Umayyad Mosque - Knowledge

2024: 1838: 981: 1734: 2237: 827:(sanctuary or inner enclosure) of the Roman-era temple. While the church (and the temples before it) had the main building located at the centre of the rectangular enclosure, the mosque's prayer hall is placed against its south wall. The architect recycled the columns and arcades of the church, dismantling and repositioning them in the new structure. Professor Alain George has re-examined the architecture and design of this first mosque on the site via three previously untranslated poems and the descriptions of medieval scholars. Besides its use as a large congregational mosque for the Damascenes, the new house of worship was meant as a tribute to the city. 759: 1076: 6082: 1825:. He served as a link between the imperial government in Constantinople and the elites of Damascus and was a key shaper of public opinion in the city. By 1650 members of the mercantile and scholarly Mahasini family held the position, retaining it for much of the 18th and early and mid-19th centuries, partly due to their links with the Shaykh al-Islam in the imperial capital. In the late 19th century, another Damascene family with connections in Constantinople, the Khatibs, vied for the position. After the death of the Mahasini preacher in 1869, a member of the Khatibs succeeded him. 2102: 2130:; the base consists of large blocks, while the upper section is built of dressed stone. There are two light openings near the top of the main tower, before the roof, with horseshoe arches and cubical capitals enclosed in a single arch. A smaller arched corbel is located below these openings. According to local legend, the minaret is named after the daughter of the merchant who provided the lead for the minaret's roof who was married to Syria's ruler at the time. Attached to the Minaret of the Bride is the 18th-century replica of the 14th-century sundial built by Ibn al-Shatir. 1285: 118: 6100: 2176: 2423: 2139: 2017:) and located atop the center of the prayer hall. The original wooden dome was replaced by one built of stone following the 1893 fire. It receives its name because it is thought to resemble an eagle, with the dome itself being the eagle's head while the eastern and western flanks of the prayer hall represent the wings. With a height of 36 meters (118 ft), the dome rests on an octagonal substructure with two arched windows on each of its sides. It is supported by the central interior arcade and has openings along its parameter. 1543: 6094: 1834:(water pipe). The fire destroyed the inner fabric of the prayer hall and caused the collapse of the mosque's central dome. The Ottomans fully restored the mosque, largely maintaining the original layout. The restoration process, which lasted nine years, did not attempt to reproduce the original decoration. The central mihrab was replaced and the dome was rebuilt in a contemporary Ottoman style. The rubble and damaged elements from the fire, including some of the original pillars and mosaic remains, were simply disposed of. 149: 2193:

a model for congregational mosque architecture in Syria as well as globally. According to Flood, "the construction of the Damascus mosque not only irrevocably altered the urban landscape of the city, inscribing upon it a permanent affirmation of Muslim hegemony, but by giving the Syrian congregational mosque its definitive form it also transformed the subsequent history of the mosque in general." Examples of the Umayyad Mosque's ground plan being used as a prototype for other mosques in the region include the

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period. He notes that while Byzantine influence is indeed apparent in the mosque's mosaic imagery, there are multiple ways in which Byzantine mosaicists could have contributed to its production, including a collaboration with local craftsmen. Some scholars argue that the mosaic techniques in both the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque, including their distinctive colour scheme, are more clearly consistent with the craftsmanship of Syro-Palestinian or Egyptian mosaicists. Archeologist

1307:. Apart from the attention given for strategic and commercial purposes, the Abbasids had no interest in Damascus. Thus, the Umayyad Mosque reportedly suffered under their rule, with little recorded building activity between the 8th and 10th centuries. However, the Abbasids did consider the mosque to be a major symbol of Islam's triumph, and thus it was spared the systematic eradication of the Umayyad legacy in the city. In 789–90 the Abbasid governor of Damascus, 887: 7399: 1887: 1146:. In Roman and Late Antique art, Alexandrian and Egyptian landscapes had a paradisal connotation. McKenzie argues that the Umayyad mosaics, extending these traditions, can thus be understood as a depiction of Paradise. The possibility also remains that the mosaic scenes combine more than one of these meanings at the same time; for example, by using paradisal imagery to represent Damascus or the Umayyad realm as an idealized, earthly paradise. 1035: 564: 2259: 2023: 2250: 2451: 2437: 7776: 1158: 156: 125: 4826: 2030: 2147:

Ottomans. The main body of the minaret is square-shaped and the spire is octagonal. It tapers to a point and is surmounted by a crescent (as are the other two minarets.) Two covered galleries are situated in the main body and two open galleries are located on the spire. Islamic belief holds that Isa (Jesus) will descend from heaven during the time of the

2513:, and post-1963 restorations. The outer façade of the prayer hall's main entrance contains only limited fragments of original mosaic (in darker shades), with the rest restored after 1963. Some damaged remains of mosaics on the interior façade of this entrance, inside the prayer hall, date from a late 11th-century Seljuk-era restoration. 2509:

inauthenticity. Areas of original mosaic work generally appear darker today than areas of new (restored) mosaics. A large stretch of mosaics along the inner wall of the western portico, sometimes known as the "Barada panel", contains original Umayyad fragments, late 13th-century fragments from the time of the Mamluk sultan

1597:, the restorations cost the sultan 20,000 dinars. Among the largest mosaic fragments restored was a 34.5 by 7.3 metres (113 by 24 ft) segment in the western portico called the "Barada panel". The mosaics that decorated the mosque were a specific target of the restoration project and they had a major influence on 2192:

The Umayyad Mosque is one of the few early mosques in the world to have maintained the same general structure and architectural features since its initial construction in the early 8th century. Its Umayyad character has not been significantly altered. Since its establishment, the mosque has served as

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In this interpretation, the lack of human figures in these scenes possibly represents a Paradise that stands empty until the arrival of its human inhabitants at the end of time. Other motifs in the mosaics have been cited to support a paradisal meaning and the imagery has been compared with both the

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Scholars have long debated the meaning of the mosaic imagery. Some historical Muslim writers and some modern scholars have interpreted them as a topographical representation of all the cities in the known world (or within the Umayyad world), some have interpreted them as a representation of Damascus

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The Minaret of Qaytbay, or the Western Minaret, was built by Qaytbay in 1488. He also commissioned its renovation due to the 1479 fire. The minaret displays strong Islamic-era Egyptian architectural influence typical of the Mamluk period. It is octagonal in shape and built in receding sections with

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Art historian Finbarr Barry Flood notes that historical sources report many other apparent gifts of artisans and materials from the Byzantine emperors to the Umayyad caliphs and other rulers, probably reflecting a widespread admiration for Byzantine craftsmanship that continued in the early Islamic

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claimed that al-Walid pressured the Byzantine emperor into sending him 200 craftsmen by threatening to destroy all churches inside Umayyad territory if he refused. Many scholars, based on such evidence from Arabic sources, have accepted a Byzantine (Constantinopolitan) origin for the mosaics, while

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The Minaret of the Bride was the first one built and is located on the mosque's northern wall. The exact year of the minaret's original construction is unknown. The bottom part of the minaret most likely dates back to the Abbasid era in the 9th century. While it is possible that the Umayyads built

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Several domed pavilions stand in the courtyard. The Dome of the Treasury is an octagonal structure decorated with mosaics, standing on eight Roman columns in the western part of the courtyard. Its 8th-century mosaics were largely remade in the late 20th-century restoration. In a mirror position on

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had been installed by the entrance in the western part of the southern wall of the mosque, which was consequently known as Bab al-Sa'a ('Gate of the Clock') at the time but is known today as Bab al-Ziyada. This clock seems to have stopped functioning by the middle of the 12th century. Abbasid rule

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The Minaret of Isa is around 77 meters (253 ft) in height and the tallest of the three minarets. Some sources claim it was originally built by the Abbasids in the 9th century. The main body of the current minaret was built by the Ayyubids in 1247, but the upper section was constructed by the

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By some estimates, the original mosque had the largest area of gold mosaics in the world, covering approximately 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). The mosaics depict landscapes and buildings in a characteristic late Roman style. They reflected a wide variety of artistic styles used by

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it, there is no indication that a minaret on the northern wall was a part of al-Walid I's initial concept. Al-Muqaddasi visited the minaret in 985 when Damascus was under Abbasid control and described it as "recently built". The upper segment was constructed in 1174. This minaret is used by the

1628:, urging the citizens of Damascus to resist their occupation. The Mamluks under Sultan Qalawun drove out the Mongols later that year. When Qalawun's forces entered the city, the Mongols attempted to station several catapults in the Umayyad Mosque because the Mamluks had started fires around the 719:). By the 4th century, the temple was especially renowned for its size and beauty. It was separated from the city by two sets of walls. The first, wider wall spanned a wide area that included a market, and the second wall surrounded the actual sanctuary of Jupiter. It was the largest temple in 1471:

In Damascus there is a mosque that has no equal in the world, not one with such fine proportion, nor one so solidly constructed, nor one vaulted so securely, nor one more marvelously laid out, nor one so admirably decorated in gold mosaics and diverse designs, with enameled tiles and polished

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It is the burial place of the first three officers of the Ottoman Aviation Squadrons who died on mission, in this case the Istanbul-Cairo expedition in 1914. They were Navy Lieutenant Fethi Bey and his navigator, Artillery First Lieutenant Sadık Bey and Artillery Second Lieutenant Nuri Bey.

1516:(r. 1174–1193), along with the Minaret of the Bride, which had been destroyed in the 1069 fire. During the internal feuds between later Ayyubid princes, the city was dealt a great deal of damage, and the mosque's eastern minaret—known as the 'Minaret of Jesus'—was destroyed at the hands of 2508:

The best-preserved sections of the mosaics today are located on the inner and outer facades of the western portico (arches) of the courtyard, as well as in the vestibule of the western entrance. Restitutions carried out to other sections after 1963 have been heavily criticized for their

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intellectualism, enabling them to maintain relative independence from Fatimid religious authority. In 1069, large sections of the mosque, particularly the northern wall, were destroyed in a fire as a result of an uprising by the city's residents against the Fatimids'

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in 1400. He ordered the burning of the city on 17 March 1401, and the fire ravaged the Umayyad Mosque. The eastern minaret was reduced to rubble, and the central dome collapsed. A southwestern minaret was added to the mosque in 1488 during the reign of Mamluk sultan

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the other side of the courtyard is the Dome of the Clock, another octagonal domed pavilion. Near the middle of the courtyard, sheltering an ablutions fountain at ground level, is a rectangular pavilion which is a modern reconstruction of a late Ottoman pavilion.

