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Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin) are estimated at approximately 650. This death toll places the flood of 1913 second to the Johnstown flood of 1889, when more than 2,200 people died, as one of the country's deadliest floods. Official reports of flood deaths are inconsistent. The bodies of some of the victims were never found and not all fatalities were reported to agencies collecting flood statistics. Some disaster-related deaths from injuries or illness were not listed in official counts if they occurred after publication of official reports. An estimate of 467 flood deaths has been quoted for Ohio, with the official death toll range between 422 and 470. Dayton's official death toll was not certain, but Ohio's Bureau of Statistics listed eighty-two people, while one flood historian puts the number at ninety-eight. Others reported Dayton's death toll at nearly 300, but this figure may have included other neighborhoods and cities. Estimated deaths for flood victims in Indiana is 100 to 200. Flooding in the Great Miami River basin caused at least 260 deaths, more than in any other river basin. Approximately seventeen people died in flooding in the Whitewater River basin.
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214:, damages exceeded $ 200 million. Devastation from the flood of 1913 and later floods along the Mississippi River eventually changed the country's management of its waterways and increased federal support for comprehensive flood prevention and funding for flood control projects. The Ohio Conservancy Act, which was signed by the governor of Ohio in 1914, became a model for other states to follow. The act allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects.
1188:(MCD), which includes Dayton and surrounding communities, was the second, formed in June 1915. The MCD began construction of their flood control system in 1918. The project was completed in 1922 at a cost in excess of $ 32 million and has kept Dayton from flooding as severely as it did in 1913. The Ohio Conservancy Act became the model for other states, such as Indiana, New Mexico, and Colorado.
1053:, provided the press with daily briefings and appeals for donations. Governor Ralston appealed to Indiana cities and other states for relief assistance and donations of money and supplies. Ralson appointed a trustee to receive relief funds and arrange for distribution of supplies. Approximately one-half of Indiana's counties cared for their own flood victims. Railroads, most notably "the
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relief efforts. The Rotary Club of
Indianapolis, chartered just a few weeks before the flood, and the Rotary Club of Dayton, chartered six months earlier, assisted relief efforts within their communities by helping to provide medical support, transportation, and shelter. Other Rotary clubs in the United States and Canada donated funds, supplies, and medicine. In Colorado stage actress
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ground may have become quickly saturated, resulting in runoff and flash flooding. Others have suggested that frozen ground in tributary watersheds contributed to the flooding along the rivers. Up to 8 inches (200 mm) of snow followed the heavy rain in northern
Indiana. In some areas thawed ground and a lack of snowpack may have minimized the destruction from runoff and flooding.
613:, the water level reached 54.7 feet (16.7 m) and broke record highs to that time. High waters continued to flow south to the Gulf of Mexico, causing some levees to fail in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Water from flood-crested rivers flowing into the Mississippi River in April set new height records downriver and caused cities such as
1128:, and Caseyville, Kentucky, was in excess of $ 5 million. Along the Mississippi River damages exceeded $ 200 million. There were a number of other small communities that were completely devastated and did not report anything, either because they could not or would not. Most of these communities partially recovered, but a few never recovered at all, among these,
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primarily along Ohio's major rivers. The Red Cross had less of a presence in
Indiana, where it established a temporary headquarters in Indianapolis and served the six hardest-hit Indiana counties. Red Cross disaster relief in other regions of the United States, with the exception of Omaha, Nebraska, and Lower Peach Tree, Alabama, was limited or nonexistent.
