249:
22:
169:
Hirayama claimed that his official seal should grant his ship protection; the Dutch and
English, however, argued that the presence of priests forfeited this protection. After two years of imprisonment, the priests confessed that they were indeed Christian missionaries. This confession resulted in the
228:
away from the (martyr's) body. The arms were lightly bound to the posts, and were tied loosely. And they were made so that they were not difficult to untie. Those who did not dare to endure the punishment could escape if they wanted to. But there was not one of them who did not look to the heavens
200:
Relacion breve de los grandes y rigurosos martirios que el año passado de 1622. dieron en el Iapon a ciento y diez y ocho illustrissimos
Martyres, sacada principalmente de las cartas de los Padres de la Compañia de Iesus que alli residen: y de lo que han referido muchas personas de aquel Reyno, que
239:
While this account implies that the condemned in principle could have untied their restraints, this would not have resulted in them being able to flee. Condemned who untied their restraints and attempted to flee would have been captured by the executioners and thrown into the flames again.
189:
prisons as well as some of their followers. In total, 55 Christians were to be executed. The execution of these 55 Christians, now known as the Great Genna
Martyrdom, occurred on 10 September 1622 on Nishizaka Hill in Nagasaki. It thus happened at the same place as the crucifixion of the
142:, which denotes the time from July 1615 until February 1624; the mass killing is also known as the Great Martyrdom of Nagasaki. It was preceded by an incident with the Christian Japanese merchant Hirayama Jōchin, who had received an official seal to trade with
161:
and Luis Flores) on his way back from Manila into Japan, but before they could enter
Japanese territory, his ship was attacked by Dutch and English forces and its cargo was confiscated. The crew of the ship, including the priests, were imprisoned in
352:
64:, Japan, on 10 September 1622. Beginning in 1614, Christianity was banned in Japan and a smuggling incident concerning two foreign missionaries prompted the killing. The mass execution was part of the persecution of
208:
Who Reside There, and From What Has Been
Reported by Many Persons of that Kingdom, Who Arrived in Two Ships at the City of Manila on 12 August 1623'). The pamphlet was translated in part into English in 1927.
204:('A Brief Account of the Great and Rigorous Martyrdoms which Last Year, 1622, Were Inflicted in Japan on One Hundred and Eighteen Illustrious Martyrs, Drawn Principally From the Letters of the
347:
151:
1120:
341:
362:
782:
118:
from 1615 to 1625. Large-scale executions were not uncommon parts of this policy of
Christian elimination: 23 Christians had been concurrently executed in
325:
1071:
336:
361:: Diego Chinba, Domingo Tanda and Paulo Nagaishi. The Franciscans killed included Fray Vicente de San José (b. 1597) also known as Vicente Ramíre,
101:
described these measures as a "straightforward policy of elimination of
Christians that had a dramatic impact on Nagasaki Christian community".
970:
746:
Life of the
Blessed Charles Spinola, of the Society of Jesus: with a sketch of the other Japanese martyrs, beatified on the 7th of July, 1867
229:
with his eyes, not one who did not endure the fire without moving his heart and body, even though the wood was burning strongly around them.
794:
197:
An early account of the execution is provided in a 1624 pamphlet by Andres de Parra printed in Madrid. The pamphlet in
Spanish is titled
901:
The
Martyrs of Japan: Publication History and Catholic Missions in the Spanish World (Spain, New Spain, and the Philippines, 1597–1700)
1130:
1110:
301:, numbering 27 Japanese and four Koreans. Five of those killed were children aged 3 to 12 years old. All 55 executed Christians were
777:
927:
1115:
998:
400:
917:
839:
806:
380:, Antonio Kyūni, Pedro Sanpō, Gonzalo Fusai Chōzō, Miguel Satō Shunpō, Tomé Akahoshi, Luis Kawara Rokuemon and Juan Chūgoku.
108:– the first Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate – in 1616, the persecution of Christians in Japan focused on the promotion of
935:
156:
754:
205:
769:
946:
744:
248:
1125:
358:
1037:
372:(b. 1585), Pedro de Ávila (b. 1591) and León Satzuma. The Jesuits killed included the Jesuit missionary
821:
367:
357:(b. 1567), Juan Nagata Magoshiro and Tomás del Rosario as well as three Japanese men admitted to the
112:
and the elimination of foreign missionaries. This policy was implemented in Nagasaki by Gonroku, the
98:
97:. In Nagasaki, several measures were taken to implement this ban. Tronu Montane, a scholar at the
850:
408:
1018:
Sacred Space and Ritual in Early Modern Japan: The Christian Community of Nagasaki (1569–1643)
1007:
1000:'The Palme of Christian Fortitude': Japan's Kirishitan martyrs in seventeenth century records
65:
899:
26:
389:
310:
8:
851:"From the Cross to the Pyre: The Representation of the Martyrs of Japan in Jesuit Prints"
394:
191:
904:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 195. Brill. pp. 13–34.
