Great Game - Knowledge

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view on the world. If Khiva and Bukhara were to become buffer states, then trade routes to Afghanistan, as a protectorate, along the Indus and Sutlej rivers would be necessary and therefore access through the Sind and Punjab regions would be required. The Great Game began between 1832 and 1834 as an attempt to negotiate trade deals with Ranjit Singh and the Amirs of Sind, and the "first interruption of this magnificent British daydream was caused by the determination of the Amirs of Sind to be left alone." Its failure occurred at the end of the First Anglo-Afghanistan war in 1842 with the British withdrawal from Afghanistan. The failure to turn Afghanistan into a client state meant that The Great Game could not be won.

1904: 7344:'European democracy'. They believed the British people wanted all-out war but that their rulers were guilty of treachery. However they felt no sympathy for Britain in her colonial and semi-colonial ventures in Asia. In Marx's eyes, the Anglo-Afghan war of 1839-1842 was 'infamous' (although the containment of Russian expansion was one of Britain's motives) In Britain's wars against Persia and China, between 1856 and 1860, Marx and Engels backed the Asian side against what Marxists would now call 'British imperialism'. But they never feigned affection for the regimes or the ruling strata nor did they play down the atrocities committed by the Chinese or by the sepoys 1316: 532: 1194:

of events, or to enter into relations with this Chief, either of a political or merely in the first instance of a commercial character, we confide in your discretion as well as the adoption of any other measures that may appear to you desirable to counteract Russian influence in that quarter, should you be satisfied...that the time has arrived at which it would be right for you to interfere decidedly in the affairs of Afghanistan. Such an interference would doubtless be requisite, either to prevent the extension of Persian dominion in that quarter or to raise a timely barrier against the impending encroachments of Russian influence.

833: 2728: 2707:, took power he found it difficult to completely reverse the constitutional reforms, yet the Qajar state was weakened by the upheaval and the Qajar court dependent on foreign powers. Meanwhile, Britain and Russia aligned to oust Shuster from Iran by an ultimatum in 1911 which was unanimously rejected by the Majilis. British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. The British Ambassador, 1924:

doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally. Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines, as a way to profit and extend their influence. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction at the end of the 19th century. In 1907 the British and Russian Empires came to a mutual agreement, which provided a zone of influence in southeastern Iran to Britain and northern Iran to Russia.

4983:, p. 5 Quote: "The history of British India falls ... into three periods. From the beginning of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century, the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers, and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the Mutiny of 1857, the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown ..." (p. 5) 563:. During the 19th century, a political and diplomatic confrontation developed between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan which would become known as The Great Game. Russia's foreign policy was driven by the perspective that Britain would develop and control commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain's foreign policy was based on expectations of Russia adding the "jewel in the crown", India, to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. If Russia were to gain control of the 2992:, a member of the Council of India, "Our engagement with Russia with respect to the frontier of Afghanistan precludes us from promoting the incorporation of the Turkomans of Merv in the territories subject to the Ameer of Kabul". Northbrook would not accept any extension of Persia towards Merv. It has been proposed that from Sher Ali's (Afghanistan's) point of view, prior to the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878, that there was evidence of the beginnings of a growing understanding between Britain and Russia to divide Central Asia between themselves. 2534:

to the fort. In May 1891, Nagar and Hunza sent a warning to Durand not to continue work on the road to the fort and to vacate the fort, which was on the Gilgit side of the border, else they would regard it as an act of war. Durand reinforced the fort and accelerated the road construction to it, causing Nagar and Hunza to see this as an escalation and so they stopped mail from the British Resident in Chinese Turkmenistan through their territory. British India regarded this as a breach of their 1889 agreement with Hunza, and after an ultimatum was issued and ignored they initiated the Anglo-

1395:, to establishing a British agent to Khiva and to mediate between Khiva and Russia. Abbott set off from Khiva in 1840 towards Russia to commence negotiations, which he did on his own initiative and it was not authorised by his superiors. His caravan was attacked by Khazakhs and he was wounded in the hand and taken hostage, however he and his party were released because they feared retribution. He reached Saint Petersburg but the attempt at mediation failed. His bravery was recognized through promotion to full Captain. In the same year, Lieutenant 3090:

politicians, military officers and journalists on both sides. The use of the term The Great Game to describe Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia became common only after the Second World War. It was rarely used before that period. Malcolm Yapp proposed that some Britons had used the term "The Great Game" in the late 19th century to describe several different things in relation to its interests in Asia, but the primary concern of British authorities in India was the control of the indigenous population and not preventing a Russian invasion.

1892:. Although Britain had a reputation for industrialization and international trade boosted by its colony of India, Russian authors saw the Russian empire as competing directly with Britain for trade in Iran and other bordering markets. Russian travelogues written between the 1870s and the turn of the 1900s seem to imply that Russian commerce had become dominant in the northern and western portions of Iran that would be officially delineated to Russia by Britain in 1907. Russia had also acquired concessions such as a monopoly on the lucrative 2193: 96: 1457: 29: 1016:. According to historian Evgeny Sergeev, the Great Game represented a great power competition that did not initiate only with Russia's defeat in the Crimean War in 1856, but was already well underway and was only intensified thereafter. Expansion into Central Asia was closely connected with ambitions in India. Historian Alexandre Andreyev argued that the rapid advance of the Russian Empire in Central Asia, while mainly serving to extend the southern frontier, was aimed to keep British eyes off of the 1224: 1041: 3401: 934: 685:, to garner more British aid. In the 1809 preliminary Treaty of Tehran, Persia agreed to stop any European or foreign army passing to India, while the British agreed to send a mission to train sixteen thousand Persian soldiers and, if Qajar Persia was invaded by a European state, pay a £100,000 subsidy to Persia, while attempting to mediate if at peace with Persia's enemy. Nevertheless, Russia would end up defeating Iran a few years later, with Britain mediating the treaty. 3266: 2934: 2882:...the Transcaspian conquests of the Czar have brought about, and the seal upon which has been set by the completion of the new railway. The power of menace, which the ability to take Herat involves, has passed from English to Russian hands; the Russian seizure of Herat is now a matter not so much of war as of time; and that the Russians will thus, without an effort, win the first hand in the great game that is destined to be played for the empire of the East. 942: 2059:. However, no boundary west of the Amu Darya was defined until 1885. The agreement was regarded as having defined the British and Russian spheres of influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia, gave the two sides the legitimacy to advance within their designated zones, created cordial relations between the two rival European powers, and raised the new problem of defining what were the frontiers of Afghanistan, Russia and China in the upper Oxus region in the 845:

private property. With pay for work and security in place, nomads would settle and become tribal herdsman surrounding oasis cities. These were to develop into modern states with agreed borders, as in the European model. Therefore, lines needed to be agreed and drawn on maps. Morgan says that two proud and expanding empires approached each other, without any agreed frontier, from opposite directions over a "backward, uncivilized and undeveloped region."

1376: 1578: 2626: 3255: 689: 978:(modern-day Kazakhstan). This raised Russo-Khivan tensions in addition to Khiva's legal discrimination of Russian merchants who were just beginning to penetrate Central Asia, and the ongoing issue of Russian slaves. Russia launched an attack in 1839–1840 but it failed to reach Khiva because of the tough terrain and weather. However, the khan of Khiva feared a further Russian assault and released a number of Russian slaves. 3415: 512: 2402: 722: 2304: 2318: 2388: 2290: 1919:—continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars – this Russian domination of Persia continued for nearly a century. The Persian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. In 1879, the establishment of the 2645:. In the Convention of 1907, Russia recognized Afghanistan and southern Iran as part of the British sphere of influence, while Britain recognized Central Asia and northern Iran as part of the Russian sphere of influence. Both parties recognized Tibet as a neutral territory, except Russia had special privileges in negotiating with the Dalai Lama, and Britain had special privileges in Tibetan commercial deals. 2276: 2360: 2374: 2346: 986:. Russian merchants must be allowed to trade on the same terms as native merchants in Bukhara and Khiva. The khanates must guarantee the safety of the persons and property of Russian merchants, levy no excessive duties, permit unhampered transit of goods and caravans across Central Asia into neighboring states and allow Russian commercial agents to reside in Bukhara and Khiva, and free navigation on the 2332: 3429: 3123:– and perhaps had similar ideological underpinnings to start with. However, unlike the British-Russian Great Game in South and West Asia, where clear-cut spheres of influence were established, Patrikeeff says that this supposed Great Game in Northeast Asia ignored that economic dominance did not follow political (with Japan's victory in Manchuria not fully ousting the Russian concessions such as the 2423: 2200: 2429: 2216: 2232: 2248: 1391:

assault on Khiva may have been in response to Britain's "forward policy" on Afghanistan, however it failed to reach Khiva due to the severe winter conditions. Of the 5,000 men who had left Orenburg, only 4,000 returned. Abbott was hampered by a lack of understanding of Khivan language and culture, and the attempt to release Russian slaves was unsuccessful. He did agree with the Khivan ruler,

2262: 1788:. Phanjoubam argues that Britain overreacted to Russian interest in Tibet, if perhaps understandably due to the presence of Dorzhiev. A constantly shifting British policy on China from pro- to anti-Qing protectorates by Britain, as well as the shift from opposition to Russia to the 1907 Convention, led the Qing Dynasty to decide on a forward policy in the Himalayas. If it were not for the 1778:, who considers a smaller, espionage-focused interpretation of the Great Game, Tibet was indeed connected to the Great Game, but "the truth is that, in the period concerned, British ruling circles didn't own so much as a sweetshop in Tibet." Specifically, he notes that the commercial trade that followed the Younghusband expedition was negligible compared to the cost of the expedition. 1744: 2961:, the British Foreign Secretary. Clarendon replied that the rapid advance of Russian troops neither alarmed nor surprised the British Government, however it did the British public and the Indian Government. Clarendon proposed a neutral zone between Britain and Russia in the region, a view that was shared by the Russian Government. This led to a confidential meeting in 609:. Beyond these points it is your affair to gain information about the possessions of the English, and the condition of the native population subject to their rule". The British public learned about the incident years later, but it firmly imprinted on the popular consciousness, contributing to feelings of mutual suspicion and distrust associated with the Great Game. 3073:, have proposed that The Great Game was a legend and that the British Raj did not have the capacity to conduct such an undertaking. An examination of the archives of the various departments of the Raj showed no evidence of a British intelligence network in Central Asia. At best, efforts to obtain information on Russian moves in Central Asia were rare, 3378:, the authors state that Central Asian states have pursued a multivectored approach in balancing out the political and economic interests of larger powers, but it has had mixed success due to strategic reversals of administrations regarding the West, China, and Russia. They suppose that China could balance out Russia. However, Russia and China have a 1342:. There were a number of Amirs of Afghanistan until Dost Mohammad Khan gained power in 1826. Shah Shuja was not popular with the Afghans and tensions grew, leading to the killing of the British envoy, Captain Alexander Burnes, in 1841. By January 1842, the Afghans were in full revolt. With a weakening of military discipline, the British decided to 704:, which gave the Russian Empire the theoretical right to intervene in Persia at any time, a humiliation of Persia. Fath-Ali Shah sought to counterbalance Russia by increasing the ties between the Qajars and Britain; the British offered military and financial assistance to the shah, supporting Iran as a buffer between Russia and India. The 6447: 772:) would be forced to become protectorates of Russia. This would change Britain's perception of the world, and its response was The Great Game. Britain had no intention of getting involved in the Middle East, but it did envision a series of buffer states between the British and Russian Empires that included Turkey, Persia, plus the 2572:

demarcating the boundary between Russian and British spheres of interest from Lake Victoria eastwards to the Chinese border. The report of the Commission proved the absolute impracticality of any Russian invasion of India through the Pamir mountains. The result was that Afghanistan became a buffer state between the two powers.

2095:. A new Emir, Abdul Rahman Khan who was known to be a Russian ally and an opponent of the British, ratified and confirmed the Gandamak treaty once more. When the British and Indian soldiers had withdrawn, the Afghans agreed to let the British attain most of their geopolitical objectives, as well as create a buffer between the 1338:, who shared their more progressive vision for the people of the region. Shah Shuja ul-Mulk had ascended the throne in 1803 and had signed a mutual defence agreement with the British in 1809 against a possible Franco-Russian invasion of India via Afghanistan. In the same year he was deposed and imprisoned by his half-brother, 2950:

through Russia. For the first time, the India Office within the British Foreign Office could telegraph its orders and have them acted on in a timely manner. The Government in Westminster now had complete control over foreign policy in India and the Governor-General of India lost the discretion that he once enjoyed.

1792:, India would have been more threatened than it was. Nonetheless, "On the chessboard of the Great Game in far off places as Mongolia, Afghanistan and Persia was thus determined the fate of British Tibet policy, and therefore, the shadow of the Great Game too came to fall on the future of India's Northeast." 333:. Aware of the importance of India to the British, Russian efforts in the region often had the aim of extorting concessions from them in Europe, but after 1801, they had no serious intention of directly attacking India. Russian war plans for India that were proposed but never materialised included the 3361:

Other authors have criticized the reuse of the term "Great Game". It may imply that Central Asian states are entirely the pawns of larger states, when this ignores the potentially counterbalancing factors. According to strategic analyst Ajay Patnaik, the "New Great Game" is a misnomer, because rather

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Gerald Morgan also proposed that Russia never had the will nor ability to move on India, nor India the capability to move on Central Asia. Russia did not want Afghanistan, considering their initial failure to take Khiva and the British debacle in the First Anglo-Afghan War. To invade Afghanistan they

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who would rule India after its independence would deny them military cooperation under a British Commonwealth defence umbrella, they settled for those willing to do so by using religion for the purpose. Their problem could be solved if Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League Party, would

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On 12 November 1893, the Agreement Between Great Britain and Afghanistan was signed in Kabul. The Agreement reconfirmed the 1873 Agreement, required Afghanistan to withdraw from the territory north of the Amu Darya that it had occupied in 1884, and called for delimitation of the boundary east of Lake

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On 10 September 1885, the Delimitation Protocol Between Great Britain and Russia was signed in London. The protocol defined the boundary from the Oxus to the Harirud and was later followed by 19 additional protocols providing further detail between 1885 and 1888. The Afghan Boundary Commission agreed

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had the support of the Afghans to continue fighting and he did not allow a British resident to stay in Kabul which was a British objective that caused the start of the conflict. In return, he accepted British control of Afghanistan's foreign policies while maintaining internal sovereignty and to cede

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to watch more closely than has hitherto been attempted the progress of events in Afghanistan, and to counteract the progress of Russian influence...The mode of dealing with this very important question, whether by dispatching a confidential agent to Dost Mohammed of Kabul merely to watch the progress

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ancestry in imitation of the traditionally nomadic culture. Scholar Anindita Banerjee argued this shows a "deconstruction" of national identities by identifying with a "religious, geographic, and ethnic other", relevant to the diversity of Central Asia and India and the frontier that existed between

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and up to the frontier with Russia. The Mirs of Nagar and Hunza saw this as a threat to their natural advantage of remoteness. In 1890, Durand reinforced Chalt Fort that was near the border due to the rumor that Nagar and Hunza fighters were about to attack it, and continued redeveloping the road up

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was supposed to have settled the dispute, however the battle occurred before its arrival. The Afghan force of 500 was overwhelmed by superior Russian numbers. Britain did not aid Afghanistan as was required by the Treaty of Gandamak, leading the Amir to conclude that he could not rely on the British

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visited Kabul, and the British believed that it was to facilitate some form of diplomatic or military presence in Afghanistan. While in Kabul, he dined with the British envoy, Captain Alexander Burnes, who reported negatively on Russia's intentions. Russia feared British inroads on their commerce in

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in Central Asia because of the mineral wealth of the region, which was at that time becoming more available to foreign investment after the end of the Soviet Union. One journalist linked the term to an interest in the region's minerals and another to its minerals and energy. The interest in oil and

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The report emphasized that 'Britain must retain its military connection with the subcontinent so as to ward off the Soviet Union's threat to the area', citing four reasons for the 'strategic importance of India to Britain'—India's 'value as a base from which forces could be suitably deployed within

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proposes that Britain lost the Great Game. "The Great Game was an aspect of British history rather than international relations: the phrase describes what the British were doing, not the actions of Russians and Chinese." The Great Game was an attempt made in the 1830s by the British to impose their

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by Russian officers gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This influence was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. By the 1890s, Russian tutors,

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seeking permission to trade in Russia. Russia had an interest in establishing a trade route from Moscow to India. From then until the mid-19th century, Russian ambassadors to the region spent much of their time trying to free Russians who had been taken as slaves by the khanates. Russia would later

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Travels into Bokhara; being the account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia; also, Narrative of a voyage on the Indus, from the sea to Lahore, with presents from the king of Great Britain; performed under the orders of the supreme government of India, in the years 1831, 1832, and

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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan invited comparisons to the Great Game in the 1980s. Concerns of resource scarcity emerged once again in the 1990s, and with it the hope that the newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus would provide a resource boom – the new "Persian Gulf" – and

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According to military history scholar Matt Salyer, the "Great Game" as a British strategy was a fiction, but the "Great Game" as a vague descriptor of various actions of multiple empires, "as far back as the Seven Years' War" is accurate. He writes that "the 'legend of the Great Game' emerged as a

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A. Vescovi argued that Kipling's use of the term was entirely fictional, "...because the Great Game as it is described in the novel never existed; it is almost entirely Kipling's invention. At the time when the story is set (i.e. in the late Eighties), Britain did not have an intelligence service,

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Mail communications between London and Calcutta could take as long as three months either way. Long-distance telegraph lines were built across Russia in the 1850s. In 1870, the Indo-European Telegraph Line was completed and it provided a communication link between London and Calcutta after passing

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The Russians had gained all of the lands north of the Amu Darya which included the land claimed by the Khanate of Khiva, including the approaches to Herat, and all of the land claimed by the Khanate of Khoqand, including the Pamir plateau. To ensure a complete separation, this new Afghan state was

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to the Pamirs to investigate. Britain was concerned that Russia would take advantage of Chinese weakness in policing the area to gain territory. Murray was engaged in some form of diplomacy or espionage but the matter is not clear, and in 1893 reached agreement with Russia to demarcate the rest of

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waited some years so as not to antagonize the British, then Russia expanded into Central Asia in two campaigns. In 1864, a circular was sent to the consular officers abroad by Gorchakov, the Russian Chancellor, patiently explaining the reasons for expansion centering on the doctrines of necessity,

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riding on a wounded horse, made it to Jalalabad. Over one hundred of the British and 2,000 sepoys and camp followers were taken hostage and the rest killed. So perished the "Army of the Indus". In April, a punitive expedition was dispatched and recaptured Kabul and freed the captives in September.

