125:. “Gravidity” is an important component of a patient’s reproductive history, as it provides insight into the risk factors that the patient has for pregnancy outcomes, such as risk for gestational diabetes, pre-ecclampsia, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and more. The gravidity of the patient is associated with risk for other conditions as well, including risk for breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. Knowing a patient’s obstetric history in a prenatal assessment or early in gestation allows the patient to receive early intervention to prevent these associated risks.
1260:
2403:
349:. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with females who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Females having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.
2427:
471:, triplets and higher multiples) count as one pregnancy (gravidity) and as one birth. For example, a pregnant female who carried one pregnancy to term with a surviving infant; carried one pregnancy to 35 weeks with surviving twins; carried one pregnancy to 9 weeks as an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy; and has three living children would have a TPAL annotation of T1, P1, A1, L3. This could also be written as 1-1-1-3.
2415:
369:. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous". Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.
179:
is the number of pregnancies carried by a female for at least 20 weeks (duration varies from region to region, 20 – 28 weeks, depending upon age of viability). If a female carries the fetus to viable age, even if ultimately the fetus is born deceased, this still counts as an instance of parity, as
482:
when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies. For example, the gravidity and parity of a female who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to
162:
Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a female in their first pregnancy who is at least 35 years old.
48:(gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. When using these terms:
52:
Gravida indicates the number of times a female is or has been pregnant, regardless of the pregnancy outcome. A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) is counted as
506:
Some established journals have used GTPAL system ignoring "T", and even rearranging the letters within the remaining combination . Thus, individual choices of authors also seem to matter, which recognized journals often ignore.
463:, prior to 20 weeks. If a fetus is aborted after 20 weeks, spontaneously or electively, then it is counted as a premature birth and P will increase but L will not. The TPAL is described by numbers separated by hyphens.
2269:
682:
Stubblefield PG, Coonrod DV, Reddy UM, Sayegh R, Nicholson W, Rychlik DF, Jack BW (1 December 2008). "The clinical content of preconception care: reproductive history".
377:
A number of systems are incorporated into a female's obstetric history to record the number of past pregnancies and pregnancies carried to viable age. These include:
2274:
907:"Blood and Milk Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Viability in Primiparous and Pluriparous Dairy Cows During Late Pregnancy, Around Parturition and Early Lactation"
389:(GP), is one such shorthand. For example, the obstetric history of a female who has had two pregnancies (both of which resulted in live births) would be noted as G
862:
Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO, et al. (1990). "Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries".
298:. Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor.
487:
Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages,
222:
Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A female who has given birth one or more times can also be referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3, and so on.
397:. The obstetric history of a female who has had four pregnancies, one of which was a miscarriage before 20 weeks, would be noted in the GPA system as G
717:
Troisi R, Bjørge T, Gissler M, Grotmol T, Kitahara CM, Myrtveit Sæther SM, Ording AG, Sköld C, Sørensen HT, Trabert B, Glimelius I (May 2018).
3028:
1073:
622:
2997:
1249:
561:
2325:
533:
455:
refers to living children. When reported, the "abortions" number refers to the total number of spontaneous or induced abortions and
2384:
2431:
2307:
2345:
515:
In obstetrics, the term can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks, and for multiple pregnancies.
3193:
3123:
1056:
1012:
635:
3338:
66:
is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or
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3297:
2465:
2279:
3163:
2419:
2389:
3198:
3063:
2284:
1432:
56:
Parity, or "para", indicates the number of births (including live births and stillbirths) where pregnancies reached
3302:
3002:
2527:
1617:
417:. The obstetric history of a female who has had one pregnancy of twins with successful outcomes would be noted as G
3354:
3068:
1986:
1809:
1583:
1242:
491:
births, and live births by dropping the "A" from "GPA" and including four separate numbers after the "P", as in G
1188:
Opara EI, Zaidi J (October 2007). "The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey".
3118:
1272:
3143:
3050:
2552:
2367:
2335:
2233:
346:
60:. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) carried to viable gestational age is still counted as 1.
3148:
3108:
2607:
2312:
2228:
1566:
180:
parity is based on the time of gestation prior to a birth, and not the status of the offspring once born.
