747:, p. 132 Quote: "In the later nineteenth century, there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"
351:
391:
339:
44:
369:
236:
317:
779:
Visaria mention official estimates for
British administered provinces which suggest that there were about 5.6 million ‘excess’ deaths. Towards the high end of the range, the campaigner William Digby—who witnessed the crisis in Madras Presidency—put the figure at 9.4 million for India. Between these numbers, a careful estimate by Arup Maharatna is that there were around 8.2 million deaths. (p. 137)"
430:. Cornish argued for a minimum of 680 grams (1.5 lb) of grain and, in addition, supplements of vegetables and protein, especially if the individuals were performing strenuous labour in the relief works. However, Lytton supported Temple, who argued that "everything must be subordinated to the financial consideration of disbursing the smallest sum of money."
1057:
1014:.....panchalakshna tirumugavilasam, a satire published in 1899, composed by Villiappa Pillai, one of the court poets of Sivagangai. This narrative piece full of humour and biting irony deals in ca.4500 lines with the conditions of the people suffering in the great famine of 1876... God Sunderesvara of
778:
Quote: "Estimating the number of people who died as a result of a famine is not straightforward. Assumptions are required, and often they are not specified in detail and can be influenced by political considerations. However, for the 1876‒78 famine, towards the low end of the range
Visaria and
575:
in plantations. The excessive mortality in the famine also neutralized the natural population growth in the Bombay and Madras presidencies during the decade between the first and second censuses of
British India in 1871 and 1881 respectively. The famine lives on in the Tamil and other literary
299:
with respect to the trade in grain, but also on stricter standards of qualification for relief and on more meagre relief rations. Two kinds of relief were offered: "relief works" for able-bodied men, women, and working children, and gratuitous (or charitable) relief for small children, the
522:
started relief kitchens. A large number of people journeyed to
Bangalore when relief was available. These people had to work on the Bangalore–Mysore railway line in exchange for food and grains. The Mysore government imported large quantities of grain from the neighbouring British ruled
585:
The Great Famine had a lasting political impact on events in India. Among the
British administrators in India who were unsettled by the official reactions to the famine and, in particular by the stifling of the official debate about the best form of famine relief, were
410:
for a man, and a slightly reduced amount for a woman or working child, for a "long day of hard labour without shade or rest." The rationale behind the reduced wage, which was in keeping with a prevailing belief of the time, was that any excessive payment might create
458:
All in all, the
Government of India spent Rs. 30 million in relieving 700 million units (1 unit = relief for 1 person for 1 day) in British India and, in addition, another Rs. 7.2 million in relieving 72 million units in the
555:
in the famine has been estimated to lie in a range whose low end is approximately 5.6 million human deaths, the high end approximately is 9.6 million deaths and a careful modern demographic estimate of which is 8.2 million deaths.
293:, were criticised for excessive expenditure on charitable relief. Sensitive to any renewed accusations of excess in 1876, Temple, who was now Famine Commissioner for the Government of India, insisted not only on a policy of
218:
in the famine has been estimated in a range whose low end is 5.6 million human fatalities, high end 9.6 million fatalities, and a careful modern demographic estimate 8.2 million fatalities. The famine is also known as the
433:
In March 1877, the provincial government of Madras increased the ration halfway towards
Cornish's recommendations, to 570 grams (1.25 lb) of grain and 43 grams (1.5 oz) of protein in the form of
511:. Scant rainfall the following year resulted in drying up of lakes, affecting food stock. As a result of the famine, the population of the state decreased by 874,000 (in comparison with the 1871 census).
455:
By early 1877, Temple proclaimed that he had put "the famine under control". Digby noted that "a famine can scarcely be said to be adequately controlled which leaves one-fourth of the people dead."