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No less tragic was the fate of those romantic Bolsheviks who... rushed into Mongolia, western China, and farther to Tibet to build the Red Shambhala paradise by stirring indigenous prophecies and instigating lamas to revolution. Agvan Dorzhiev, another player in the great Bolshevik game in Inner

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Sneh Manajan wrote that the Russian military advances in Central Asia were advocated and executed only by irresponsible Russians or enthusiastic governors of the frontier provinces. Robert Middleton suggested that The Great Game was all a figment of the over-excited imaginations of a few jingoist

2067:, the lands of Badakhshan and Wakhan were accepted by Russia as part of Afghanistan, Russia accepted all of Britain's proposals on Afghanistan's northern borders and expected that Britain would keep Afghanistan from committing any aggression. However, this set in motion Russia's annexation of the 1602:

and proceeded in the direction of Kabul in Afghanistan. Russia occupied Chimkent in 1864, Tashkent in 1865, Khokhand and Bukhara in 1866, and Samarkand in 1868. Russia's influence now extended to outlying regions of Afghan Turkestan. The second campaign started from the Caspian Sea and was in the

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Britain believed that it was the world's first free society and the most industrially advanced country, and therefore that it had a duty to use its iron, steam power, and cotton goods to take over Central Asia and develop it. British goods were to be followed by British values and the respect for

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in Afghanistan. Afghanistan would need to be transformed from a group of warring principalities into one state ruled by an ally whose foreign relations would be conducted on his behalf by the Governor-General and the Foreign Office. The Great Game meant closer ties between Britain and the states

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and Japan as additional players. Noack calls it a "Second Tournament of Shadows" over the territory composing the border of British India, China, the Soviet Union and Japanese Manchuria. To Britain, the Germans initially appeared to be a secret Soviet ally. In 1933–1934 it "ended with Mongolia,

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Boundary Commission protocols, when the border between Afghanistan and the Russian empire was defined. The Pamir Boundary Commission was conducted by Major-General Gerard who met with a Russian deputation under General Povalo-Shveikovsky in the remote Pamir region in 1895, who were charged with

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they had a claim over the Pamirs. Afghanistan claimed that the region never paid tribute to Kokand and was independent, so having annexed it the region was theirs. The British claimed that this was a breach of the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1873. Unfortunately for Britain, the Indian government

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saw how important the Great Game had become for Russia and Britain. Germany had no direct stakes, however its dominance of Europe was enhanced when Russian troops were based as far away from Germany as possible. Over two decades, 1871–1890, he maneuvered to help the British, hoping to force the

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of the Bengal Artillery undertook a mission to the Khanate of Khiva in an attempt to negotiate the release of Russian slaves that would deny the Russians a pretext for invading Khiva. If war had already broken out, Abbot was instructed to attempt to negotiate a settlement. The attempted Russian

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would become part of diplomatic intrigues about India. He first received limited British support in 1801 that was canceled after Russia's invasion of Persia in 1804. Fath-Ali then lent a promise to Napoleon in 1807 to theoretically invade British India in exchange for French military assistance

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respectively, in their colonial struggle over Asia. Blavatsky would also refer to Russia's double-layered conception of itself as a European power in contrast to Asia as well as an empire based in Asia; meanwhile, she would also "consciously appropriate" British rhetoric on Russia in labelling

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Beginning in the 1820s, Russian troops would begin to advance southward from Siberia in search of secure boundaries and reliable neighbors. This advance would not cease until Russia's frontiers and her sphere of influence were firm in the Central Asia, and this would include Bokhara and Khiva.

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to the Far East, where it reached the Pacific port that would become known as Vladivostok by 1859. This eastward expansion was of no concern to the British Foreign Office because this area did not lie across any British trade routes or destinations, and therefore was of no interest to Britain.

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Marx and Engels were certainly not defeatist for Britain; they wanted her to wage offensive war against Russia and to conduct it with the utmost determination. A crushing Russian defeat seemed to them to be both in the power-political interests of Britain and in the revolutionary interests of

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openly threatened...to call in every foreign aid that he could command...we could never hope that the tranquility of our neighborhood could be secured...the Governor-General confidently hopes that the Shah will speedily be replaced on his throne...the independence and integrity of Afghanistan

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began in November 1837, when the new Shah of Persia, Mohammed Mirza, arrived before Herat. His intention was to take Herat then move on to Kandahar. With him was the Russian Envoy Count Simonich, seconded Russian officers and a regiment of Russian deserters under the Polish general Berowski.

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According to the scholar Andrei Znamenski, Soviet Communists of the 1920s aimed to extend their influence over Mongolia and Tibet, using the mythical Buddhist kingdom of Shambhala as a form of propaganda to further this mission, in a sort of "great Bolshevik game". The expedition of Russian

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On 11 March 1895, there was an Exchange of Notes Between Great Britain and Russia. The notes defined British and Russian spheres of influence east of Lake Sari-Qul by defining the northern boundary of the Wakhan Corridor east of the lake. This boundary was subsequently demarcated by a mixed

3308:, into a "Second Union of the East." There, the King of Shambhala would, following the Maitreya prophecies, make his appearance to fight a great battle against all evil forces on Earth. Roerich understood that as "perfection towards Common Good." The new polity was to include southwestern 2977:, British ambassador to Russia called on Russia's V. Westmann, Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, and told him that "The advance of Russia in Central Asia of late years was a subject of watchful interest, although it was not one of either jealousy or fear to the Government of India." 981:

During the 1840s and 1850s, Russia's aims in Central Asia were for Bukhara and Khiva to refrain from hostile actions against Russia, cease possession of Russian slaves and the granting of asylum to Kazakhs fleeing from Russian justice. Khiva must cease her attacks on caravans along the

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was an explorer, doctor, veterinary surgeon, and Superintendent of the East India Company's horse stud. He had an interest in expanding trade in Central Asia, where he thought the Russian traders were already active. In 1820, Moorcroft, George Trebeck and George Guthrie left India for

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has been put in context of the Great Game due to his interest in Tibet, Although Roerich did not like the Communists, he agreed to help Soviet intelligence and influence operations due to a shared paranoia towards Britain, as well as his goal to form a "Sacred Union of the East"

657:(Central Persia) disguised as Muslims. The expedition was funded by the East India Company and was to map and research the regions of "Beloochistan" (Balochistan) and Persia because of concerns about India being invaded by French forces from that direction. After the disastrous 6477:"Enclosure No. 8. No. 179, dated Lake Victoria, the 28th July 1895 (Confidential). From Major-General M. G. Gerard, C. B. To the Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department." Record Office. Russia. Proceedings in Central Asia 1873–1898. PRO/FO 65/1506. pp. 336–337. 1705:. Przhevalsky's expeditions became famous and increased interest in European expansion into Asia among the Russian press, aristocracy and academia. In the 1880s, Przhevalsky advocated for the "forcible annexation of western China, Mongolia, and Tibet, and their colonization by 3081:

were baseless rumours, and that such rumours "were always common currency in Central Asia and they applied as much to Russia as to Britain". After two British representatives were executed in Bukhara in 1842, Britain actively discouraged officers from traveling in Turkestan.

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with it competition for oil and gas in a 21st-century version of the Great Game. These expectations were not supported by the facts, and came with an exaggeration of the region's commercial and geopolitical value. Since that time, some journalists have used the expression

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the Indian Ocean area, in the Middle East and the Far East'; it serving as 'a transit point for air and sea communications'; it being 'a large reserve of manpower of good fighting quality'; and the strategic importance of the northwest region to threaten the Soviet Union.

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pointed out that Bozai Gumbaz was not included in the Agreement and so it was in an undefined zone. Bozai Gumbaz had not appeared on the Russian map as being in Wakhan. Additionally, the British became aware that Younghusband had mistakenly entered Russian territory near

1740:. In the late 19th century, Britain strategically supported the Qing Dynasty's protectorates against the Russian Empire. According to Andreyev, "in the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British."" 2711:

reportedly disapproved of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over

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power and spread of civilisation. Gorchakov went to great lengths to explain that Russia's intentions were meant not to antagonize the British but to bring civilised behavior and protect the traditional trade routes through the region. The first campaign started from

1838:: a possible move in their struggle with Britain for control of inner Asia. In a report to the Russian General Staff, Mannerheim also argued in favor of a Russian invasion of Xinjiang. Disguised as an ethnographic collector, Mannerheim joined the French archeologist 3131:'s attempt at reviving a 'new Mongolian khanate'. Whereas the Great Game between Russia and Britain was codifying imperial spheres of influence at their frontiers, the supposed Great Game between Russia and Japan did not end up in a similarly defined frontier, with 2002:, tried unsuccessfully to keep them from entering Afghanistan, the Russians arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878. As a reaction, on 14 August the British demanded that Sher Ali also accept a British mission. The Amir not only refused to receive a British mission under 1028:, it was logistically not possible for the Russian Empire to invade India and was not seriously considered, however the Tsars understood that making invasion plans threatening the "jewel" of Britain's empire was a way to extract more favorable outcomes in Europe. 2830:

and Xinjiang isolated from non-Soviet influence." Authors Andrei Znamenski and Alexandre Andreyev also describe the continuation of elements of the Great Game by the Soviet Union until the 1930s, focused on secret diplomacy and espionage in Tibet and Mongolia.

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in 1917 and the temporary end of Russia's interest in Persia. Konstantin Penzev has stated, echoing Kipling's fictional summary ("When everyone is dead, the Great Game is finished. Not before."), that unofficially the Great Game in Central Asia will never end.

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Travels in the Himalayan provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir; in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara; by William Moorcroft and George Trebeck, from 1819 to 1825. Edited by Horace Hayman Wilson. Published by John Murray, London, 1841.

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With its panoply of outlandish tyrants, fortune tellers, mounted tribesmen and wild dreams advanced against absurd odds, the whole story could have possessed the makings of a glorious offshoot of the Great Game, had Ungern been anything more than a murderous

3362:

than two empires focused on the region as in the past, there are now many global and regional powers active with the rise of China and India as major economic powers. Central Asian states have diversified their political, economic, and security relationships.

1823:

also changed and weakened Russian designs in Xinjiang. According to researcher Jin Noda, Japanese intelligence activities occurred "against a backdrop of acute Russian and British interest in the geopolitical fate of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Russian Turkestan".

1284:, an officer of the Bengal Artillery, who had earlier entered Herat in disguise, stiffened the defences and despite the presence of Russian advisers the siege lasted eight months. Britain threatened to take military action and Persia withdrew in September. 2648:

For a time, the British and Russian Empires moved together against potential German entrance into the Great Game, and against a constitutional movement in Iran that threatened to dispel the two-way sphere of influence. Russia had earlier established the

2438:

that Russia would relinquish the farthest territory captured in their advance, but retain Panjdeh. The agreement delineated a permanent northern Afghan frontier at the Amu Darya, with the loss of a large amount of territory, especially around Panjdeh.

1732:, which aimed to annex Mongolia, Tibet, and China to the Russian Empire. Although not very successful, various agents were sent out to conduct espionage in Tibet in regards to British influence, investigate trade and attempted to foment rebellion in 1759:. Agvan Dorzhiev claimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China or Britain. In response, Britain sought to increase its own influence in Tibet as a buffer for British India. British forces, led by Sir 2921: 1727:

argues that Tibet was a major territorial focus of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, and was connected to the Great Game. Andreyev mentions that in 1893, Tsar Alexander III financed an adventurist project by a Tibetan medicine practitioner,

328:

Britain feared Russia's southward expansion would threaten India, while Russia feared the expansion of British interests into Central Asia. As a result, Britain made it a high priority to protect all approaches to India, while Russia continued

3386:, Paul Stronski and Nicole Ng wrote in 2018 that China has not fundamentally challenged any Russian interests in Central Asia. They suggested that China, Russia, and the West could have mutual interests in regional stability in Central Asia. 1031:

Similarly to the British Empire, the Russian Empire saw themselves as a "civilizing power" expanding a purely humanitarian mission among the Turcomans into what they perceived a "semi-barbarous" region, reflecting the ideology of the time.

1346:. The Kabul garrison of 4,500 troops and 12,000 camp followers left Kabul for Jalalabad that was 80 miles and 5 days march away. They were attacked by 30,000 Afghans. Six British officers escaped on horseback but only one, the wounded Dr 1359:

I have been struck by the magnitude of your resources, your ships, your arsenals, but what I cannot understand is why the rulers of so vast and flourishing an empire should have gone across the Indus to deprive me of my poor and barren

2972:

that "Although ... the Khanate of Khiva remained entirely in our sphere of action, we thought we would make an act of courtesy of not adopting any decisive measure against Khiva before having informed Britain of it." In November 1874,

1722: 2941:, which allowed London to communicate with its colony in India from 1870 onward, was built through the territory of the Russian Empire, during the 'Great Game' between Russia and Britain. Nevertheless, an all-British-owned line 625:

on a French military mission to Persia, with the intention of persuading Russia to invade India. In response, Britain sent its own diplomatic missions in 1808, with military advisers, to Persia and Afghanistan under the capable

3374:(SCO) established in 2001 is showing that Central Asia's actors have gained some real degree of independence. But fundamentally, the China factor introduces a level of predictability." In the 2015 international relations book 2851:

Nonetheless, Britain would win a decisive victory in the Second Anglo-Afghan War which occurred between 1878 and 1880. The victory also strengthened Britain's influence in Afghanistan, which had become a British protectorate.

2913:

of colluding with Russia during the Crimean War. At the time, Marx alleged that Palmerston weakened Britain's defense of the Ottoman Empire. Although this view was not otherwise widespread, the same accusation was levied by

2018:, invaded Afghanistan from British India. Warfare had been settled for a while through diplomatic negotiations in 1879, in 1880 however the fighting was reignited after a British envoy on a mission to Kabul was massacred. 1157:'s surveys of the Indus river would prepare the way for a future assault on the Sind to clear a path towards Central Asia. Burnes embarked on a dangerous 12-month journey beginning in 1831 into Afghanistan and through the 3098:

might rail against the corrupting effects of British rule over India and declare that there could be no frontiers for the Russians in Asia, but Russian policy was usually decided by saner heads. Canny statesmen such as

316:

Though the Great Game was marked by distrust, diplomatic intrigue, and regional wars, it never erupted into a full-scale war directly between Russian and British colonial forces. However, the two nations battled in the

1267:

with a message that the Emperor would no longer have anything to do with the Emir of Bukhara. After its two representatives were executed in Bukhara, Britain actively discouraged officers from traveling in Turkestan.

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Robert Irwin argues the Great Game was certainly perceived by both British and Russian adventurers at the time, but was played up by more expansionist factions for power politics in Europe. Irwin states that "Prince

630:, averting the possible French and Russian threat to India. However, Britain was left with concerns about being able to defend its colony on the subcontinent. At the time, Russia also went to war with Qajar Iran and 899:

In the early 1880s Russia failed to float a nine 9 million loan on the European markets for its strategic geopolitical enterprises, driving severe budget cuts by the Minister of Finance. For the construction of the

1206:

to paddle up the Indus River and surveyed the river as he went. In 1838, he led an expedition that found one of the River Oxus' sources in central Asia. He published his travels in 1872. In 1837, the Russian envoy

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distinct historiographical lens after the Second World War." However, he says, "That does not mean that historians who describe trajectories of British Imperial statecraft in terms of 'the Great Game' are wrong."

2478:

and could have been arrested by the administrator there. Yanov offered a verbal apology if he had mistakenly entered the Wakhan territory, and the Russian government proposed a joint survey to agree on a border.

1148:

to the British frontier in January 1831. He published his travels in 1834. However, after 1830, Britain's commercial and diplomatic interest to the north-west would eventually become formidable. In 1831, Captain

3062:

nor an Ethnographical Department; there was only a governmental task force called 'Survey of India' that was entrusted with the task of charting all India in response to a typically English anxiety of control."