479:'s south side and flooded 14 square miles (36 km) of the city. Dayton's downtown streets experienced water 10 feet (3.0 m) deep. On March 26, as floodwaters reached their crest, Dayton's business district suffered more damage after an early morning fire and gas explosion. An estimated 123 people were killed in Dayton. Downstream in nearby
194:, and eleven other states are estimated at approximately 650. The official death toll range for Ohio falls between 422 and 470. Flood-related death estimates in Indiana range from 100 to 200. More than a quarter million people were left homeless. The death toll from the flood of 1913 places it second to the
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replied to the president with a request for tents, rations, supplies, and physicians and sent a telegram to the Red Cross requesting its assistance in Dayton and surrounding communities. Red Cross agents and nurses focused their efforts in 112 of Ohio's hardest-hit communities, which included Dayton,
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In the immediate aftermath of the floods businesses and factories shut down, schools closed, government services were disrupted, and train travel was delayed or stopped throughout the
Midwest. Newspapers in many communities were not published during the storm. Theaters around the country were showing
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moved into the
Midwestern United States through the Mississippi River valley as a second Canadian high-pressure system arrived from the west, creating a low-pressure trough that stretched from southern Illinois, across central Indiana, and into northern Ohio. At least two low-pressure systems moving
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Following the flood of 1913, citizens and government officials took a greater interest in comprehensive flood prevention, managing flood-prone areas, and funding for flood control projects that would limit damage and save lives. Congress previously contended that floods were local events and flood
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In the
Midwest alone, damage estimates, which one flood historian suggests were understated, were more than "a third of a billion dollars." The Dayton Citizens' Relief Committee's report documented damage in Dayton in excess of $ 73 million. Damage in Indiana was estimated at $ 25 million in 1913
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and his Morgan
Engineering Company from Tennessee to design a plan that used levees and dams. On March 17, 1914, the governor of Ohio signed the Ohio Conservancy Act, which allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects. Ohio's Upper
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Secondary to the flood itself, there were outbreaks of diphtheria and typhus in several flooded areas, such as the area in north-central Dayton, Ohio. It is likely that roughly 2000 additional hospitalizations were the result of these outbreaks, following the more directly physical damage of the
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across the United States contributed more than $ 25,000 ($ 771,000 in 2023 dollars) to a Rotary Relief Fund, which was established for flood relief in
Indiana and Ohio. It was the organization's "first cooperative disaster relief effort". In some areas independent local organizations helped with
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Other factors contributing to the extensive flooding were the storm's size, its duration, and existing ground conditions. Rivers and streams affected by the flood were at near normal or below flood stage levels two days prior to the major flooding in
Indiana and Ohio. Some experts argue that the
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valley, a second Canadian high-pressure system arrived from the west and squeezed the low into a trough that stretched from southern Illinois, across central Indiana, and into northern Ohio. At least two low-pressure systems moving in quick succession along the trough dumped one rainstorm after
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The total number of deaths as a result of tornadoes between March 21 through March 23 are estimated at 249. The tornadoes at Omaha, Nebraska, on March 23 left 103 dead. Eight other tornadoes associated with the storm killed eighty-nine more in Nebraska, Iowa, Louisiana, and Missouri. See Bell,
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Damage from the flood was widespread and extensive. The storm destroyed hundreds of bridges and railroad trestles and 12,000 telegraph and telephone poles. Flooding stopped communications between Chicago and New York for a day and a half, disrupted road and rail transportation, and slowed mail
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named it "the official disaster-relief agency for the federal government". Flood reports in the country's newspapers carried an appeal from the president to help victims with contributions to the Red Cross. Wilson also sent telegrams to the governors of Ohio and Indiana asking how the federal
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The exact death toll from the flood and its aftermath may never be known. One estimate of storm-related deaths from March 21 to March 28 is more than 900. Flood deaths in Ohio, Indiana, and eleven other states (Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York,
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In 1913, years before the federal government provided significant disaster relief, state and local communities handled their own disaster response and relief. Cleanup efforts were made even more difficult with increased fire and health risks, flood-damaged communications systems, disrupted
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of 1988. Federal funding for national flood control projects began slowly in 1917, with Congress authorizing funding for flood control studies in the Mississippi River as part of House Document 308. By 1925 it had been expanded to include other major rivers in the United States.