2977:
2788:
2761:
1841:
1784:
1348:
719:"The role of pregnancy, perinatal factors and hormones in maternal cancer risk: a review of the evidence"
105:
females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In
3183:
3020:
2778:
2703:
2673:
2407:
2372:
2362:
1402:
1284:
1235:
820:
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2845:
2585:
2509:
2165:
2035:
1993:
1854:
3420:
2595:
2377:
1901:
1717:
1684:
1576:
22:
1081:
844:
3168:
3033:
2771:
2532:
2499:
2458:
2330:
2184:
1976:
1669:
26:
431:
is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history. In TPAL, the
3287:
3103:
2668:
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2243:
2111:
2101:
1966:
1689:
1622:
1597:
1533:
1407:
641:
1004:
998:
70:
but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.
3282:
3138:
3093:
3088:
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3078:
2907:
2860:
2855:
2823:
2643:
2223:
2025:
1829:
1504:
164:
101:
499:. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one
3410:
3328:
3188:
3045:
2969:
2877:
2867:
2663:
2564:
2542:
2238:
2189:
1509:
1499:
1427:
1422:
1397:
1377:
1104:"Primary abdominal pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament with haemoperitoneum: a near miss"
1028:
923:
906:
8:
3415:
3292:
3203:
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2917:
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2818:
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1742:
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460:
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3073:
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2623:
2504:
2451:
2340:
2069:
1923:
1694:
1679:
1213:
1153:
Creinin MD, Simhan HN (March 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?".
1130:
1103:
979:
956:
Vecchio D, Neglia G, Rendina M, Marchiello M, Balestrieri A, Di Palo R (January 2007).
887:
743:
718:
122:
583:
Creinin MD, Simhan, HN (Mar 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?".
3257:
3133:
2872:
2813:
2653:
2633:
2628:
2160:
2079:
2003:
1981:
1494:
1412:
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938:
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291:
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983:
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807:
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1722:
1489:
1484:
1197:
1162:
1125:
1115:
969:
928:
918:
871:
834:
F. Gary
Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
779:
738:
730:
691:
592:
440:
304:
240:
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2537:
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2218:
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1938:
1896:
1757:
1732:
1656:
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1528:
1474:
1358:
1166:
596:
488:
464:
91:"burdened, heavy") is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly
57:
1227:
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3238:
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2590:
2261:
2088:
2064:
2008:
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1881:
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1859:
1737:
1521:
1392:
1338:
695:
117:
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a female has been
84:
2270:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
562:"Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment)"
3404:
3333:
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3012:
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1174:
1139:
942:
875:
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604:
147:" is a female who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once.
933:
883:
793:
121:, regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a
3359:
2954:
2912:
2830:
2118:
2054:
1891:
1834:
1774:
1769:
1607:
1556:
1417:
456:
358:
287:
67:
1259:
1051:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. 385.
772:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
294:
before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not females who have experienced
3364:
2882:
2804:
2683:
2478:
1516:
1456:
1387:
734:
677:
675:
673:
295:
106:
2474:
1906:
1779:
1639:
1629:
1464:
1442:
1369:
448:
958:"Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility"
821:
https://demo.oppia-mobile.org/media/courses/ldc-all/02_12181_en.html
670:
3243:
2959:
2289:
2106:
2020:
1998:
1918:
1819:
1727:
1634:
1561:
1479:
1299:
500:
286:) has never given birth. It includes females who have experienced
118:
45:
37:
555:
553:
219:
describes the condition of having given birth five or more times.
2766:
2208:
2179:
2155:
2137:
1933:
1913:
96:
80:
63:
33:
996:
905:
Mehrzad J, Duchateau L, Pyörälä S, Burvenich C (December 2002).
904:
768:"Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over"
3272:
2734:
2729:
2046:
1928:
1752:
1674:
1333:
1328:
1323:
550:
955:
681:
328:
183:
A female who has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is
3318:
2982:
2751:
1808:
1343:
1294:
1003:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
468:
1078:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
207:. A female who has given birth two, three, or four times is
2013:
337:
267:
261:
92:
1043:
1041:
766:
Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW (June 1987).
765:
716:
1824:
331:
319:
313:
255:
246:
2275:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
1049:
Lippincott Manual of
Nursing Practice Series: Assessment
1038:
990:
435:
refers to term births (after 37 weeks' gestation), the
478:
is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and
1965:
1101:
1080:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Archived from
1076:. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS (eds.).