955:
330:
278:
77:
186:
181:
Due to this smuggling incident, the prosecution of Christians was intensified and the
21:
1057:
913:
882:
835:
802:
135:
94:
69:
1016:
253:
1049:
905:
872:
862:
827:
566:
564:
377:
282:
260:
217:
171:
163:
147:
259:
During the Great Genna Martyrdom, 55 people were executed. Of them, 24 or 25 were
759:
373:
105:
93:
A nationwide ban on Christianity was promulgated in 1614 during the shogunate of
57:
770:"Testimony to Love: The 400th Anniversary of the Genna Great Martyrdom (2022–3)"
561:
983:
321:
268:
867:
1104:
1086:
1073:
1061:
1053:
886:
302:
122:(Tokyo) in August 1613; 43 in Kuchinotsu, Arima, in November 1614; and 53 in
895:
817:
826:. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 126–160.
306:
264:
175:
909:
831:
185:
Gonroku ordered the killing of all priests imprisoned in the Nagasaki and
971:"Japan: 400 years since the Great Genna Martyrdom, a 'testimony of love'"
960:
928:"Beatification of 188 Japanese Martyrs November 24th, 2008, in Nagasaki"
877:
297:
292:
314:
767:
570:
201:
en dos nauios llegaron a la ciudad de Manila a 12. de Agosto de 1623
25:
17th-century anonymous painting of the Great Genna Martyrdom at the
988:
109:
61:
114:
1006:(Undergraduate thesis). Department of Historical Studies at the
684:
576:
291:, two lay members of the Fraternity of the Rosary and three lay
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
225:
224:
To make the punishment longer and more cruel, the fire was six
143:
73:
483:
481:
468:
466:
720:
674:
672:
670:
139:
123:
605:
522:
1042:
Hipogrifo. Revista de literatura y cultura del Siglo de Oro
657:
655:
478:
463:
451:
267:. The 24 or 25 people executed by burning consisted of two
667:
493:
768:
Committee for Promoting Canonisation (18 February 2022).
708:
119:
652:
595:
593:
591:
220:, contains a description of the Great Genna Martyrdom:
755:"Saint of the week: Francis de Morales (September 10)"
984:"The Japanese Christians forced to trample on Christ"
295:. The 30 or 31 people executed by beheading were lay
178:
of the remaining crew in Nagasaki on 19 August 1622.
926:
690:
588:
549:
1121:
Groups of Christian martyrs of the Early Modern era
512:
510:
508:
427:
376:, as well as nine Japanese Jesuits: Antonia Sanga,
335:(b. 1578), José Salvanés de San Jacinto (b. 1580),
134:The "Great Genna Martyrdom" took its name from the
1102:
696:
505:
286:
272:
893:
753:
726:
636:
543:
499:
174:of the two priests and Hirayama as well as the
56:, was the execution of 55 foreign and domestic
45:
944:Seitz, Don C. (1927). "The Nagasaki Martyrs".
818:"Apostasy, Underground Practice, or Martyrdom"
439:
324:also known as Angel Ferrer Orsucci (b. 1573),
39:
1038:"On Christian Martyrdom in Japan (1597–1658)"
1014:
799:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
643:
620:
582:
487:
472:
457:
198:
815:
678:
317:is September 10, the day of the execution.
83:
16:1622 execution of 55 Christians in Nagasaki
742:
714:
959:
876:
866:
571:Committee for Promoting Canonisation 2022
146:. In 1620, Hirayama tried to smuggle two
896:"Background: Catholic Missions in Japan"
252:1675 engraving of the Martyrdom by
247:
20:
1035:
996:
555:
433:
1103:
401:Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument
243:
1036:Osswald, Cristina (8 December 2021).
968:
943:
848:
778:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan
661:
599:
516:
60:killed together at Nishizaka Hill in
969:Succi, Massimo (20 September 2022).