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of Egypt, based on its model. Although the original structure has been altered several times due to fire, war damage, and repairs, it is one of the few mosques to maintain the same form and architectural features of its 8th-century construction, as well as its

708:. The Temple of Jupiter would attain further additions during the early Roman period, mostly initiated by high priests who collected contributions from the wealthy citizens of Damascus. The eastern gateway of the courtyard was expanded during the reign of 1505:

Damascus witnessed the establishment of several religious institutions under the Ayyubids, but the Umayyad Mosque retained its place as the center of religious life in the city. Muslim traveler Ibn Jubayr described the mosque as containing many different

1593:, and the purpose of the Mosque was returned from Christian to its original Islamic function. In 1270, Baybars, by now sultan, ordered extensive restorations to the mosque, particularly its marble, mosaics and gildings. According to Baybars' biographer, 830:

In response to Christian protest at the move, al-Walid ordered all the other confiscated churches in the city to be returned to the Christians as compensation. The mosque was completed in 711, or in 715, shortly after al-Walid's death, by his successor,

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described by Ibn Jubayr dated from a restoration of the mosque in 1082. Another restoration occurred after 1401 and this version, which survived until another fire in 1893, was again decorated with miniature arcades, while its semi-dome was filled with

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suggests that the mosaics could have been designed by local artisans who oversaw their production, while any mosaicists sent from Constantinople could have been working under their supervision. A recent 2022 study of the chemical composition of mosaic

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descriptions of Paradise in the Qur'an and the earlier iconography of paradisal imagery in Late Antique art. According to Judith McKenzie, there is a similarity between certain architectural elements depicted in the Umayyad mosaics and those shown in

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The mosque initially had no minaret towers, as this feature of mosque architecture was not established until later. However, at least two of the corners of the mosque's outer wall had short towers, platforms, or roof shelters which were used by the

1971:, while the second level is made up of double arches. This pattern is the same repeated by the arcades of the courtyard. The three interior arcades intersect in the center of the sanctuary with a larger, higher arcade that is perpendicular to the 1498:, was built on his personal orders. It was constructed outside the eastern entrance to the mosque, called Bab Jayrun, by the architect Muhammad al-Sa'ati, was rebuilt by al-Sa'ati following a fire in 1167, and was eventually repaired by his son, 1315:

with the purpose of housing the mosque's funds. The so-called Dome of the Clock, standing in the eastern part of the courtyard, may have also been erected originally by the same Abbasid governor in 780. The 10th-century Jerusalemite geographer

2069: 1122:(contemporary with the construction in Damascus) directly explained the mosaics there as a reproduction of the trees and palaces of Paradise, which suggests that the contemporary Umayyad mosaics in Damascus had the same intention. 2059:, the arcade is not consistent; when the northern wall was rebuilt the columns that were supporting it were not. The courtyard and its arcades contain the largest preserved remnants of the mosque's Umayyad-era mosaic decoration. 1985:. The central transept divides the arcades into two halves each with eleven arches. The entire sanctuary measures 136 meters (446 ft) by 37 meters (121 ft) and takes up the southern half of the mosque complex. 1015:, built earlier by Abd al-Malik, vegetation and plants were the most common motif, but those of the Damascus mosque are more naturalistic. In addition to the large landscape depictions, a mosaic frieze with an intricate 493:

complex was built in its place. The new structure was built over nine years by thousands of laborers and artisans from across the Islamic and Byzantine empires at considerable expense and was funded by the war booty of

1096:, who suggested a topographical meaning, commenting that "there is hardly a tree or a notable town that has not been pictured on these walls." An early example of the Paradise interpretation dates from the writings of 1924:

began at the Umayyad Mosque when 40–50 worshipers gathered outside the complex and chanted pro-democracy slogans. Syrian security forces swiftly quelled the protests and have since cordoned off the area during

1362:, conquered Damascus in 970, but few recorded improvements of the mosque were undertaken by the new rulers. The Umayyad Mosque's prestige allowed the residents of Damascus to establish the city as a center for 1767:

of the Umayyad Mosque was the largest in the city, employing 596 people. Supervisory and clerical positions were reserved for Ottoman officials while religious offices were held mostly by members of the local

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in the world. Its religious importance stems from the eschatological reports concerning the mosque, and historic events associated with it. Christian and Muslim tradition alike consider it the burial place of

4769: 2285:. Legend had it that his head was buried there. Ibn al-Faqih relays that during the construction of the mosque, workers found a cave-chapel which had a box containing the head of John the Baptist, known as 1185:

s in the Islamic world, the second one known to exist after the one created in 706–707 during al-Walid's reconstruction of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. The exact appearance of the mosque's original main

3625: 2047:), the level of the stone pavement had become uneven over time due to several repairs throughout the mosque's history. Recent work on the courtyard has restored it to its consistent Umayyad-era levels. 2329:, appearing on a "white minaret". Most Muslim theologians interpret this passage as symbolic rather than literal. In a study of Muslim sources, William Richard Oakes suggests that some aspects of this 1655:' attitude towards the mosque as an "obsessive interest" and their efforts at maintaining, repairing, and restoring the mosque were unparalleled in any other period of Muslim rule. The Arab astronomer 1643:

wall and replaced all the marble tiles in the prayer hall. Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad also undertook major restoration work for the mosque in 1328. He demolished and completely rebuilt the unstable

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Historical Arabic sources, often written in later centuries, suggest that both the craftsmen and the materials employed to create the mosque's mosaics were imported from the Byzantine capital of

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paneling covered the lower walls, though only minor examples of the original marbles have survived today near the east gate. The walls of the prayer hall were raised above the level of the old

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in the Umayyad Mosque concluded that the majority were produced in Egypt around the time of the mosque's construction, matching other recent studies of samples from the Dome of the Rock and

2055:) surround the courtyard supported by alternating stone columns and piers. There is one pier in between every two columns. Because the northern part of the courtyard had been destroyed in 7843: 1883:, but the general approach in Syria was that the mosque was more of a symbolic monument rather than a historical one and thus, its renovation could only enhance the mosque's symbolism. 1114:), may support this interpretation. Another clue is an account by historian Ibn Zabala in 814, which reports that one of the mosaicists who worked for al-Walid's reconstruction of the 942:(al-Walid's father) and now replaced by later constructions, had a layout very similar to the current Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and that it probably served as a model for the latter. 7823: 2925:

Hillenbrand, Robert; Burton-Page, J.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P. (1960–2007). "Manār, Manāra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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For freely downloadable, high-resolution photographs of the Umayyad Mosque (for teaching, research, cultural heritage work, and publication) by archaeologists, visit Manar al-Athar

489:) confiscated the rest of the cathedral for Muslim use, returning to the Christians other properties in the city as compensation. The structure was largely demolished and a grand 7828: 922:

wall) and features a central dome, provided a new aesthetic focus which may have been designed to emphasize the area originally reserved for the caliph during prayers, near the

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Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World: Papers from a Colloquium in Memory of Richard Ettinghausen, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 2-4 April 1980

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The mosque's prayer hall was once again ravaged and partly destroyed by fire in 1893. A laborer engaging in repair work accidentally started the fire when he was smoking his

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intensified in the mid-12th century, the mosque was used as a principal rallying point calling on Muslims to defend the city and return Jerusalem to Muslim hands. Prominent

968:("monk's cell", due to their small size) in historical Arabic sources. Arabic sources indicated that they were former Roman towers which already stood at the corners of the 1466:('struggle') and when the Crusaders advanced towards Damascus in 1148, the city's residents heeded their calls; the Crusader army withdrew as a result of their resistance. 7863: 2375:

Raised floor (in front of the pulpit) — Marks the location where all the ladies and children (the household of Muhammad) were made to stand in the presence of Yazīd.

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on the mosque's northern minaret in 1371, now lost. A replica was installed in its place in the modern period. The Minaret of Jesus was burnt down in a fire in 1392.

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during the early 10th century, and in the decades that followed, it came under the control of autonomous realms who were only nominally under Abbasid authority. The

1512:(religious lodges) for religious and Quranic studies. In 1173, the northern wall of the mosque was damaged again by the fire and was rebuilt by the Ayyubid sultan, 930:(as in many later mosques) or in its current position mid-way along the central nave. Scholars have attributed the design of the mosque's plan to the influences of 1992:

line the sanctuary's rear wall, the main one being the Great Mihrab which is located roughly at the center of the wall. The Mihrab of the Sahaba, named after the

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of Damascus in 1245. The minaret was later rebuilt with little decoration. Saladin, along with many of his successors, were buried around the Umayyad Mosque (see

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mosaicists and painters since the 1st century CE, but the combined use of all these different styles in the same place was innovative at the time. Similar to the

666:, the god of thunderstorms and rain, and was erected at the site of the present-day mosque. One stone remains from the Aramaean temple, dated to the rule of King 2289:

by Muslims. Upon learning of that and examining it, al-Walid I ordered the head buried under a specific pillar in the mosque that was later inlaid with marble.

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encased in a glass cubicle — Marks the place where Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin used to pray while imprisoned in the castle after the Battle of Karbala.

1408:, had the central dome restored in a more spectacular form; the two piers supporting it were reinforced and the original Umayyad mosaics of the northern inner 2079:

Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque, view from east (left) towards west (right). Notable structures: Dome of the Clock (far left), and the Minaret of Isa (Jesus).

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in the 12th century. This interpretation has been favoured by more recent scholarship. Some of the Qur'anic inscriptions that were originally present on the

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did not have the capacity to house the rapidly growing number of Muslim worshippers in Damascus. The city otherwise lacked sufficient free space for a large

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could date from the late Umayyad period, when the mosque was built, rather than from Muhammad's time, when Damascus had not yet been conquered by Muslims.

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Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.D. (803 A.H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography"

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three galleries. It is generally believed that both the Minaret of Jesus and the Western Minaret were built on the foundation of ancient Roman towers.

7435: 2304:, following the Battle of Karbala. Furthermore, it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days. Two shrines commemorating the Islamic prophet 2351:) — The door marks the location where the prisoners of Karbalā were made to stand for 72 hours before being brought inside. During this time, 7314: 1254:'s arcaded decoration across several restorations indicates that the medieval restorations were aimed at preserving at least some of the original 446:, the Roman god of rain, becoming one of the largest temples in Syria. When the empire in Syria transitioned to Christian Byzantine rule, Emperor 350: 1079:

Portion of the so-called "Barada Panel" behind the western portico, with remains of original Umayyad mosaics, depicting landscapes and buildings

1433:), repaired the northern wall in 1110 and two inscribed panels located above its doorways were dedicated to him. In 1113, the Seljuk atabeg of 2769: 183: 1007:, which originally covered much of the courtyard and the interior hall. The best-preserved remains are still visible in the courtyard today. 617: 3405:

Birsch, Klaus (1988). "Observations on the Iconography of the Mosaics in the Great Mosque at Damascus". In Soucek, Priscilla Parsons (ed.).