1433:

in 1845–1846, resulting in the partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom. The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1848–1849, resulting in subjugation of the remainder of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the

3041:

to assess 'the long-term policy required to safeguard the strategic interests of the British Empire in India and the Indian Ocean', the report in respect of which was submitted on 19 May 1945. He states in the

457:

In the historical sense, the term dates from the mid-19th century. Captain Conolly had been appointed as a political officer. A similar term, the "Tournament of Shadows" was reportedly used by Russian diplomat

2668:, a relatively free press and other reforms. Seeking to resolve financial problems of the Qajar dynasty such as heavy debts to Imperial Russia and Britain, the Majilis recruited the American financial expert, 3127:) and that centuries-old distinct traditions such as the Qing legacy there led to key differences. Nonetheless, ancient and even mythic appeals to legitimacy were used by exiled supporters of empire, such as 3110:

According to historian Patrikeeff, the concept of the Great Game was also applied, possibly inaccurately, to Northeast Asia to describe Russia and Japan's contest over Manchuria – which took the form of the

604:

wrote that Tsar Paul had not been able to obtain a detailed map of India until the Cossacks' departure from Orenburg. He quotes the Tsar as instructing Orlov: "My maps only go as far as Khiva and the River

6372:

Gerard, Maj.-Gen. M. G. Report on the Proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission. Calcutta, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1897, 1st ed., Foolscap Folio (33 x 21cm), iv, 99pp

6468:

Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit, Pamirs and North-West Frontier: Summary of Diary for August 1895. p.4. Public Record Office. Russia.Proceedings in Central Asia 1873–1898. F.O. 65/1507.

4026: 613:

observed that "the grotesque plan had no military significance, but at least showed its author's state of mind". Hopkirk remarked that "no serious thought or study has been given to this wild adventure".

2807:

which delineated spheres of interest between British India and Russian Central Asia in the borderland areas of Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. However historian Elena Andreeva sets the endpoint with the

1696:

felt there was a British threat to Russian ambitions in Inner Asia, and set out on a series of 1870s expeditions. Although he failed to reach Tibet's capital at Lhasa, he travelled extensively in Tibet,

6498: 8352: 7812: 470:, Conolly wrote, "You've a great game, a noble game, before you." Conolly believed that Rawlinson's new post gave him the opportunity to advance humanitarianism in Afghanistan, and summed up his hopes: 3170:

have connected the Great Game to earlier and later expeditions in Inner Asia, predominantly those expeditions by British, Russian, and German orientalists. Robert Irwin summarizes the expeditions as "

2579:

river would form the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. The agreements also resulted in the Russian Empire losing control of most Afghan territory it conquered, with the exception of

1323:

British influence was to be extended into Afghanistan and it was to become a buffer state. The intention to invade was clear, and when a copy of the Manifesto reached London there was no objection.

1161:

to Bukhara, returning in 1832. Burnes, a Christian travelling through a Muslim country was one of the first to study Afghanistan for British Intelligence and upon his return, he published his book,

2087:

of 1879. The British sent an envoy and mission to Kabul, but on 3 September this mission was massacred and the conflict was reignited. The second phase ended in September 1880 when the British

3389:

The Great Game has been described as a cliché-metaphor, and there are authors who have now written on the topics of "the Great Game" in Antarctica, the world's far north, and in outer space.

2995:

Britain and Russia officially ended their dispute with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, and afterward cooperated to enforce its provisions on Qajar Iran, while covert rivalry continued.

2617:

given an odd eastern appendage known as the Wakhan Corridor. "In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close."

1004:

The Russian Empire sought to expand its access to strategic coastlines such as the Black Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Pacific. Russian war plans against British India were developed during the

10587: 6913: 1888:

The Great Game in Iran took the form of military conquests, diplomatic intrigues, and the competition of trade goods. Russian colonists arrived in northern Iran, settling the region around

6985:

Asia, ended his Shambhala quest in a secret police prison morgue. By the 1930s, futile compromises with the Bolshevik regime morally broke down this former Dalai Lama ambassador to Russia.

1858:

in July 1906, but Mannerheim quarreled with Pelliot, so he made the greater part of the expedition on his own. Mannerheim met the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet and acted as an envoy of Russia.

1815:

made some of Japan's first official diplomatic interactions in Central Asia and observed Russian colonial policy during the early Meiji period, while during the end of the period, Colonel

7937: 2010:, the Viceroy of British India, ordered an envoy to set out on a diplomatic mission for Kabul in September 1878. The mission was turned back as it approached the eastern entrance of the 804: 577:. Expecting a future action by the British against Russia and her allies in Europe, Paul decided in 1801 to make the first move towards where he believed the British Empire was weakest ( 3382:. According to Ajay Patnaik, "China has advanced carefully in the region, using the SCO as the main regional mechanism, but never challenging Russian interests in Central Asia." In the 2680: 1942:

or keep Muhammad Ali Shah in power, the constitutional reforms were put in place against Russia's wishes, though the Cossack Brigade remained a major factor. An Iranian former Cossack,

1935: 3086:

would first require a forward base in Khorasan, Persia. St. Petersburg had decided by then that a forward policy in the region had failed but one of non-intervention appeared to work.

2521:), he opened up the region by building roads, telegraph, and mail systems while maintaining a dialogue with the Mir of Gilgit. He intended to improve the road from Kashmir through the 895:

And finally petroleum deposits in central Asia were discovered in the early 20th century. This oil was essential to the modernization of the Royal Navy, and to build Britain's economy.

1834:

on the way to Beijing. The Russian General Staff wanted on-the-ground intelligence about reforms and activities by the Qing dynasty, as well as the military feasibility of invading

474:

If the British Government would only play the grand game – help Russia cordially to all that she has a right to expect – shake hands with Persia – get her all possible amends from

708:

led to a Russian victory, weakening Qajar Iran which retained only minimal influence and power. This fully placed Persia into another colonial contest between Russia and Britain.

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arrived to try to secure Stoddart's release. He was also imprisoned and on 17 June 1842 both men were beheaded. On hearing of the execution of the two British officers, Emperor

9093:

Morrison, Alexander. "Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895." (2014): 131–142.

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community in India told him that Russia was destined for a mission on Earth. That led Roerich to formulate his "Great Plan," which envisaged the unification of millions of

1020:

in Poland. Andreyev states that, as late as 1909, strategists of the Russian Empire sought to use Afghanistan to "threaten India... to exert influence on Britain", quoting

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would be the subject of a later Afghan-China agreement. To conclude their agreement, one peak was named Mount Concord. In exchange for a British agreement to use the term

1271:

During 1838, there were rumors in London of a coming Russian move towards Khiva. Additionally, Persia intended to annex Herat to make up for territory it had lost in the

6228:

a commentary on "The Pamirs; being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and Foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary and Russian Central Asia" by

892:

By the late 19th century London added the argument that Russian success against the Ottoman Empire would seriously embarrass Britain's reputation for diplomatic prowess.

861:

argues that by the mid-19th century the British had developed at least nine reasons to expect a major war with Russia unless Russian expansion in Asia could be stopped:

321:

from 1853 to 1856, which affected the Great Game. The Russian and British Empires also cooperated numerous times during the Great Game, including many treaties and the

6289: 5588: 4681: 3687: 1355:, decided to withdraw all British garrisons from Afghanistan and Dost Mohammad Khan was freed in India to return to the throne. Dost Mohammad is reported to have said: 5020: 11184: 10580: 911:

The Tsar also entered into agreements about delivery of munition for its fortresses at an estimated value of one million sterling, with German steel magnate Alfred

677:

in 1807, as Russia was still invading Iran, Fath-Ali Shah turned toward British diplomacy and alliance in 1809. The shah was also able to use a rivalry between the

11189: 4788: 3354:

gas includes pipelines that transmit energy to China's east coast. One view of the New Great Game is a shift to geoeconomic compared to geopolitical competition.

3103:

sanctioned the despatch of diplomatic missions, explorers and spies into Afghanistan and Tibet, but they did so to extort concessions from the British in Europe.

1491:

In 1856, Persia commenced an assault on Herat and the British Home Government declared war on Persia. The Anglo-Persian War was conducted under Major General Sir

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Central Asia, as well as the influence that a Muslim power with British support might have on the other khanates. In 1837, Russian troops occupied the island of

2748:

Historians do not agree on dating the beginning or end of the Great Game. Konstantin Penzev believes that the Great Game commenced with Russia's victory in the

990:

river for Russian ships. None of these aims was realised. Russia's borders remained insecure and in addition there was growing British influence in the region.

8423:

Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development. By Marlene Laruelle, Sebastien Peyrouse. Routledge, Abington, England, 2013.

6892:

Unofficially, the Great Game is still going on; and as Rudyard Kipling said, it will end when everyone is dead, i.e. it will never end. Of that we can be sure.

4437: 1399:

of the Bengal Artillery was successful in negotiating the release of 416 Russian captives, whom he escorted into Russia. He was knighted for this undertaking.

1001:

proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone. Russia feared the influence that a Muslim power with British support might have on the other khanates in the region.

8345: 7796: 7445: 4636:

A Journey from Bengal to England through the Northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia by the Caspian Sea by George Forster.

2859:, who later became Viceroy of India (1899-1905), wrote a book on the strategic balance between the Russian and British Empires, as well as his travels on the 11018: 1866: 7228: 6490: 10573: 5435: 1885:

after which the British and Russian Empires largely moved together in their overtures for imperial influence in the region until the Bolshevik Revolution.

486:

views. The expediency, nay the necessity of them will be seen, and we shall play the noble part that the first Christian nation of the world ought to fill.

10331: 2150:. The Afghans claimed that the people of the district had always paid tribute to Afghanistan, and the Russians argued that this district was part of the 1781: 1717: 8191: 2874:

Our relations with Afghanistan in the forty years between 1838 and 1878 were successively those of blundering interference and of unmasterly inactivity.

1555:. Farrah had been under Dost Mohammad Khan's control since 1856, and he responded by sending his army to defeat Herat and reunited it with Afghanistan. 780:

that would grow from future trade. Behind these buffer states would be their protected states stretching from the Persian Gulf to India and up into the

11174: 11164: 11087: 11008: 448:

The phrase "the Great Game" was used well before the 19th century and was associated with games of risk, such as cards and dice. The French equivalent

5967:

The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, United States of America. 15 September 1983. p4-11

1104: 11400: 11199: 11118: 5192: 5140: 2821:

According to German historian David X. Noack, the Great Game resumed from 1919 to 1933 as a conflict between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the

2760:

of 1828. Edward Ingram believes that it began between 1832 and 1834 as an attempt to negotiate trade deals with Ranjit Singh and the Amirs of Sind.

411:

Boundary Commission protocols, when the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire was defined using diplomatic methods. In August 1907, the

11355: 11128: 8913: 8758: 8560: 2985: 8173:

The Asian Energy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security and the Pacific Future by Robert A. Manning. Palgrave Macmillan (11 November 2000)

7645: 6905: 478:– force the Bukhara Amir to be just to us, the Afghans, and other Oosbeg states, and his own kingdom – but why go on; you know my, at any rate in 11204: 10643: 9412: 9268: 8317:

Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies. By Marlène Laruelle and Sébastien Peyrouse. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, England, 2011.

6802:

The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia. Evgeny Sergeev Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013,

2856: 2117: 59: 6879: 6705: 4056: 10701: 10042: 9036: 7929: 6566: 6396: 5371: 5322: 3832: 2803:

British fears ended in 1907 and the Great Game came to a close in 1907 when Britain and Russia became military allies (with France). They made

2720:

autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone. Qajar Iran would become a battleground between Russian, Ottoman, and British forces in the

9097: 3029:

succeed in his plan to detach the northwest of India abutting Iran, Afghanistan and Sinkiang and establish a separate state there – Pakistan.

9180:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552 9119: 1528:

functioned as the guardian of a system of connected markets maintained by military power, business legislation and monetary management. The

597:, conquer the Central Asian Khanates, and from there invade India. Paul was assassinated in the same year, and the invasion was terminated. 356:, shuffling Persia into a competition between colonial powers. According to one major view, the Great Game started on 12 January 1830, when 11415: 9873: 9326: 169: 2800:

proposes that The Great Game was over at the end of the First Anglo-Afghanistan war in 1842 with the British withdrawal from Afghanistan.

1975: 11330: 11269: 10891: 10865: 10596: 9321: 8654: 8035: 7113: 6675: 6636: 3460: 784:, with British sea-power protecting trade sea-lanes. Access to Afghanistan was to be through developing trade routes along the Indus and 504:

on 10 November 1926. The use of the term "The Great Game" to describe Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia became common only after the

6844: 6821: 6735: 6269: 4746: 3020:

that the partition of India was partially connected to the Great Game between Britain and the USSR. He stated the following in his book:

11410: 11380: 9161: 8328: 7627: 7526: 7014: 6309:

William C. Rowe (2010). "Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game". In Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen (eds.).

3971: 3383: 3367: 2910: 1439: 850: 7074: 1334:, Dost Mohammad surrendered despite his victories. The British sent him into exile in India and replaced him with the previous ruler, 11395: 11360: 11335: 10032: 9422: 1189:

was appointed Governor-General, and replaced Bentinck who had pursued a non-intervention policy. The India Board instructed Auckland:

236: 7406: 6205: 5405: 441:

popularized the term, increasing its association with great power rivalry. It became even more popular after the 1979 advent of the

11375: 10984: 10959: 4766:

The Soviet Union and Iran : Soviet policy in Iran from the beginnings of the Pahlavi Dynasty until the Soviet invasion in 1941

2968:

After the signing of the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1873 that was followed by Russia's occupation of Khiva, Gorchakov wrote in the

2007: 1807:, a pan-Muslim opponent of Russian and British expansion. Japanese interest in the region as well as enmity with Russia led to the 1292: 1255:. Nasrullah Khan had Stoddart imprisoned in a vermin-infested dungeon because he had not bowed nor brought gifts. In 1841, Captain 392:

against Russian expansion. This would protect India and key British sea trade routes by blocking Russia from gaining a port on the

7545:

Minute by Viceroy, encl. No. 123 of 1875, Government of India, Foreign Department (Political), to Salisbury, 7 June 1875, N.P.123.

6077: 11310: 10934: 10929: 10017: 9277: 4666:

Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab: Including a Residence in Those Countries from 1826–1838

3233:

by the British and Russian Empires, as they competed to define and claim "the Orient". Blavatsky would be referenced by the poet

4300:

From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801-1813

1915:, Russia received territorial domination in Iran. With the Romanovs shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened 11345: 11320: 10974: 10884: 6323:

In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.

4145: 3379: 2988:, the Secretary of State for India, that he accepted an eventual Russian annexation of Merv. In the following year he wrote to 2958: 1136:

of the East India Company travelled from St. Petersburg, Russia to the Caspian desert, to Kir (northern Iran), was detained in

994: 407:

Traditionally, the Great Game came to a close between 1895 and 1907. In September 1895, London and Saint Petersburg signed the

8407: 6348: 874:

It would undermine the old Islamic regimes of central Asia leading to a frantic war among the powers for shares of the spoils.

11390: 10047: 9617: 8925: 8904: 8428: 8011: 7970: 7845: 7742: 7336: 7309: 7107: 6965: 6669: 6630: 6530: 5929: 5902: 5624: 5574: 5530: 5503: 5473: 5399: 5347: 5298: 5245: 5178: 4308: 4020: 3943: 3796: 2981: 2903: 2695:

after April 1909. Nonetheless, the constitutionalists were able to retake the capital and were initially victorious with the

8074: 7976: 6971: 5630: 5259: 4327:, by Henry Pottinger. First published by Longman, London, 1816. This edition by RoutledgeCurzon, Milton Park, England 2004. 3671: 1881:

Various authors connect British-Russian competition in Iran to the Great Game as well. This competition continued until the

1638: 11370: 11350: 11315: 10969: 6286: 5272:

Britain considered that... 'It was necessary to cultivate China as a counterbalance to the Russian threat to British India'

5017: 4678: 3175: 2907: 2192: 1784:

states that the Anglo-Russian rivalry in Tibet ultimately had implications for Northeast India as well, culminating in the

1352: 734: 357: 125: 3328:, Xinjiang and Tibet, with its capital in "Zvenigorod," the "City of Tolling Bells," which was to be built at the foot of 11405: 11365: 11340: 10944: 10148: 9261: 6404: 4225: 3531: 2483: 2415: 1236: 1165:, which became an overnight success in 1834. Between 1832 and 1834, Britain attempted to negotiate trade agreements with 1124:

and reached Bukhara in 1825. However, all three died of fever on the return journey. His travels were published in 1841.

7646:"Going All in on the Great Game? The Curious and Problematic Choice of Kiplingesque Inspiration in US Military Doctrine" 4810:

Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara, in the Years 1843–1845, to Ascertain the Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly

4677:

Journey to the North of India through Russia, Persia and Afghanistan Lt. Arthur Conolly. London, Richard Bentley, 1834.

2740: 11385: 11048: 10143: 10052: 10022: 9698: 9574: 9155: 8867: 8648: 8628: 8573: 8253: 7580: 7008: 6622:

The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism

3639: 1387: 7555:

Taming the Imperial Imagination:Colonial Knowledge, International Relations, and the Anglo-Afghan Encounter, 1808–1878

3810: 1551:

of Herat, who was placed into power by Persia and issued coinage on behalf of the Shah, attacked the disputed town of

889:

When Russia reached the Indian Ocean it could threaten the naval communications that held the British Empire together.

10805: 10800: 10421: 10351: 10306: 10090: 9753: 9681: 9647: 8771: 8388: 8322: 8228: 8183: 7609: 6807: 6774: 6159: 5002: 4922: 4774: 4601: 4234: 3745: 3731: 3592: 3526: 3521: 3371: 3358:

believes that "China and Russia are the two dominant power players vs. the weaker independent Central Asian states".