792:
702:
309:as part of the beatification of the
1024:(PhD thesis). University of London.
981:
936:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tokyo
445:
13:
1029:
823:Christianity in Early Modern Japan
14:
1142:
788:from the original on 25 May 2024.
403:– A museum for the 1597 martyrdom
1131:History of Christianity in Japan
1111:17th-century executions by Japan
982:Tan, Yvette (24 November 2019).
234:Imago primi saeculi, pp. 528–529
150:priests disguised as merchants (
975:Servizio Informazione Religiosa
626:
397:– A separate martyrdom in 1597
320:The Dominicans killed included
206:Fathers of the Society of Jesus
1116:17th-century Christian martyrs
947:The Catholic Historical Review
894:Roldán-Figueroa, Rady (2021).
411:– A separate martyrdom in 1623
1:
1015:Tronu Montane, Carla (2012).
415:
88:
997:Teather, Rhiannon A (2014).
849:Rappo, Hitomi Omata (2023).
420:
359:Third Order of Saint Dominic
129:
7:
743:Broeckaert, Joseph (1869).
383:
54:Great Martyrdom of Nagasaki
46:
10:
1147:
816:Higashibaba, Ikuo (2001).
797:. In Louth, Andrew (ed.).
736:
868:10.1163/22141332-10030004
855:Journal of Jesuit Studies
749:. New York: John G. Shea.
691:Archdiocese of Tokyo 2008
40:
1054:10.13035/H.2021.09.02.63
216:, a 1640 book about the
99:Kansai Gaidai University
84:Background and execution
1087:32.75444°N 129.87167°E
409:Great Martyrdom of Edo
313:on 7 July 1867. Their
287:
273:
263:, while 30 or 31 were
256:
237:
199:
30:
1008:University of Bristol
910:10.1163/9789004458062
832:10.1163/9789047401094
251:
222:
35:Great Genna Martyrdom
24:
793:Doak, Kevin (2022).
727:Roldán-Figueroa 2021
637:Roldán-Figueroa 2021
544:Roldán-Figueroa 2021
500:Catholic Herald 2016
390:205 Martyrs of Japan
363:Ricardo de Santa Ana
348:Francisco de Morales
311:205 Martyrs of Japan
194:on 5 February 1597.
52:, also known as the
1126:History of Nagasaki
1092:32.75444; 129.87167
1083: /
763:. 8 September 2016.
664:, pp. 469–470.
642:For location, see:
585:, pp. 248–249.
395:26 Martyrs of Japan
244:List of the martyrs
214:Imago primi saeculi
192:26 Martyrs of Japan
104:After the death of
66:Christians in Japan
795:"Nagasaki Martyrs"
644:Tronu Montane 2012
621:Tronu Montane 2012
583:Tronu Montane 2012
488:Tronu Montane 2012
473:Tronu Montane 2012
458:Tronu Montane 2012
279:Franciscan priests
257:
78:Tokugawa shogunate
47:Genna no daijunkyō
31:
27:Church of the Gesù
919:978-90-04-45806-2
841:978-90-474-0109-4
808:978-0-19-964246-5
283:Dominican priests
136:Japanese era name
95:Tokugawa Hidetada
70:Tokugawa Hidetada
1138:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1005:
993:
978:
965:
963:
940:
932:
923:
890:
880:
870:
845:
812:
789:
787:
774:
764:
750:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
679:Higashibaba 2001
676:
665:
659:
650:
630:
624:
618:
603:
597:
586:
580:
574:
568:
559:
553:
547:
541:
520:
514:
503:
497:
491:
485:
476:
470:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
378:Sebastian Kimura
371:
356:
345:
334:
326:Jacinto Orfanell
290:
285:, two Dominican
276:
235:
218:Society of Jesus
203:
160:
51:
49:
43:
42:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1032:
1030:Further reading
1021:
1003:
930:
920:
842:
809:
785:
772:
760:Catholic Herald
739:
734:
733:
725:
721:
715:Broeckaert 1869
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
668:
660:
653:
649:
635:For date, see:
631:
627:
619:
606:
598:
589:
581:
577:
569:
562:
554:
550:
542:
523:
515:
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494:
486:
479:
471:
464:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
428:
423:
418:
386:
374:Charles Spinola
365:
350:
339:
337:Alfonso de Mena
328:
271:, eight Jesuit
246:
236:
233:
154:
152:Pedro de Zúñiga
132:
106:Tokugawa Ieyasu
91:
86:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1067:
1066:
1048:(2): 927–947.