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The storms that created the floods in 1913 continued over several days and produced record-breaking rain. It remains Ohio's "largest weather disaster" and triggered Indiana's worst flood on record. Storm-related flooding affected more than a dozen states:
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The storm gains strength. High winds and sleet in the Midwest topple buildings, telephone and telegraph poles, and overhead wires, disrupting electric services and severely limiting communications within the Midwest and with areas west of the Mississippi
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appealed to Indiana cities and other states for relief assistance. Many communities cared for their own flood victims with Red Cross assistance, charitable donations, and contributions from local businesses, industries, and service organizations.
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Deaths from windstorms that swept the eastern U.S. on March 21 numbered at least sixty-six across eleven states: Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. See
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rivers. The Scioto River basin in central Ohio recorded a flood level of 21 feet (6.4 m), which remains a record nearly 4 feet (1.2 m) higher than its other recorded floods. The Great Miami River and its tributaries, including the
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over the period of March 23 through March 26, inundating nearly a 6-square-mile (16 km) area and causing five known deaths. On March 26, floodwaters estimated at 19.5 feet (5.9 m) above flood stage destroyed Indianapolis's
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dollars. Cairo, Illinois, where its citizens had advance knowledge of the oncoming high water that arrived the week after the Dayton flood, reported no fatalities, but damage estimates there and in smaller communities such as
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The weather pattern that triggered heavy rains over the Midwest began after strong Canadian winds stalled a high-pressure system off Bermuda and delayed the normal easterly flow of a low-pressure system. As moist air from the
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The storm system that produced the flood in late March 1913 began with a typical winter storm pattern, but developed characteristics that promoted heavy precipitation. Strong Canadian winds stalled a high-pressure system off
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mile (0.80 km) wide around Kentucky Avenue and Morris Street. The city's transportation and water supply were disrupted for nearly four days in flooded areas and as many as 7,000 Indianapolis families lost their homes.
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The Dayton Relief Committee began shortly after the flood of 1913 to raise $ 2 million to develop a comprehensive flood protection system that would prevent another flood disaster of the same magnitude. The committee hired
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Rivers rose several feet above previous high-water marks in Ohio and Indiana after heavy rains at the headwaters of the region's rivers moved downstream. The area's rivers experienced heavy runoff, especially along the
501:, the Near West Side and parts of downtown experienced severe floods. Approximately 93 people died in the flooding. The event was described by historian Ed Lentz as "the worst catastrophe in the history of Columbus".
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Bodies were recovered down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers weeks after the flood, but without the means to link missing persons from the flood to the unidentified bodies, the total body count remains incomplete. See
243:. On Monday and Tuesday, March 24 and 25, 3 to 8 inches (76 to 203 mm) of rain fell in Ohio, Indiana, and southern Illinois. Major rivers in Indiana and Ohio experienced heavy runoff. Downstream, where the
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enters the Mississippi River, the water level broke record highs to that time as the water flowed south to the Gulf of Mexico. By Tuesday, March 25, the Ohio River and its tributaries flooded cities such as
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delivery. More than 38,000 homes and other buildings, plus thousands of schools, businesses, utilities, and city streets were damaged or destroyed. More than a quarter million people were left homeless.
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Governor Cox called on the Ohio legislature to appropriate $ 250,000 ($ 7.71 million in 2023 dollars) for emergency aid and declared a 10-day bank holiday. Cox, who was also the publisher of the
303:, a small organization at that time, focused its efforts in more than one hundred of Ohio's hardest-hit communities, including Dayton, and served six of Indiana's hardest-hit counties. Ohio governor
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along the trough caused heavy rain over the four-day period between March 23 and March 26. As the storm gained strength on Sunday, March 23, high winds, hail, sleet, and tornadoes arrived in the
1144:, 1936, and 1937, eventually changed the country's management of its waterways and increased congressional support beyond emergency flood assistance to include national flood control measures.