2657: 1939: 1272: 738: 729:

basin today. Britain's intended strategy was to use its steam power and the river as a trade route into Central Asia.

705: 631: 361: 353: 349: 9241: 7442: 4431: 2055:), and a joint Russian-British commission would define the boundary from the Amu Darya to the Persian border on the 1903: 11038: 10810: 10336: 10296: 10158: 10007: 9866: 9084: 9060: 9000: 8883: 8549: 8133: 7906: 6173: 5960: 5840: 5773: 5697: 4615: 4392: 3470: 2989: 2593: 1964: 1803:

would observe the Great Game and participate indirectly through diplomacy and espionage. For example, Japan hosted

1593:

had ended in 1856 with Russia's defeat by an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. The new and wary

1319:

Dost Mohammad Khan, 1793 to 1863. Emir of Afghanistan. From The World's Inhabitants by G.T. Bettany published 1888.

463: 415:

created an alliance between Britain and Russia, and formally delineated control in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.

330: 9232: 9018: 8157: 5098: 2744:

1920s bird's eye map depicting the approaches to British India through Afghanistan including then Soviet territory

10790: 10411: 10190: 10133: 10085: 10057: 9942: 9937: 8875:

Preston, Adrian. "Frustrated Great Gamesmanship: Sir Garnet Wolseley's Plans for War against Russia, 1873-1880."

8747: 6544: 5616:

The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan

5237:

China and the international system, 1840–1949 : power, presence, and perceptions in a century of humiliation

2749: 2546: 1435: 20: 7143: 7044: 6434: 5427: 4812: 2457:

Pamir. In 1891, Russia sent a military force to this area and its commander, Yanov, ordered the British Captain

11325: 10649: 9902: 9591: 9586: 9254: 8068: 6747: 6025: 4332: 3443: 2721: 2684: 1604: 997:

proposed the Amu Darya river as the basis for a neutral zone between British and Russian spheres of influence,

622: 7863:"Liberation Theosophy: Discovering India and Orienting Russia between Velimir Khlebnikov and Helena Blavatsky" 3332:, in Altai. According to Roerich, the same Mahatmas revealed to him in 1922 that he was an incarnation of the 700:

began to coalesce into a point of tension between the British and Russian empires, particularly following the

11420: 11305: 11259: 10860: 10795: 10396: 10316: 10311: 10153: 10138: 10012: 9601: 7262: 6057: 3112: 1492: 1132:, Afghanistan and the Punjab between 1826 and 1838 and published his travels. In September 1829, Lieutenant 886:

It would strengthen protectionism and thereby undermine the free trading ideal that Britain was committed to.

567:, it might then be used as a staging post for a Russian invasion of India, was the British line of thinking. 229: 154: 1495:

until 1857, when Persia and Britain both withdrew and Persia signed a treaty renouncing its claim on Herat.

11097: 10855: 10770: 10363: 10358: 10321: 10185: 10037: 9662: 9507: 9381: 9028:

Tripodi, Christian. "Grand Strategy and the Graveyard of Assumptions: Britain and Afghanistan, 1839–1919."

8992:

Stone, James. "Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890."

8857: 6522:

Middle East conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st century : an encyclopedia and document collection

3171: 2938: 2692: 2168: 1572: 1529: 1220:

of the southern Caspian Sea. However, from 1837 to 1857 the Russian Empire lent their support to the Shah.

1112: 6134:

James Stone, "Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890."

3206:, the Nazi sympathiser who seems to have regarded Asian exploration as a proving ground for the superman; 2653:

in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for Russian influence in Iran.

1144:, marched with the Afghan army from there to Herat, then traveled to Kandahar, to Quetta, then across the 10738: 10691: 10540: 10487: 10341: 10177: 10128: 9859: 9778: 9537: 9468: 5132: 3536: 3186:, the head of the ill-fated British Mission in Kabul (and a scholar who produced an important edition of 3159:

that was prominent in the late 19th and early 20th century), during the Great Game and in its aftermath.

3025: 2788:– in the context of the Great Game. Sergeev believes that the Great Game started in the aftermath of the 1827: 1764: 1564: 966: 757: 661:

in 1812 and the collapse of the French army, the threat of a French invasion through Persia was removed.

531: 178: 110: 8777: 8596:

Campbell, Heather A. (2021) "Great Game Thinking: The British Foreign Office and Revolutionary Russia."

8579: 7164:

George N. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question, London 1889, pp. 356–7.

6592: 5871: 4689: 1830:

also acted as a tsarist agent during the Great Game, leading an expedition through Tibet, Xinjiang, and

1747:

Agvan Dorzhiev (1853-1938) acted as a diplomatic link between the Russian Empire and the 13th Dalai Lama

1315: 849:

Here we are, just as we were, snarling at each other, hating each other, but neither wishing for war. –

297:. By the early 20th century, a line of independent states, tribes, and monarchies from the shore of the 11264: 10907: 10845: 10840: 10346: 10080: 9569: 9542: 9076:

Martel, Gordon. "Documenting the Great Game: 'World Policy' and the 'Turbulent Frontier' in the 1890s"

7356: 6570: 5037:

The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

3155:

Several scholars have focused on the role of legends and mysticism (sometimes interpreted as a form of

3128: 2827: 2155: 2136: 2003: 1689: 1658: 1058: 642: 322: 4485: 1603:

direction of Herat, near the Persian frontier. Khiva was occupied in 1873. Russian forces also seized

10823: 10716: 9907: 9407: 8474:

Sam Miller. A Strange Kind of Paradise: India Through Foreign Eyes. Vintage Books, London 2014. p286.

8446:"Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic" 6871: 6788:

The Caucasus, thanks to Urquhart and his friends, had thus become part of the Great Game battlefield.

6701: 5495:

The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China

4352: 4048: 3486: 2844: 2797: 2727: 2088: 832: 746: 658: 369: 161: 9033: 8164:

by Robert A. Manning. The Brown Journal of World Affairs Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2000), pp. 15–33

6393: 5958:

International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR)

1751:

Britain feared increased Russian influence in Tibet, due to contacts between the Russia-born Buryat

877:

It would add power and prestige to the Russian regime that was the great enemy of political freedom.

10753: 10467: 10436: 10257: 10116: 9768: 9434: 9369: 9094: 8953: 8346:"Kennan Cable No. 56: No Great Game: Central Asia's Public Opinions on Russia, China, and the U.S." 6296:. Digitized Afghanistan Materials in English from the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection. Paper 25. 5120:

State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)

3009: 2638: 2630: 2496: 1882: 1733: 1509: 1252: 412: 222: 142: 79: 5730:""All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century" 4413:

Secret committee to governor-general in council, 12 January 1830, India Office Records, Ltes/5/543

2567:

commission. The Great Game is proposed to have ended on 10 September 1895 with the signing of the

1938:

that involved both regular Russian troops and the Persian Cossacks. Failing to fully suppress the

11300: 11274: 11033: 10828: 10775: 10502: 10416: 10279: 10163: 9992: 9962: 9831: 9821: 9763: 9703: 9549: 9376: 9359: 9108: 8930:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. "Paul's great game: Russia's plan to invade British India."

7759: 6229: 3124: 3107:, on the other hand, was reluctant to have its foreign policy in Europe dictated to by the Raj." 2942: 2700: 2650: 1969: 1959: 1931: 1920: 1808: 1710: 1688:

continued to travel around Tibet and surrounding regions for many years. The publications of the

1685: 1568: 1370: 1343: 1101:

and then by ship to London. Forster's detailed description of the journey was published in 1798.

627: 7381: 2641:, the Russian Empire and British Empire officially ended their rivalry to focus on opposing the 11246: 10785: 10533: 10526: 10450: 10426: 10379: 10326: 10002: 9997: 9987: 9972: 9894: 9886: 9622: 9559: 9342: 4269: 3183: 2669: 2530: 2526: 2071:

in the same year. Badakhshan would later be divided between Afghanistan and Russian-controlled

1594: 1465: 1331: 1310: 1208: 781: 682: 670: 590: 564: 377: 281:

used military interventions and diplomatic negotiations to acquire and redefine territories in

266: 148: 68: 49: 10565: 8859:

Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1895, Epilogue by Lt. Col. (retd) Geoffrey Wheeler

8638: 8027: 7554: 7461: 7299: 7097: 6659: 6620: 6382: 6318: 6122: 5337: 5288: 5119: 5036: 4700: 4653: 2878:

However, he also portrayed the great game as a then-ongoing and future event in 1889, stating:

10979: 10834: 10727: 10497: 10482: 10406: 10401: 10252: 10027: 9708: 9564: 9386: 9296: 8378: 7999: 7494: 7326: 6936:

The Second Tournament of Shadows: Perceptions of great power politics in Turkestan, 1919–1933

6841: 6818: 6732: 6266: 6017: 5976: 5520: 5463: 4934: 4914: 4743: 4193: 3516: 3406: 2860: 2804: 2757: 2598: 1927: 1912: 1851: 1775: 1412: 1276: 1263:

would no longer receive Bukhara's gifts or emissaries, and its ambassador was turned back at

901: 825: 821: 809: 753: 742: 618: 556: 536: 442: 365: 9145: 8484:

Dodds, Klaus (2008). "The Great Game in Antarctica: Britain and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty".

8431: 8325: 7624: 6998: 6310: 4947: 4324: 2953:

In 1868, Russia moved against Bukhara and occupied Samarkand. Prince Gorchakov wrote in the

2139:

in the same year to define the borders between the Russian Empire and northern Afghanistan.

11003: 10549: 10477: 10269: 10096: 9982: 9713: 9632: 9627: 9347: 7066: 5654:"Russian Settlements in Iran in the Early Twentieth Century: Initial Phase of Colonization" 3289:

states that "Roerich brought the bewilderments of the later Great Game to America" through

3195: 3167: 2974: 2809: 2781: 2559: 2475: 2458: 2052: 1760: 1692:

in 1869 made the arrival of British Pundits at Lhasa known in Russia. The Russian explorer

1408: 1260: 1199: 578: 490:

It was introduced into the mainstream by the British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his novel

454:

dates back to at least 1585 and is associated with meanings of risk, chance and deception.

345: 8220: 8214: 4701:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India:1780-1870

2453:, Russia and Afghanistan. In the 1880s, the Afghans had advanced north of the lake to the 2175:

from British naval access, compelling an Anglo-Russian negotiation regarding Afghanistan.

1668:

Nain Singh Rawat (1830-1882), a surveyor employed by the British to explore the Himalayas

1275:, however the allegiance of Herat to Afghanistan was crucial to the British strategy. The 8: 11295: 11169: 10472: 9693: 9502: 9456: 9427: 9205: 9201: 9197: 6906:"The Second Tournament of Shadows and British Invasion Scares in Central Asia, 1919–1933" 6212: 6062: 5389: 3226: 3191: 2731:

Persia claims in Central Asia at Versailles Peace Conference in 1918, after the World War

2708: 2587:

were demarcated as a border line between the Russian Empire and Afghanistan as well. The

2551: 2124: 2064: 1999: 1804: 1768: 1693: 1396: 1339: 1335: 998: 665: 548: 401: 120: 95: 9190: 9186: 6361:(..) "The final balance was formalized by the Joint Pamirs Boundary Commission in 1895." 4966: 4724: 4665: 4641: 634:, adding to Britain's fears, while Russia was distracted mainly by the Napoleonic Wars. 63:"Afghanistan and her relation to British and Russian territories", 1885 American map of 11241: 11231: 11133: 11058: 11013: 10656: 10554: 10102: 9967: 9826: 9793: 9758: 9637: 9554: 9532: 9512: 9478: 8981: 8817: 8739:

Klein, Ira. "The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907-1914."

8721: 8501: 8300: 8125: 7898: 7890: 7258: 7220: 7175: 6560: 6439: 6105: 5832: 5824: 5765: 5757: 5689: 5681: 5365: 5316: 5090: 4952: 4384: 4323:

The Great Game: Britain and Russia in Central Asia. Edited by Martin Ewans. Volume II:

4100: 3882: 3826: 3506: 3346: 3234: 3116: 2889: 2753: 2084: 2056: 1820: 1816: 1616: 1608: 1552: 1473: 1430: 1327: 1248: 777: 701: 697: 678: 674: 560: 373: 9246: 8640:

Securing the Indian Frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and Negotiation, 1865–1895

5797:"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894" 3174:, the horse doctor with a mission to find new stock for the cavalry in British India; 2839: 11214: 11159: 11123: 11092: 11074: 11063: 11053: 10995: 10939: 10916: 10733: 10706: 10638: 10633: 10628: 9952: 9813: 9798: 9674: 9642: 9596: 9151: 8985: 8973: 8921: 8900: 8863: 8821: 8809: 8767: 8644: 8624: 8618: 8569: 8505: 8424: 8384: 8318: 8292: 8249: 8224: 8117: 8064: 8007: 7966: 7902: 7882: 7841: 7804: 7767: 7738: 7605: 7576: 7332: 7305: 7224: 7212: 7103: 7004: 6961: 6803: 6770: 6743: 6665: 6626: 6536: 6526: 6443: 6311: 6165: 6155: 6109: 6097: 6042:

England and Russia Face to Face in Asia: Travels with the Afghan Boundary Commission.

6041: 6021: 5898: 5836: 5816: 5769: 5749: 5693: 5673: 5620: 5580: 5570: 5526: 5499: 5469: 5395: 5353: 5343: 5304: 5294: 5251: 5241: 5184: 5174: 5082: 4998: 4918: 4780: 4770: 4607: 4597: 4376: 4328: 4304: 4230: 4104: 4016: 3979: 3939: 3886: 3874: 3802: 3792: 3737: 3727: 3679: 3598: 3588: 3501: 3297: 3278: 3120: 2696: 2588: 2470: 2163: 2100: 1673: 1548: 1477: 1451: 1108:

British military officer associated with the Great Game, Alexander Burnes (1805-1841)

961: 610: 302: 290: 45: 8304: 2691:. Additional brigades of the Russian Army were also deployed to assist the Shah and 1812: 1657:". Strategists of the Russian Empire sought to create a springboard to surround the 621:, to invade India; however Alexander resisted. In 1807, Napoleon dispatched General 11194: 11149: 11138: 11043: 10949: 9977: 9917: 9808: 9688: 9483: 9417: 9364: 9306: 8965: 8845: 8801: 8713: 8493: 8404: 8282: 8271:"Re-centering Central Asia: China's "New Great Game" in the old Eurasian Heartland" 8109: 7874: 7730: 7498: 7279: 7254: 7204: 6429: 6089: 5808: 5741: 5665: 5170:

Tournament of Shadows : the Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia

5133:"Ascending The Roof Of The World – Nain Singh's Last Exploration | Dreams Of Tibet" 5074: 4368: 4092: 3866: 3496: 3453: 3333: 3281: 3238: 3222: 3207: 3179: 2899: 2886:

Russia remained a focus for Curzon through and after his time as Viceroy of India.

2717: 2704: 2514: 2184: 2151: 2147: 2105: 2104:

to the British a number of its southern frontier areas, including the districts of

2068: 1785: 1612: 1521: 1469: 1281: 1244: 1150: 1078: 1025: 1017: 945: 905: 837: 773: 574: 505: 385: 9218: 8717: 8541:

Alder, G. J. "Standing Alone: William Moorcroft Plays the Great Game, 1808–1825."

7634:

by A. Vescovi (2014), p.12. cited in Other Modernities, by the University of Milan

7208: 6336: 5977:

Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives

5921: 5428:"Japanese Spies in Inner Asia during the Early Twentieth Century* | The Silk Road" 4637: 4372: 2014:, triggering the Second Anglo–Afghan War. In November 1878, 40,000 men led by the 11236: 11154: 11143: 10924: 10780: 10765: 10623: 9922: 9788: 9783: 9451: 9311: 9291: 9236: 9101: 9088: 9064: 9040: 9022: 9004: 8954:"Along the fringes of 'the great game': imperial Russia and Hong Kong, 1841–1907" 8894: 8887: 8751: 8553: 8411: 8332: 8161: 8058: 7960: 7835: 7631: 7601: 7533: 7449: 7328:

War and the Marxists: Socialist Theory and Practice in Capitalist Wars, 1848–1918

6955: 6848: 6829: 6825: 6764: 6739: 6400: 6293: 6273: 5964: 5745: 5669: 5614: 5560: 5493: 5235: 5168: 5024: 4816: 4764: 4750: 4685: 4298: 4096: 3767:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2006). "Russian foreign policy: 1815–1917".

3095: 3017: 2822: 2584: 2568: 2506: 2060: 2040: 1983: 1947: 1800: 1789: 1756: 1456: 1392: 1154: 1044:

Afghan foot soldiers in British regiment called the Rangers, lithograph taken by

1021: 793: 638: 540: 459: 432: 408: 278: 87: 8969: 8805: 8601: 7878: 7192: 4083:

Becker, Seymour (2012). "The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase".