310:
307:
270:
243:
225:
Viable gestational age varies from region to region.
334:
325:
316:
264:
258:
249:
1095:
630:(22 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 121.
322:
252:
158:" is a female who has been pregnant more than once.
16:Number of times a female has given birth to a baby
1257:
582:
534:"Gravida & Parity: Definition & Examples"
3402:
861:
560:Borton C, Tidy C, Payne J (November 12, 2009).
559:
1000:Introductory maternity & pediatric nursing
112:
99:) when carrying eggs internally. For example,
21:"Gravida" redirects here. For other uses, see
2459:
1243:
1152:
1029:"The OB-GYN Clerkship: Your Guide to Success"
830:
828:
684:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
167:can be a risk factor for some birth defects.
2473:
1181:
1146:
1071:
997:Hatfield, Nancy, N. Jayne Klossner (2006).
2466:
2452:
2326:International Center for Research on Women
1250:
1236:
1187:
825:
759:
620:
503:or miscarriage, and four living children.
140:" is a female who has never been pregnant.
44:are the number of times a female has been
1129:
1119:
973:
932:
922:
783:
742:
531:
949:
898:
195:. A female who has given birth once is
74:
3403:
616:
614:
2447:
2045:
1231:
1102:Gundabattula SR, Pochiraju M (2014).
301:Long-term and permanent nulliparity (
170:
2414:
2308:Office of Research on Women's Health
372:
352:
109:it describes a mated female insect.
3298:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2426:
2346:Society for Women's Health Research
2280:International Day of the Girl Child
611:
361:, parity in biology is a factor in
13:
2390:Birth control in the United States
14:
3432:
2285:Commission on the Status of Women
1295:External female genitalia (vulva)
962:Italian Journal of Animal Science
924:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74415-9
3303:Postpartum physiological changes
3003:Postpartum physiological changes
2528:Assisted reproductive technology
2425:
2413:
2402:
2401:
1618:Assisted reproductive technology
1258:
1202:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x
385:(GPA) system, or sometimes just
303:
239:
3355:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1584:Breastfeeding and mental health
1065:
1021:
864:International Journal of Cancer
855:
845:"Definition of Grand multipara"
837:
814:
2998:Maternal physiological changes
800:
710:
690:(6, Supplement B): S373–S383.
659:
576:
525:
347:risk factors for breast cancer
228:
133:" refers to a pregnant female.
1:
2553:partner-assisted reproduction
2234:Social determinants of health
518:
365:in domestic animals kept for
296:pregnancy loss after 20 weeks
2229:Gender disparities in health
1567:Mother-to-child transmission
1167:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f
1034:. Loyola University Chicago.
785:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6
723:Journal of Internal Medicine
597:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f
510:
7:
2789:Traditional birth attendant
1842:Pelvic inflammatory disease
1785:Hormone replacement therapy
1349:Reproductive system disease
1121:10.7860/JCDR/2014/7902.4381
113:Gravidity in human medicine
10:
3437:
3021:Brain health and pollution
2336:Black Women's Health Study
1403:Complications of pregnancy
696:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.048
20:
3382:
3347:
3311:
3265:
3256:
3234:Chorionic villus sampling
3216:
3011:
2968:
2937:
2930:
2797:
2722:
2691:
2682:
2616:
2586:Obstetric ultrasonography
2573:
2518:
2510:Pre-conception counseling
2485:
2397:
2354:
2313:Women's Health Initiative
2298:
2260:
2251:
2200:
2166:Major depressive disorder
2034:
1994:Intimate partner violence
1956:
1855:Female genital mutilation
1850:
1799:
1708:
1650:
1596:
1542:
1455:
1368:
1357:
1283:
1270:
666:Oxford English Dictionary
585:Obstetrics and Gynecology
409:and in the GP system as G
3124:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1902:Gynaecological disorders
1718:Culture and menstruation
1685:Contraceptive prevalence
1577:Compulsory sterilization
975:10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.512
911:Journal of Dairy Science
288:spontaneous miscarriages
199:and is referred to as a
23:Gravida (disambiguation)
3194:Motor vehicle emissions
3055:Concomitant conditions
3029:environmental toxicants
2772:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2533:artificial insemination
2500:Natural family planning
2185:Urinary tract infection
1977:Abuse during childbirth
27:Parity (disambiguation)
3288:Postpartum confinement
2548:in vitro fertilisation
2102:Cardiovascular disease
1690:Contraceptive security
1623:In vitro fertilization
1534:Postpartum confinement
1408:Hyperemesis gravidarum
876:10.1002/ijc.2910460408
808:"Definition of PARITY"
88:
58:viable gestational age
3283:Postpartum depression
3164:Pruritic folliculitis
2908:Unassisted childbirth
2224:Healthcare inequality
2026:Gender discrimination
1830:Human papilloma virus
1505:Vesicovaginal fistula
621:Cunningham G (2005).