559:
The excessive mortality and the renewed questions of "relief and protection" asked in its wake, led directly to the formation of the Famine
Commission of 1880 and to the eventual adoption of the
471:. Revenue (tax) payments to the amount of Rs. 6 million were either not enforced or postponed until the following year, and charitable donations from Great Britain and the
1252:
Washbrook, David (1994), "The
Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the 'Dry South', c. 1870–1930",
270:, oversaw the export to England of a record 6.4 million hundredweight (320,000 tons) of wheat, which made the region more vulnerable. The cultivation of alternate
1882:
642:
255:. This was part of a larger pattern of drought and crop failure across India, China, South America and parts of Africa caused by an interplay between a strong
214:. The famine ultimately affected an area of 670,000 square kilometres (257,000 sq mi) and caused distress to a population totalling 58,500,000. The
935:, Verso, 2001; calories for Buchenwald diet: 1750; Temple wage: 1627. Both involved hard labour (p.39); Temple's remark on financial considerations p.40
1877:
790:
1229:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
1547:
Hill, Christopher V. (1991), "Philosophy and
Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India",
17:
1177:
Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s",
1978:
1717:
1205:
Hall-Matthews, David (2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",
682:
267:
1327:
Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990
1631:
McAlpin, Michelle B. (1979), "Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920",
1156:
1146:
1034:
771:
1958:
52:(1885), showing the regions affected by various famines of the 19th century, including the Great Famine of 1876–1878.
281:
The famine occurred at a time when the colonial government was attempting to reduce expenses on welfare. Earlier, in the
672:
1953:
1494:
Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982), "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent",
1993:
1903:
1404:
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445:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1973:
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as Special Famine Commissioner to oversee the relief works of the Mysore government. To deal with the famine, the
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1943:
1938:
1913:
1681:
1387:
The Famine Campaign in Southern India: Madras and Bombay Presidencies and province of Mysore, 1876-1878, Volume 2
1373:
The Famine Campaign in Southern India: Madras and Bombay Presidencies and province of Mysore, 1876-1878, Volume 1
290:
113:
1968:
1790:
1785:
1740:
637:
632:
412:
150:
816:
Mike Davis, 2001. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso, London.
1983:
1963:
1800:
1775:
1710:
140:
1524:
Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II
398:
The insistence on more rigorous tests for qualification, however, led to strikes by "relief workers" in the
1760:
350:
1933:
1851:
1745:
527:. Grazing in forests was allowed temporarily, and new tanks were constructed and old tanks repaired. The
484:
282:
448:, where relief was meagre, the resulting mortality was high. In the second half of 1878, an epidemic of
1988:
969:
1289:
FAHEEM, S. (1976), "Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century",
1908:
1348:
677:
390:
202:—for a period of two years. In 1877, famine came to affect regions northward, including parts of the
1770:
1703:
627:
595:
266:
The regular export of grain by the colonial government continued; during the famine, the viceroy,
444:). Meanwhile, many more people had succumbed to the famine. In other parts of India, such as the
382:
360:
338:
207:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1381:
1367:
662:
552:
419:
1399:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation),
1024:
761:
1795:
1765:
1603:
McAlpin, Michelle B. (1983), "Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India",
667:
647:
49:
1136:
1660:
1343:
1132:
687:
8:
1371:
607:
560:
402:. In January 1877, Temple reduced the wage for a day's hard work in the relief camps in
260:
121:
1664:
1385:
415:' (or "demoralisation" in contemporaneous usage) among the famine-afflicted population.
1620:
1584:
1507:
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1306:
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599:
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79:
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71:
1104:
Arnold, David (1994), "The 'discovery' of malnutrition and diet in colonial India",
346:, October 1877, showing the plight of animals as well as humans in Bellary district.
285:, severe mortality had been avoided by importing rice from Burma. The Government of
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and Bombay—this 'Temple wage' consisted of 450 grams (1 lb) of grain plus one
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215:
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pleads his helplessness in solving the problems of inhabitants hit by the famine..