2998: 28: 11179: 10743: 10721: 10711: 10696: 10462: 10391: 9957: 9732: 9579: 9461: 9446: 9354: 9316: 8941:(2006): 2:554–574, argues Russia had no intention of attacking India after 1801 7797:"Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia" 6313:

Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state

4220: 3491: 3481: 3476: 3434: 3355: 3325: 3321: 3182:, the foolhardy political officer, who perished at the hands of an Afghan mob; 2915: 2777: 2610: 2522: 2032: 1819:

managed Japan's Central Asia policy during its contest with Russia. Later, the

1752: 1729: 1517: 1418: 1379: 1347: 1256: 1223: 1217: 1186: 1140:(northern Iran) as a Russian spy, then travelled with a caravan of pilgrims to 1133: 1125: 1121: 1061:, a civil servant of the East India Company, undertook a journey that began in 1040: 975: 928: 765: 552: 428: 381: 258: 254: 210: 37: 33: 8849: 8789: 8608:

Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia

8497: 8287: 8270: 7962:

The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich

6934: 6540: 5812: 5078: 4769:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff International. pp. 6–11. 3936:

Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia

3854: 3178:, the advocate of a forward policy on the frontier in the early 19th century; 2135:, the British and Russian governments formed a joint Anglo-Russian diplomatic 1661:

as well as a second front against British India from the northeast direction.

1622:

From 1869 to 1872, Mir Mahmud Shar was able to gain control of the Khanate of

11289: 11102: 11082: 11023: 10876: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10195: 9947: 9912: 9725: 9720: 9391: 9301: 9224:

Central Asia: Afghanistan and Her Relation to British and Russian Territories

8977: 8937:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. "Russian foreign policy: 1815–1917." in

8813: 8296: 8121: 7886: 7808: 7771: 7216: 6760: 6658:

Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011).

6151:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

6101: 5820: 5753: 5677: 5584: 5357: 5308: 5255: 5188: 5086: 4593:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

4380: 3983: 3878: 3806: 3683: 3632:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia" 3584:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

3420: 3329: 3301: 3242: 3163: 3148: 3033:

Lawyer and mediator in Supreme Court of India, Aman M. Hingorani in his book

2957:

that the Russian Ambassador to Britain offered an explanation that satisfied

2789: 2761: 2713: 2661: 2642: 2538:

Campaign of 1891. Hunza and Nagar came under a British protectorate in 1893.

2510: 1995: 1916: 1835: 1627: 1537: 1422: 1228: 1098: 1045: 933: 916: 858: 601: 389: 294: 53: 7837:

The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge

6267:

Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan

6078:""Russians at the Gates of India"? Planning the Defense of India, 1885–1900" 5218: 4971:. Outram, Lieut. General Sir James. 1860. London: Smith, Elder and Co. p=iii 4935:

Notes on Western Turkistan: Some Notes on the Situation in Western Turkistan

3741: 3631: 2083:

After the British Siege of Kabul, warfare was settled diplomatically by the

1512:, the East India Company's remaining powers were transferred to the British 11209: 11028: 10964: 9932: 8946:

The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia

8614: 7724: 6525:. Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts. Santa Barbara, California. 2019. 6520: 4784: 3511: 3363: 3100: 3070: 2926: 2466: 2462: 2450: 1839: 1737: 1533: 1481: 1232: 1166: 1013: 1009: 586: 497: 397: 393: 338: 334: 306: 282: 262: 64: 7734: 7193:"Great Game Thinking: The British Foreign Office and Revolutionary Russia" 6169: 6093: 4611: 3870: 3786: 3723:

Soviet Russia and Tibet : the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s

3602: 3265: 2541: 2146:

district north of Herat province and its fort in what has been called the

871:

Russian success would encourage anti-colonial elements in India to revolt.

10954: 10759: 10600: 10492: 10062: 9927: 9882: 9840: 9803: 9773: 9737: 9668: 9653: 9497: 9069:

Becker, Seymour. "The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase."

8028:"Observer review: Tournament of Shadows by Karl Meyer and Shareen Brysac" 7930:"Why the Soviets Sponsored a Doomed Expedition to a Hollow Earth Kingdom" 7510:

Quoted in Ira Klein, "English Free Traders and Indian Tariffs, 1874—96,"

4819:

by Reverend Dr. Joseph Wolff. Harper & Brothers, New York, 1845. p235

3721: 3465: 3350: 3230: 3225:, has also been connected to the Great Game, with her Himalayas-inspired 3199: 3156: 3132: 3038: 2793: 2765: 2602: 2555: 2096: 2015: 2011: 1979: 1897: 1590: 1582: 1525: 1426: 1170: 1145: 1129: 1086: 1070: 1005: 865:

Expansion would upset the balance of power by making Russia too powerful.

726: 650: 492: 436: 344:

Russia and Britain's 19th-century rivalry in Asia began with the planned

318: 310: 298: 202: 197: 9081: 9057: 8997: 8880: 8725: 8546: 8154: 8129: 8097: 7894: 7862: 7000:

In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842

6733:

In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842

5957: 5828: 5796: 5761: 5729: 5685: 5653: 4388: 4356: 3855:"Qajar Iran at the centre of British–Russian confrontation in the 1820s" 3008:

Narendra Singh Sarila, aide-de-camp to Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last

2933: 2167:

Russians to commit more soldiers to Asia. However, Bismarck through the

941: 404:

expanded and competed, Russia proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone.

10220: 10215: 9851: 9439: 9229: 9147:

The Great Game: Britain and Russia in Central Asia, Volume 1, Documents

9015: 6149: 6020:

edited by Peter R. Blood. Library of Congress Publication 1995. p20-21

5094: 5062: 4591: 3582: 3309: 3290: 3286: 3203: 3104: 2490: 2036: 1847: 1677: 1654: 1623: 1485: 1158: 1082: 880:

The British people hated and feared Russia and demanded a pushing back.

520: 286: 270: 41: 8934:

33.2 (2014): 143–152. On Russia's failed plan to invade India in 1801.

8704:

Ingram, Edward (1980). "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction".

7625:

Beyond East and West: the Meaning and Significance of Kim's Great Game

5173:. Shareen Blair Brysac. New York: Basic Books. pp. 235–236, 239. 2834: 2703:, who was exiled and took refuge with the Russians. When a new ruler, 10230: 9488: 9010:

Thornton, A. P. "Afghanistan in Anglo-Russian Diplomacy, 1869–1873."

8744: 8691:

Commitment to Empire: Prophecies of the Great Game in Asia, 1797–1800

8527:

Easton, Ian. The New Great Game in Space. The Project 2049 Institute.

8113: 7572: 7250: 7135: 7036: 6063:

Northern Afghanistan; Or, Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission

5566: 4809: 4656:

by Julie G. Marshall. Routledge Curzon, Abingdon, England, 2005. p134

3218: 3211: 2962: 2895: 2576: 2048: 2006:

but also threatened to stop it if it attempted to enter his country.

1943: 1874: 1843: 1796: 1672:

Britain had been exploring territories north of India by recruiting "

1513: 1213: 1203: 1094: 987: 983: 813: 796:

regions would be required. Persia would have to give up its claim on

9223: 8686:( NY: Kodansha, 1990_. Illus. 564p. maps. , popular military history 8562:

Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924

8060:

Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s

6957:

Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia

6418:"Knowledge for Sustainable Development in the Tajik Pamir Mountains" 6394:

International Boundary Study of the Afghanistan-USSR Boundary (1983)

5562:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

4937:

By George Aberigh-Mackay. Thack, Spink & Co, Calcutta, 1875. p42

3237:, who argued that Britain and Russia had both taken traits from the 2965:

between Clarendon and Count Brunow, the Russian Imperial Secretary.

1577: 1375: 10507: 10240: 10225: 10200: 9175: 7569:

The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition

6287:"Report on the proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission (1897)" 5027:. By George P. Tate. Bennet, Coleman & Co, Bombay, 1911. p213-4 4980: 3448: 3317: 3305: 3247: 3136: 3016:

that based on his research in The Oriental and India Collection of

2769: 2625: 2518: 2172: 2092: 1706: 1702: 1599: 1264: 1137: 1062: 788:

rivers using steam-powered boats, and therefore access through the

594: 570: 467: 6276:

By Shafqat Hussain. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2015. p49-53

4917:

by Nicholas Storey. Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Yorkshire, UK, 2012.

3254: 3246:

herself a "Russian savage". Both Blavatsky and Khlebnikov claimed

3142: 2681:

Russian Empire intervened in the Persian Constitutional Revolution

2509:, Secretary for State of India was appointed administrator of the 2026: 1990:

In 1878, Russia sent troops on an uninvited diplomatic mission to

688: 10291: 10210: 6125:

By Frank Clements. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, California 2003. p198

4703:

By Christopher Alan Bayly. Cambridge University Press, 1996. p138

4433:

The Russians at Merv and Herat, and their power of invading India

4194:

What is Asia to Us?: Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today

2945:

also completed its first India connection in 1870, the same year.

2580: 2454: 2178: 2171:

also aided Russia, by pressuring the Ottoman Empire to block the

2143: 2072: 1855: 1698: 1607:(now in Turkmenistan) in 1869. Notable Russian generals included 1541: 1117: 1066: 953: 654: 516: 511: 32:

1885 British map of Western Asia during the Great Game, with the

8518:

Scott G. Borgerson. The Great Game Moves North. Foreign Affairs.

8405:

Beyond the "Great Game" stereotype, the "Zhang Qian's Diplomacy"

7136:"Russia in Central Asia in 1889, and the Anglo-Russian question" 6819:

Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia

5220:

Imperial Russia and Its Orient—the Renown of Nikolai Przhevalsky

3339: 10595: 10245: 10235: 10205: 8893:

Rywkin, Michael (22 July 2016). "Chapter One - Tsarist Times".

8790:"The great game: Russia's role in the Persian Empire and Tibet" 8732:

Khodarkovsky, Michael. "The Great Game in the North Caucasus."

7485:

Loftus to Derby, 17 November 1874, Correspondence; F.O. 65/1202

5240:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 107. 4753:

by Christopher Snedden. C. Hurst & Co, London, 2015. p55-62

3210:, the artist and barmy quester after the fabled hidden city of 3077:

adventures and at worst intrigues resembling the adventures in

2868:

Russia in Central Asia in 1889 & the Anglo-Russian Question

2688: 2683:

to support the Shah and abolish the constitution. The Cossacks

2665: 2535: 2446: 2442: 2419:

Panjdeh Incident (overlaid on a map of modern-day Turkmenistan)

2113: 2044: 1893: 1889: 1461: 1141: 785: 769: 761: 646: 582: 475: 7495:

Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran

6842:

Russia and Iran in the Great Game: Travelogues and Orientalism

2428: 1291:, a piece of propaganda designed to blacken the reputation of 904:

however, an operation supervised by renowned engineer General

721: 573:

had proposed a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India to tsar

466:

who had been recently appointed as the new political agent in

10748: 10301: 9116:

Proceedings of the British Academy: 2000 Lectures and Memoirs

8836:

Morgan, Gerald (1973), "Myth and Reality in the Great Game",

8155:

The Myth of the Caspian Great Game and the "New Persian Gulf"

7177:

Russia in central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian question

6584: 5863: 2999:

Effect of the Great Game on contemporary political boundaries

2422: 2132: 1991: 1831: 1681: 1650: 1642: 1174: 1074: 957: 912: 840:

in Paris, 1891, supervisor of Russo-Indian railway operation.

797: 789: 733:

The Great Game is said to have begun on 12 January 1830 when

427:

was coined in 1840 by a British intelligence officer Captain

274: 9118:, vol. 111, Oxford University Press, pp. 179–198, 6851:. By Elena Andreeva. Routledge, Abington, England. 2007. p21 4012:

Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia

3766: 3269:

1924 or 1927 painting by Russian explorer Nicholas Roerich,

2047:

were Afghan territory, the northern Afghan boundary was the

1664: 10262: 6435:

10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0139:KFSDIT]2.0.CO;2

6381:

C. Collin Davies (1932) Cambridge University Press. p. 158

6154:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 5391:

Abdurreshid Ibrahim and Japanese Approaches to Central Asia

4596:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 3587:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 3313: 3194:, the explorer who gave his name to a hard-to-spell horse; 2980:

In December 1874, long before Russia annexed Merv in 1884,

2128: 2109: 1870: 1090: 817: 692:

Map of Qajar Iran losses to Russian Empire in 1813 and 1828

606: 4968:

Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857

4668:

Charles Masson. Richard Bentley, London 1842-3. 4 volumes.

4161: 4159: 2890:"The British colluded with the Russians over Central Asia" 2063:. The agreement was negotiated by Russian diplomat Prince 1743: 1326:

In 1838, the British marched into Afghanistan and deposed

7557:

By Martin J. Bayly. Cambridge University Press 2016. p258

6337:"Review:Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895" 4995:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

4868: 4866: 3304:

through a religious movement using the Future Buddha, or

3296:

In the early 1920s, Roerich asserted that beings from an

3056: 2840:

Allegation that "Britain had lost the Great Game by 1842"

2469:. The Russians claimed that because they had annexed the 2099:

and the Russian Empire. The British were aware that Amir

1008:, presented to the Tsar in 1854 and 1855. These were the 883:

It could disrupt the established British trade with Asia.

526: 6235: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 3972:"The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On" 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 10851:

List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)

9276: 9052:

Amos, Philip. "Recent Work on the Great Game in Asia."

8828:

Mohl, Raymond A. "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885"

8684:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

8620:

Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics

8246:

Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games

8004:

Occult Russia: Pagan, Esoteric, and Mystical Traditions

7464:

by H.H. Dodswell. Cambridge University Press 1935. p808

7357:"The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx" 5989: 5987: 5985: 5864:"Russia v. Russians at the Court of Moḥammad-ʿAli Shah" 5122:

By Christine Noelle. Routledge, Abingdon UK, 1997. p101

4839: 4544: 4542: 4226:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4156: 4078: 4076: 4074: 2542:

Exchange of Notes Between Great Britain and Russia 1895

1536:

of the British government assume the administration of

10610:

Italics = areas outside present-day India and Pakistan

8918:

William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5

8326:

Chapter 1 – Foreign Policy and Myth Making: Great Game

7675: 7663: 6066:

W. Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London, 1888.

4895: 4893: 4878: 4863: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4128: 4126: 3898: 3896: 1767:

in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904

539:, showing British India in two shades of pink and the 8269:

Chen, Xiangming; Fazilov, Fakhmiddin (19 June 2018).

7467: 6742:

By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984.

5339:

The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers

5290:

The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers

4527: 4506: 3908: 2035:

signed an agreement that stipulated that the eastern

9242:

The Great Game and Afghanistan – Library of Congress

7699: 7687: 7424: 5999: 5982: 5979:

edited by K. Warikoo. Routledge, Abingdon, 2009. p14

5042: 4554: 4539: 4452: 4071: 4049:"Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 - History of government" 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3396: 3258:

1933 painting by Russian explorer Nicholas Roerich,

2491:

Agreement Between Great Britain and Afghanistan 1893

2449:

region to be defined. This territory was claimed by

496:(1901). It was first used academically by Professor 8760:

British Foreign Policy 1874–1914: The Role of India

7522: 7520: 6769:. London: Hachette UKJohn Murray (published 2006). 6416:Breu, Thomas; Maselli, Daniel; Hurni, Hans (2005). 4890: 4851: 4822: 4706: 4566: 4494: 4199: 4171: 4123: 4111: 3893: 2835:

Historiographical interpretations of the Great Game

2660:sought to establish a Western-oriented, democratic 2620: 669:(Gardane's mission) which fell through despite the 7267:. London: George Allen and Unwin. pp. 121–202 6860:Kim, by Rudyard Kipling (London: Macmillan, 1949). 6123:Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia 2601:on official maps, the Russians agreed to refer to 1425:. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the 1035: 974:Between 1824 and 1854, Russia occupied the entire 8832:(March 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 3, pp 176–183 online. 8380:Central Asia: Geopolitics, Security and Stability 8216:The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia 7536:by Suhash Chakravarty. Orient Longman, 1976 p 123 7180:. New York, Barnes & Noble. pp. 296–297. 6699: 6253:Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas, and Markus Hauser. 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5895:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947 3550: 1709:", although the plan received some pushback from 1128:, formerly of the East India Company, resided in 11287: 8610:(Oxford: Casemate (UK). ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1). 7527:From Khyber to Oxus: Study in Imperial Expansion 7517: 7102:. Princeton University Press. pp. 145–146. 6657: 6415: 6383:The Problem of the North-West Frontier:1890–1908 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 4727:by Captain John Wood. John Murray, London, 1872. 1900:, which lasted until after the First World War. 1713:who favoured influence rather than an invasion. 10644:Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements 8444:Stronski, Paul; Ng, Nicole (28 February 2018). 7488: 6798: 6796: 6625:. Columbia University Press. pp. 330–338. 6308: 5651: 5018:The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch 3229:both critiquing, and falling for, two forms of 3143:Role of legends and mysticism in the Great Game 2051:(Oxus River) as far west as Khwaja Salar (near 2027:Agreement Between Great Britain and Russia 1873 1630:, and by 1873 Afghanistan governed Badakhshan. 1626:with the help of Afghanistan's new ruler, Amir 1558: 1382:acquisitions by year in Central Asia up to 1885 1180: 10906: 8896:Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia 8698:Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828–1834 8383:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 28–31. 6766:The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia 6728: 6726: 6724: 6695: 6693: 5944: 5794: 5612: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 2179:Protocol Between Great Britain and Russia 1885 1934:against the revolutionaries, in a large scale 293:, and Britain expanded and set the borders of 10892: 10581: 9867: 9262: 8417: 8311: 8167: 8148: 7455: 7099:Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History 6835: 6334: 6188: 5039:By Martin Sicker. Praeger, London, 2001. p156 4974: 4910: 4908: 4357:"Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction" 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4188: 4186: 3349:to describe what they proposed was a renewed 3051: 2154:and Merv which they had annexed earlier. The 1300:restored, the British army will be withdrawn. 1177:. However, these attempts were unsuccessful. 749:, to establish a new trade route to Bukhara. 230: 9176:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), 9046: 8376: 8243: 7618: 7539: 6793: 6304: 6302: 6260: 6116: 5886: 4647: 1811:and an attempted Ottoman-Japanese alliance. 1649:British-Russian competition also existed in 617:Napoleon tried to persuade Paul's son, Tsar 449: 376:. Britain aimed to create a protectorate in 11270:Presidencies and provinces of British India 10866:Territorial evolution of the British Empire 8397: 8268: 7479: 7158: 6812: 6721: 6690: 6375: 6279: 6053: 6051: 6035: 6033: 5970: 5727: 4997:. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. 4992: 4928: 4730: 4671: 4630: 4296: 3473:(a longer history including the Great Game) 2735: 2078: 632:invaded the Persian Caucasus from 1804-1813 462:. In July 1840, in correspondence to Major 10899: 10885: 10588: 10574: 9874: 9860: 9269: 9255: 8450:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 8443: 7998:McIntosh, Christopher (27 December 2022). 7927: 7722: 7548: 7249: 7067:"Second Anglo-Afghan War | 1878–1880" 6910:The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs 6565:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5652:Andreeva, Elena; Nouraei, Morteza (2013). 5370:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5335: 5321:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5286: 5113: 5060: 5030: 4960: 4905: 4659: 4487:Russia's Railway Advance into Central Asia 4407: 4367:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 160–171. 4338: 4317: 4216: 4214: 4183: 3831:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2075:by the Pamir Boundary Commission in 1895. 1953: 1503: 237: 223: 8675:Fromkin, David. "The great game in Asia" 8286: 7928:Nikolaidou, Dimitra (15 September 2016). 7595: 6953: 6462: 6433: 6328: 6299: 6203: 6045:W. Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1887. 6011: 4986: 4803: 4694: 4470:David Fromkin, "The great game in Asia," 2487:the border, a process completed in 1895. 1304: 1247:of the East India Company arrived in the 868:Sooner or later Russia will invade India. 372:, with establishing a trade route to the 9881: 8212: 8056: 7997: 7958: 7860: 7436: 7407:"Halfway around the world in 28 minutes" 7190: 7174:Curzon, George Nathaniel Curzon (1967). 7095: 6960:. Quest Books. pp. 19–20, 232–233. 6854: 6664:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 221. 6147: 6048: 6030: 5892: 5558: 5518: 5063:"Persia and the Great Powers, 1856–1869" 5011: 4981:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908 4946: 4718: 4589: 4297:Bournoutian, George (29 December 2020). 4192:Milan Hauner. Unwin Hyman, London 1990. 3852: 3726:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 18–20. 3580: 3264: 3253: 2932: 2920: 2739: 2726: 2624: 2545: 1974: 1963: 1902: 1865: 1850:. They started from the terminus of the 1742: 1663: 1637: 1576: 1455: 1374: 1314: 1293:Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan) 1222: 1103: 1039: 940: 932: 831: 803: 720: 716: 687: 530: 510: 58: 27: 16:19th-century Anglo-Russian confrontation 11356:Political history of the United Kingdom 10073: 10008:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8756: 7833: 7757: 7681: 7293: 7291: 7037:"Ali Masjid and the British Camp, 1878" 6949: 6947: 6945: 6870:Penzev, Konstantin (15 November 2010). 6759: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6471: 6075: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5613:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (31 July 2004). 5608: 5606: 5519:Clements, Jonathan (11 December 2012). 5387: 5282: 5280: 4725:Journey to the Source of the River Oxus 4521: 4250:Oxford University Press, 1967. Page 67. 4211: 4008: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3719: 3461:United Kingdom in the Soviet–Afghan War 2764:views "unofficial" British support for 1676:", native Indian explorers, among them 1633: 1227:Political cartoon depicting the Afghan 1202:of the Indian Navy commanded the first 922: 253:was a rivalry between the 19th-century 11288: 11225:Post independence historical districts 9219:The Franco-Russian Expedition to India 8892: 8855: 8835: 8703: 8558: 8372: 8370: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7669: 7643: 7566: 7324: 7173: 6996: 6916:from the original on 14 September 2021 6869: 6485: 6483: 5795:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009). 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5461: 5383: 5381: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5162: 5160: 5158: 4845: 4560: 4548: 4533: 4500: 4483: 4458: 4429: 4351: 4165: 4082: 3921: 3902: 3791:. Princeton, New Jersey. p. 277. 3784: 3672:"An Endless Progression of Whirlwinds" 3576: 3574: 3572: 3057:Mythologized aspects of the Great Game 2629:Influence zones in Iran following the 2131:. As the Russian forces were close to 2031:On 21 January 1873, Great Britain and 1907:Persian Cossacks, some time after 1876 915:, being the arms manufacturer for the 547:At the start of the 19th century, the 527:First signs of possible India invasion 515:Silk and spice festival in modern-day 350:Russian invasions of Iran in 1804–1813 341:plans of the Crimean War (1853–1856). 10880: 10569: 9855: 9250: 9143: 9125:from the original on 1 September 2022 8951: 8787: 8636: 8613: 8483: 8095: 8038:from the original on 1 September 2021 7815:from the original on 1 September 2021 7473: 7430: 7297: 7146:from the original on 16 December 2021 7047:from the original on 29 February 2020 6903: 6882:from the original on 13 February 2017 6708:from the original on 13 February 2017 6618: 6450:from the original on 28 December 2020 6241: 6005: 5993: 5916: 5914: 5487: 5485: 5462:Zaloga, Steven J. (20 October 2015). 5457: 5455: 5453: 5438:from the original on 1 September 2021 5408:from the original on 4 September 2021 5233: 5166: 5143:from the original on 6 September 2021 5048: 4899: 4884: 4872: 4857: 4762: 4712: 4577: 4440:from the original on 15 December 2022 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4292: 4290: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4205: 4059:from the original on 30 November 2022 3969: 3938:. Oxford: Casemate. pp. 270–71. 3780: 3778: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3690:from the original on 1 September 2021 3669: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3563: 2199: 2142:In 1885, a Russian force annexed the 2123:In 1881, Russian forces however took 1295:and which claimed that Dost Mohammad: 1287:In October 1838, Auckland issued the 1052: 908:, funding had been freely furnished. 706:Russian invasion of Iran in 1826-1828 331:its military conquest of Central Asia 71:, and British and Russian territories 11401:Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations 9164:from the original on 24 January 2023 9106: 8948:(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2013). 8657:from the original on 24 January 2023 8432:Part I – Great Games and Small Games 8194:from the original on 24 January 2023 8077:from the original on 24 January 2023 7979:from the original on 24 January 2023 7705: 7693: 7318: 7288: 7231:from the original on 24 January 2023 7191:Campbell, Heather A. (3 July 2021). 7116:from the original on 24 January 2023 7017:from the original on 24 January 2023 6974:from the original on 24 January 2023 6942: 6753: 6678:from the original on 24 January 2023 6639:from the original on 24 January 2023 6607: 6317:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 6176:from the original on 24 January 2023 5932:from the original on 2 November 2021 5861: 5712: 5633:from the original on 24 January 2023 5603: 5591:from the original on 24 January 2023 5491: 5420: 5329: 5277: 5262:from the original on 24 January 2023 5227: 5195:from the original on 24 January 2023 5101:from the original on 24 October 2021 4833: 4791:from the original on 24 January 2023 4618:from the original on 24 January 2023 4583: 4177: 4132: 4117: 4029:from the original on 24 January 2023 3952: 3933: 3927: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3813:from the original on 24 January 2023 3748:from the original on 24 January 2023 2816: 1986:- lithograph by James Rattray (1848) 1930:would be a staunch supporter of the 1684:, Tibet, in 1866. He and his cousin 1498: 1445: 1024:. According to diplomatic historian 673:. When France allied with Russia at 126:Historiography of the British Empire 9278:International relations (1814–1919) 9196:1833. (London: John Murray). 1834. 8367: 8219:. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 8136:from the original on 20 August 2022 7940:from the original on 20 August 2021 7840:. SUNY Press. pp. XVIII, 244. 7834:Johnson, K. Paul (1 January 1994). 7758:Goodwin, Jason (20 February 2009). 7711: 6547:from the original on 14 August 2020 6480: 6405:Bureau of Intelligence and Research 6141: 6128: 5897:. London: Cassell. pp. 66–67. 5539: 5522:Mannerheim: President, Soldier, Spy 5378: 5207: 5155: 4744:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 3990:from the original on 18 August 2022 3569: 3340:Other uses of the term "Great Game" 3024:Once the British realized that the 2792:(1828–59) and intensified with the 2484:Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore 2387: 2159:in the face of Russian aggression. 13: 11331:19th century in the Russian Empire 9137: 8534: 7959:Andreyev, Alexandre (8 May 2014). 7909:from the original on 27 April 2022 7501:. Yale University Press, 1968. p33 7462:Cambridge shorter history of India 6501:from the original on 29 April 2011 6491:"ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907" 6351:from the original on 12 March 2022 6039:Yate, Lieutenant Arthur Campbell. 5911: 5482: 5450: 5388:Komatsu, Hisao (13 October 2017). 4416: 4395:from the original on 17 April 2021 4287: 4253: 3775: 3702: 3654: 3642:from the original on 10 April 2022 3609: 2558:, Pamirs, by British Army officer 2441:This left the border east of Lake 2303: 2215: 1402: 502:The Great Game in Asia (1800–1844) 14: 11432: 11381:Military history of British India 10806:United Provinces of British India 10801:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 9212: 9178:The Indian Empire, Administrative 8952:Share, Michael (1 October 2004). 8456:from the original on 1 March 2018 7325:Kissin, S. F. (23 January 2020). 7077:from the original on 19 July 2022 6954:Znamenski, Andrei (1 July 2011). 6904:Noack, David (14 December 2020). 6422:Mountain Research and Development 5492:Tamm, Eric Enno (10 April 2011). 4325:Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde 3970:Meyer, Karl E. (10 August 1987). 3839: 3372:Shanghai Cooperation Organization 3251:the British and Russian Empires. 2984:, the Viceroy of India, wrote to 2658:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2231: 1940:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1438:and what subsequently became the 739:president of the Board of Control 551:was ruled in part by independent 362:president of the Board of Control 11361:Foreign relations of Afghanistan 11336:Political history of Afghanistan 8788:Mehra, Parshotam (1 July 2004). 8734:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 8706:The International History Review 8521: 8512: 8477: 8468: 8437: 8355:from the original on 20 May 2022 8338: 8262: 8237: 8206: 8176: 8089: 8050: 8020: 7991: 7952: 7921: 7854: 7827: 7789: 7751: 7644:Salyer, Matt (29 October 2019). 7637: 7589: 7560: 7504: 7399: 7374: 7349: 7243: 7184: 7167: 7128: 7089: 7059: 7029: 6990: 6928: 6897: 6863: 6651: 6577: 6513: 6409: 6387: 6366: 6247: 5843:from the original on 22 May 2022 5776:from the original on 19 May 2022 5700:from the original on 19 May 2022 4361:The International History Review 3471:Russian conquest of Central Asia 3427: 3413: 3399: 3380:strategic partnership since 2001 3129:Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg 3037:that Winston Churchill directed 3012:, in 1948 describes in his book 2639:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 2621:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 2427: 2421: 2401: 2400: 2386: 2372: 2359: 2358: 2344: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2302: 2288: 2274: 2260: 2246: 2230: 2214: 2198: 2191: 94: 11416:Russia–United Kingdom relations 11376:Military history of Afghanistan 10412:Opium production in Afghanistan 8939:The Cambridge History of Russia 8670:The Anglo-Afghan Wars 1839–1919 7567:Sarila, Narendra Singh (2005). 7514:(1971). 5(3), 251–271, note 13. 6872:"When Will the Great Game End?" 6702:"When Will the Great Game End?" 6595:from the original on 6 May 2021 6082:The Journal of Military History 6069: 5874:from the original on 6 May 2021 5855: 5788: 5645: 5512: 5342:. New Delhi. pp. 147–156. 5293:. New Delhi. pp. 146–152. 5125: 5054: 4956:. 31 August 1841. p. 2203. 4940: 4756: 4477: 4464: 4436:. London: W.H. Allan & Co. 4240: 4138: 4041: 4002: 3771:. Vol. 2. pp. 54–574. 3769:The Cambridge History of Russia 3532:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border 3069:Two authors, Gerald Morgan and 2722:Persian campaign of World War I 2676:condemning Britain and Russia. 2373: 2345: 2289: 2247: 1763:, invaded the country with the 1364: 1089:by ship, and then travelled to 1036:Early explorations and accounts 993:In 1869, when British diplomat 21:The Great Game (disambiguation) 11311:Politics of the Russian Empire 10678:(associated, in Yemen, Arabia) 10650:Straits Settlements Presidency 9230:The timeline of the Great Game 9109:"The Legend of the Great Game" 8679:58#4 (1980), pp. 936–951. 8672:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014). 7275:– via www.marxists.org. 6832:. I.B.Tauris, London 2002. p18 6255:Tajikistan and the High Pamirs 4490:. London: W.H. Allan & Co. 4248:The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. 3760: 3670:Irwin, Robert (21 June 2001). 3444:Swedish intervention in Persia 2805:three Anglo-Russian agreements 2275: 801:along her northwest frontier. 623:Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane 170:Imperialism, the Highest Stage 1: 11411:Iran–United Kingdom relations 11346:Political history of Pakistan 11321:19th century in British India 11260:Subdivisions of British India 10861:Subdivisions of British India 9648:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 9602:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 9592:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 9150:, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, 9107:Yapp, Malcolm (16 May 2000), 8743:11#1 1971, pp. 126–147. 8718:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 8643:, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, 7304:. W. W. Norton. p. 211. 7209:10.1080/09546545.2021.1978638 6718:web article, no page numbers. 6232:, the Eighth Earl of Dunmore. 6206:"The Earl of Dunmore 1892–93" 4373:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 3678:. Vol. 23, no. 12. 3543: 3527:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border 3522:Afghanistan–Tajikistan border 3139:emerging through the period. 3113:Russian invasion of Manchuria 2773: 2768:anti-Russian fighters in the 2261: 1883:Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 1273:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 711: 645:undertook an expedition from 155:The Imperialism of Free Trade 11396:Afghanistan–Russia relations 11391:Military history of Pakistan 11098:Upper Sind Frontier District 10856:Residencies of British India 10771:North-West Frontier Province 10332:Current provincial governors 10186:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 9508:Second Industrial Revolution 9382:League of the Three Emperors 9080:2#2 1980, pp. 288–308. 