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was still a small organization in March 1913, with a few full-time employees at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and about sixty volunteer chapters in the United States, when President
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in Indiana, rose at least 10 feet (3.0 m) higher than previous flood levels in many locations. Downstream from Indiana and Ohio, where the Ohio River enters the Mississippi River at
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Overnight the first storm system moves eastward over Kentucky, while the second system enters southern Indiana and Illinois and merges with a stationary front over the Ohio River valley.
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and New York and slowly ends the heavy rain over the Ohio River valley. In some areas snow replaces the rain. Up to 8 inches (200 mm) of snow fell in central and northern Indiana.
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The storm system that produced the flood in late March began with a typical winter storm pattern, but soon developed special characteristics that promoted heavy precipitation.
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and several days of heavy rain. Related deaths and damage in the United States were widespread and extensive. While the exact number is not certain, flood-related deaths in
533:. High water forced 4,000 to flee their homes on the city's near west side when an earthen levee failed and a 25-foot (7.6 m) wall of water flooded an area nearly a
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The Chicago Association of Commerce wired $ 100,000 to the Red Cross on March 26, becoming one of many organizations that contributed funds for flood relief.
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The area covered approximately 50,000 square miles (130,000 km) and included a population of approximately five million based on the 1910 census. See
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gave a benefit performance that contributed $ 5,000 to a $ 41,000 relief fund already raised by Colorado residents for Indiana and Ohio flood victims.
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valley. The heaviest rainfall, 6 to 9 inches (150 to 230 mm) or more, covered an area from southern Illinois into northwestern Pennsylvania.
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flood. Although information for Indiana is not presently available, estimates are that an additional 1000 people were affected in that state.
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Winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour (64 to 80 km/h), gusting up to 60 mph (97 km/h), are reported in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois.
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762:. The number of tornadoes range from six to twelve, but at least six strike the Midwest, killing approximately 221 people and injuring 761.
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pictures of the flood devastation in Dayton and other Ohio cities and tornado damage in Omaha, Nebraska, within weeks after the disaster.
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Rising water overflows and then bursts levees at Dayton, flooding its downtown business district, while water levels continue to rise.
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called on the state legislature to appropriate $ 250,000 ($ 7.71 million in 2023 dollars) for emergency aid. Indiana governor
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another. The weather pattern changed little over the four-day period of March 23 through March 26 and caused heavy rain over the
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Washed Away: How the Great Flood of 1913, America's Most Widespread Natural Disaster, Terrorized a Nation and Changed It Forever
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Washed Away: How the Great Flood of 1913, America's Most Widespread Natural Disaster, Terrorized a Nation and Changed It Forever
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A series of nine tornadoes associated with the same weather system that produced the flood sweeps through the Gulf States of
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did not receive President Wilson's telegram offering federal support due to flood-damaged communications. Ohio governor
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Floodwaters crest at Dayton; its downtown business district suffers further destruction from fires and a gas explosion.
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from collecting timely information about the weather system and communicating weather warnings in advance of the storm.
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of 1889 as one of the deadliest floods in the United States. The flood remains Ohio's largest weather disaster. In the
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483:, about 100 people died after water 10 to 18 feet (3.0 to 5.5 m) deep flowed into its residential neighborhoods.
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Batic, Eloise; Angela Giacomelli (Spring 2013). "Wulf's Hall: Great Hope in the Midst of the Great Flood".
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Eloise Batic; Angela Giacomelli (Spring 2013). "Wulf's Hall: Great Hope in the Midst of the Great Flood".
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Rainfall totals from Sunday through Monday, March 23 and 24, measure 3 to 8 inches (76 to 203 mm) in
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1534:"Review | 'The Flood': Opera's simultaneous action and multiple time periods dampens dramatic flow"
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A second low-pressure system that developed in Colorado merges with a third low that forms over western
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and delayed the normal easterly flow of a low-pressure system. In the meantime, moist air from the
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Flooding moves into central Indiana. Waterways are at or near crest along the Wabash River from
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State and local communities handled much of their own disaster response and relief in 1913. The
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into northwestern Pennsylvania. As the storm continued eastward, flooding began in New York,
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was the first of several pieces of legislation that eventually led to the creation of the
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A high-pressure system moves northeast over New England and a low-pressure system is over
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Devastation from the flood of 1913 and later floods along the Mississippi River in 1917,
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Bell, Trudy E. (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913".