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Until 1899 the mosque's library included the "very old" Qubbat al-Khazna collection; "most of its holdings were given to the German emperor

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roof. The oldest part of the minaret, or the main tower, is square in shape, has four galleries, and consists of two different forms of

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The ground plan of the Umayyad Mosque is rectangular in shape and measures 97 meters (318 ft) by 156 meters (512 ft). A large

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Panoramic view of the prayer hall, with the mihrab in the center (looking south) and the Shrine of John the Baptist visible to the left

821:, demolished. The construction of the mosque completely altered the layout of the building, though it preserved the outer walls of the 62: 2089:

Within the Umayyad Mosque complex are three minarets. The Minaret of Isa on the southeast corner, the Minaret of Qaytbay (also called

531:(1260–1516) undertook major restoration efforts and added the Minaret of Qaytbay. The Umayyad Mosque innovated and influenced nascent 3421: 3351: 2397:

A metallic, cuboidal indentation in the wall — Marks the place where the head of Husayn ibn Ali was kept for display by Yazīd.

7868: 1502:, in the early 13th century. It may have survived into the 14th century. The Arab geographer al-Idrisi visited the mosque in 1154. 17: 4357: 3071: 1879:

ordered a wide-scale renovation of the mosque. The methods and concepts of Assad's restoration project were heavily criticized by

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plan with three parallel aisles and a perpendicular central nave leading from the mosque's entrance to the world's second concave

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s calling position. The Minaret of the Bride is divided into two sections; the main tower and the spire which are separated by a

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columns), as well as some early Christian and Byzantine art, which are most likely depictions of the architecture of Hellenistic

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1862 photograph of the main prayer hall facade, from the courtyard looking south-east, with the Minaret of Isa in the background

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wall and moved the Bab al-Ziyadah gate to the east. Much of that work was damaged during a fire that burned the mosque in 1339.

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Kafescioǧlu, Çiǧdem (1999). ""In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus".

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Flood, Finbarr Barry (1997). "Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus".

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Walker, Bethany J. (Mar 2004). "Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus".

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of Islam. A Christian tradition dating to the 6th century developed an association between the former cathedral structure and

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visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.

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to prevent Mongol access to it. The attempt failed as the Mamluks burned the catapults before they were placed in the mosque.

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plan with three parallel aisles and a perpendicular central nave. The central nave, which leads from the main entrance to the

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The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today

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of the Umayyad Mosque was exempted from taxation. In 1518, the Ottoman governor of Damascus and supervisor of the mosque's

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performed in Selim's name in the Umayyad Mosque was attended by the sultan himself. The Ottomans used an endowment system (

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Schibille, Nadine; Lehuédé, Patrice; Biron, Isabelle; Brunswic, Léa; Blondeau, Étienne; Gratuze, Bernard (November 2022).

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Three arcades make up the interior space of the sanctuary. They are parallel to the direction of prayer which is towards

1726: 5374: 5353: 5290: 1837: 7779: 6872: 6385: 6081: 2312:, whose martyrdom is also compared in Shi'a tradition to that of John the Baptist, exist within the building premises. 2076: 685:. Thus, they engaged in a project to reconfigure and expand the temple under the direction of Damascus-born architect 7421: 5904: 5883: 5769: 5748: 5675: 5637: 5616: 5595: 5492: 5473: 5412: 5342: 5321: 5312:

Enderlein, Volkmar (2011). "Syria and Palestine: The Umayyad Caliphate". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

5167: 5117: 5087: 5039: 2984: 2959: 2934: 1521: 862:, numbering some 45,000 soldiers, were taxed a quarter of their salaries for nine years to pay for its construction. 610: 411:'s head, a tradition originating in the 6th century. Two shrines inside the premises commemorate the Islamic prophet 5180:

Mathematical Instrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria: The Illustrated Treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī

980: 148: 7721: 6789: 6293: 6126: 5974: 1055:, have interpreted the story as a later embellishment of Muslim historians with a symbolic political significance. 5814:

Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the Origin: Negotiating the Modern and Unmodern in the Old City of Damascus".

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of vegetal motifs, covering some 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft), likely the largest in the world.

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Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus".

5273: 1792:, had the mosque repaired and redecorated as part of his architectural reconstruction program for the city. 1393:

gained control of the city in 1078 and restored the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Seljuk ruler

7838: 7833: 7808: 7630: 7570: 7384: 7364: 7359: 7329: 7041: 6509: 6087: 6046: 4105: 2378:

Wooden balcony (directly opposite the raised floor) – Marks the location where Yazīd sat in the court.

603: 176: 5730: 4783: 4779: 1733: 7858: 7798: 6931: 6822: 6784: 6622: 6574: 6473: 6061: 2484: 1998:('companions of Muhammad') is situated in the eastern half. According to the 9th-century Muslim engineer 693: 671: 641: 512:(prayer niche). The mosque was noted for its rich compositions of marble paneling and its extensive gold 4827:"Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" 996:

walls, which allowed for new windows to be inserted in the upper walls. The windows had ornately carved

7580: 7215: 7117: 6906: 6237: 5714: 5657: 4651: 2236: 2198: 1846: 1247: 7595: 3634:, pp. 124–126, Some information used in the article is provided by the footnotes of this source: 1335:). This was accompanied by al-Ma'mun's removal and replacement of Umayyad inscriptions in the mosque. 7853: 7761: 7709: 7489: 7374: 7339: 7269: 6947: 6882: 6852: 6842: 6827: 6194: 5987: 5361: 3352:"Geography, cartography and the architecture of power in the mosaics of the Great Mosque of Damascus" 1906:, whose heads were brought to the Mosque after their defeat at the hands of the then Umayyad caliph, 902:

structures (a flat-roof hall supported by columns), but the new mosque in Damascus introduced a more

832: 1324:(Madhanat al-Arous, meaning 'Minaret of the Bride') of the mosque in 831 during the reign of Caliph 7813: 7590: 7244: 7036: 6010: 5049: 2761: 1684: 1355: 855: 554: 328: 299: 5055:

The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

7504: 7479: 7334: 7319: 7284: 7229: 6612: 6334: 6116: 6108: 6051: 4109: 2214: 2202: 1862: 1800: 1405: 984:

Remnants of original marble paneling around the inside of Bab Jairun, the east gate of the mosque

939: 890:

Floor plan of the mosque (today), with the courtyard above and the three-aisled prayer hall below

767: 758: 742: 686: 536: 465: 458: 4734: 3184:"Origins and manufacture of the glass mosaic tesserae from the great Umayyad Mosque in Damascus" 7739: 7681: 7610: 7344: 7299: 7294: 7190: 6921: 6519: 6378: 6247: 6164: 4457: 2469: 2278: 1594: 1570: 1562: 1190:

is uncertain, due to the multiple repairs and restorations that took place over the centuries.

1105: 1075: 931: 495: 380: 4955: 4925: 3087: 1763:) for religious sites as a means to link the local population with the central authority. The 1589:, wrested control of the city from the Mongols later in the same year, killing Kitbuqa in the 7600: 6448: 6316: 6311: 4895: 4740: 2048: 1639:, carried out restoration work in the mosque in 1326–1328. He reassembled the mosaics on the 1135: 997: 803: 490: 4560: 1284: 972:

before the mosque's construction and were simply left intact and reused after construction.

7729: 7605: 7519: 7324: 7210: 7093: 6972: 6832: 6662: 6587: 6564: 6549: 6524: 6488: 6425: 6275: 6265: 6209: 6199: 6031: 5653:

Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500

3195: 2336:

The following are some of the structures within the mosque that bear religious importance:

2322: 1895: 1742: 1525: 1508: 1115: 926:. There is some uncertainty as to whether the dome was originally directly in front of the 913: 895: 545: 532: 524: 457:) transformed it into a cathedral and the seat of the second-highest ranking bishop in the 235: 223: 94: 2101: 1967:. Each of the arcades contain two levels. The first level consists of large semi-circular 790:. The Byzantine cathedral had remained in use by the local Christians, but a prayer room ( 8: 7691: 7304: 7279: 7098: 7075: 7056: 6837: 6779: 6774: 6657: 6544: 6529: 6514: 6504: 6458: 6435: 6415: 6344: 6204: 5796:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

5651: 2456: 2286: 2093:) on the southwest corner, and the Minaret of the Bride located along the northern wall. 1789: 1629: 1598: 1590: 1210:

was famed across the Islamic world for its beauty, as noted by other writers of the era.

1027:

historical sources) once ran around the walls of the prayer hall, above the level of the

894:

The plan of the new mosque was innovative and highly influential in the history of early

867: 775: 682: 569: 288: 230: 4354: 3199: 2006:

was built during the mosque's initial construction and it became the third niche-formed

817:

Al-Walid personally supervised the project and had most of the cathedral, including the

7625: 7135: 7031: 6607: 6602: 6554: 6169: 6149: 6144: 6121: 5860: 5852: 5572: 5531: 5519: 5450: 5365: 4337: 3356:

The Built Surface: Architecture and the Visual Arts from Antiquity to the Enlightenment

3221: 2325:, the Great Mosque of Damascus is the site where Jesus will descend from heaven at his 2210: 1873: 1495: 1347: 1296: 1271: 934:

in the region. Rafi Grafman and Myriam Rosen-Ayalon have argued that the first Umayyad

814:(r. 705–715), resolved to construct such a mosque on the site of the cathedral in 706. 677:

The Temple of Hadad-Ramman continued to serve a central role in the city, and when the

2230: 2175: 762:

Remains of an old Roman-era triple doorway in the exterior southern wall of the mosque

7444: 7402: 7264: 7259: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6700: 6597: 6559: 6539: 6534: 6463: 6371: 6326: 6285: 6270: 6154: 6041: 5921: 5900: 5879: 5864: 5827: 5800: 5765: 5744: 5702: 5692: 5671: 5633: 5612: 5591: 5541: 5488: 5469: 5408: 5384: 5338: 5317: 5300: 5258: 5239: 5229: 5205: 5184: 5163: 5144: 5134: 5113: 5083: 5059: 5035: 4961: 4931: 4901: 4849: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4342: 4297: 4204: 4171: 3427: 3359: 3225: 3213: 2980: 2955: 2930: 1903: 1384: 1308: 1279: 1275: 1226: 1222: 1092:. The earliest known interpretation of the mosaics is by the 10th-century geographer 1069: 1052: 779: 709: 420: 274: 3039: 3037: 1542: 1448:), was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque. As the conflict between Damascus and the 681:

conquered Damascus in 64 BCE, they assimilated Hadad with their own god of thunder,

7749: 7051: 7046: 6926: 6682: 6232: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 5844: 5823: 5564: 5511: 5442: 4841: 4535: 3203: 2326: 2282: 2138: 1964: 1921: 1578: 1537: 1491: 1380: 1312: 1288: 1218: 1139: 1012: 528: 408: 5951:

Christian Sahner, "A Glistening Crossroads," The Wall Street Journal, 17 July 2010

4614: 7651: 7309: 7254: 7249: 6911: 6649: 6632: 6592: 6478: 6420: 6071: 6036: 5969: 5957: 5873: 5794: 5759: 5738: 5718: 5686: 5665: 5627: 5606: 5585: 5535: 5465:

The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture

5463: 5423: 5402: 5398: 5332: 5252: 5199: 5178: 5157: 5098: 5077: 5053: 5029: 5012: 4361: 4332: 4214: 4181: 3268: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3034: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2669: 2667: 2422: 2296:

and Sunni Muslims, as this was the destination of the ladies and children of the

2194: 1999: 1821: 1547: 1449: 1300: 1230: 1127: 783: 741:). It served as the seat of the Bishop of Damascus, who ranked second within the 540: 371: 5782:'Intangible' and 'Tangible' Heritage: A Topology of Culture in Contexts of Faith 878:

laborers provided the bulk of the labor force which consisted of 12,000 people.