9078:International History Review 9056:2#2 1980, pp. 308–320. 9054:International History Review 9030:Journal of Strategic Studies 9012:Cambridge Historical Journal 8879:2#2 1980, pp. 239–265. 8877:International History Review 8545:2#2 1980, pp. 172–215. 8543:International History Review 8486:Contemporary British History 8184:"The New Great Game in Asia" 8057:Andreyev, Alexandre (2003). 7598:Unravelling the Kashmir Knot 7443:Indo-European Telegraph Line 7264:The Russian Menace to Europe 6211:. Pamirs Org. Archived from 5746:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 5728:Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). 5670:10.1080/00210862.2012.758499 5061:Volodarsky, Mikhail (1983). 4097:10.1080/03068374.2012.646404 3198:, the mystical imperialist; 3035:Unravelling the Kashmir Knot 3014:The Shadow of the Great Game 2970:Gorchakov Memorandum of 1874 2955:Gorchakov Memorandum of 1874 2939:Indo-European Telegraph Line 2699:in July 1909, and dispelled 2331: 2021: 1730:Piotr Aleksandrovich Badmaev 1573:Russian annexation of Kokand 1559:Under Alexander II of Russia 1530:Government of India Act 1858 1520:(who in 1876 was proclaimed 1440:North-West Frontier Province 1251:to arrange an alliance with 1181:Afghanistan and Central Asia 1065:, Bengal and passed through 754:Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828) 637:In 1810, British Lieutenant 593:, directing him to march to 7: 11371:Foreign relations of Russia 11351:Political history of Russia 11316:19th century in Afghanistan 10739:Central Provinces and Berar 10692:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 9538:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 8970:10.1080/0035853042000300205 8806:10.1080/0306837042000241082 8568:, RoutledgeCurzon, London, 7879:10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.610 7861:BANERJEE, ANINDITA (2011). 7600:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: 7596:Hingorani, Aman M. (2017). 5893:Barthorp, Michael (2002) . 5336:Phanjoubam, Pradip (2016). 5287:Phanjoubam, Pradip (2016). 4654:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 4015:. Oxford University Press. 3392: 3003: 2750:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 2672:, who later wrote the book 1968:Elephant and Mule Battery, 1828:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1565:Russian conquest of Bukhara 937:Russian expansion 1547–1725 758:Treaty of Adrianople (1829) 111:Western imperialism in Asia 10: 11437: 11366:Foreign relations of India 11341:Political history of India 11265:Divisions of British India 10908:Districts of British India 10846:Divisions of British India 10841:Districts of British India 10597:Presidencies and provinces 10493:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 10432:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 9587:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 8741:Journal of British Studies 8098:"The Great Game Revisited" 7723:Patrikeeff, Felix (2002). 7411:siemens.com Global Website 6700:Konstantin Penzev (2010). 6204:Middleton, Robert (2005). 6148:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 6058:Yate, Major Charles Edward 4590:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 3581:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 3184:Sir William Hay Macnaghten 3180:Alexander 'Bokhara' Burnes 3146: 3052:The Great Game as a legend 2687:in June 1908 and occupied 2494: 2482:In 1892, the British sent 2182: 2156:Afghan Boundary Commission 2137:Afghan Boundary Commission 2127:and in 1884 they occupied 2004:Neville Bowles Chamberlain 1957: 1690:Royal Geographical Society 1659:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia 1562: 1449: 1406: 1368: 1351:The new Governor-General, 1308: 926: 808:Russians constructing the 702:Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 323:Afghan Boundary Commission 261:empires over influence in 44:, the southern fringes of 18: 11386:Military history of India 11255: 11224: 11111: 11072: 10993: 10914: 10824:Agencies of British India 10819: 10717:Bihar and Orissa Province 10666: 10616: 10607: 10520: 10458: 10449: 10387: 10378: 10287: 10278: 10176: 10124: 10115: 9908:Indus Valley civilisation 9893: 9746: 9610: 9523: 9408:European balance of power 9400: 9335: 9284: 9235:24 September 2015 at the 9047:Historiography and memory 8850:10.1080/03068377308729652 8668:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. 8498:10.1080/03004430601065781 8288:10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5 7760:"Mongolia and the Madman" 7726:Russian Politics in Exile 7261:; Hoselitz, Bert (eds.). 7096:Barfield, Thomas (2010). 6938:, youtube.com 18.11.2022. 6018:Pakistan: A Country Study 5813:10.1080/00210860902907396 5468:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5079:10.1080/00263208308700534 4915:Great British Adventurers 4684:17 September 2021 at the 3202:, the manuscript hunter; 2943:Eastern Telegraph Company 2664:in Iran, with an elected 1861: 1198:In that year, Lieutenant 747:Governor-General of India 659:French invasion of Russia 500:in a presentation titled 400:. As Russian and British 10754:Eastern Bengal and Assam 10129:Administrative divisions 9699:Venezuela Naval Blockade 9370:Anglo-Russian Convention 9021:1 September 2022 at the 8994:Central European History 8750:23 November 2021 at the 8559:Becker, Seymour (2005), 7571:(1st ed.). London: 7382:"Karl Marx: A Life—ch07" 7277:Originally published in 7003:. Routledge. p. 7. 6661:Concise History of Islam 6136:Central European History 6076:Johnson, Robert (2003). 5559:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 4644:1808 R.Faulding, London. 4430:Marvin, Charles (1883). 3853:Gozalova, Nigar (2023). 3376:Globalizing Central Asia 3010:Viceroy of British India 2736:Historiographical dating 2674:The Strangling of Persia 2631:Anglo-Russian Convention 2597:in honor of the Emperor 2079:Treaty of Gandamak, 1879 1544:appointed by the Crown. 1510:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1386:In 1839, acting Captain 760:, Britain expected that 589:Troops, Cavalry General 413:Anglo-Russian Convention 143:The Expansion of England 11275:British Empire in India 11185:North Bareilly District 11034:Khasi and Jaintia Hills 10829:British Empire in India 10776:North-Western Provinces 9993:Second Anglo-Afghan War 9963:Third Battle of Panipat 9704:Alaska boundary dispute 9377:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 9360:Franco-Russian Alliance 8856:Morgan, Gerald (1981), 8736:49.2-3 (2015): 384–390. 8331:24 January 2023 at the 8275:Palgrave Communications 8213:Kleveman, Lutz (2004). 7298:Wheen, Francis (2000). 7071:Encyclopedia Britannica 6997:Ingram, Edward (1984). 6847:24 January 2023 at the 6824:24 January 2023 at the 6738:24 January 2023 at the 6704:. Oriental Review Org. 6341:UCLA Historical Journal 6272:24 January 2023 at the 6257:, Odyssey Books, p. 476 6230:Charles Adolphus Murray 5167:Meyer, Karl E. (2009). 4749:24 January 2023 at the 4484:Dobson, George (1890). 4009:Hopkirk, Peter (2001). 3720:Andreev, A. I. (2003). 3537:China–Tajikistan border 3271:Command of Rigden Djapo 2752:and the signing of the 2701:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 2651:Persian Cossack Brigade 2613:of the United Kingdom. 2575:It was agreed that the 1970:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1960:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1954:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1932:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 1809:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1569:Khivan campaign of 1873 1504:Under the British Crown 1371:Khivan campaign of 1839 1231:with his "friends" the 628:Mountstuart Elphinstone 418: 179:Porter–MacKenzie debate 11406:India–Russia relations 11247:West Dinajpur District 11190:Quetta-Pishin District 10786:Panth-Piploda Province 10063:Second Islamic Emirate 10003:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9998:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9988:First Anglo-Afghan War 9973:Emirate of Afghanistan 9923:Yabghus of Tokharistan 9623:Unification of Germany 9570:Taft–Katsura agreement 9144:Ewans, Martin (2004), 9100:19 August 2022 at the 9087:22 August 2022 at the 9063:19 August 2022 at the 9039:18 August 2022 at the 9032:33.5 (2010): 701–725. 8757:Mahajan, Sneh (2001), 8637:Ewans, Martin (2012), 8600:34.2 (2021): 239-258. 8552:19 August 2022 at the 8410:19 August 2016 at the 8160:27 August 2016 at the 8063:. Brill. p. 294. 8006:. Simon and Schuster. 7965:. BRILL. p. 199. 7630:16 August 2016 at the 6399:17 August 2014 at the 6335:Gebb, Michael (1983). 5569:. pp. 20, 63–76. 5067:Middle Eastern Studies 5023:27 August 2016 at the 4815:26 August 2016 at the 4270:"FATḤ-ʿALĪ SHAH QĀJĀR" 3785:Korbel, Josef (1966). 3676:London Review of Books 3273: 3262: 3049: 3031: 2946: 2930: 2884: 2876: 2745: 2732: 2634: 2563: 2169:Three Emperors' League 1987: 1972: 1946:, would establish the 1908: 1878: 1748: 1669: 1646: 1595:Alexander II of Russia 1586: 1488: 1383: 1362: 1320: 1311:First Anglo-Afghan War 1305:First Anglo-Afghan War 1302: 1240: 1209:Captain Jan Vitkevitch 1196: 1109: 1049: 949: 938: 855: 841: 829: 824:and India, drawing by 782:Emirate of Afghanistan 730: 693: 683:British Foreign Office 671:Treaty of Finckenstein 591:Vasily Petrovich Orlov 565:Emirate of Afghanistan 544: 523: 488: 450: 295:British colonial India 149:Gentlemanly capitalism 72: 56: 11326:19th century in India 11039:Lushai Hills District 10980:Trichinopoly District 10835:British rule in Burma 10043:First Islamic Emirate 9709:First Moroccan Crisis 9423:Spread of nationalism 9387:Eight-Nation Alliance 9014:11#2 (1954): 204–18. 8862:, Routledge, London, 8377:Ajay Patnaik (2016). 8244:Wahlberg, E. (2011). 8102:International Journal 8096:Rezun, Miron (1986). 7735:10.1057/9780230535787 7532:28 March 2019 at the 6619:Afary, Janet (1996). 6589:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6569:) CS1 maint: others ( 6138:48.2 (2015): 151–175. 6094:10.1353/jmh.2003.0230 5234:Scott, David (2008). 4763:Rezun, Miron (1981). 3871:10.1353/tmr.2023.0003 3636:reviews.history.ac.uk 3517:Trans-Caspian railway 3487:Sykes–Picot Agreement 3407:United Kingdom portal 3370:Shanghai states "the 3351:geopolitical interest 3268: 3257: 3162:Some writers such as 3044: 3022: 2936: 2924: 2880: 2872: 2861:Trans-Caspian railway 2826:Soviet Central Asia, 2758:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2743: 2730: 2685:bombarded the Majilis 2628: 2599:Nicholas II of Russia 2549: 2495:Further information: 2183:Further information: 1978: 1967: 1958:Further information: 1913:Treaty of Turkmanchay 1906: 1869: 1852:Trans-Caspian Railway 1746: 1667: 1641: 1580: 1459: 1450:Further information: 1413:Second Anglo-Sikh War 1407:Further information: 1378: 1357: 1318: 1309:Further information: 1297: 1226: 1191: 1107: 1043: 967:expand across Siberia 944: 936: 927:Further information: 847: 835: 826:Charles Thomas Marvin 810:Trans-Caspian Railway 807: 743:Lord William Bentinck 724: 717:Britain's perspective 691: 619:Alexander I of Russia 537:British Indian Empire 534: 514: 472: 62: 31: 11421:19th century in Asia 11306:Geopolitical rivalry 11004:Backergunge District 10985:Vizagapatam District 10960:South Arcot District 10149:Environmental issues 10097:Graveyard of empires 10086:Arabs in Afghanistan 9714:Algeciras Conference 9694:Annexation of Hawaii 9633:Great Eastern Crisis 9628:Unification of Italy 9618:Formation of Romania 9435:French–German enmity 8932:Central Asian Survey 8886:9 April 2022 at the 8598:Revolutionary Russia 8403:David Gosset, 2010. 8349:www.wilsoncenter.org 7729:. pp. 121–124. 7650:Modern War Institute 7512:Modern Asian Studies 7452:Siemens History site 7448:7 March 2012 at the 7197:Revolutionary Russia 6495:Encyclopedia Iranica 5963:12 July 2018 at the 5868:Encyclopædia Iranica 5432:edspace.american.edu 4993:Baten, Jörg (2016). 4246:Seton-Watson, Hugh. 3196:Francis Younghusband 2975:Lord Augustus Loftus 2810:Bolshevik Revolution 2560:Thomas Edward Gordon 2497:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 2459:Francis Younghusband 2416:class=notpageimage| 2057:Hari (Harirud) River 2039:area as well as the 1898:southern Caspian Sea 1761:Francis Younghusband 1634:Tibet and Inner Asia 1409:First Anglo-Sikh War 1332:period of resistance 1261:Nicholas I of Russia 960:sent ambassadors to 923:Russia's perspective 902:Russo-Indian railway 579:Indian March of Paul 402:spheres of influence 346:Indian March of Paul 313:of the two empires. 162:Imperialism: A Study 19:For other uses, see 11170:Montgomery District 11049:Naga Hills District 11019:Garo Hills district 10935:Coimbatore District 10930:Chingleput District 10103:Wars in Afghanistan 10023:Democratic Republic 9779:Philippine–American 9764:First Sino-Japanese 9597:Racconigi agreement 9543:Treaty of Frankfurt 9503:Great Rapprochement 9457:Scramble for Africa 9073:43.1 (2012): 61–80. 9003:15 May 2022 at the 8606:Dean, Riaz (2019). 7803:. 28 January 2009. 7140:Library of Congress 7043:. 5 November 1878. 6292:10 May 2022 at the 6244:, pp. 123–135. 5922:"Second Afghan War" 5525:. Haus Publishing. 4474:58#4 (1980), p. 39. 4053:history.blog.gov.uk 3934:Dean, Riaz (2019). 3293:called Roerichism. 3291:mysticism movements 3192:Nikolai Przhevalsky 3026:Indian nationalists 2709:George Head Barclay 2426:= Hari-Rud river 2065:Alexander Gorchakov 2000:Amir of Afghanistan 1805:Abdurreshid Ibrahim 1694:Nikolay Przhevalsky 1524:). As a state, the 1397:Richmond Shakespear 1344:withdraw from Kabul 1340:Mahmud Shah Durrani 1173:, and the Amirs of 999:Alexander Gorchakov 857:American historian 666:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 581:). He wrote to the 555:and in part by the 549:Indian subcontinent 291:conquered Turkestan 121:Scramble for Africa 11242:Midnapore district 11232:Bangalore District 11134:Ellichpur District 11059:Singhbhum District 11014:Champaran District 10975:Tinnevely District 10659:(Surat Presidency) 10657:Western Presidency 10422:Telecommunications 10392:Afghani (currency) 10307:Leadership Council 10091:European influence 9968:Dost Mohammad Khan 9903:Pre-Islamic period 9638:Congress of Berlin 9555:Reinsurance Treaty 9533:Congress of Vienna 9513:Industrial warfare 9479:Scramble for China 8944:Sergeev, Evgeniĭ. 8783:on 10 October 2016 8585:on 10 October 2016 8190:. 2 January 1996. 8188:The New York Times 8034:. 7 January 2001. 7764:The New York Times 7604:. pp. 57–58. 7259:Paul W. Blackstock 4953:The London Gazette 4055:. 31 August 2017. 3976:The New York Times 3859:The Maghreb Review 3507:Treaty of Gulistan 3384:Carnegie Endowment 3347:The New Great Game 3274: 3263: 3235:Velimir Khlebnikov 3188:The Arabian Nights 3119:, and part of the 3117:Russo-Japanese War 2947: 2931: 2780:and (for example) 2754:Treaty of Gulistan 2746: 2733: 2635: 2564: 2162:German Chancellor 2091:Ayub Khan outside 2085:Treaty of Gandamak 1988: 1973: 1909: 1879: 1821:Russo-Japanese War 1817:Fukushima Yasumasa 1749: 1711:Tsar Alexander III 1670: 1647: 1617:Mikhail Chernyayev 1609:Konstantin Kaufman 1587: 1489: 1431:East India Company 1384: 1328:Dost Mohammad Khan 1321: 1249:Emirate of Bukhara 1241: 1163:Travels To Bukhara 1110: 1053:East India Company 1050: 950: 939: 842: 830: 778:Khanate of Bukhara 731: 698:Russo-Persian Wars 694: 679:East India Company 664:The shah of Iran, 561:East India Company 545: 524: 380:, and support the 374:Emirate of Bukhara 364:for India, tasked 73: 57: 11283: 11282: 11215:Peshawar District 11160:Lyallpur District 11124:Chanderi District 11093:Khandesh District 11075:Bombay Presidency 11073:Districts in the 11064:Tipperah District 11054:Shahabad district 10996:Bengal Presidency 10994:Districts in the 10940:Godavari District 10917:Madras Presidency 10915:Districts in the 10874: 10873: 10734:Central Provinces 10639:Madras Presidency 10634:Bombay Presidency 10629:Bengal Presidency 10563: 10562: 10516: 10515: 10445: 10444: 10374: 10373: 10337:Foreign relations 10172: 10171: 10111: 10110: 10013:Saqqawist Emirate 9953:Siege of Kandahar 9849: 9848: 9818:Albanian Revolts 9675:German Naval Laws 9659:Naval arms races 9643:Berlin Conference 9575:Hague Conventions 8926:978-1-5272-7047-3 8914:Salisbury, Robert 8906:978-1-315-49087-8 8623:, HarperCollins, 8429:978-0-7656-3504-4 8248:. Clarity Press. 8013:978-1-64411-419-3 7972:978-90-04-27043-5 7847:978-0-7914-2063-8 7744:978-1-349-40636-4 7338:978-1-000-00980-4 7311:978-0-393-04923-7 7301:Karl Marx: A Life 7255:Engels, Frederick 7109:978-0-691-14568-6 6967:978-0-8356-0891-6 6671:978-93-82573-47-0 6632:978-0-231-10351-0 6585:"COSSACK BRIGADE" 6532:978-1-4408-5353-1 5904:978-0-304-36294-3 5862:Andreeva, Elena. 5626:978-1-134-38378-8 5576:978-0-203-96220-6 5532:978-1-908323-18-7 5505:978-1-58243-876-4 5475:978-1-4728-1443-2 5465:Gustaf Mannerheim 5401:978-90-04-27431-0 5349:978-1-317-34003-4 5300:978-1-317-34003-4 5247:978-1-4356-9559-7 5180:978-0-7867-3678-2 4887:, pp. 60–62. 4875:, pp. 61–62. 4848:, pp. 20–24. 4310:978-90-04-44516-1 4274:iranicaonline.org 4168:, pp. 55–65. 4022:978-0-19-280212-5 3945:978-1-61200-814-1 3798:978-1-4008-7523-8 3788:Danger in Kashmir 3502:Armenian question 3298:esoteric Buddhist 3260:Tibet. Himalayas. 3227:Western mysticism 3172:William Moorcroft 3121:Russian Civil War 2817:Soviet Great Game 2776:1836 – involving 2697:Triumph of Tehran 2513:(now part of the 2471:Khanate of Kokand 2164:Otto von Bismarck 2152:Khanates of Khiva 2101:Abdur Rahman Khan 1842:'s expedition at 1790:Xinhai Revolution 1782:Pradip Phanjoubam 1765:Curzon expedition 1718:Alexandre Andreev 1549:Sultan Ahmad Khan 1516:in the person of 1499:Further expansion 1480:that form modern 1452:Anglo-Persian War 1446:Anglo-Persian War 1353:Lord Ellenborough 1243:In 1838, Colonel 1113:William Moorcroft 741:for India tasked 735:Lord Ellenborough 611:Hugh Seton-Watson 443:Soviet–Afghan War 388:, and Bukhara as 358:Lord Ellenborough 303:Eastern Himalayas 247: 246: 46:Russian Turkestan 11428: 11195:Shahpur District 11175:Muhamdi District 11165:Merwara District 11150:Isagarh District 11139:Garhwal District 11088:Kaladgi District 11044:Manbhum District 11009:Bassein District 10970:Tanjore District 10950:Malabar District 10901: 10894: 10887: 10878: 10877: 10811:United Provinces 10590: 10583: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10456: 10455: 10385: 10384: 10285: 10284: 10122: 10121: 10071: 10070: 10058:Islamic Republic 10018:Daoud's Republic 9983:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9978:Battle of Jamrud 9938:Islamic conquest 9918:Greater Khorasan 9876: 9869: 9862: 9853: 9852: 9769:Spanish–American 9689:Fashoda Incident 9565:Treaty of Björkö 9550:Treaty of Berlin 9484:Open Door Policy 9418:Eastern question 9365:Entente Cordiale 9271: 9264: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9124: 9113: 8996:(2015): 151–175 8989: 8964:(377): 725–737. 