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Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
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Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913".
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The system stalls over the Ohio River basin and triggers more rain and thunderstorms.
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The first low-pressure system from the storm weakens and moves northeast from the
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transportation networks, debris-littered streets, and flooded utility systems.
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Flooding in south central and southwest Indiana damages or destroys areas near
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is hit with hail and heavy rain, and a series of funnel clouds move across
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Scioto Conservancy District was the first to form in February 1915. The
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Approximately 450 died from drowning along the Mississippi River. See
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in the Indianapolis area, and the East Fork of the White River near
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control was the responsibility of state and local government. The
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occurred between March 23 and March 26, after major rivers in the
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Natural disaster affecting the southern and eastern United States
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Between March 23 and 25, heavy rains and rising waters from the
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Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
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625:; and elsewhere along the Mississippi to prepare for flooding.
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1686:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 6, 7, & 11.
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2296:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913—100 Years Later"
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Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994).
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Rainfall measures 2 to 5 inches (51 to 127 mm) over
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reaches a high stage for the year and continues to rise.
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2527:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913 – 100 Years Later"
1399:"The Great Ohio Valley Flood of 1913 – 100 Years Later"
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Approximately 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell on
2695:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2593:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4–15.
2580:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4–11.
2503:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2477:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2405:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2344:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2274:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2246:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2148:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2122:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1988:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1798:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
1342:'Our National Calamity': The Great Easter 1913 Flood
2638:"The Superstorm That Flooded America 100 Years Ago"
2553:"Indiana Flooding Breaks Records Set in 1913 Flood"
1449:"The Superstorm That Flooded America 100 Years Ago"
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1658:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 15.
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2182:"Historic Moments—The Great Flood of 1913"
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2060:
1963:
1947:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1908:
1876:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1811:
1671:
1638:
1622:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1268:. Indianapolis, Indiana. 22 March 2013
1238:. Silver Jackets. 2013. Archived from
1147:
974:A cold system produces frost into the
698:Ice begins to melt and winds die down.
2635:
2464:
2427:
2379:
1892:
1779:
1757:
1526:
1491:
1467:
1465:
1355:
1209:
953:The storm trough moves eastward into
684:; and 90 mph (140 km/h) in
529:bridge, the main connection over the
513:Washington Street bridge collapse in
493:Great Flood of 1913 in Columbus, Ohio
2636:Klein, Christopher (25 March 2013).
2614:
2584:
2170:
2051:
1473:"March 23–27, 1913: Statewide Flood"
1423:
1262:"RetroIndy: The Great Flood of 1913"
1198:March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence
964:appoints a Dayton Relief Commission.
734:Gusty winds produce a dust storm in
2700:Recording Disasters: Floods of 1913
1293:. New York: Pegasus Books. p.
1163:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1102:
844:. Eastern Indiana floods after the
562:moved into the Midwest through the
13:
2597:
2338:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2268:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2240:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2116:Trudy E. Bell (18 February 2013).
2048:Williams, p. 123–24 and 213.
1979:Trudy E. Bell (23 December 2012).
1870:"Overview of the March 1913 Flood"
1789:Trudy E. Bell (25 November 2012).
1462:
1333:Trudy E. Bell (16 November 2012).
14:
2825:
2676:
2497:Trudy E. Bell (20 January 2013).
2144:"The Villain Who Store The Flood"
2142:Trudy E. Bell (9 December 2012).
1941:"The Storms of March 23–27, 1913"
1013:
680:; 86 mph (138 km/h) in
676:; 84 mph (135 km/h) in
672:; 66 mph (106 km/h) in
486:
315:
1565:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
1447:Christopher Klein (2013-03-25).
1159:National Flood Insurance Program
418:
2557:Jeffersonville News and Tribune
2490:
2418:
2399:Trudy E. Bell (16 March 2013).