7734: 7469: 7085: 6967: 6890: 6733: 6728: 6410: 6159: 5647: 5369: 5357: 5285: 5281: 5073: 3942: 2309: 1926: 1876: 1746: 1712: 1574: 1517: 1487: 1414: 1404:) initiated the repair of damage caused by the 1069 fire. In 1082, his vizier, 1043: 935: 646:

The site of the Umayyad Mosque is attested for as a place of worship since the

416: 3208: 3183: 3093: 3005: 2879: 2841: 2664: 1717: 956:), constituting a type of proto-minaret. These features were referred to as a 7792: 7615: 7459: 7239: 7224: 7175: 6998: 6952: 6738: 6443: 6352: 6214: 5790: 5706: 5304: 5277: 5243: 5148: 5031:

International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa

3217: 2924: 1754: 1722: 1708: 1656: 1652: 1344: 1097: 771: 701: 659: 431: 198: 185: 4845: 7555: 7413: 7234: 7200: 7125: 6957: 6743: 6582: 6453: 6026: 4218: 4185: 2442: 1943: 1941:

occupies the northern part of the mosque complex, while the prayer hall or

1914: 1609: 1555: 1390: 1325: 1317: 1199: 1093: 1085: 1038:

Western portico of the courtyard, with partial remains of mosaic decoration

859: 847: 787: 731: 678: 499: 447: 133: 49: 5223: 5128: 1673:

at the Umayyad Mosque from 1332 until he died in 1376. He erected a large

7756: 7620: 7545: 7509: 7150: 7003: 6916: 5219: 2428: 2297: 2148: 1648: 1566: 1339: 720: 585: 502:. Unlike the simpler mosques of the time, the Umayyad Mosque had a large 439: 2240:

Shrine purportedly housing the head of Prophet Yahya (John the Baptist).

7699: 7484: 7185: 7160: 7080: 6753: 5856: 5726: 5608:

Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860-1920

5576: 5523: 5454: 2179:

Minaret of Qaytbay, constructed in 1488 on the orders of Sultan Qaytbay

2164: 1886: 1666: 1565:, captured Damascus from the Ayyubids in 1260 while Kitbuqa's superior 1457: 1359: 1229:

in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as the richly-decorated mihrab of

1191: 1143: 1047: 1000:

that foreshadowed the styles of windows in later Islamic architecture.

851: 811: 479: 5159:

Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project

4825:

Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (Jan 2016).

3603: 3601: 2118:) and there is a spiral staircase of 160 stone steps that lead to the 886: 468:

in 634, part of the cathedral was designated as a small prayer house (

7524: 7514: 7195: 7103: 6748: 5331:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).

5254:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

1617: 1478: 1423: 899: 875: 727: 705: 595:

Location of the Mosque in Relation to the Citadel and the Azem Palace

5848: 5568: 5515: 5485:

The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus: Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam

5446: 4428: 4426: 2891: 2267:

Left: The location where Husayn's head was kept for display. Right:

2013:

The central dome of the mosque is known as the 'Dome of the Eagle' (

1409: 340: 7676: 7499: 7474: 7145: 6758: 6394: 6018: 5979: 5011: 4627: 4484: 4389: 4366: 3598: 3409:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 18. 2654: 2652: 2305: 2258: 1861:

The Umayyad Mosque underwent major restorations in 1929 during the

1849:

and only a few pieces kept for the National Archives in Damascus."

1661: 1613: 1351: 1131: 1003:

The most celebrated decorative element of all was the revetment of

903: 655: 651: 647: 503: 427: 412: 395: 90: 5780: 2903: 2249: 563: 442:

rule, beginning in 64 CE, it was converted into the center of the

7494: 7464: 7130: 6993: 5688:

The architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700

4714: 4423: 2510: 2352: 2127: 1920:

On March 15, 2011, the first significant protests related to the

1907: 1830: 1750: 1689: 1674: 1605: 1586: 1573:, one of the Western Christian generals in the invasion, ordered 1558: 1513: 1321: 1304: 1250:. Finbarr Barry Flood has suggested that the perpetuation of the 1065: 1034: 947: 823: 520: 475: 470: 255: 5330: 3475: 3274: 3112: 3043: 3016: 2885: 2854: 2673: 2649: 1202:

whose arches resembled "small mihrabs", each filled with inlaid

7775: 7704: 7671: 7646: 7540: 7180: 7170: 7165: 7008: 6988: 6136: 4508: 3463: 2975:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Damascus".

2389: 2317: 2218: 2167:, a prominent 14th-century Muslim scholar, backed this notion. 2163:, Isa will reach earth via the Minaret of Isa, hence its name. 2160: 2156: 1994: 1981: 1880: 1813: 1808: 1636: 1621: 1438: 1419: 1394: 1368: 1243: 1169: 1163: 1119: 1089: 1024: 1004: 989: 908: 871: 843: 807: 795: 786:, which chose Damascus to be the administrative capital of the 667: 513: 508: 474:) for the Muslim conquerors. As the Muslim community grew, the 403: 280: 5590:. Translated by Tamir Abu As-Su'ood Muhammad. Dar al-Manarah. 5079:

Interpreting Late Antiquity: Essays on the Postclassical World

2950:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minaret".

2598: 2550: 2450: 2372:

addressed the court of Yazīd after being brought from Karbalā.

1194:, who visited the mosque in 1184, described the inside of the 1157: 798:

was constructed on the southeastern part of the building. The

423:

is frequently compared to that of John the Baptist and Jesus.

7686: 7666: 7661: 7155: 7140: 6303: 4073: 3181: 2464: 2402: 2206: 1960: 1816: 1769: 1681: 1582: 1462: 1434: 1363: 1234: 1203: 952: 918: 898:. The earliest mosques before this had been relatively plain 863: 663: 435: 399: 104: 67: 5939:. Manchester: Foundation for Science Technology and Culture. 4678: 3899: 2789: 2787: 2105:

Minaret of the Bride, the first minaret built for the mosque

7844:

Buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus

6363: 6257: 6224: 4702: 4061: 4049: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3561: 3559: 3487: 3316: 3148: 2804: 2802: 2684: 2682: 2301: 2293: 2123: 1968: 1938: 1796: 1759: 1577:

to be performed in the Umayyad Mosque. However, the Muslim

1453: 1016: 5713: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4037: 4013: 3887: 3862: 3860: 3845: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 7824:

Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques

5404:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

4411: 4001: 2784: 2740: 2738: 1803:

taught regularly at the Umayyad Mosque starting in 1661.

1213:

Its appearance may have been imitated by other surviving

523:

rule (750–860), new structures were added, including the

7804:

Religious buildings and structures completed in the 710s

5896:

Waqfs and Urban Structures: The Case of Ottoman Damascus

5228:(2nd ed.). Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. 5058:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4824: 4496: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4085: 3797: 3785: 3725: 3713: 3653: 3641: 3571: 3556: 3499: 3049: 2799: 2694: 2679: 2637: 2355:

had the town and his palace decorated for their arrival.

2159:. According to local Damascene tradition, relating from 1303:

came to power and moved the capital of the Caliphate to

1237:(completed in 1285). Scholars generally assume that the 5875:

The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society

5843:(1). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 26–39. 4757: 4690: 4657: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4249: 4166:

M. Lesley Wilkins (1994), "Islamic Libraries to 1920",

3857: 3256: 3232: 3138: 3136: 2860: 988:

The mosque was richly decorated. A rich composition of

426:

The site has been used as a house of worship since the

7829:

Religious organizations established in the 8th century

5975:

Umayyad Mosque – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum

4633: 4555: 4553: 4025: 3977: 3923: 3877: 3875: 3761: 3613: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3451: 3388: 3386: 3333: 3331: 3292: 3280: 3244: 3160: 2977:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

2952:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

2819: 2817: 2735: 1569:

had returned to the Mongol Empire for other business.

1494:, which began in 1154, a second monumental clock, the 1088:, and other scholars interpret them as a depiction of 4128: 3989: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2615: 2613: 2490:

History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

2406:— Marks the place where all the other heads of 1258:'s appearance, and therefore the 8th-century Umayyad 1206:

mosaics and framed by spiral columns of marble. This

434:

built on it a temple dedicated to their god of rain,

4865:"Hussein's Head and Importance of Cultural Heritage" 4595: 4472: 4237: 4225: 4147: 3965: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3773: 3749: 3737: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3022: 2993: 2829: 2418: 2346: 1109: 385: 7864:

8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate

6863:

Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology

6848:

International University for Science and Technology

5501: 4900:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39. 4583: 4550: 4432: 4199:Christof Galli (2001), "Middle Eastern Libraries", 4103: 3911: 3872: 3701: 3544: 3511: 3383: 3328: 3304: 2909: 2897: 2814: 2658: 2187: 1563:

the help of some submitted Western Christian forces

726:In 391, the Temple of Jupiter was converted into a 535:, with other major mosque complexes, including the 5201:Dissident Syria: Making Oppositional Arts Official 2718: 2706: 2625: 2610: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2538: 2526: 5537:History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine 5204:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 5155: 4165: 3118: 2556: 1963:. The arcades are supported by two rows of stone 7790: 7315:2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship 5740:Moslem Architecture: Its Origins and Development 3426:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95. 2974: 2949: 1841:The mosque after the 1893 fire (photo from 1898) 1624:invaded the city in 1300, Ibn Taymiyya preached 1320:credited the Abbasids for building the northern 5156:Calcani, Giuliana; Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). 4355:Syria unrest: New protests erupt across country 3354:. In Anderson, Christy; Koehler, Karen (eds.). 2229:For an important cemetery in Old Damascus, see 1108:and promising the reward of a heavenly garden ( 5871: 5785:(PhD). Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz. 5667:Syria & Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide 5072: 4960:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 100–101. 4198: 3905: 3275:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 3113:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 3044:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 3017:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 2886:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 2855:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 2674:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 2604: 753: 7429: 6379: 5995: 5250: 4862: 4720: 4201:International Dictionary of Library Histories 4079: 2368:A white pulpit — Marks the place where 611: 7443: 5934: 5583: 4684: 4520: 4438: 3935: 3893: 3851: 3349: 2759: 2142:Minaret of Isa, the mosque's tallest minaret 1418:('portico') was rebuilt in 1089. The Seljuk 5892: 5554: 5251:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). 5048: 4800:. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 362. 4732: 4726: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4019: 3636:File:Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque.jpg 2793: 2480:Religious significance of the Syrian region 1651:expert, Finbarr Barry Flood, describes the 689:, who created and executed the new design. 7436: 7422: 6386: 6372: 6002: 5988: 5872:Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (2004). 5646: 5375:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5291:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5027: 5023:(945). J. R. Osgood & Co: 57–58. 1894. 4923: 4775: 4007: 1865:over Syria and in 1954 and 1963 under the 1265: 850:, somewhere between 600,000 and 1,000,000 618: 604: 48: 5757: 5351: 5311: 5299:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 277–291. 5271: 4957:The Cross of Christ: Islamic Perspectives 4502: 3505: 3207: 3067: 2873: 2808: 2755: 2753: 2700: 2224: 1554:The Mongols, under the leadership of the 1374: 854:were spent on the project. The historian 5684: 5663: 5176: 4672: 4628:American Architect and Architecture 1894 4203:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 3943:"Ibn Shatir's Sundial at Umayyad Mosque" 3929: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3322: 3262: 3238: 3154: 2920: 2918: 2235: 2174: 2137: 2100: 1885: 1836: 1732: 1716: 1541: 1338:By the early 10th century, a monumental 1283: 1156: 1074: 1033: 979: 885: 757: 527:and the Minaret of the Bride, while the 6673:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul 5778: 5736: 5625: 5421: 5337:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 5096: 4893: 4818: 4708: 4696: 4639: 4255: 3995: 3983: 3767: 3619: 3419: 3083: 2744: 2475:List of the oldest mosques in the world 2096: 1929:to prevent large-scale demonstrations. 1550:, a late 14th-century Arabic manuscript 748: 14: 7791: 6668:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition 5935:Zaimeche, Salah; Ball, Lamaan (2005). 5834: 5629:Gardner's Art through the Ages, Vol. I 5604: 5482: 5397: 5383:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 7–15. 5334:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 4949: 4947: 4919: 4917: 4589: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4091: 4031: 3866: 3404: 3358:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 50. 2927:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2772:from the original on 14 September 2019 2750: 2712: 1729:(the earliest photography of the site) 155: 124: 7417: 6868:Higher Institute of Music in Damascus 6367: 5983: 5913: 5813: 5789: 5540:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. 5530: 5461: 5432: 5218: 5197: 5126: 5107: 5013:"American Architect and Architecture" 4974: 4953: 4795: 4763: 4608: 4514: 4490: 4478: 4417: 4295: 4243: 4231: 4153: 4141: 4116:from the original on 28 December 2011 3971: 3917: 3881: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3631: 3607: 3592: 3565: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3457: 3392: 3337: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3250: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3142: 3127: 3055: 3028: 2999: 2915: 2835: 2823: 2729: 2688: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2544: 2532: 2170: 1872:In the 1980s and in the early 1990s, 670:, and is currently on display in the 635: 6878:National Institute of Administration 6598:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque) 6042:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque) 6009: 4869:American School of Oriental Research 4390:"Jami' al-Umawi al-Kabir (Damascus)" 4104:Christian C. Sahner (17 July 2010). 2968: 1890:Umayyad Mosque at night, present day 700:and was served as a response to the 662:and a large temple was dedicated to 5133:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 5028:Berney, K. A.; Ring, Trudy (1996). 5017:American Architect and Architecture 4944: 4914: 4373: 4326:Protesters stage rare demo in Syria 2943: 2762:"Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria" 1727:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey 1104:wall of the mosque, mentioning the 402:, is one of the largest and oldest 375: 132:Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in 24: 6873:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts 5761:A Short History of the Middle Ages 5737:Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio (1918). 5100:A Chronicle of Damascus, 1389–1397 3172: 1546:Umayyad Mosque as depicted in the 1072:that came to the same conclusion. 25: 7880: 5944: 5723:. Published at the Fund's Office. 5428:. University of California Press. 5316:. H. F. Ullmann. pp. 58–87. 5103:. University of California Press. 5097:Brinner, William M., ed. (1963). 4277:from the original on 26 July 2021 4273:. Mumbai: Dawat-e-Hadiyah Trust. 3188:Journal of Archaeological Science 2271:, where Husayn's head was buried. 2133: 7774: 7398: 7397: 6709:Syriac Cathedral of Saint George 6294:Great Mosque of Maarrat al-Numan 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 5828:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x 5584:Kamal Ed-Din, Noha, ed. (2002). 4988: 4887: 4856: 4804: 4789: 4645: 4571:from the original on 12 May 2019 4348: 4319: 4289: 4261: 4192: 4159: 4097: 3953:from the original on 12 May 2019 2449: 2435: 2421: 2257: 2248: 2188:Influence on mosque architecture 2068: 2022: 1772:(Muslim scholars). Although the 1371:army who were garrisoned there. 881: 562: 154: 147: 123: 116: 7869:Mosques converted from churches 5764:. University of Toronto Press. 5422:Fischel, Walter Joseph (1952). 5110:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide 5034:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 5005: 4954:Oakes, William Richard (2020). 4930:. University Press of Florida. 4897:Images of Jesus Christ in Islam 4747:from the original on 2018-12-04 4433:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 4400:from the original on 2021-11-27 4308:from the original on 2018-08-17 4168:Encyclopedia of library history 3440:from the original on 2023-07-19 3413: 3398: 3372:from the original on 2023-07-19 3343: 2910:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 2898:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 2659:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 2502: 2292:It holds great significance to 1932: 1694: 1443: 1428: 1399: 1330: 837: 736: 714: 484: 452: 7601:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 7586:Second siege of Constantinople 7576:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 7561:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 5758:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2014). 5611:. Cambridge University Press. 5076:; Brown, Peter Lamont (2001). 3610:, pp. 132, 286 (note 10). 3423:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes 3420:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2011). 1951:of the original Roman temple. 1702: 866:craftsmen as well as Persian, 13: 1: 7819:Umayyad architecture in Syria 7551:First siege of Constantinople 7355:January 2012 al-Midan bombing 6858:Arab International University 5893:Van Leeuwen, Richard (1999). 5462:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). 4528:"Domes of the Umayyad Mosque" 4493:, pp. 132, 286 (note 9). 4296:Platt, Barbara (2001-05-06). 2557:Calcani & Abdulkarim 2003 2520: 2370:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 2231:Bab al-Saghir § Cemetery 1856: 1635:The Mamluk viceroy of Syria, 1531: 1262:may have had these features. 1181:was one of the first concave 1149: 1046:. The 12th-century historian 975: 950:to issue the call to prayer ( 938:built in Jerusalem, begun by 932:Byzantine Christian basilicas 842:). According to 10th-century 745:after the patriarch himself. 394:, located in the old city of 7631:Umayyad rule in North Africa 7571:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 7330:2008 Arab Capital of Culture 6510:Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa 6393: 5920:. Harvest House Publishers. 5082:. Harvard University Press. 4863:Michael Press (March 2014). 4796:Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (2005). 3350:Georgopoulou, Maria (2017). 2410:were kept within the mosque. 2345:The entrance gate (known as 2155:. He will then confront the 2038: 1954: 1173:(right) before the 1893 fire 7: 7290:International Film Festival 6932:Four Seasons Hotel Damascus 6823:National Museum of Damascus 6785:Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai 6623:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque 6469:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 6062:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque 5743:. Oxford University Press. 5670:. Footprint Travel Guides. 5314:Islam: Art and Architecture 5177:Charette, François (2003). 5162:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. 4298:"Inside the Umayyad mosque" 2979:. Oxford University Press. 2954:. Oxford University Press. 