532:Utterback S, Cena C.
165:Advanced maternal age
102:Astatotilapia burtoni
83:, the term "gravid" (
3390:Gravidity and parity
3370:Congenital disorders
3329:Lactation consultant
3199:Pre-existing disease
2878:Childbirth positions
2868:Rupture of membranes
2565:Unintended pregnancy
2543:fertility medication
2331:Nurses' Health Study
2239:Reproductive justice
2190:Urinary incontinence
1810:Sexually transmitted
1665:Intrauterine devices
1510:Rectovaginal fistula
1500:Obstetrical fistulae
1428:Gestational diabetes
1423:Obstetrical bleeding
1398:Adolescent pregnancy
1383:Gravidity and parity
1378:Unintended pregnancy
1072:Bardsley CR (2011).
383:gravida/para/abortus
75:Gravidity in biology
42:gravidity and parity
3293:Sex after pregnancy
3100:Endocrine diseases
3046:Prenatal depression
2918:Placental expulsion
2836:Uterine contraction
2819:cervical effacement
2560:Fertility awareness
2244:Women's empowerment
2112:Alzheimer's disease
1743:Cloth menstrual pad
1700:Fertility awareness
1670:Oral contraceptives
1552:Perinatal mortality
483:misinterpretations.
461:ectopic pregnancies
175:In human medicine,
3069:Hypercoagulability
2898:Natural childbirth
2747:Postterm pregnancy
2505:Male contraceptive
2341:Cartwright Inquiry
2252:Politics, research
2070:Endometrial cancer
1924:Sexual intercourse
1695:Planned parenthood
1680:Male contraceptive
1074:"Normal Pregnancy"
735:10.1111/joim.12747
647:on 2 February 2017
624:William Obstetrics
171:Parity in medicine
3398:
3397:
3383:Obstetric history
3378:
3377:
3339:Confinement nanny
3252:
3251:
3119:Acute fatty liver
2926:
2925:
2814:cervical dilation
2441:
2440:
2321:
2320:
2146:
2145:
2097:
2096:
2080:Papanicolaou test
2036:Non-communicable
2004:Sexual harassment
1982:Domestic violence
1952:
1951:
1795:
1794:
1592:
1591:
1495:Retained placenta
1413:Ectopic pregnancy
1058:978-1-58255-939-1
1014:978-0-7817-3690-9
968:(sup1): 512–514.
917:(12): 3268–3276.
637:978-0-07-141315-2
373:Recording systems
353:Parity in biology
292:induced abortions
3428:
3263:
3262:
3229:Cardiotocography
2935:
2934:
2841:Vaginal delivery
2714:Nesting instinct
2689:
2688:
2674:Rudimentary horn
2603:Prenatal testing
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2258:
2257:
2043:
2042:
1963:
1962:
1957:Non-reproductive
1806:
1805:
1723:Feminine hygiene
1490:Cesarian section
1485:Obstructed labor
1366:
1365:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1108:J Clin Diagn Res
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
977:
953:
947:
946:
936:
926:
902:
896:
895:
859:
853:
852:
841:
835:
832:
823:
818:
812:
811:
804:
798:
797:
787:
763:
757:
756:
746:
714:
708:
707:
679:
668:
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
646:
640:. Archived from
629:
618:
609:
608:
580:
574:
573:
571:
569:
557:
548:
547:
545:
544:
529:
501:induced abortion
441:premature births
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
211:and is called a
187:and is called a
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3421:Human pregnancy
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3374:
3343:
3307:
3278:Postpartum care
3248:
3212:
3115:Liver diseases
3109:Thyroid disease
3007:
2993:Gestational age
2964:
2922:
2888:Labor induction
2793:
2784:Perinatal nurse
2757:Birth attendant
2718:
2678:
2612:
2608:Medical imaging
2569:
2538:fertility fraud
2514:
2481:
2472:
2442:
2437:
2393:
2378:Family planning
2356:
2350:
2317:
2294:
2253:
2247:
2219:Gender equality
2202:
2196:
2142:
2093:
2075:Cervical cancer
2037:
2030:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1939:Sex differences
1897:Forced marriage
1846:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1733:Menstrual cycle
1704:
1657:Family planning
1655:
1646:
1599:
1588:
1547:Maternal deaths
1538:
1529:Postpartum care
1475:Multiple births
1451:
1360:
1353:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1266:
1256:
1226:
1225:
1186:
1182:
1151:
1147:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1015:
995:
991:
954:
950:
903:
899:
860:
856:
849:medicinenet.com
843:
842:
838:
833:
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819:
815:
806:
805:
801:
764:
760:
715:
711:
680:
671:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
638:
627:
619:
612:
581:
577:
567:
565:
558:
551:
542:
540:
530:
526:
521:
513:
498:
494:
465:Multiple births
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
375:
367:milk production
355:
306:
302:
242:
238:
231:
217:Grand multipara
173:
115:
77:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Health visitor
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3239:Nonstress test
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:Skin diseases
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Amniotic fluid
2941:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Multiple birth
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Bradley method
2695:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2591:Pregnancy test