2392:
2357:
2329:
2320:
2287:
2259:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2161:
2089:
2080:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2001:
1862:
1849:
1840:
1770:
1699:
1690:
1662:
438:
2712:1913: The flood of the century
2615:Hanf, Susan (6 January 2010).
2471:Trudy E. Bell (3 April 2013).
1822:"Other Weather Events in 1913"
1514:. University of Missouri-Rolla
776:The storm moves into Michigan.
1:
2519:
893:also suffers from high water.
582:
2784:Natural disasters in Indiana
2057:Batic and Giacomelli, p. 11.
1335:"'An Epidemic of Disasters'"
1094:Disease related to the flood
1005:. Other communities such as
239:; Lone Peach, Arkansas; and
7:
2774:Floods in the United States
2661:. New York: Pegasus Books.
2602:. Indiana Geological Survey
2030:Batic and Giacomelli, p. 6.
1373:. Indiana Geological Survey
1191:
628:
10:
2830:
2473:"Forget At Your Own Peril"
2424:Williams, p. vii and viii.
2385:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
2372:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
2073:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
2007:Williams, pp. 23–24.
1901:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1855:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1763:Bell, "Forgotten Waters",
1739:"Rainfall & Hydrology"
1708:"Rainfall & Hydrology"
1186:Miami Conservancy District
552:
490:
442:
2799:Natural disasters in Ohio
2180:Susan Hanf (2010-01-06).
2095:Williams, p. 204 and 208.
2086:Williams, p. 203–4.
1155:Flood Control Act of 1917
1135:
1084:
160:
152:
66:
58:
42:
2653:Williams, Geoff (2013).
2340:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2270:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2242:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
2118:"'Death Rode Ruthless…'"
1203:
1174:State and local programs
1165:(FEMA) in 1979, and the
292:overflowed its banks in
200:Midwestern United States
2814:Floods in West Virginia
2804:History of Dayton, Ohio
2789:History of Indianapolis
1287:Geoff Williams (2013).
997:overflows its banks in
18:
2809:Floods in Pennsylvania
1828:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1745:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1714:. Silver Jackets. 2013
1130:Lyles Station, Indiana
1116:
623:New Orleans, Louisiana
517:
468:
457:
233:Southern United States
31:considered for merging
1126:Shawneetown, Illinois
1110:
879:Indianapolis, Indiana
670:Indianapolis, Indiana
512:
505:Indianapolis, Indiana
463:
452:
250:Indianapolis, Indiana
180:eastern United States
2234:"Forgotten Waters",
1181:Arthur Ernest Morgan
1007:Cumberland, Maryland
855:Heavy rain falls at
773:, that same evening.
771:Terre Haute, Indiana
765:Major tornadoes hit
712:The storm keeps the
674:Louisville, Kentucky
619:Natchez, Mississippi
573:Louisville, Kentucky
548:Contributing factors
241:Terre Haute, Indiana
2539:on 13 November 2013
2308:on 13 November 2013
1626:on 13 November 2013
1411:on 13 November 2013
1148:Federal legislation
901:Wednesday, March 26
891:Fort Wayne, Indiana
714:U.S. Weather Bureau
464:The Great Flood in
172:Great Flood of 1913
39:
38:Great Flood of 1913
2779:History of Indiana
2722:2022-03-31 at the
2705:2016-04-22 at the
2688:2017-11-07 at the
2499:"Morgan's Cowboys"
2021:Williams, p. viii.
1593:has generic name (
1117:
1059:Pennsylvania Lines
1028:American Red Cross
918:Thursday, March 27
693:Saturday, March 22
615:Memphis, Tennessee
518:
469:
458:
445:Great Dayton Flood
301:American Red Cross
204:Great Dayton Flood
53:, during the flood
37:
2769:March 1913 events
2668:978-1-60598-404-9
2452:on 23 August 2013
2401:"Like A War Zone"
2363:Williams, p. 303.
