16388:, Routledge, 2006, p. 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local—i.e., non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount. The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazlra and Syria—indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India—also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dln Kai-Qubad I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought—in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. the Turkmens had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkmenistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al-Din Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Ka us, and Kai-Qubad; and that. Ala' al-Din Kai-Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact is undeniable. With regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."
16597:(Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz, 1992). p. 386: "Turkic penetration probably began in the Hunnic era and its aftermath. Steady pressure from Turkic nomads was typical of the Khazar era, although there are no unambiguous references to permanent settlements. These most certainly occurred with the arrival of the Oguz in the 11th century. The Turkicization of much of Azarbayjan, according to Soviet scholars, was completed largely during the Ilxanid period if not by late Seljuk times. Sumer, placing a slightly different emphasis on the data (more correct in my view), posts three periods which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oguz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to the western frontiers (Anatolia) and Northern Azarbaijan (Arran, the Mugan steppe). In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (derived from Oguz, with lesser admixture of Uygur, Qipchaq, Qaluq and other Turks brought to Iran during the Chinggisid era, as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization. Although there is some evidence for the presence of Qipchaqs among the Turkic tribes coming to this region, there is little doubt that the critical mass which brought about this linguistic shift was provided by the same Oguz-Turkmen tribes that had come to Anatolia. The Azeris of today are an overwhelmingly sedentary, detribalized people. Anthropologically, they are little distinguished from the Iranian neighbors."
4052:
3375:
2509:
2200:
3262:
3738:
3629:
2991:
2983:
2872:
18473:, p. 98: "Paradoxically, however, while the style commonly attributed to the Seljuqs is that of the left-buttoning aqbiya turkiyya, or “Turkish” cut, and although this is the prevailing style of robe in illustrations from contemporary manuscripts, there is perhaps only a single complete robe attributed to the Seljuq period that closes (...) Taken within the context of adab, however, it becomes possible that the adoption of the “Tatar-style” coat was a conscious decision on the part of the affluent sedentary Persian population, as it was less identifiable with the Seljuq Turks. These associations would have been increasingly acute toward the end of the Seljuq period, as a result of the Khwarazm Shah invasions and perhaps exacerbated by the westward migrations of nomadic groups at the start of the Mongol invasion."
17102:
Military
Governorship of Basra together with Baghdad and Iraq in 1127. The reason behind such assignments was to attempt to impede Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118–1135) who then wished to build a worldwide dominance. Indeed, the efforts of Zangi in the fight of Mahmūd, whom Sanjar urgently sent to Baghdad, against the Caliph ensured the Sultān became victorious, and he contributed to the efforts in damaging the sole authority and dominance claims of the Caliph. Following the deaths of Mosul Governor Aq-Sunqur el-Porsuqi and his successor and son Mas'ud in the same year in 1127, Zangi was appointed Governor of Mosul. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Farrukh shāh and Alparslan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.
3594:
3407:
3354:
3551:
16367:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..." • Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399 • Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79 • Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
3175:
16380:, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose
2500:
3166:
3940:. There is some scholarly debate about the patronage of these objects, with some suggesting that the growth in production is explainable by the growth of a bourgeoisie in Khorasan which had the means to afford such costly craftsmanship. This is attested in part by inscriptions naming merchant owners, but most surviving objects are nonetheless attributed by their inscriptions to sultans, royal household members, or state officials. In the early 13th century, this expansion of metalwork art and patronage also occurred further west, in the Levant and Mesopotamia, under the successors of the Great Seljuks (the Zengids, the Artuqids, and the Anatolian Seljuks), spurred in part by the immigration of metalworkers from Iran.
17348:, p. xiii: "While one could quibble that the art could not be Seljuq if their dynasty was no longer in power, we argue that the twenty-five years after the end, in 1194, of the Great Seljuq dynasty in Iran marked a continuation of the styles and techniques in various media that had been established during Seljuq rule. Likewise, through their architecture and luxury objects, the Seljuqs of Rum and their atabegs and successors in Anatolia, the Jazira, and Syria had a lasting impact on the art of those areas until the early fourteenth century. Their distinctive choice of iconography is found on all forms of the visual arts associated with them, revealing the strength of their cultural contribution."