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763:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
1897:
1673:
1540:
536:
423:
295:
211:
43:
933:
Late Victorian Holocausts, El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World
170:. It began in 1876 after an intense drought resulted in crop failure in the
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61:
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Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II",
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was precipitated by an intense drought resulting in crop failure in the
1588:
1470:
1434:
1413:
Dyson, Tim (1991), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I",
1310:
591:
179:
1826:
1624:
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Hardiman, David (1996), "Usuary, Dearth and Famine in Western India",
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256:
1062:
508:
368:
355:
271:
130:
1580:
1397:
Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India
1302:
1224:
1163:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, pp. 108–146,
955:
884:
853:
825:
791:"A freak 1870s climate event caused drought across three continents"
729:
235:
1616:
418:
Temple's recommendations were opposed by some officials, including
305:
1695:
1651:
Singh, Deepti (2018), "Climate and the Global Famine of 1876–78",
807:
S. Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 2006. p.116
1821:
1227:
The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502
1015:
563:. After the famine, a large number of agricultural labourers and
449:
394:
Famine stricken people during the famine of 1876–78 in Bangalore.
373:
301:
109:
316:
500:
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totaled Rs. 8.4 million. However, this cost was minuscule
240:
163:
578:
528:
504:
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killed many more who were already weakened by malnutrition.
1236:
The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition
614:
would become a cornerstone of the economic critique of the
540:
372:
A contemporary print showing the distribution of relief in
495:
Two years before the famine of 1876, heavy rain destroyed
487:, which affected a smaller area and did not last as long.
895:
893:
436:
1083:
1081:
582:
folk songs describing this famine have been documented.
1161:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
1883:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
890:
643:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
1078:
864:
862:
326:, October 1877, showing two forsaken children in the
1238:, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385,
1521:
1351:: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World
278:of grain, played a significant role in the events.
912:
910:
908:
859:
571:emigrated to British tropical colonies to work as
1484:
594:. Less than a decade later, they would found the
1895:
1878:Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765
1567:Klein, Ira (1973), "Death in India, 1871-1921",
740:
738:
905:
543:, with the state incurring a debt of 80 lakhs.
479:; for example, the expenditure incurred in the
1487:Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I
1329:, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383,
1019:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
704:
702:
539:speech estimated the cost to the state at 160
263:that led to between 19 and 50 million deaths.
1711:
1225:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907),
1204:
1176:
1087:
899:
868:
841:
829:
735:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
1008:
1029:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 218–.
938:
755:
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699:
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1704:
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766:. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–.
744:
714:
182:—the British-administered presidencies of
42:
1672:
1251:
1106:Indian Economic and Social History Review
956:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
885:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
880:
854:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
826:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
730:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
490:
1530:
927:
925:
750:
598:and, in turn, influence a generation of
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367:
349:
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483:was less than one-fifth of that in the
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1103:
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922:
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239:Grain destined for export stacked on
1690:, London: John Murray. Pp. xvii, 526
1605:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1546:
1394:
968:Prasad, S Narendra (5 August 2014).
788:
683:Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879
354:People waiting for famine relief in
311:
1725:
1233:
1002:
990:
972:. No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald
708:
514:Sir Richard Temple was sent by the
230:
24:
1687:Men and events of my time in India
1508:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557
1281:
1191:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x
221:Southern India famine of 1876–1878
25:
2020:
1979:Natural disasters in Maharashtra
1390:, London: Longmans, Green and Co
1376:, London: Longmans, Green and Co
426:, Sanitary Commissioner for the
36:Great Indian famine of 1876–1878
27:Famine in India under Crown rule
1633:The Journal of Economic History
1050:
996:
984:
874:
847:
1395:Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2005) ,
835:
819:
810:
801:
782:
576:traditions. A large number of
168:India under British Crown rule
13:
1:
1096:
485:Bihar famine of 1873–74
289:and its Lieutenant-Governor,
283:Bihar famine of 1873–74
1569:The Journal of Asian Studies
1522:Government of India (1867),
1159:, in Marshall, P. J. (ed.),
673:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
546:
114:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
7:
1959:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh
1746:Great Bengal famine of 1770
1463:10.1080/0032472031000145446
1427:10.1080/0032472031000145056
621:
10:
2025:
1791:Indian famine of 1899–1900
1786:Indian famine of 1896–1897
1741:Deccan famine of 1630–1632
1485:Famine Commission (1880),
1155:Fieldhouse, David (1996),
1118:10.1177/001946469403100101
638:Indian famine of 1899–1900
633:Indian famine of 1896–1897
151:Indian famine of 1896–1897
1954:History of Andhra Pradesh
1870:
1835:
1809:
1801:Bihar famine of 1966–1967
1781:Great Famine of 1876–1878
1776:Bihar famine of 1873–1874
1733:
1645:10.1017/S0022050700096352
1561:10.1017/s0026749x00010672
1349:Late Victorian Holocausts
1266:10.1017/s0026749x00011720
1219:10.1017/S0026749X07002892
1157:"For Richer, for Poorer?"