2485:Timeline of Islamic history 2414: 2347: 2084: 1412:were renewed. The northern 1161:Photograph of the mosque's 1110: 782:came under the rule of the 754:Foundation and construction 672:National Museum of Damascus 642:Temple of Jupiter, Damascus 466:Muslim conquest of Damascus 386: 10: 7885: 7606:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 7581:Umayyad campaigns in India 6907:Bakdash (ice cream parlor) 6238:Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque 5715:Palestine Exploration Fund 5658:Palestine Exploration Fund 5605:Khoury, Philip S. (1983). 5487:. London: Gingko Library. 5272:Elisséeff, Nikita (1965). 4894:Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). 4733:Sarah Birke (2013-08-02), 4652:Palestine Exploration Fund 4170:, New York: Garland Pub., 3906:Winter & Levanoni 2004 2605:Bowersock & Brown 2001 2365:Shrine of John the Baptist 2228: 1743:conquered from the Mamluks 1706: 1535: 1378: 1269: 1019:motif (referred to as the 639: 630: 289:UNESCO World Heritage Site 7772: 7762:Painting of the Six Kings 7720: 7639: 7533: 7452: 7393: 7209: 7116: 7068: 7024: 7017: 6981: 6940: 6899: 6883:Damascus Community School 6853:Syrian Private University 6843:Syrian Virtual University 6828:Al-Assad National Library 6813: 6767: 6721: 6699: 6681: 6648: 6641: 6573: 6497: 6401: 6343: 6325: 6302: 6284: 6256: 6223: 6135: 6107: 6078: 6017: 5691:. Yale University Press. 5685:McKenzie, Judith (2007). 5587:The Islamic view of Jesus 5050:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 4924:Saritoprak, Zeki (2020). 4721:Dumper & Stanley 2007 4106:"A Glittering Crossroads" 4080:Dumper & Stanley 2007 3209:10.1016/j.jas.2022.105675 2408:those who fell in Karbalā 2300:, made to walk here from 1520:of Egypt while besieging 1309:al-Fadl ibn Salih ibn Ali 1198:as filled with miniature 833:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 730:by the Christian emperor 696:became the center of the 561: 360: 356: 346: 336: 321: 313: 305: 295: 286: 273: 265: 254: 249: 241: 229: 219: 214: 175: 110: 100: 86: 81: 73: 61: 56: 47: 39: 37: 32: 27:Mosque in Damascus, Syria 7745:Great Mosque of Damascus 7591:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 7566:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 7037:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex 6780:As'ad Pasha Caravansarai 6440:Grand Serail of Damascus 5837:Near Eastern Archaeology 5779:Rudolff, Britta (2006). 5441:. Boston: Brill: 57–79. 4741:New York Review of Books 4517:, p. 286 (note 10). 4285:– via misbah.info. 3894:Zaimeche & Ball 2005 3852:Zaimeche & Ball 2005 3484:, pp. 112, 364–365. 2495: 2114:for the call to prayer ( 1616:in the mosque. When the 1612:started teaching Qur'an 1581:of Egypt, led by Sultan 1486:During the reign of the 1297:toppling of the Umayyads 856:Khalid Yahya Blankinship 698:imperial cult of Jupiter 444:imperial cult of Jupiter 392:Great Mosque of Damascus 300:Ancient City of Damascus 38: 18:Great Mosque of Damascus 7335:2008 Arab League summit 7320:2004 WABA Champions Cup 7285:World Military Cup 1977 6887:Lycée Charles de Gaulle 6768:Souqs and caravanserais 6658:Chapel of Saint Ananias 6243:Great Mosque of al-Nuri 6052:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque 5914:Wolff, Richard (2007). 5664:Mannheim, Ivan (2001). 5510:. Boston: Brill: 1–15. 4846:10.1515/islam-2016-0008 4110:The Wall Street Journal 3472:, pp. 80, 362–367. 2360:South Wing (main hall): 2203:Great Mosque of Cordoba 1801:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 1460:, preached a spiritual 1406:Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl 1266:Abbasid and Fatimid era 743:Patriarchate of Antioch 654:was the capital of the 537:Great Mosque of Cordoba 459:Patriarchate of Antioch 269:77 m (253 ft) 7740:Great Mosque of Aleppo 7596:Second Arab–Khazar War 7295:1981 Azbakiyah bombing 7061:Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena 6922:Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel 6520:Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa 6165:Great Mosque of Aleppo 6127:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque 5626:Kleiner, Fred (2013). 5483:George, Alain (2021). 5352:Fehérvári, G. (1993). 5198:Cooke, Miriam (2007). 5074:Bowersock, Glen Warren 4008:Berney & Ring 1996 2470:Great Mosque of Aleppo 2269:Zareeh-e-Ras al-Husayn 2241: 2225:Religious significance 2180: 2143: 2106: 1902:of the martyrs of the 1891: 1842: 1738: 1730: 1571:Bohemond VI of Antioch 1551: 1474: 1375:Seljuk and Ayyubid era 1292: 1174: 1138:with tented roofs and 1080: 1039: 985: 891: 860:field army of Damascus 763: 498:and taxes on the Arab 177:Geographic coordinates 7849:Christian pilgrimages 7710:Arab–Sasanian coinage 7611:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 7275:International Airport 6790:Al-Harir Caravansarai 6498:Madrasas and takiyyas 6449:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 6317:Uwais al-Qarni Mosque 6312:Great Mosque of Raqqa 5127:Burns, Ross (2007) . 5108:Burns, Ross (2009) . 4736:Damascus: What's Left 2760:Takeo Kamiya (2004). 2239: 2178: 2153:pray behind the Mahdi 2141: 2104: 2091:Madhanat al-Gharbiyya 2057:an earthquake in 1759 1889: 1840: 1736: 1720: 1680:The Mongol conqueror 1545: 1469: 1287: 1160: 1078: 1037: 983: 889: 804:congregational mosque 761: 491:congregational mosque 390:), also known as the 279:Stone, marble, tile, 199:33.51139°N 36.30667°E 163:Location within Syria 7730:Umayyad architecture 6973:Yusuf al-Azma Square 6833:Damascus Opera House 6663:Chapel of Saint Paul 6565:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 6550:Al-Zahiriyah Library 6525:Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa 6489:October War Panorama 6426:Mausoleum of Saladin 6276:Great Mosque of Hama 6117:Hujr ibn 'Adi Mosque 6032:Darwish Pasha Mosque 5956:30 July 2010 at the 5632:. Cengage Learning. 4446:"Dome of the Eagle ( 2323:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 2097:Minaret of the Bride 2010:in Islam's history. 1896:Mohammed Burhanuddin 1659:worked as the chief 1601:in Syria and Egypt. 1526:Mausoleum of Saladin 1439:Sharaf al-Din Mawdud 1313:Dome of the Treasury 1289:Dome of the Treasury 896:Islamic architecture 806:. The sixth Umayyad 778:in 634. In 661, the 749:Umayyad construction 555:Old City of Damascus 533:Islamic architecture 525:Dome of the Treasury 138:Show map of Damascus 95:Damascus Governorate 40:الْجَامِع الْأُمَوِي 7839:Mosques in Damascus 7834:Mausoleums in Syria 7809:8th-century mosques 7692:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 7365:April 2012 bombings 7360:March 2012 bombings 7305:1992 Pan Arab Games 7280:1976 Pan Arab Games 7118:Municipal districts 7057:Al-Muhafaza Stadium 6963:Sabaa Bahrat Square 6941:Streets and squares 6838:Damascus University 6775:Jaqmaq Caravansarai 6691:Mariamite Cathedral 6545:Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa 6530:Al-Rukniyah Madrasa 6515:Al-Fathiyah Madrasa 6505:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa 6459:Hejaz Train Station 6436:Citadel of Damascus 5720:Quarterly statement 5656:, Committee of the 5130:Damascus: a History 4723:, pp. 119–126. 4711:, pp. 214–215. 3806:, pp. 176–177. 3794:, pp. 117–118. 3734:, pp. 148–149. 3722:, pp. 141–142. 3650:, pp. 118–121. 3595:, pp. 131–132. 3568:, pp. 124–126. 3496:, pp. 362–367. 3325:, pp. 365–367. 3200:2022JArSc.147j5675S 3157:, pp. 366–367. 3058:, pp. 102–103. 2646:, pp. 104–105. 2457:Architecture portal 2279:fourth holiest site 1975:wall and faces the 1790:Janbirdi al-Ghazali 1780:") were taxed, the 1753:in 1516. The first 1599:Mamluk architecture 1591:Battle of Ain Jalut 1556:Nestorian Christian 1231:Qalawun's mausoleum 776:Khalid ibn al-Walid 195: / 7859:Libraries in Syria 7799:715 establishments 7682:Qays–Yaman rivalry 7626:Abbasid Revolution 7032:Abbasiyyin Stadium 6555:Nur al-Din Madrasa 6170:Khusruwiyah Mosque 6150:Altun Bogha Mosque 6122:Nabi Habeel Mosque 6057:Sinan Pasha Mosque 6047:Murad Pasha Mosque 5968:2020-01-23 at the 5816:City & Society 4420:, p. 112–114. 4360:2012-05-18 at the 4338:Al-Jazeera English 4331:2011-11-09 at the 3662:, p. 118-121. 2691:, p. 112-114. 2298:family of Muhammad 2287:Yahya ibn Zakariya 2277:The mosque is the 2242: 2211:Bursa Grand Mosque 2181: 2171:Minaret of Qaytbay 2144: 2107: 2043:In the courtyard ( 1965:Corinthian columns 1892: 1843: 1739: 1731: 1552: 1496:Jayrun Water Clock 1479:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1311:, constructed the 1293: 1272:Rashidun Caliphate 1248:Roman architecture 1175: 1081: 1040: 986: 892: 772:Muslim Arab forces 764: 636:Pre-Islamic period 500:troops of Damascus 337:Reference no. 317:i, ii, iii, iv, vi 204:33.51139; 36.30667 7786: 7785: 7445:Umayyad Caliphate 7411: 7410: 7380:July 2012 bombing 7370:May 2012 bombings 7350:2011–2012 clashes 7112: 7111: 7042:Al-Fayhaa Stadium 6805:Al-Buzuriyah Souq 6800:Al-Hamidiyah Souq 6795:Midhat Pasha Souq 6717: 6716: 6701:Oriental Orthodox 6613:Sayyidah Ruqayyah 6560:Salimiyya Takiyya 6540:Salimiyya Madrasa 6535:Al-Sahiba Madrasa 6474:Temple of Jupiter 6464:Statue of Saladin 6361: 6360: 6271:Nur al-Din Mosque 6266:Abu'l-Fida Mosque 6210:Shuaibiyah Mosque 6200:Saffahiyah Mosque 6155:Behramiyah Mosque 5927:978-0-7369-2007-0 5806:978-0-7923-4066-9 5698:978-0-300-11555-0 5547:978-1-931956-60-4 5532:Hitti, Phillip K. 5468:. Boston: Brill. 5390:978-90-04-09419-2 5264:978-1-57607-919-5 5235:978-1-84162-314-6 5211:978-0-8223-4016-4 5190:978-90-04-13015-9 5140:978-0-415-27105-9 5065:978-0-7914-1827-7 4967:978-1-7936-1746-0 4937:978-0-8130-6568-7 4907:978-1-4411-9082-6 4766:, pp. 58–81. 4685:Kamal Ed-Din 2002 4094:, pp. 13–14. 3869:, pp. 36–37. 3460:, pp. 25–33. 3433:978-0-8122-0728-6 3365:978-1-351-74584-0 3301:, pp. 22–24. 3289:, pp. 21–22. 3277:, pp. 25–26. 3253:, pp. 21–23. 3169:, pp. 17–25. 2900:, pp. 10–11. 2607:, pp. 47–48. 2388:A prayer rug and 2315:According to one 1904:Battle of Karbala 1685:besieged Damascus 1669:') and the chief 1389:The Sunni Muslim 1385:Ayyubid Sultanate 1358:, who adhered to 1291:, built in 789–90 1280:Abbasid Caliphate 1276:Umayyad Caliphate 1227:al-Nasir Muhammad 1223:al-Mansur Qalawun 1128:Pompeian frescoes 1070:Khirbat al-Majfar 780:Islamic Caliphate 710:Septimius Severus 694:Temple of Jupiter 628: 627: 546:Umayyad character 539:in Spain and the 496:Umayyad conquests 398:, the capital of 387:al-Jāmiʿ al-Umawī 384: 364: 363: 166:Show map of Syria 16:(Redirected from 7876: 7854:John the Baptist 7778: 7750:Dome of the Rock 7696:Umayyad coinage 7438: 7431: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7401: 7400: 7340:2008 car bombing 7052:Tishreen Stadium 7047:Al-Jalaa Stadium 7022: 7021: 6927:Blue Tower Hotel 6683:Eastern Orthodox 6646: 6645: 6416:Khan As'ad Pasha 6388: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6364: 6205:Sahibiyah Mosque 6175:Mahmandar Mosque 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6011:Mosques in Syria 6004: 5997: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5940: 5931: 5910: 5889: 5868: 5831: 5810: 5786: 5775: 5754: 5724: 5710: 5681: 5660: 5643: 5622: 5601: 5580: 5563:. Brill: 70–96. 5551: 5534:(October 2002). 5527: 5498: 5479: 5458: 5429: 5418: 5399:Finkel, Caroline 5394: 5366:Heinrichs, W. P. 5348: 5327: 5308: 5268: 5247: 5215: 5194: 5173: 5152: 5123: 5104: 5093: 5069: 5045: 5024: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4871:. Archived from 4860: 4854: 4853: 4848:. Archived from 4840:: 11–13, 28–34. 4831: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4612: 4606: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561:"Minaret of Isa" 4557: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4538:on 26 April 2020 4534:. Archived from 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4460:on 26 April 2020 4456:. 