2215:Williams, p. 306.
2206:Williams, p. 313.
2167:Williams, p. 236.
2039:Williams, p. 282.
1981:"Be Very Afraid…"
1880:on 23 August 2013
1791:"The First Punch"
1776:Williams, p. 283.
1696:Williams, p. 172.
1507:J. David Rogers.
1304:978-1-60598-404-9
1266:Indianapolis Star
1077:and fellow actor
1050:Dayton Daily News
1037:Samuel M. Ralston
868:Tuesday, March 25
861:Great Miami River
686:Buffalo, New York
682:Detroit, Michigan
564:Mississippi River
527:Washington Street
473:Great Miami River
453:Ludlow Street in
433:on March 29, 1913
309:Samuel M. Ralston
212:Mississippi River
168:
167:
62:March 23–26, 1913
2821:
2729:1913 Flood books
2672:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2598:Gustin, Andrew.
2594:
2581:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2532:. Archived from
2531:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:"1913 vs. Today"
2438:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2333:
2327:
2326:Williams, p. ix.
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2301:. Archived from
2300:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2224:Williams, p. xi.
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1937:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1404:. Archived from
1403:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1309:
1308:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1242:on 3 August 2013
1228:
1113:Miamisburg, Ohio
1103:Damage estimates
969:Friday, March 28
842:Seymour, Indiana
784:Monday, March 24
703:Sunday, March 23
637:Friday, March 21
607:Whitewater River
542:
541:
537:
475:burst levees on
422:
47:
40:
36:
34:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2794:History of Ohio
2754:1913 in Indiana
2734:
2733:
2724:Wayback Machine
2707:Wayback Machine
2690:Wayback Machine
2679:
2669:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2624:
2623:on 7 March 2011
2605:
2603:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2376:, p. 6–7.
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2188:on 7 March 2011
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1951:on 2 April 2014
1939:
1938:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1846:Williams, p. 5.
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1479:on 31 July 2013
1471:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1369:Andrew Gustin.
1367:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1176:
1150:
1138:
1115:after the flood
1105:
1096:
1087:
1075:Sarah Bernhardt
1016:
931:, Terre Haute,
767:Omaha, Nebraska
666:Ontario, Canada
631:
611:Cairo, Illinois
585:
555:
550:
539:
535:
534:
507:
495:
489:
447:
441:
436:
435:
434:
428:
423:
318:
237:Omaha, Nebraska
196:Johnstown Flood
161:Property damage
54:
49:Main Street in
35:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2692:
2678:
2677:External links
2675:
2674:
2673:
2667:
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2633:
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2595:
2582:
2569:
2549:
2521:
2518:
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1134:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:John Drew, Jr.
1032:Woodrow Wilson
1015:
1014:Relief efforts
1012:
1011:
1010:
991:
966:
965:
960:Ohio governor
958:
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911:
898:
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894:
887:Columbus, Ohio
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795:eastern Canada
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560:Gulf of Mexico
554:
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503:
491:Main article:
488:
487:Columbus, Ohio
485:
481:Hamilton, Ohio
466:Hamilton, Ohio
443:Main article:
440:
437:
431:Delaware, Ohio
425:
424:
417:
416:
415:
379:North Carolina
317:
316:Affected areas
314:
262:Columbus, Ohio
224:Gulf of Mexico
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127:North Carolina
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2262:
2247:
2243:
2238:, p. 13, and
2237:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
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2102:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2004:
1989:
1982:
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1591:|author=
1584:
1576:
1574:0-253-31222-1
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:on 2019-10-16
1539:
1535:
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1213:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:of 1968, the
1160:
1156:
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1033:
1029:
1024:
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1004:
1000:
996:
995:Potomac River
992:
989:
985:
981:
980:Massachusetts
977:
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956:
952:
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2759:1913 in Ohio
2749:1910s floods
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1240:the original
1235:
1232:"The Rivers"
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1070:Rotary clubs
1067:
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1041:James M. Cox
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962:James M. Cox
955:Pennsylvania
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725:Great Plains
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515:Indianapolis
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470:
455:Dayton, Ohio
439:Dayton, Ohio
429:Flooding in
403:Great Plains
387:Pennsylvania
319:
305:James M. Cox
298:
266:Pennsylvania
229:Great Plains
216:
208:Dayton, Ohio
171:
169:
135:Pennsylvania
51:Dayton, Ohio
24:
1859:, pp. 7, 9.