1138:Late Victorian Holocausts
678:Late Victorian Holocausts
602:. Among the latter were
160:Great Famine of 1876–1878
146:
141:Bihar famine of 1873–1874
136:
120:
105:
97:
89:
67:
57:
41:
34:
1994:1870s disasters in India
1904:Famines in British India
1771:Rajputana famine of 1869
1761:Agra famine of 1837–1838
1674:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0159.1
1234:Roy, Tirthankar (2006),
1141:, Verso Books. Pp. 400,
1066:(in Tamil). 20 June 2010
693:
628:Tamil Nadu famine (1891)
596:Indian National Congress
516:British India Government
243:beaches (February 1877).
2009:1878 disasters in India
2004:1877 disasters in India
1999:1876 disasters in India
1974:Disasters in Tamil Nadu
383:Illustrated London News
361:Illustrated London News
210:, and a small area in
208:North-Western Provinces
18:Great Famine of 1876–78
1949:1878 natural disasters
1944:1877 natural disasters
1939:1876 natural disasters
1914:1870s in British India
1541:10.1093/past/152.1.113
1496:Oxford Economic Papers
1325:Bhatia, B. M. (1991),
970:"A devastating famine"
663:Great Famine (Ireland)
491:Famine in Mysore State
395:
387:
365:
347:
335:
244:
1969:History of Tamil Nadu
1796:Bengal famine of 1943
1766:Orissa famine of 1866
1058:"இந்தவாரம் கலாரசிகன்"
668:Bengal famine of 1943
648:Company rule in India
393:
371:
353:
341:
319:
274:, in addition to the
238:
225:Madras famine of 1877
127:Grain commodification
50:British Indian Empire
1984:19th-century famines
1964:History of Karnataka
1549:Modern Asian Studies
1254:Modern Asian Studies
1207:Modern Asian Studies
688:Great Eastern Crisis
573:indentured labourers
520:government of Mysore
1682:Temple, Sir Richard
1665:2018JCli...31.9445S
789:Marshall, Michael.
760:Dyson, Tim (2018).
608:Romesh Chunder Dutt
600:Indian nationalists
561:Indian Famine Codes
261:Indian Ocean Dipole
1934:History of Chennai
1653:Journal of Climate
1451:Population Studies
1415:Population Studies
1353:, Verso. Pp. 464,
1291:Population Studies
1088:Hall-Matthews 2008
900:Hall-Matthews 1996
869:Hall-Matthews 2008
856:, pp. 477–483
842:Hall-Matthews 1996
832:, pp. 217–219
830:Hall-Matthews 1996
588:William Wedderburn
422:and the physician
396:
388:
366:
364:(20 October 1877).