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Basic Books. 5391: 5358:Bosworth, C. E. 5345: 5324: 5265: 5236: 5212: 5191: 5170: 5141: 5120: 5112:. I.B. Tauris. 5090: 5066: 5042: 5008: 5003: 4996:Nafasul Mahmoom 4994: 4993: 4989: 4982:Nafasul Mahmoom 4980: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4861: 4857: 4852:on 12 May 2020. 4829: 4823: 4819: 4812:Nafasul Mahmoom 4810: 4809: 4805: 4798:Nafasul Mahmoom 4794: 4790: 4776:Le Strange 1890 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4748: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4615: 4607: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4374: 4362:Wayback Machine 4353: 4349: 4333:Wayback Machine 4324: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4178: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3512: 3508:, pp. 8–9. 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3366: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3006: 3002:, pp. 103. 2998: 2994: 2987: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2923: 2916: 2912:, pp. 8–9. 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2861: 2853: 2842: 2838:, pp. 2–3. 2834: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2234: 2227: 2215:Selimiye Mosque 2195:al-Azhar Mosque 2190: 2173: 2136: 2099: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2000:Musa ibn Shakir 1957: 1935: 1867:Syrian Republic 1859: 1822:naqib al-ashraf 1715: 1705: 1693: 1548:Book of Wonders 1540: 1534: 1522:as-Salih Ismail 1484: 1476: 1442: 1427: 1398: 1387: 1377: 1348:began crumbling 1329: 1301:Abbasid dynasty 1282: 1268: 1204:mother-of-pearl 1155: 1106:Day of Judgment 1084:itself and the 1061:Judith McKenzie 978: 960:("place of the 884: 858:notes that the 836: 784:Umayyad dynasty 756: 751: 735: 713: 644: 638: 633: 624: 590: 589: 588: 582: 581: 575: 574: 571: 541:al-Azhar Mosque 483: 451: 326: 291: 203: 201: 197: 194: 189: 186: 184: 182: 181: 171: 170: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 159: 142: 141: 140: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7882: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7784: 7783: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7735:Desert castles 7726: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7216:List of rulers 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7088: 7086:Al-Muhafaza SC 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6968:Umayyad Square 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Baghdad Street 6944: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6891:Shami Hospital 6888: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734:Bab al-Jabiyah 6731: 6729:Bab al-Faradis 6725: 6723: 6722:Historic gates 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6431:Umayyad Mosque 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6411:Al-Azem Palace 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6345:Latakia region 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6160:Bahsita Mosque 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6067:Umayyad Mosque 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5960: 5946: 5945:External links 5943: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5911: 5905: 5890: 5884: 5869: 5832: 5811: 5805: 5793:, ed. (1997). 5791:Selin, Helaine 5787: 5776: 5770: 5755: 5749: 5734: 5711: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5644: 5638: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5581: 5552: 5546: 5528: 5499: 5493: 5480: 5474: 5459: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5395: 5389: 5362:van Donzel, E. 5349: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5309: 5269: 5263: 5248: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5105: 5094: 5088: 5070: 5064: 5046: 5040: 5025: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4998:. p. 381. 4987: 4984:. p. 367. 4973: 4966: 4943: 4936: 4913: 4906: 4886: 4875:on 17 May 2020 4855: 4817: 4814:. p. 368. 4803: 4788: 4768: 4756: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4699:, p. 214. 4689: 4687:, p. 102. 4677: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4613: 4594: 4582: 4565:Madain Project 4549: 4532:Madain Project 4519: 4507: 4503:Enderlein 2011 4495: 4483: 4471: 4454:Madain Project 4448:Qubbat ul-Nisr 4437: 4422: 4410: 4372: 4347: 4341:. 2011-03-15. 4318: 4288: 4260: 4258:, p. 194. 4248: 4236: 4224: 4209: 4191: 4176: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 260. 4127: 4096: 4084: 4082:, p. 123. 4072: 4070:, p. 141. 4060: 4058:, p. 112. 4048: 4036: 4034:, p. 109. 4024: 4012: 4010:, p. 208. 4000: 3988: 3986:, p. 155. 3976: 3974:, p. 413. 3964: 3947:Madain Project 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3871: 3856: 3844: 3842:, p. 190. 3832: 3830:, p. 189. 3820: 3818:, p. 187. 3808: 3796: 3784: 3782:, p. 114. 3772: 3770:, p. 175. 3760: 3758:, p. 157. 3748: 3746:, p. 147. 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3698:, p. 142. 3688: 3686:, p. 140. 3676: 3674:, p. 139. 3664: 3652: 3640: 3624: 3622:, p. 162. 3612: 3597: 3570: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3510: 3506:Fehérvári 1993 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3432: 3412: 3397: 3382: 3364: 3342: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 366. 3255: 3243: 3241:, p. 367. 3231: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3145:, p. 102. 3132: 3117: 3092: 3076: 3068:Rosenwein 2014 3060: 3048: 3033: 3031:, p. 115. 3021: 3004: 2992: 2985: 2967: 2960: 2942: 2935: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2874:Enderlein 2011 2859: 2840: 2828: 2813: 2811:, p. 801. 2809:Elisséeff 1965 2798: 2783: 2749: 2747:, p. 177. 2734: 2717: 2705: 2703:, p. 800. 2701:Elisséeff 1965 2693: 2678: 2663: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2446: 2432: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2395: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2310:Husayn ibn Ali 2266: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2226: 2223: 2201:in Cairo, the 2199:Baybars Mosque 2189: 2186: 2172: 2169: 2135: 2134:Minaret of Isa 2132: 2098: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2015:Qubbat an-Nisr 1956: 1953: 1934: 1931: 1927:Friday prayers 1913:In 2001, Pope 1898:constructed a 1877:Hafez al-Assad 1863:French Mandate 1858: 1855: 1795:The prominent 1747:Ottoman Empire 1713:Ottoman Empire 1704: 1701: 1533: 1530: 1518:as-Salih Ayyub 1468: 1376: 1373: 1333: 813–833 1295:Following the 1267: 1264: 1154: 1148: 1051:some, such as 1044:Constantinople 977: 974: 936:Al-Aqsa Mosque 883: 880: 840: 715–717 755: 752: 750: 747: 739: 379–395 717: 193–211 640:Main article: 637: 634: 632: 629: 626: 625: 623: 622: 615: 608: 600: 597: 596: 592: 591: 584: 583: 579:Umayyad Mosque 577: 576: 568: 567: 558: 557: 487: 705–715 455: 379–395 417:Husayn ibn Ali 368:Umayyad Mosque 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 287: 284: 283: 277: 271: 270: 267: 266:Minaret height 263: 262: 259: 252: 251: 250:Specifications 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 179: 173: 172: 162: 153: 152: 146: 145: 144: 143: 131: 122: 121: 115: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 35: 34: 33:Umayyad Mosque 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7881: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Berber Revolt 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7404: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7385:2017 bombings 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Battle (2012) 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345:2011 bombings 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:1986 bombings 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270:Battle (1941) 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240:Burid dynasty 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Mount Qasioun 6997: 6995: 6994:Pharpar River 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:Marjeh Square 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900:Entertainment 6898: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Bab al-Saghir 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6588:Darwish Pasha 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Khadra Palace 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6354: 6353:Naissa Mosque 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Atassi Mosque 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6215:Tawhid Mosque 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Rahman Mosque 6193: 6191: 6190:Qaiqan Mosque 6188: 6186: 6185:Otrush Mosque 6183: 6181: 6180:Nuqtah Mosque 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5906:90-04-11299-5 5902: 5898: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5885:90-04-13286-4 5881: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5771:9781442606142 5767: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5750:9788130707594 5746: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5677:1-900949-90-3 5673: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5639:9781111786441 5635: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5620: 5618:0-521-24796-9 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5597:977-6005-08-X 5593: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5494:9781909942455 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5475:90-04-11638-9 5471: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5414:0-465-02396-7 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5344:9780300088670 5340: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5323:9783848003808 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5169:88-8265-233-5 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5119:9781845119478 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5089:0-674-00598-8 5085: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5041:1-884964-03-6 5037: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 4997: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4927:Islam's Jesus 4920: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 91. 4674: 4673:Mannheim 2001 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4654:1897, p. 292. 4653: 4648: 4642:, p. 92. 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 58. 4629: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4611:, p. 92. 4610: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4505:, p. 69. 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4481:, p. 94. 4480: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4370:. 2011-04-01. 4369: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4246:, p. 12. 4245: 4240: 4234:, p. 91. 4233: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4156:, p. 90. 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4046:, p. 78. 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 95. 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3998:, p. 97. 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3932:, p. 16. 3931: 3930:Charette 2003 3926: 3920:, p. 72. 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 33. 3907: 3902: 3896:, p. 17. 3895: 3890: 3884:, p. 67. 3883: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3854:, p. 22. 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3710:, p. 73. 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3553:, p. 52. 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3529:, p. 64. 3528: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3494:McKenzie 2007 3490: 3483: 3482:McKenzie 2007 3478: 3471: 3470:McKenzie 2007 3466: 3459: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3416: 3408: 3401: 3395:, p. 31. 