3614:
3993:
3532:
reconstruction process of several cities. Many works of Seljuk art continued to be produced following the decline of the empire in the late 12th century. In this regard, the timeline associated with the production of Seljuk art does not entirely match the political events pertaining to the empire and its eventual fall. Nonetheless, relatively little art can be correctly dated and ascribed to a Great Seljuk context. Much of the material deemed to be Seljuk in world museums in fact belongs to the period A.D. 1150–1250, after the fall of the Great Seljuk Empire, when there seems to have been a sudden burst in artistic production, apparently to a great extent unrelated to court patronage.
3645:
16614:"The eastern Caucasus came under Saljuq control in the middle years of the 5th/11th century, and in c. 468/1075–56 Sultan Alp Arslān sent his slave commander ʿEmād-al-dīn Savtigin as governor of Azerbaijan and Arrān, displacing the last Shaddadids. From this period begins the increasing Turkicization of Arrān, under the Saljuqs and then under the line of Eldigüzid or Ildeñizid Atabegs, who had to defend eastern Transcaucasia against the attacks of the resurgent Georgian kings. The influx of Oghuz and other Türkmens was accentuated by the Mongol invasions. Bardaʿa had never revived fully after the Rūs sacking, and is little mentioned in the sources." (C.E. Bsowrth, Arran in
3906:
2747:
18128:
illustrations from the copy of Varqa wa Golšāh already mentioned, as well as in frontispieces to the volumes of Abu'l-Faraj Eṣfahānī's Ketāb al-aḡānī dated 614–16/1217–19 and to two copies of Ketāb al-deryāq (Book of antidotes) by Pseudo-Galen, dated 596/1199 and ascribed to the second quarter of the 7th/13th century respectively (Survey of
Persian Art V, pl. 554A-B; Ateş, pls. 1/3, 6/16, 18; D. S. Rice, 1953, figs. 14-19; Ettinghausen, 1962, pp. 65, 85, 91). The last three manuscripts, all of them attributed to northern Mesopotamia, show that the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands was also worn in that region from the end of the 6th/12th century.
3805:
2815:
3682:
4021:
3734:(dispersed folio, Arthur M. Stackler Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, S1986.65a-b). This manuscript's folios are illuminated with a gold border and thin, spiraled illustration, featuring vegetal motifs. Despite the generous illumination, the four lines of Qur'anic text on the folio are exceptionally legible. Created between the years 1170–1200, this particular folio demonstrates the evolution of New Style, as both vocalized cursive and diacritical dots appear in this later version of the script. Only during the 13th century would New Style be replaced by the curvier proportional scripts for regular use.
4009:
24683:
1802:
4137:
24367:
202:
13417:
4033:
4083:
4123:
14808:, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)."
3433:
3487:
2573:
14470:"...renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran …", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia – no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
2685:
36:
1808:
16601:
domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written
Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia. Secondly, the influx of massive Turkish-speaking populations (culminating with the rank and file of the Mongol armies) and their settlement in large areas of Iran (particularly in Azerbaijan and the northwest), progressively turkicized local speakers of Persian, Kurdish and other Iranian languages"
16624:"Iranian influence on Caucasian languages. There is general agreement that Iranian languages predominated in Azerbaijan from the 1st millennium b.c. until the advent of the Turks in a.d. the 11th century (see Menges, pp. 41–42; Camb. Hist. Iran IV, pp. 226–228, and VI, pp. 950–952). The process of Turkicization was essentially complete by the beginning of the 16th century, and today Iranian languages are spoken in only a few scattered settlements in the area."
29151:
26857:
1295:
26881:
29161:
26845:
1474:
25735:
26893:
17372:, pp. 126, 127, 155 p. 126: “Official” Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) p. 127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and
2413:
4212:) and short close-fitting tunics, most other figures are depicted with ‘Arab’ or ‘Semitic’ facial features, and dressed in long robes and turbans. Apparently in keeping with the contemporary political and social makeup of the region in which these manuscripts were produced, a visual distinction was made along ethnic and social lines, between the non-Arab Turkish ruling elite and the indigenous Arab bourgeoisie.