1295:viii and xi
976:Gulf States
834:White River
799:New England
791:Great Lakes
652:Mississippi
598:Great Miami
531:White River
359:Mississippi
331:Connecticut
107:Mississippi
79:Connecticut
20:‹ The
2738:Categories
2520:References
1544:2020-10-19
1455:2013-07-03
1377:2013-07-03
1111:Damage in
1061:, and the
1003:Hagerstown
937:Washington
883:Cincinnati
875:Ohio River
850:Whitewater
826:Logansport
729:Ohio River
583:Watersheds
569:Ohio River
409:, and the
371:New Jersey
258:Youngstown
254:Cincinnati
245:Ohio River
119:New Jersey
2640:. History
1583:cite book
1451:. History
948:Tennessee
933:Vincennes
590:Muskingum
391:Tennessee
347:Louisiana
139:Tennessee
95:Louisiana
29:is being
2720:Archived
2703:Archived
2686:Archived
2077:, p. 13.
1192:See also
1063:Vandalia
1055:Big Four
999:Maryland
988:Virginia
944:Kentucky
908:New York
838:Columbus
756:Michigan
752:Illinois
744:Nebraska
740:Missouri
738:, while
727:and the
721:Colorado
629:Timeline
499:Columbus
399:Virginia
375:New York
363:Missouri
351:Maryland
343:Kentucky
335:Illinois
327:Arkansas
294:Maryland
286:Virginia
274:Illinois
270:New York
156:est. 650
147:Virginia
123:New York
111:Missouri
99:Maryland
91:Kentucky
83:Illinois
75:Arkansas
67:Location
33:. ›
22:template
2389:, p. 7.
1905:, p. 9.
1767:, p. 6.
1630:29 July
984:Vermont
925:Bedford
760:Indiana
731:valley.
662:Midwest
648:Georgia
644:Alabama
553:Weather
538:⁄
411:Midwest
395:Vermont
339:Indiana
323:Alabama
282:Vermont
220:Bermuda
192:Indiana
176:central
143:Vermont
87:Indiana
71:Alabama
2665:
2644:3 July
2627:3 July
2606:3 July
2563:3 July
2543:3 July
2312:3 July
2192:3 July
1984:(blog)
1794:(blog)
1571:
1415:3 July
1338:(blog)
1301:
1136:Impact
1085:Deaths
1057:, the
986:, and
935:, and
929:Shoals
889:, and
881:, and
857:Dayton
846:Maumee
832:, the
830:Attica
758:, and
736:Kansas
709:River.
650:, and
602:Wabash
600:, and
594:Scioto
477:Dayton
405:, the
397:, and
288:. The
284:, and
260:, and
252:, and
231:, the
184:runoff
153:Deaths
145:, and
2537:(PDF)
2530:(PDF)
2306:(PDF)
2299:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
1204:Notes
809:Texas
793:into
407:South
2663:ISBN
2646:2013
2629:2013
2608:2013
2565:2013
2545:2013
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2484:2013
2458:2013
2412:2013
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1995:2013
1957:2013
1886:2013
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1720:2013
1632:2013
1602:link
1595:help
1569:ISBN
1520:2013
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1417:2013
1349:2013
1299:ISBN
1274:2013
1248:2013
1142:1927
1026:The
993:The
946:and
885:and
873:The
840:and
819:Ohio
797:and
748:Iowa
383:Ohio
268:and
188:Ohio
178:and
170:The
131:Ohio
59:Date
828:to
497:In
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