348:
336:
291:Sir Richard Temple
245:
180:Southwestern India
1989:Genocides in Asia
1891:
1890:
1860:Akaler Shandhaney
1659:(23): 9445–9467,
1148:978-1-85984-739-8
1036:978-3-447-01582-0
773:978-0-19-882905-8
533:C. V. Rungacharlu
531:of Mysore State,
525:Madras Presidency
499:crops (a type of
481:Bombay Presidency
428:Madras Presidency
400:Bombay presidency
378:Madras Presidency
332:Madras Presidency
312:Famine and relief
204:Central Provinces
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
2016:
1909:Famines in India
1756:Doji bara famine
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1533:Past and Present
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658:Drought in India
604:Dadabhai Naoroji
565:handloom weavers
553:excess mortality
446:United Provinces
328:Bellary district
231:Preceding events
216:excess mortality
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37:
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1727:Famine in India
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1282:Further reading
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883:, p. 145,
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828:, p. 488,
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745:Fieldhouse 1996
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728:
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707:
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696:
653:Famine in India
624:
549:
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461:princely states
342:Engraving from
320:Engraving from
314:
276:commodification
233:
192:princely states
101:5.6–9.6 million
53:
35:
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1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Chalisa famine
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1648:
1639:(1): 143–157,
1628:
1617:10.2307/203709
1611:(2): 351–366,
1600:
1575:(4): 639–659,
1564:
1555:(2): 263–279,
1544:
1528:
1519:
1502:(2): 368–389,
1498:, New Series,
1491:
1482:
1457:(2): 279–297,
1446:
1410:
1405:
1392:
1382:Digby, William
1378:
1368:Digby, William
1364:
1359:
1340:
1335:
1322:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1260:(1): 129–164,
1249:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1202:
1185:(3): 216–230,
1174:
1169:
1152:
1147:
1129:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1049:
1035:
1021:Kamil Zvelebil
1007:
995:
983:
960:
937:
921:
919:, pp. 7–8
904:
889:
881:Washbrook 1994
873:
858:
846:
834:
818:
809:
800:
781:
772:
749:
734:
713:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
623:
620:
548:
545:
492:
489:
313:
310:
259:and an active
253:Deccan Plateau
232:
229:
174:. It affected
172:Deccan Plateau
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
124:
118:
117:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2021:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:1878 in India
1927:
1925:
1924:1877 in India
1922:
1920:
1919:1876 in India
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1406:1-4021-5115-2
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:1-85984-739-0
1356:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:81-220-0211-0
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:0-19-568430-3
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:0-521-00254-0
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1005:, p. 363
1004:
999:
993:, p. 362
992:
987:
971:
964:
958:, p. 489
957:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
934:
928:
926:
918:
913:
911:
909:
902:, p. 219
901:
896:
894:
887:, p. 489
886:
882:
877:
870:
865:
863:
855:
850:
844:, p. 217
843:
838:
831:
827:
822:
813:
804:
796:
795:New Scientist
792:
785:
775:
769:
765:
764:
756:
754:
746:
741:
739:
732:, p. 488
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
711:, p. 361
710:
705:
703:
698:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
619:
617:
613:
610:for whom the
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
581:
580:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
431:
429:
425:
424:W. R. Cornish
421:
420:William Digby
416:
414:
409:
405:
401:
392:
385:
384:
379:
375:
370:
363:
362:
357:
352:
345:
340:
333:
329:
325:
324:
318:
309:
307:
303:
298:
297:
296:laissez faire
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
237:
228:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:British India
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1780:
1686:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1608:
1604:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1523:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1454:
1450:
1418:
1414:
1396:
1386:
1372:
1347:
1326:
1294:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1182:
1178:
1160:
1137:
1109:
1105:
1090:, p. 24
1068:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1025:
1010:
998:
986:
974:. Retrieved
963:
932:
931:Mike Davis,
876:
849:
837:
821:
812:
803:
794:
784:
762:
612:Great Famine
611:
584:
577:
558:
550:
513:
494:
476:
457:
454:
435:
432:
417:
397:
381:
359:
343:
321:
294:
280:
265:
249:Great Famine
248:
246:
224:
220:
159:
157:
147:Succeeded by
98:Total deaths
29:
1817:British Raj
1421:(1): 5–25,
1344:Davis, Mike
1297:(1): 5–14,
1213:(1): 1–24,
1133:Davis, Mike
1112:(1): 1–26,
917:Arnold 1994
871:, p. 5
616:British Raj
569:South India
380:. From the
344:The Graphic
323:The Graphic
268:Lord Lytton
137:Preceded by
48:Map of the
1898:Categories
1526:, Calcutta
1489:, Calcutta
1097:References
976:19 January
592:A. O. Hume
477:per capita
413:dependency
358:. From the
304:, and the
272:cash crops
190:, and the
131:Cash Crops
1179:Disasters
1126:145445984
1070:17 August
1063:Dina Mani
1042:1 January
547:Aftermath
535:, in his
509:Bangalore
469:Hyderabad
356:Bangalore
200:Hyderabad
93:1876–1878
84:Hyderabad
1684:(1882),
1597:11614702
1516:11620403
1479:11622922
1443:11622922
1384:(1878),
1370:(1878),
1346:(2001),
1319:11630514
1135:(2001),
1023:(1974).