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2355:Women's health
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2262:United Nations
2255:
2254:& advocacy
2249:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2201:Sociocultural
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2089:Ovarian cancer
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2065:Uterine cancer
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2009:Sexual assault
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Child marriage
1884:
1882:Breast ironing
1879:
1874:
1872:Breast binding
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:Clitoridectomy
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:Menstrual aids
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1522:Husband stitch
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1393:Antenatal care
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:Fallopian tube
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1291:
1289:
1285:Reproductive
1278:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:Women's health
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1196:(10): 1295–7.
1180:
1155:Obstet Gynecol
1145:
1094:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1020:
1013:
989:
948:
934:1854/LU-149282
897:
870:(4): 597–603.
854:
836:
824:
813:
799:
758:
729:(5): 430–445.
709:
669:
658:
636:
610:
575:
564:. Patient.info
549:
523:
522:
520:
517:
512:
509:
496:
492:
485:
484:
472:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
374:
371:
354:
351:
230:
227:
172:
169:
160:
159:
156:secundigravida
148:
141:
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111:
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73:
72:
71:
61:
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3:
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3350:
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3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Monthly nurse
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
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3301:
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3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Amniocentesis
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Vaginal flora
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
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3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:Substance use
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
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3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
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3018:
3016:
3014:
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3001:
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2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Fundal height
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
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2936:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
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2839:
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2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
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2790:
2787:
2785:
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2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:Preterm birth
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Hypnobirthing
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
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2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:3D ultrasound
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
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2551:
2549:
2546:
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2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Birth control
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
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2303:
2301:
2300:United States
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
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2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
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2215:
2214:Disadvantaged
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:Urinary tract
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:Mental health
2149:
2148:
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2136:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
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2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Breast cancer
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1969:against women
1964:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1944:Sex education
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Breast health
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Menstrual cup
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:Contraception