26869:
1663:
3463:. Overall, the architecture attributed to the Seljuk period is characterized by elaborate decoration, much like the other arts produced under Seljuk rule. Decoration was primarily executed in elaborate brickwork and in the use of colorful glazed tiles. The most important innovations of this period occurred in the form of mosques, as first seen in the renovations of the
3764:
manuscript is large, with seventeen lines of text per two-hundred and fifteen sheets of paper. Though not all of the Qur'an is illuminated, both the beginning and the end boast elaborate illustration, with blue, gold, and white hues. Ettinghausen describes the subsequent visual effect as "brilliant". The inscriptions feature detailed rosettes, vines, medallions, and
3079:. Tughril Beg entered Baghdad in 1055 and was the first Seljuk ruler to style himself Sultan and Protector of the Abbasid Caliphate. From that time, the Abassids were only "puppets" in the hands of the Seljuks. In 1058, the Abassid Caliph granted to Tughril the title of "King of East and West", officially becoming the temporal protector of Abassid Caliph
3045:. At the capital, Isfahan, Malik-shah had constructed a madrasa, a citadel and a castle near Dizkuh. Following Malik-Shah's death, the familial civil war drew attention away from religious patronage, slowing the building of madrasas and mosques. Although, in 1130, the Seljuk sultan Sanjar ordered the construction of the Quthamiyya madrasa in Samarkand.
3471:. This was attested in some earlier buildings, but under the Seljuks it turned into a common characteristic of mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais in Iran and Central Asia, eventually influencing architecture in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia as well. Another major innovation was the creation of monumental domes over the space in front of the
16465:: "Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
4051:
3982:, real and mythological animals, and even scenes of human figures such as musicians and horsemen. Arabic inscriptions are found on almost all metalwork art objects. An innovation of this period, almost exclusive to metalwork, is the rendering of Arabic script into figurative forms. The earliest example of this is found on the so-called
3710:) Qur'an created c. 1050, produced by only one calligrapher and illuminator (Freer Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, F2001.16a-b). As paper had just been introduced to the Islamic world, this piece is an early Islamic paper manuscript. This Qur'an is bound in brown leather, dyed in pink, decorated with gold, and offers an intricate
3374:
3776:, a historiographical and literary account of the Seljuk period written in 1200 by Imād al-Dīn (Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, London). Meanwhile, the scientific manuscripts produced during the Seljuk period oftentimes pertained to geography, physics, mechanics, mathematics, and astronomy. The former Seljuk city of
3661:
and illuminators were responsible for the creation of these manuscripts, though sometimes calligraphers mastered the art of both writing and illustration. By the end of the 10th century, both illuminators and calligraphers were beginning to employ various colors, styles, and writing techniques in the
3281:
with him. They said, "This land is ruined, there is neither food nor fodder here and we have no funds left. We cannot stay on the backs of horses. What if our families, horses and beasts come, but our absence becomes drawn out? We must visit our families, so we are asking for permission to return to
3005:
In 985, the
Seljuks migrated to the city of Jend where they converted to Islam. The arrival of the Seljuk Turks into Persia, and their patronage of constructing madrasas, allowed for Sunni Islam to become the dominant sect of Islam. Until the death of Sultan Sanjar, the Seljuks were pious Sunnis, and
2895:
was used by lesser princes of the Seljuk family. Like the caliphate, the
Seljuks relied on a refined Persian bureaucracy. The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the
2806:
Much of the ideological character of the Seljuk Empire was derived from the earlier
Samanid and Ghaznavid kingdoms, which had in turn emerged from the Perso-Islamic imperial system of the Abbasid caliphate. This Perso-Islamic tradition was based on pre-Islamic Iranian ideas of kingship molded into an
3830:
Historian Andrew
Peacock demonstrates an interest in the Seljuks of Anatolia's focus on occult themes and its manifestation in the book arts. Peacock describes this finding as something that challenges the reigning view that the Seljuks were exclusively the "pious defenders of Islam" when it came to
3586:
technique, a painted and enameled polychrome overglaze for ceramics. The glazes on the Seljuk ceramics produced often ranged from a brilliant turquoise to a very dark blue. The art of Seljuk mosaic tile decorating would continue to dominate the interior of many
Anatolian mosques following the period
3025:
In 1056, Tughril built a Friday mosque with a newly constructed quarter in