3394: 3389: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3340:, p. 33. 3339: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323:McKenzie 2007 3319: 3313:, p. 24. 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3263:McKenzie 2007 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3239:McKenzie 2007 3235: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3155:McKenzie 2007 3151: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3115:, p. 26. 3114: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3019:, p. 25. 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2988: 2986:9780195309911 2982: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2961:9780195309911 2957: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2936:9789004161214 2932: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2888:, p. 23. 2887: 2882: 2876:, p. 71. 2875: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2857:, p. 24. 2856: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2832: 2826:, p. 57. 2825: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2796:, p. 82. 2795: 2790: 2788: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2676:, p. 22. 2675: 2670: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2634:, p. 72. 2633: 2628: 2622:, p. 88. 2621: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2595:, p. 72. 2594: 2589: 2583:, p. 62. 2582: 2577: 2571:, p. 65. 2570: 2565: 2559:, p. 28. 2558: 2553: 2547:, p. 40. 2546: 2541: 2535:, p. 16. 2534: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2327:Second Coming 2324: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2260: 2251: 2238: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2002:, the latter 2001: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755:Friday prayer 1752: 1749:under Sultan 1748: 1744: 1741:Damascus was 1735: 1728: 1724: 1723:daguerreotype 1719: 1714: 1710: 1709:Ottoman Syria 1700: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657:Ibn al-Shatir 1654: 1653:Bahri Mamluks 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604:In 1285, the 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:Catholic Mass 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1440: 1436: 1425: 1422:of Damascus, 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:blind arcades 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1177:The original 1172: 1171: 1167:(center) and 1166: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Ibn al-Najjar 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 982: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 897: 888: 882:Layout design 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 834: 828: 826: 825: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 766:Damascus was 760: 746: 744: 733: 729: 724: 722: 711: 707: 703: 702:Second Temple 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660:Aram-Damascus 657: 653: 649: 643: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 599: 598: 594: 593: 587: 580: 573: 565: 560: 559: 556: 553: 552: 549: 547: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 497: 492: 481: 477: 473: 472: 467: 462: 460: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 382: 376:الجامع الأموي 373: 369: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 330: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 298: 296:Official name 294: 290: 285: 282: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 248: 244: 240: 237: 234: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 213: 208: 180: 178: 174: 150: 135: 119: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 80: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 36: 31: 19: 7744: 7556:Second Fitna 7480:Abd al-Malik 7245:Siege (1148) 7235:Jund Dimashq 7191:Al-Salihiyah 7126:Old Damascus 7094:Al-Shorta SC 6989:Barada River 6958:Rawda Square 6814:Culture and 6744:Bab al-Salam 6627: 6454:Maktab Anbar 6430: 6402:Historic and 6335:Omari Mosque 6327:Daraa region 6286:Idlib region 6066: 6027:Aqsab Mosque 5936: 5916: 5895: 5874: 5840: 5836: 5822:(1): 58–81. 5819: 5815: 5799:. Springer. 5795: 5781: 5760: 5739: 5719: 5687: 5666: 5652: 5628: 5607: 5586: 5560: 5556: 5536: 5507: 5503: 5484: 5464: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5403: 5380: 5373: 5333: 5313: 5296: 5289: 5257:. ABC-CLIO. 5253: 5224: 5220:Darke, Diana 5200: 5179: 5158: 5129: 5109: 5099: 5078: 5054: 5030: 5020: 5016: 5006:Bibliography 4995: 4990: 4981: 4976: 4956: 4926: 4896: 4889: 4877:. Retrieved 4873:the original 4868: 4858: 4850:the original 4837: 4833: 4820: 4811: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4771: 4759: 4749:, retrieved 4735: 4728: 4716: 4709:Rudolff 2006 4704: 4697:Rudolff 2006 4692: 4680: 4647: 4640:Rivoira 1918 4635: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4564: 4540:. Retrieved 4536:the original 4531: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4458:the original 4453: 4447: 4440: 4435:, p. 8. 4413: 4402:. Retrieved 4393: 4365: 4350: 4336: 4321: 4310:. Retrieved 4301: 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4269: 4263: 4256:Rudolff 2006 4251: 4239: 4227: 4221:, 1579582443 4200: 4194: 4188:, 0824057872 4167: 4161: 4149: 4118:. Retrieved 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3996:Fischel 1952 3991: 3984:Brinner 1963 3979: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3946: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3768:Rudolff 2006 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3627: 3620:Rudolff 2006 3615: 3546: 3534: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3442:. Retrieved 3422: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3374:. Retrieved 3355: 3345: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3191: 3187: 3162: 3150: 3084:Kleiner 2013 3079: 3063: 3051: 3024: 2995: 2976: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2926: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2831: 2774:. Retrieved 2766:Eurasia News 2765: 2745:Rudolff 2006 2732:, p. 2. 2708: 2696: 2661:, p. 7. 2639: 2627: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2504: 2443:Islam portal 2401: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2359: 2358: 2348:Bāb as-Sā'at 2339: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2321:reported by 2316: 2314: 2308:'s grandson 2291: 2276: 2268: 2191: 2182: 2145: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2090: 2088: 2061: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1958: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1933:Architecture 1919: 1915:John Paul II 1912: 1899: 1893: 1871: 1860: 1851: 1844: 1829: 1827: 1820: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:(plural of " 1773: 1764: 1758: 1740: 1679: 1670: 1665:('religious 1660: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1625: 1610:Ibn Taymiyya 1603: 1553: 1507: 1504: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1461: 1456:, including 1413: 1391:Seljuk Turks 1388: 1337: 1318:al-Muqaddasi 1299:in 750, the 1294: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1238: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1195: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1168: 1162: 1151: 1124: 1101: 1094:al-Muqaddasi 1086:Barada River 1082: 1057: 1041: 1028: 1020: 1009: 1002: 993: 987: 969: 965: 961: 957: 951: 944: 940:Abd al-Malik 927: 923: 917: 907: 893: 848:Ibn al-Faqih 829: 822: 818: 816: 799: 791: 788:Muslim world 765: 732:Theodosius I 725: 691: 679:Roman Empire 676: 664:Hadad-Ramman 645: 578: 518: 507: 469: 463: 448:Theodosius I 425: 415:'s grandson 391: 367: 365: 215:Architecture 134:Old Damascus 7757:Umayyad art 7621:Third Fitna 7546:First Fitna 7510:Al-Walid II 7470:Mu'awiya II 7325:Declaration 7230:Siege (634) 7186:Rukn al-Din 7151:Al-Shaghour 7099:Al-Wahda SC 7090:Al-Nidal SC 7076:Al-Jaish SC 7004:Salera Hill 6917:Havana Cafe 6618:Sinan Pasha 6608:Nabi Habeel 6603:Murad Pasha 6109:Rif Dimashq 5379:Volume VII: 5370:Pellat, Ch. 5286:Schacht, J. 5282:Pellat, Ch. 4778:, pp. 4590:Walker 2004 4120:27 February 4092:Khoury 1983 4032:Finkel 2005 3867:Walker 2004 2776:31 December 2713:George 2021 2429:Asia portal 2149:Fajr prayer 1703:Ottoman era 1649:Islamic art 1595:Ibn Shaddad 1567:Hulagu Khan 1340:water clock 1246:similar to 964:") or as a 852:gold dinars 721:Roman Syria 687:Apollodorus 586:Azem Palace 430:, when the 351:Arab States 202: / 63:Affiliation 7793:Categories 7700:Gold dinar 7640:Government 7485:Al-Walid I 7460:Mu'awiya I 7161:Kafr Sousa 7081:Al-Majd SC 6754:Bab Sharqi 5727:Ibn Jubayr 5295:Volume II: 4764:Totah 2009 4751:2021-05-12 4609:Darke 2010 4515:Burns 2007 4491:Burns 2007 4479:Darke 2010 4418:Burns 2007 4404:2021-11-27 4343:Al-Jazeera 4312:2008-05-31 4244:Cooke 2007 4232:Darke 2010 4210:1579582443 4177:0824057872 4154:Darke 2010 4142:Burns 2007 3972:Selin 1997 3918:Flood 1997 3882:Flood 1997 3840:Burns 2007 3828:Burns 2007 3816:Burns 2007 3804:Burns 2007 3792:Flood 2001 3780:Flood 2001 3756:Burns 2007 3744:Burns 2007 3732:Burns 2007 3720:Burns 2007 3708:Flood 1997 3696:Burns 2007 3684:Burns 2007 3672:Burns 2007 3660:Flood 2001 3648:Flood 2001 3632:Flood 2001 3608:Burns 2007 3593:Burns 2007 3566:Flood 2001 3551:Flood 2001 3539:Flood 1997 3527:Flood 1997 3458:Flood 2001 3444:2023-04-10 3393:Flood 2001 3376:2023-04-10 3338:Flood 2001 3311:Flood 2001 3299:Flood 2001 3287:Flood 2001 3251:Flood 2001 3194:: 105675. 3167:Flood 2001 3143:Burns 2009 3128:Flood 1997 3086:, p. 3070:, p. 3056:Burns 2009 3029:Burns 2007 3000:Burns 2009 2836:Flood 2001 2824:Wolff 2007 2730:Flood 2001 2689:Burns 2007 2644:Burns 2009 2632:Darke 2010 2620:Burns 2007 2593:Burns 2007 2581:Burns 2007 2569:Burns 2007 2545:Burns 2007 2533:Burns 2007 2521:References 2383:East Wing: 2340:West Side: 2209:, and the 2165:Ibn Kathir 2157:Antichrist 1894:In 1990s, 1857:Modern era 1847:Wilhelm II 1707:See also: 1667:timekeeper 1536:See also: 1532:Mamluk era 1458:Ibn Asakir 1379:See also: 1360:Shia Islam 1270:See also: 1192:Ibn Jubayr 1144:Alexandria 1140:Corinthian 1048:Ibn Asakir 976:Decoration 846:historian 812:al-Walid I 480:al-Walid I 464:After the 322:Designated 190:36°18′24″E 187:33°30′41″N 7657:Governors 7525:Marwan II 7515:Yazid III 7196:Muhajreen 7104:Barada SC 6816:education 6749:Bab Kisan 5899:. 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Brill. 2151:and will 2039:Courtyard 1955:Sanctuary 1939:courtyard 1472:marbles. 1450:Crusaders 1424:Toghtekin 1326:al-Ma'mun 1244:coffering 1132:pediments 958:mi'd͟hana 904:basilical 900:hypostyle 728:cathedral 706:Jerusalem 504:basilical 421:martyrdom 381:romanized 275:Materials 242:Completed 7677:al-Haras 7500:Yazid II 7490:Sulayman 7475:Marwan I 7403:Category 7260:Protocol 7211:Timeline 7146:Al-Midan 6759:Bab Tuma 6650:Catholic 6642:Churches 6633:Yalbugha 6593:Hanabila 6395:Damascus 6019:Damascus 5966:Archived 5954:Archived 5937:Damascus 5717:(1897). 5650:(1890), 5557:Muqarnas 5504:Muqarnas 5435:Muqarnas 5401:(2005). 5372:(eds.). 5354:"Miḥrāb" 5288:(eds.). 5222:(2010). 5052:(1994). 4745:archived 4569:Archived 4542:26 April 4464:26 April 4398:Archived 4367:BBC News 4358:Archived 4329:Archived 4306:Archived 4302:BBC News 4275:Archived 4219:3623623M 4186:1397830M 4114:Archived 3951:Archived 3438:Archived 3370:Archived 2770:Archived 2415:See also 2306:Muhammad 2213:and the 2120:muezzin' 2085:Minarets 1979:and the 1819:and the 1799:scholar 1662:muwaqqit 1614:exegesis 1608:scholar 1352:Fatimids 1221:sultans 1111:al-janna 1090:Paradise 1066:tesserae 1053:Creswell 876:Moroccan 768:captured 692:The new 656:Aramaean 652:Damascus 648:Iron Age 570:Damascus 438:. 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