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1012:
994:
979:
966:
954:(3): 503–509.
941:
924:
918:
891:
861:(3): 456–486.
846:
840:
813:
807:
801:(4 ed.).
790:
765:
751:
738:
735:
732:
731:
719:
717:, p. 215.
707:
695:
683:
681:, p. 140.
666:
651:
648:
647:
640:
632:
625:
623:, p. 249.
604:
602:, p. 503.
587:
575:
560:
548:
521:
504:
492:
490:, p. 248.
477:
475:, p. 242.
462:
460:, p. 240.
450:
438:
425:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
392:
385:
382:
322:Angelo Orsucci
269:Jesuit priests
254:Melchior Küsel
245:
242:
231:
131:
128:
90:
87:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
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1108:
1106:
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1096:
1063:
1059:
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1020:
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1001:
995:
991:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
948:
942:
938:
937:
929:
925:
921:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
814:
810:
804:
800:
796:
791:
784:
780:
779:
771:
766:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:
741:
740:
729:, p. 33.
728:
723:
716:
711:
704:
699:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
671:
663:
658:
656:
646:, p. 240
645:
641:
638:
634:
633:
629:
622:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
601:
596:
594:
592:
584:
579:
572:
567:
565:
558:, p. 11.
557:
552:
546:, p. 32.
545:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
518:
513:
511:
509:
501:
496:
489:
484:
482:
474:
469:
467:
459:
454:
447:
442:
435:
430:
426:
410:
407:
402:
399:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
381:
379:
375:
369:
364:
360:
354:
349:
343:
338:
332:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
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289:
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275:
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266:
262:
255:
250:
241:
230:
227:
221:
219:
215:
210:
207:
202:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:burning alive
167:
165:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
81:
79:
75:
72:, the second
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
36:
28:
23:
19:
1068:
1045:
1041:
1017:
999:
987:
974:
951:
945:
934:
900:
858:
854:
822:
798:
776:
758:
745:
722:
710:
698:
686:
639:, p. 32
628:
578:
556:Teather 2014
551:
495:
453:
441:
436:, p. 7.
434:Teather 2014
429:
319:
307:Pope Pius IX
296:
258:
238:
223:
213:
211:
196:
182:
180:
176:decapitation
168:
133:
113:
103:
92:
53:
34:
32:
18:
1090: /
1078:129°52′18″E
878:2433/286051
366: [
351: [
346:(b. 1578),
340: [
329: [
298:Kirishitans
155: [
1105:Categories
1075:32°45′16″N
662:Rappo 2023
600:Seitz 1927
517:Succi 2022
416:References
293:catechists
89:Background
1062:2328-1308
887:2214-1324
703:Doak 2022
421:Citations
315:feast day
303:beatified
148:Mendicant
130:Execution
126:in 1619.
58:Catholics
989:BBC News
961:25012455
783:Archived
446:Tan 2019
384:See also
265:beheaded
232:—
110:apostasy
62:Nagasaki
939:. 2008.
737:Sources
281:, five
76:of the
1060:
958:
916:
885:
838:
805:
288:irmãos
277:, two
274:irmãos
261:burned
226:cubits
164:Hirato
144:Manila
74:Shogun
41:元和の大殉教
29:, Rome
1022:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
956:JSTOR
931:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
773:(PDF)
370:]
355:]
344:]
333:]
187:Ōmura
183:bugyō
159:]
140:Genna
124:Kyoto
115:bugyō
1058:ISSN
914:ISBN
883:ISSN
836:ISBN
803:ISBN
212:The
33:The
1050:doi
906:doi
873:hdl
863:doi
828:doi
305:by
138:of
120:Edo
68:by
1107::
1056:.
1044:.
1040:.
986:.
973:.
952:13
950:.
933:.
912:.
898:.
881:.
871:.
859:10
857:.
853:.
834:.
820:.
781:.
775:.
757:.
669:^
654:^
607:^
590:^
563:^
524:^
507:^
480:^
465:^
368:fr
353:jp
342:jp
331:ca
166:.
157:es
80:.
44:,
1064:.
1052::
1046:9
1010:.
992:.
977:.
964:.
922:.
908::
889:.
875::
865::
844:.
830::
811:.
705:.
693:.
573:.
519:.
502:.
448:.
50:)
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