Baghdad which was surrounded by a wall. The new quarter separated the Shia community from the Sunnis, since there had been frequent outbreaks of violence. Through the influence of Tughril's vizier, al-Kunduri, a Hanafi Sunni,
16480:
features
Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers." See Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign
15971:
The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took
3763:
script, another early Arabic script that replaced Kufic. However, some Kufic calligraphy is embedded in the chapter headings. This aspect speaks to how the inclusion of Kufic in Qur'ans became more of a decorative element overtime, often included in headings as opposed to the main body of text. The
3531:
Various art forms were popularized during the Seljuk period, as evidenced by the vast amount of surviving artifacts. Most Seljuk arts are known to have been produced in what is modern-day Iran. However, the Seljuk sultans also encouraged artists to settle in Anatolia as part of a recolonization and
2344:
on August 12, 1121, the Seljuks were routed, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days afterward. The battle helped the Crusader states, which had been under pressure from Ilghazi's armies. The weakening of the main enemy of the Latin principalities also benefitted the Kingdom of
4205:
In a number of these manuscripts a careful distinction is made between royal and non-royal figures, both in terms of physical appearance and dress. Whereas princes and governors are commonly represented with the same ‘Asiatic’ or ‘Oriental’ facial features, and dressed in Turkish military garments
3726:
Script", attests to the shift from the geometric Kufic script to a more legible calligraphic style, which occurred in the 10th century. Scattered remnants of Kufic, used primarily to indicate volume and page number, also appear in the text. The verticality of the paper in this manuscript speaks to
3454:
were created and embellished during the period of Seljuk control. Congregational mosques were either repaired, re-built, or constructed in their entirety. The Seljuk sultan also commissioned numerous madrasas to promote the teaching of orthodox Islamic sciences. These developments in architectural
3927:
Starting around the middle of the 12th century, there appears to have been a major increase in the number of artistic metalwork objects produced in the eastern Islamic world (roughly Iran and Central Asia). More of these objects have survived from after the 1140s than from before this period. The
1732:
Sanjar's as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks' own tribe, in 1153. Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156. It brought chaos to the Empire – a situation later exploited by the
1635:
Internally, the most prominent development of Malik Shah's rule was the continuous increase in the power of the Nizām al-Mulk. Some contemporary chroniclers refer to the period as "al-dawla al-Nizamiyya", the Nizam's state, while modern scholars have mentioned him as "the real ruler of the Seljuq
15243:
In the tenth century, these and other nomadic tribes, often collectively referred to as Turkomans, migrated out of Central Asia and into Iran. Turkish tribes initially served as mercenary soldiers for local rulers but soon set up their own kingdoms in Iran, some of which grew into Empires – most
3878:
and Iraq saw an "explosion of figural art" from the 12th to 13th centuries, particularly in the areas of decorative art and illustrated manuscripts. This occurred despite religious condemnations against the depiction of living creatures, on the grounds that "it implies a likeness to the creative
2467:
on September 9, 1141. While Sanjar managed to escape with his life, many of his close kin including his wife were taken captive in the battle's aftermath. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuk Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the
17378:
as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar’s formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,
16600:
John Perry: "We should distinguish two complementary ways in which the advent of the Turks affected the language map of Iran. First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already Iranized and patronized Persian literature in their
15426:
Farther east, medieval Turco-Iranian military patronage states, such as those of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Timurids, and early Ottomans, appear to have been more directly affected by the banner traditions of the nomadic Turkic and Mongol populations of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn were
3677:
in the Islamic world. The use of durable paper increased the production of compact, single-volume Qur'an's, whereas parchment codexes often contained multiple volumes of Qur'anic text. Despite this development, parchment would remain popular for the production of some Qur'an's, and multi-volume
3253:
Turkmens were difficult to manage, and they were susceptible to undisciplined pillaging. The greatest issue, however, was their dependence on pasturelands for their livestock. A great number of regions that constituted the Seljuk state were ecologically ill-suited for supporting a nomadic army.