1003:Roy 2006
991:Roy 2006
709:Roy 2006
622:See also
473:colonies
306:indigent
223:and the
206:and the
68:Location
1871:Related
1844:Nabanna
1827:El Niño
1822:Monsoon
1734:Famines
1661:Bibcode
1589:2052814
1471:2174784
1435:2174991
1311:2173660
1199:8854458
1016:Madurai
450:malaria
386:(1877).
374:Bellary
330:of the
302:elderly
257:El Niño
110:Drought
58:Country
1863:(1980)
1855:(1973)
1847:(1944)
1810:Issues
1625:203709
1623:
1595:
1587:
1514:
1477:
1469:
1441:
1433:
1403:
1357:
1333:
1317:
1309:
1274:312924
1272:
1242:
1197:
1167:
1145:
1124:
1033:
770:
537:Dasara
501:millet
465:Mysore
442:pulses
404:Madras
287:Bengal
241:Madras
212:Punjab
196:Mysore
188:Bombay
184:Madras
164:famine
162:was a
122:Theory
106:Causes
90:Period
80:Mysore
76:Bombay
72:Madras
1836:Media
1621:JSTOR
1585:JSTOR
1467:JSTOR
1431:JSTOR
1307:JSTOR
1270:JSTOR
1122:S2CID
694:Notes
579:Kummi
541:lakhs
529:Dewan
505:Kolar
503:) in
176:south
1593:PMID
1512:PMID
1475:PMID
1439:PMID
1401:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1315:PMID
1240:ISBN
1195:PMID
1165:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1072:2010
1044:2013
1031:ISBN
978:2015
768:ISBN
606:and
590:and
551:The
507:and
497:ragi
467:and
437:daal
408:anna
247:The
198:and
186:and
178:and
158:The
1669:doi
1641:doi
1613:doi
1577:doi
1557:doi
1537:doi
1504:doi
1459:doi
1423:doi
1299:doi
1262:doi
1215:doi
1187:doi
1114:doi
567:in
463:of
194:of
166:in
1900::
1667:,
1657:31
1655:,
1637:39
1635:,
1619:,
1609:14
1607:,
1591:,
1583:,
1573:32
1571:,
1553:25
1551:,
1510:,
1500:34
1473:,
1465:,
1455:45
1453:,
1437:,
1429:,
1419:45
1417:,
1313:,
1305:,
1295:30
1293:,
1268:,
1258:28
1256:,
1211:42
1209:,
1193:,
1183:20
1181:,
1120:,
1110:31
1108:,
1080:^
1060:.
940:^
924:^
907:^
892:^
861:^
793:.
752:^
737:^
716:^
701:^
618:.
376:,
308:.
227:.
129:,
112:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1671::
1663::
1643::
1615::
1579::
1559::
1539::
1506::
1461::
1425::
1301::
1264::
1217::
1189::
1116::
1074:.
1046:.
980:.
797:.
776:.
440:(
411:'
334:.
116:,
20:)
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