8910: 8872: 8852: 8825: 8784: 8782: 8776:, archived from 8765: 8729: 8696:Ingram, Edward. 8689:Ingram, Edward. 8682:Hopkirk, Peter. 8665: 8664: 8662: 8633: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8584: 8578:, archived from 8567: 8528: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8441: 8435: 8421: 8415: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8342: 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Brigade 1911:After the 1828 1864: 1801:Empire of Japan 1757:13th Dalai Lama 1720: 1636: 1575: 1561: 1506: 1501: 1454: 1448: 1436:Punjab Province 1415: 1405: 1403:Anglo-Sikh Wars 1393:Allah Quli Khan 1373: 1367: 1313: 1307: 1289:Simla Manifesto 1183: 1169:, ruler of the 1155:Henry Pottinger 1122:Turkoman horses 1055: 1038: 1022:Andrei Snesarev 931: 925: 851:Lord Palmerston 719: 714: 639:Henry Pottinger 559:of the British 553:princely states 541:princely states 529: 464:Henry Rawlinson 460:Karl Nesselrode 433:Rudyard Kipling 421: 305:were made into 265:, primarily in 243: 207: 175: 171: 88:New Imperialism 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11434: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11301:New Great Game 11298: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11212: 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5740:(3): 401–413. 5711: 5664:(3): 415–442. 5644: 5625: 5602: 5575: 5538: 5531: 5511: 5504: 5481: 5474: 5449: 5419: 5400: 5377: 5348: 5328: 5299: 5276: 5246: 5226: 5206: 5179: 5154: 5124: 5112: 5053: 5051:, p. 153. 5041: 5029: 5010: 5003: 4985: 4973: 4959: 4939: 4927: 4904: 4889: 4877: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4821: 4802: 4775: 4755: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4629: 4602: 4582: 4565: 4553: 4538: 4536:, p. xvi. 4526: 4505: 4493: 4476: 4463: 4451: 4415: 4406: 4355:(April 1980). 4353:Ingram, Edward 4337: 4316: 4309: 4286: 4252: 4239: 4221:Hopkirk, Peter 4210: 4198: 4182: 4170: 4155: 4137: 4122: 4110: 4070: 4040: 4021: 4001: 3951: 3944: 3926: 3924:, p. 231. 3907: 3892: 3838: 3797: 3774: 3759: 3732: 3701: 3653: 3608: 3593: 3568: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3492:Treaty of Kars 3489: 3484: 3482:Radcliffe Line 3479: 3477:New Great Game 3474: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3435:History portal 3424: 3410: 3394: 3391: 3356:Xiangming Chen 3341: 3338: 3326:Inner Mongolia 3221:, esotericist 3168:Shareen Brysac 3144: 3141: 3133:warlord states 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2929:and South Asia 2916:David Urquhart 2894:In the 1850s, 2891: 2888: 2866:In that book, 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2818: 2815: 2778:David Urquhart 2737: 2734: 2622: 2619: 2611:Queen Victoria 2594:Nicholas Range 2543: 2540: 2492: 2489: 2432:=Murghab river 2414: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2080: 2077: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 1955: 1952: 1863: 1860: 1813:Nishi Tokujirō 1753:Agvan Dorzhiev 1680:, who reached 1635: 1632: 1560: 1557: 1518:Queen Victoria 1508:Following the 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1447: 1444: 1404: 1401: 1380:Russian Empire 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1348:William Brydon 1306: 1303: 1277:Siege of Herat 1257:Arthur Conolly 1253:Nasrullah Khan 1182: 1179: 1134:Arthur Conolly 1126:Charles Masson 1085:, crossed the 1059:George Forster 1054: 1051: 1037: 1034: 976:Kazakh Khanate 929:Kazakh Khanate 924: 921: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 766:Ottoman Empire 752:Following the 718: 715: 713: 710: 528: 525: 435:'s 1901 novel 431:(1807–1842). 429:Arthur Conolly 420: 417: 382:Ottoman Empire 245: 244: 242: 241: 234: 227: 219: 216: 215: 214: 213: 211:Decolonization 208: 206: 205: 200: 194: 189: 188: 184: 183: 182: 181: 176: 167: 165: 158: 151: 146: 136: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 113: 105: 104: 100: 99: 91: 90: 84: 83: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11433: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11217:(NW Frontier) 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11205:Thal-Chotiali 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146:(NW Frontier) 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11103:West Khandesh 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11083:East Khandesh 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11024:Jungle Mahals 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10913: 10909: 10902: 10897: 10895: 10890: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10879: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10796:Sind Province 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10728:(Upper) Burma 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687:Ajmer-Merwara 10685: 10683: 10682:Agra Province 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675:Aden Province 10672: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10601:British India 10598: 10591: 10586: 10584: 10579: 10577: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10519: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10365: 10364:Chief Justice 10362: 10361: 10360: 10359:Supreme Court 10357: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10322:Deputy Leader 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10048:2001 invasion 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10038:Islamic State 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948:Hotak dynasty 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913:Maurya Empire 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9865: 9863: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9842: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799:Italo-Turkish 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9754:Russo-Turkish 9752: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9726:Treaty of Fes 9724: 9723: 9722: 9721:Agadir Crisis 9719: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9392:Balkan League 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9348:Dual Alliance 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9327:United States 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9071:Asian Affairs 9068: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8899:. Routledge. 8898: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8838:Asian Affairs 8834: 8831: 8830:History Today 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8794:Asian Affairs 8791: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8773:9780415260107 8769: 8766:, Routledge, 8762: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8693:(1981) 431pp. 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8615:Ewans, Martin 8612: 8609: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8564: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8524: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8471: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8400: 8392: 8390:9781317266402 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8341: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8323:9781409409854 8320: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8230:9780871139061 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8170: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8151: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7934:Atlas Obscura 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7684:, p. 56. 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7621: 7613: 7611:9789351509714 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7542: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7482: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7439: 7433:, p. 62. 7432: 7427: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7331:. Routledge. 7330: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7294: 7292: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7178: 7170: 7161: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6986: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6857: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6808:9781421408095 6805: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6778: 6776:9781848544772 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6694: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6474: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6362: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6161:0-253-35050-6 6157: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5931: 5927: 5926:www.nam.ac.uk 5923: 5917: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619:. Routledge. 5618: 5617: 5609: 5607: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5211: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5004:9781107507180 5000: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4923:9781844681303 4920: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4902:, p. 70. 4901: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4860:, p. 51. 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4776:90-286-2621-2 4772: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 85. 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4603:0-253-35050-6 4599: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4580:, p. 66. 4579: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4563:, p. 12. 4562: 4557: 4551:, p. 10. 4550: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4524:, p. 13. 4523: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4461:, p. 37. 4460: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4235:1-56836-022-3 4232: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4208:, p. 46. 4207: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 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1917:Qajar dynasty 1914: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Western China 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774:According to 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1628:Sher Ali Khan 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1581:Oil Wells at 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538:British India 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1496: 1494: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464:and northern 1463: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 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10342:Human rights 10297:Constitution 10178:Demographics 9933:Hindu Shahis 9667: 9663:Anglo-German 9652: 9524:Treaties and 9473: 9285:Great powers 9177: 9166:, retrieved 9146: 9127:, retrieved 9115: 9077: 9070: 9053: 9029: 9011: 8993: 8961: 8957: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8917: 8895: 8876: 8858: 8844:(1): 55–65, 8841: 8837: 8829: 8797: 8793: 8778:the original 8759: 8740: 8733: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8661:26 September 8659:, retrieved 8639: 8619: 8607: 8597: 8587:, retrieved 8580:the original 8561: 8542: 8523: 8514: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8470: 8458:. Retrieved 8449: 8439: 8419: 8399: 8379: 8357:. Retrieved 8348: 8340: 8313: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8245: 8239: 8215: 8208: 8196:. Retrieved 8187: 8178: 8169: 8150: 8138:. Retrieved 8105: 8101: 8091: 8079:. Retrieved 8059: 8052: 8040:. Retrieved 8032:The Guardian 8031: 8022: 8003: 7993: 7981:. Retrieved 7961: 7954: 7942:. Retrieved 7933: 7923: 7911:. Retrieved 7870: 7866: 7856: 7836: 7829: 7817:. Retrieved 7800: 7791: 7782: 7775:. Retrieved 7763: 7753: 7725: 7701: 7689: 7682:Mahajan 2001 7677: 7665: 7653:. Retrieved 7649: 7639: 7620: 7597: 7591: 7568: 7562: 7550: 7541: 7511: 7506: 7490: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7438: 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7410: 7401: 7389:. Retrieved 7385: 7376: 7364:. Retrieved 7360: 7351: 7342: 7327: 7320: 7300: 7278: 7276: 7269:. Retrieved 7263: 7245: 7233:. Retrieved 7200: 7196: 7186: 7176: 7169: 7160: 7148:. Retrieved 7139: 7130: 7118:. Retrieved 7098: 7091: 7079:. Retrieved 7070: 7061: 7049:. Retrieved 7040: 7031: 7019:. Retrieved 6999: 6992: 6983: 6976:. 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Retrieved 5136: 5127: 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5073:(1): 75–92. 5070: 5066: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5013: 4994: 4988: 4976: 4967: 4962: 4951: 4942: 4930: 4880: 4853: 4841: 4805: 4793:. Retrieved 4765: 4758: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4592: 4585: 4556: 4529: 4522:Mahajan 2001 4503:, p. 9. 4496: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4454: 4442:. Retrieved 4432: 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4364: 4360: 4319: 4299: 4277:. Retrieved 4273: 4247: 4242: 4224: 4201: 4173: 4149: 4146:"Great Game" 4140: 4113: 4091:(1): 61–80. 4088: 4084: 4061:. Retrieved 4052: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4011: 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3975: 3935: 3929: 3865:(1): 89–99. 3862: 3858: 3815:. Retrieved 3787: 3768: 3762: 3750:. Retrieved 3722: 3692:. Retrieved 3675: 3644:. Retrieved 3635: 3583: 3566:, p. 1. 3512:Duhamel plan 3388: 3375: 3364:David Gosset 3360: 3343: 3295: 3275: 3270: 3259: 3216: 3187: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3109: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3071:Malcolm Yapp 3068: 3064: 3060: 3045: 3034: 3032: 3023: 3013: 3007: 2994: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2925:1912 map of 2918:(1805-1877). 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2820: 2802: 2790:Caucasus War 2783: 2747: 2678: 2673: 2655: 2647: 2636: 2615: 2606: 2592: 2574: 2565: 2504: 2500: 2481: 2467:Little Pamir 2463:Bozai Gumbaz 2440: 2436: 2161: 2141: 2122: 2082: 2045:Lake Sariqol 2030: 1989: 1936:intervention 1926: 1910: 1887: 1880: 1840:Paul Pelliot 1826: 1797:Meiji period 1794: 1780: 1776:Robert Irwin 1773: 1750: 1738:Qing dynasty 1736:against the 1715: 1686:Kishen Singh 1671: 1648: 1621: 1588: 1546: 1534:India Office 1507: 1493:James Outram 1490: 1482:Turkmenistan 1421:annexed the 1416: 1388:James Abbott 1385: 1365:Khiva (1839) 1358: 1325: 1322: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1270: 1242: 1237:British Lion 1233:Russian Bear 1197: 1192: 1184: 1167:Ranjit Singh 1162: 1153:and Colonel 1111: 1056: 1030: 1014:Khrulev plan 1010:Duhamel plan 1003: 992: 980: 972: 951: 910: 898: 856: 848: 843: 751: 732: 695: 663: 641:and Captain 636: 616: 599: 587:Don Cossacks 569: 557:company rule 546: 501: 498:H.W.C. Davis 491: 489: 483: 479: 473: 456: 451:Le grand jeu 447: 437: 424: 422: 406: 398:Indian Ocean 394:Persian Gulf 343: 327: 315: 263:Central Asia 250: 248: 168: 160: 153: 141: 115: 65:Central Asia 52:and western 42:Qajar Persia 25: 10955:North Arcot 10760:Lower Burma 10702:Baluchistan 10653:(at Penang) 10144:Earthquakes 9928:Turk Shahis 9883:Afghanistan 9841:World War I 9804:Balkan Wars 9789:Second Boer 9774:Banana Wars 9738:July Crisis 9669:Dreadnought 9654:Weltpolitik 9498:Pan-Slavism 9129:1 September 8281:(1): 1–12. 8198:18 February 8042:1 September 7944:1 September 7819:1 September 7670:Morgan 1981 7120:28 February 7081:29 February 7051:29 February 7041:www.wdl.org 6347:: 130–132. 6180:4 September 5936:15 December 5442:1 September 5412:4 September 5199:6 September 5147:6 September 5137:www.pbs.org 4948:"No. 20012" 4846:Morgan 1981 4622:4 September 4561:Becker 2005 4549:Becker 2005 4534:Becker 2005 4501:Becker 2005 4459:Morgan 1981 4444:15 December 4166:Morgan 1973 4063:15 December 3922:Morgan 1981 3903:Becker 2005 3752:1 September 3694:1 September 3466:Durand Line 3231:Orientalism 3200:Aurel Stein 3157:Orientalism 3039:War Cabinet 2857:Lord Curzon 2796:(1853–56). 2794:Crimean War 2603:Lake Zorkul 2589:Taghdumbash 2556:Lake Zorkul 2394:BalaMurghab 2097:British Raj 2016:British Raj 2012:Khyber Pass 2008:Lord Lytton 1980:Khyber Pass 1721: [ 1645:before 1859 1605:Krasnovodsk 1591:Crimean War 1583:Caspian Sea 1526:British Raj 1466:Afghanistan 1427:Sikh Empire 1171:Sikh empire 1130:Baluchistan 1087:Caspian Sea 1071:Afghanistan 1006:Crimean War 812:, from the 727:Indus River 725:Map of the 651:Balochistan 378:Afghanistan 319:Crimean War 311:territories 299:Caspian Sea 267:Afghanistan 203:Colonialism 198:Imperialism 69:Afghanistan 50:Afghanistan 11296:Great Game 11290:Categories 10302:Loya jirga 10221:Nuristanis 10033:since 1992 10028:Soviet war 9526:agreements 9474:Great Game 9440:Revanchism 9226:from 1885. 8070:9004129529 7655:31 January 7474:Ewans 2012 7431:Ewans 2002 7251:Marx, Karl 7021:23 October 6748:0714632465 6551:24 October 6541:1099541849 6428:(2): 139. 6403:by the US 6242:Ewans 2012 6026:0844408344 6006:Ewans 2012 5994:Ewans 2012 5595:24 October 5565:. London: 5266:24 October 5105:24 October 5049:Ewans 2012 4900:Ewans 2002 4885:Ewans 2002 4873:Ewans 2002 4858:Ewans 2002 4795:24 October 4713:Ewans 2002 4578:Ewans 2002 4399:4 December 4333:0415316405 4206:Ewans 2004 3994:24 October 3564:Ewans 2004 3544:References 3287:Jan Morris 3204:Sven Hedin 3164:Karl Meyer 3147:See also: 2982:Northbrook 2828:Tannu-Tuva 2766:Circassian 2552:watercolor 2310:PuliKhatun 2037:Badakhshan 1848:Uzbekistan 1846:in modern 1716:Historian 1678:Nain Singh 1655:Inner Asia 1624:Badakhshan 1563:See also: 1540:through a 1486:Uzbekistan 1336:Shah Shuja 1330:. After a 1218:Gorgan Bay 1159:Hindu Kush 1097:, Moscow, 1083:Mazanderan 712:Beginnings 600:Historian 521:Uzbekistan 425:Great Game 384:, Persia, 287:South Asia 277:. The two 251:Great Game 116:Great Game 10667:Provinces 10468:Education 10437:Transport 10258:Languages 10231:Qizilbash 10159:Volcanoes 10117:Geography 9489:Meiji era 9336:Alliances 8986:154849203 8978:0035-8533 8822:162349090 8814:0306-8374 8589:18 August 8506:144025621 8492:: 43–66. 8359:22 August 8297:2055-1045 8140:14 August 8122:0020-7020 7903:153982002 7887:0030-8129 7809:0015-7120 7772:0362-4331 7706:Yapp 2000 7694:Yapp 2000 7573:Constable 7225:242884810 7217:0954-6545 6712:22 August 6561:cite book 6505:22 August 6444:131608320 6110:159703966 6102:1543-7795 5837:143812599 5821:0021-0862 5770:143785614 5754:0021-0862 5694:161242987 5678:0021-0862 5585:166422396 5567:Routledge 5394:. Brill. 5366:cite book 5358:944186170 5317:cite book 5309:944186170 5256:299175689 5189:817868028 5087:0026-3206 4834:Yapp 2000 4640:1798 and 4381:0707-5332 4303:. BRILL. 4237:. 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