3330:
Many depictions of military figures are known from the period immediately following the Seljuk Empire (which ended in 1194), as illustrated manuscripts started to enjoy a major boom from circa 1200. Seljuk styles of military equipment continued during the 13th century in the Turkic post-Seljuk
17101:
in 1119, which opened the way for Sanjar (1119–1157) to accede to the throne of Great Seljuk Empire, Mahmūd was assigned to the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119–1131), continuing his rule there. In 1124, Sultān Mahmūd granted the city of Wasit to Imad al-Din Zangi as a ıqta, and conferred him the
4196:
renaissance", with styles going back to the Sasanian or Sogdian period. Seljuk fabrics are often distinguished by the representation of nature, by minimal ornamental details, and by the combination of colorful linens giving an interchangeable color effect to the fabric. Many realistic natural
18407:
18127:
Nevertheless, the most distinctive feature of late Saljuq and post-Saljuq male dress was the popularity of patterned textiles for these garments. (...) That these patterns do not merely represent ceramic conventions is clear from the rendering of garments in fragmentary wall paintings and in
3992:
4200:
In many manuscripts of the period, great care is taken to distinghuish the clothing of figures of power and authority in Seljuk style, from that of the otherwise omnipresent figures in Arabic or local style with their long robes, turbans and bare or sandalled feet. According to Snelders:
3857:
in 1272. The latter text captures an interest in magic and spells, with a particular focus on calling upon spiritual beings, such as angels, through ritualistic acts (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Persan 174). The text was written by a man who wrote under a pen name, "Nasiri".
3026:
the Ash'ari and Ismaili Shi'ites were exiled from Khurasan and cursed at Friday sermons in Seljuk mosques. Al-Kunduri's vizierate persecuted Ash'aris and Sharifis, although this ended with the vizierate of Nizam al-Mulk. It was under the vizierate of al-Kunduri that the Islamic scholar,
16419:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
15157:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
3780:
not only boasted twelve libraries that contained a total of twelve thousand volumes, but also had an observatory where scholars could record their astrological findings. Secular manuscripts from the Seljuk empire bear illuminations that often relate to the alignment of planets and the
15114:
The name 'Seljuk is a political rather than ethnic name. It derives from Selčiik, born Toqaq Temir Yally, a war-lord (sil-baši), from the Qiniq tribal grouping of the Oghuz. Seljuk, in the rough and tumble of internal Oghuz politics, fled to Jand, c. 985, after falling out with his
3656:
were produced during the Seljuk period. These pieces are now limited in availability, considering their ultimate susceptibility to damage overtime. But those manuscripts that have survived over the centuries provide insight into the Seljuk's involvement in the arts of the book.
17379:
depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive
3318:, but there is almost no information directly relating to the Seljuks. The chief source of mamluks was most probably forays to the steppe. The alternative to raids was buying them from slave traders and various dealers as evidenced from a slave dispute between a merchant and
1619:
who had started to carve out an independent state in Anatolia. Nevertheless, despite various attempts to bring afterwards the various Turkish warlords in Anatolia under control, they largerly maintained their independence. Malikshāh was the one who moved the capital from
3737:
2199:
3759:. This piece was written in 1164 by Mahmud Ibn Al-Husayn and contains the entirety of the Qur'an (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, NEP27). Unlike the two Seljuk Qur'ans discussed prior, this manuscript primarily contains
3505:, a form of three-dimensional geometric decoration. Some interpretations maintain that the earliest known examples of muqarnas were constructed during the period of Seljuk hegemony, though it also remains possible that they were being developed at the same time in
1443:
on 10 September 1048. The devastation left behind by the Seljuk raid was so fearful that the Byzantine magnate Eustathios Boilas described, in 1051–1052, those lands as "foul and unmanageable... inhabited by snakes, scorpions, and wild beasts." The Arab chronicler
3849:
15320:
The cultural influence of the Turco-Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia, and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth century continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and
3193:
era. Their first invasions were more of a great nomadic migration accompanied by their families and livestock rather than planned military conquests. They were not a professional army; however, warfare was a way of life for nearly all of adult male Turkmens.