1649:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Childlessness
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1598:Reproductive
1595:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:Sterilization
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
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1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Preterm birth
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Clitoral hood
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:Reproductive
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1219:
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1084:on 2013-01-20
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3064:Hypertension
3051:Immunization
3034:in pregnancy
2950:Amniotic sac
2903:Silent birth
2846:Presentation
2809:Bishop score
2779:Obstetrician
2669:Interstitial
2596:home testing
2430:
2418:
2406:
2129:Hip fracture
2124:Osteoporosis
1865:Infibulation
1765:Dysmenorrhea
1758:Sanitary pad
1710:Menstruation
1438:Preeclampsia
1433:Hypertension
1382:
1317:Labia majora
1312:Labia minora
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1082:the original
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459:, including
457:miscarriages
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387:gravida/para
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363:productivity
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152:multigravida
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145:primigravida
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138:nulligravida
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68:miscarriages
41:
31:
18:
3411:Gynaecology
3360:Apgar score
3144:Hepatitis C
3130:Infections
2970:Development
2955:Endometrium
2913:Water birth
2831:Bloody show
2762:Men's roles
2692:Preparation
2644:Heterotopic
2432:WikiProject
2119:Bone health
2055:Lung cancer
1892:Dyspareunia
1835:HPV vaccine
1775:Amenorrhoea
1770:Menorrhagia
1608:Infertility
1557:Stillbirths
1418:Miscarriage
359:agriculture
235:nulliparous
229:Nulliparity
209:multiparous
197:primiparous
185:nulliparous
3416:Population
3405:Categories
3365:Child care
3258:Postpartum
3217:Procedures
3169:Dermatoses
3025:Nutrition
2883:Home birth
2805:Pelvimetry
2684:Childbirth
2664:Unintended
2520:Conception
2479:childbirth
2357:by country
2161:Depression
1812:infections
1517:Episiotomy
1457:Childbirth
1388:Obstetrics
1088:2013-06-19
543:2023-09-13
519:References
451:, and the
447:refers to
439:refers to
129:The term "
123:live birth
107:entomology
2873:Caesarean
2639:Abdominal
2475:Pregnancy
1987:Pregnancy
1967:Violence
1907:Vaginitis
1780:Menopause
1640:Fostering
1630:Parenting
1600:life plan
1465:Midwifery
1443:Eclampsia
1370:Pregnancy
1359:Maternal
651:19 August
538:study.com
511:Criticism
474:The term
449:abortions
280:nullipara
201:primipara
189:nullipara
3266:Maternal
3244:Abortion
3189:Bleeding
3139:COVID-19
3104:Diabetes
3089:Cannabis
3039:prenatal
2960:Placenta
2931:Prenatal
2861:shoulder
2856:cephalic
2824:position
2798:Delivery
2659:Postterm
2624:Cervical
2487:Planning
2408:Category
2368:Ethiopia
2290:UN Women
2107:Dementia
2038:diseases
2021:Femicide
1999:Misogyny
1919:Polygamy
1820:Safe sex
1728:Menarche
1635:Adoption
1562:Abortion
1480:Oxytocin
1300:Clitoris
1218:44999235
1210:17877683
1175:19300338
1140:24995221
984:85810948
943:12512600
892:32387496
753:29476569
704:19081433
605:19300338
568:June 26,
119:pregnant
97:reptiles
89:gravidus
46:pregnant
38:medicine
3175:Others
3149:Malaria
3094:Opioids
3084:Alcohol
3079:Smoking
2938:Anatomy
2767:Midwife
2735:Newborn
2654:Ovarian
2634:Ectopic
2629:Cryptic
2574:Testing
2420:Commons
2209:Poverty
2203:factors
2180:Urethra
2156:Anxiety
2138:Anaemia
1934:Puberty
1914:Leblouh
1800:Sexual
1675:Condoms
1131:4080042
884:2145231
794:3609426
744:6688839
489:preterm
131:gravida
81:biology
64:Abortus
34:biology
3348:Infant
3273:Lochia
3059:Anemia
2978:Embryo
2851:breech
2730:Mother
2709:Lamaze
2385:Russia
2047:Cancer
1959:health
1929:Orgasm
1802:health
1753:Tampon
1361:health
1334:Uterus
1329:Cervix
1324:Vagina
1275:health
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480:GTPALM
443:, the
345:) are
284:para 0
213:multip
205:primip
193:para 0
177:parity
154:" or "
3319:Doula
3312:Roles
3204:Sleep
3179:Drugs
3159:Lupus
2983:Fetus
2752:Doula
2723:Roles
2649:Molar
2617:Types
2373:India
2363:China
1654:&
1344:Ovary
1287:tract
1214:S2CID
1032:(PDF)
980:S2CID
888:S2CID
645:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
476:GTPAL
469:twins
85:Latin
3013:Care
2477:and
2014:Rape
1206:PMID
1190:BJOG
1171:PMID
1136:PMID
1053:ISBN
1009:ISBN
939:PMID
880:PMID
790:PMID
749:PMID
700:PMID
653:2016
632:ISBN
601:PMID
570:2013
497:3114
429:TPAL
381:The
290:and
93:fish
36:and
25:and
3134:HIV
1825:HIV
1198:doi
1194:114
1163:doi
1159:113
1126:PMC
1116:doi
1005:142
970:doi
929:hdl
919:doi
872:doi
780:doi
739:PMC
731:doi
727:283
692:doi
688:199
593:doi
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