128:graveyard orbit
115:
114:
101:
100:
87:
86:
76:
75:
74:
48:graveyard orbit
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1735:List of orbits
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:Orbit equation
1684:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Gravity assist
1556:
1554:Delta-v budget
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1485:Orbital period
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1465:True longitude
1458:
1456:Mean longitude
1449:
1440:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:Areostationary
1209:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1181:Very low Earth
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1109:Geosynchronous
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1091:Transfer orbit
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Lagrange point
1046:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
983:
977:
976:
971:Gravitational
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
937:
936:
908:
881:
855:
838:
814:
783:
771:The Space Show
757:
719:
701:
675:
674:
672:
669:
666:
665:
657:42,164 km
637:42,164 km
617:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
535:
529:
527:List of orbits
522:
519:
503:disposal orbit
465:
464:Disposal orbit
462:
429:
425:
378:
375:
350:
346:
334:
333:
314:
308:
305:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
269:
265:
261:
232:
228:
199:stationkeeping
167:
164:
136:disposal orbit
38:to the lowest
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Astrodynamics
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:-body problem
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Oberth effect
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:Orbital speed
1497:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:Earth's orbit
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Geostationary
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
987:
984:
982:
978:
974:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
943:
925:
924:
919:
912:
904:
897:
896:
888:
886:
870:
866:
859:
848:
842:
834:
830:
829:
824:
818:
804:on 2015-04-02
800:
793:
787:
772:
768:
761:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
715:
711:
705:
691:on 2013-11-10
690:
686:
680:
676:
621:
606:
601:10 Nm/kg
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575: =
574:
571:
567:
564:
561: =
560:
554:
550:
539:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
427:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
376:
373:
348:
344:
312:
306:
303:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
270:
267:
263:
252:
251:
250:
248:
230:
219:
216:
212:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
112:
107:
98:
93:
84:
73:
68:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
19:
1766:Earth orbits
1697:Perturbation
1679:
1654:Ground track
1564:Gravity turn
1515:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:True anomaly
1436:
1421:Mean anomaly
1419:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1323:Eccentricity
1321:
1279:Lunar cycler
1252:Heliocentric
1192:other points
1141:Medium Earth
1125:
1039:Non-inclined
927:. Retrieved
923:Ars Technica
921:
911:
894:
872:. Retrieved
868:
858:
841:
833:the original
826:
817:
806:. Retrieved
799:the original
786:
775:. Retrieved
760:
748:. Retrieved
736:
732:
722:
713:
704:
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
679:
620:
615:10 lb).
604:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
553:
502:
467:
458:
451:
447:EchoStar VII
407:
335:
208:
184:
169:
160:space debris
146:well beyond
135:
131:
127:
125:
110:
96:
82:
79: Earth
54:), with the
47:
1659:Hill sphere
1494:Mean motion
1374:Inclination
1363:Orientation
1264:Mars cycler
1202:Areocentric
1074:Synchronous
769:(podcast).
750:November 6,
714:www.esa.int
245:beyond the
178:requires a
1750:Categories
1599:Rendezvous
1295:Parameters
1131:High Earth
1101:Geocentric
1054:Osculating
1011:Elliptical
808:2015-03-07
777:2015-01-05
695:2012-10-28
671:References
646:(that is,
626:(that is,
482:satellites
454:passivated
195:kilometers
156:spacecraft
132:junk orbit
120:Spaceway-3
106:Spaceway-2
92:Spaceway-1
1644:Ephemeris
1621:mechanics
1531:Maneuvers
1474:Variation
1237:Libration
1232:Lissajous
1136:Low Earth
1126:Graveyard
1025:Horseshoe
874:3 October
828:Space.com
424:Δ
395:tolerance
260:Δ
227:Δ
36:Low Earth
1410:Position
1035:Inclined
1006:Circular
929:28 April
579:, where
532:SNAP-10A
521:See also
319: km
276: km
218:altitude
172:maneuver
166:Overview
138:, is an
62:to scale
58:and the
46:and its
1619:Orbital
1589:Phasing
1549:Delta-v
1354:Apsides
1348:,
1146:Molniya
1064:Parking
1001:Capture
989:General
901:. 66th
869:Reuters
741:Bibcode
660:
648:
640:
628:
515:reenter
487:delta-V
215:perigee
180:delta-v
118:
104:
90:
34:, from
1275:Other
1176:Tundra
1044:Kepler
1020:Escape
973:orbits
495:SpaceX
491:OneWeb
336:where
116:
111:·
109:
102:
97:·
95:
88:
83:·
81:
77:
1517:Epoch
1306:Shape
1244:Lunar
1198:Mars
1190:About
1161:Polar
981:Types
899:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
597:6.673
545:Notes
140:orbit
113:
99:
85:
60:Earth
1309:Size
1248:Sun
1227:Halo
1079:semi
931:2019
876:2023
752:2022
568:and
493:and
443:DISH
289:1000
249:is:
189:and
1084:sub
996:Box
737:587
474:FCC
271:235
134:or
1752::
1432:,
1428:,
1037:/
1013:/
920:.
884:^
867:.
825:.
735:.
731:.
712:.
603:;
577:GM
566:GM
456:.
162:.
126:A
1680:n
1512:0
1509:t
1499:v
1490:n
1481:T
1461:l
1452:L
1443:E
1434:f
1430:θ
1426:ν
1417:M
1397:ϖ
1388:ω
1379:Ω
1370:i
1350:q
1346:Q
1337:b
1328:a
1319:e
964:e
957:t
950:v
933:.
878:.
852:.
811:.
780:.
754:.
743::
716:.
698:.
662:)
654:/
642:)
634:/
613:×
609:×
605:M
599:×
593:G
589:V
585:T
581:R
573:R
570:V
563:T
559:R
485:(
428:H
377:m
374:A
349:R
345:C
313:)
307:m
304:A
297:R
293:C
285:(
281:+
268:=
264:H
231:H
42:(
20:.
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