3229:
Vizier Nizam al-Mulk, the greatest advocate of Iranian orientation for the Seljuk empire, admitted the debt dynasty owed to the Turkmens. After the establishment of the Seljuk state, Turkmens continued to be the driving force behind the Seljuk expansion in
3947:
with copper and silver. This latter technique had fallen out of fashion in previous centuries but it underwent a revival that probably originated in Khorasan during this period. The forms produced include both traditional Khorasani types, such as fluted
2904:, all of the Seljuk sultans had a liking for poetry, which is also demonstrated by the large compilation of Persian verses written under their patronage. This had already started under Tughril, who was praised in Arabic and Persian by poets such as
3800:
astrological images inspired by manuscripts. Occult knowledge persisted in manuscripts produced after the decline in the Seljuk's political power in the late 12th century, as the Seljuk sultanate's influence on the book arts continued in Anatolia.
3669:'s produced during the period of Seljuk rule evidence developments in calligraphy and other changes in how the holy text was divided. Uniquely, calligraphers during this period frequently combined several scripts on one page of the Qur'an, such as
1485:
Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia. Arslan's decisive victory at the
3568:), a few years before the end of the Seljuk Empire in 1194. Scene of poetic recitation, with poetic verses inscribed on the rim: "If the beloved leaves me, what am I to do? If s/he does not see the wisdom of our union, what am I to do?".
3286:
Long campaigns had to be discontinued due to Turkmens' insistence on returning home, and conquests had to be scheduled to satisfy the demands of Turkmens. The short-term needs of Turkmens made a longer term military plans unachievable.
4231:
The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians. The Seljuks founded universities and were also patrons of art and literature. Their reign is characterized by
3974:. To create some shapes, multiple metal sheets were carefully soldered together, with the seams made invisible by various means, such as by camouflaging them under decorative friezes. The wide range of ornamental motifs include
1202:; it also bore witness to in the creation and expansion of multiple artistic movements during this period By the 1140s, the Seljuk Empire began to decline in power and influence, and was eventually supplanted in the east by the
15972:
over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–58), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.
2960:. Seljuk ceremonies were based on the Abbasid model, but sometimes ancient Iranian ceremonies were observed. During a night in 1091, all of Baghdad was lit with candles under the orders of Malik-Shah I, which resembled the
3122:
was formed. The Seljuk control of the Abassids ended in 1135, with direct military confrontation between the Abassids and the Seljuks: after rebuilding the walls of Baghdad and recreating a Caliphal after many centuries,
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Persianate zone (...) The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control (...) The Turko-Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period (1040–1118) (...) In the Persianate zone, Turkophones ruled and Iranians
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Manuscript production during the Seljuk period was not limited to religious texts. Beyond these religious manuscripts, scientific, literary, and historical pieces were created. One example of a secular manuscript is the
3628:
17309:
The Islamic world witnessed, in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, an explosion of figural art. (...) The making of it is forbidden under every circumstance, because it implies a likeness to the creative activity of
3509:. The layering of multiple embellished cells with divergent profiles in muqarnas creates a dome that has a seemingly-insubstantial interior. The play of light on the surface enhances this visual effect. Art historian
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1364:
governor, Harun, who hoped to utilise Seljuks for his efforts to seize Khorasan from his sovereign. When Harun was assassinated by Ghaznavid agents in 1035, they again had to flee, this time heading south across the
4755:
1733:
victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar. Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in
1419:, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories. Afterwards, Turkmens employed Khorasanians and set up a Persian bureaucracy to administer their new polity with Tughril as its nominal overlord. By 1046,
2459:. The Kara-Khanids turned to their Seljuk overlords for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of
1369:. First, they made their way to the important city of Merv, but perhaps due to its strong fortification, they changed their route westwards to take refuge in Nasa. Finally, the Seljuks arrived on the edges of
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and preachers for these madrasas. By 1063, there were twenty-five madrasas scattered throughout Persia and Khorasan, founded by Seljuk princes. In the 12th century there were over thirty madrasas in Baghdad.
2929:, could speak Arabic alongside Persian, however, they still used Turkic among themselves. The most significant evidence of the importance of Turkic language is the extensive Turkic–Arabic dictionary, or the
2375:
was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the Crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul,
16384:, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature." • Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and
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between 1040 and 1157. For most of its history, the empire was split into a western and eastern half and did not have a single capital or political center. In the east, the chief seat of Seljuk rule was
2541:, were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Sanjar died in 1157, the empire fractured even further and rendered the Atabegs effectively independent.
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3048:
While the Seljuk sultans were prodigious builders of religious buildings, Seljuk viziers were no different. The Seljuk vizier, Nazim al-Mulk, founded the first madrasa in Baghdad, in 1063, called the
2918:, which was most likely dedicated to Tughril III, indicates that the Seljuk family now used Persian to communicate, and even were taught about the achievements of their forefathers in that language.
14832:, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule."
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pieces continued to be produced. Illuminated borders continued to distinguish the Qur'ans produced during the Seljuk period and relative consistency was maintained with regard to their structure.
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3714:. These elements imply the care that went into the production of this text and indications of frequent usage confirm that it was appreciated. It is primarily written in the vertical "New-Style"
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at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuk". The Abbasid caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087.
2851:. During this period, these type of books consciously made use of Islamic and Iranian traditions, such as an ideal government based on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his successors, or the
20567:
Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2015). "The Kings of the East and the West: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian sources". In Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur (eds.).
13034:
2508:
15221:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
15098:, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
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terms and themes. For example, while incorporating a Sufi poem, the occult text speaks of supernatural bodies and disputes what Islam considers to be the accepted number of names for God.
3593:
3299:. While also of Turkic and often nomadic origin, dependence on pasturelands was non-existent for mamluks as they did not live a nomadic life. Previously, mamluks had constituted the later
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3788:
Whether secular or non-secular, Seljuk illuminated manuscripts had enough influence as to inspire other relevant art forms, such as brass or bronze metal objects. For example, the large
3580:
Among other ceramics, the manufacture of polychrome ceramic tiles, often used as decor in architecture, were popularized during the Seljuk dynasty. The Seljuks pioneered the use of the
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made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121 he went north towards Georgia and with supposedly up to 250,000 – 350,000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of
4008:
4829:
2245:, the fractured states of the Seljuks were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the
15465:, p. 32: "Later sources also play down the role of a third Seljuk, Musa Yabghu, who certainly occupied an equal position to Tughril and Chaghri, and possibly even a senior one."
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1648:
started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizām al-Mulk.
1490:
in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia, although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the
3131:
in battle. The caliph lost and was taken prisoner, and died in captivity in 1135, but conflicts continued with Al-Mustarshid's successors. Mas'ud briefly recaptured Baghdad in the
3217:, a standing army, infantry and the sultan's personal guard. Nizam al-Mulk also estimated Malik-Shah's forces at 400,000 men, and often opposed cost-cutting plans (instituted by
4188:
On the other hand, the affluent sedentary Persian population seems to have adopted different robe styles, with a front opening closing diagonally from left to right, called the
3613:
4440:
2798:, who mostly ruled from Marv, and was known by the title of al-sultān al-a'zam, 'the Greatest Sultan'. The Seljuk rulers of Iraq were often mentioned as the 'Lesser Seljuks'.
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22588:
5193:
5144:
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Arjomand, Said Amir (1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century".
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in the east. The advancing Kara-Khitais first defeated the Eastern Kara-Khanids, then followed up by crushing the Western Kara-Khanids, who were vassals of the Seljuks at
2081:
When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. At the same time, the son of
16188:
In the painting the facial cast of these Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored. (p. 162, commentary on image p. 91)
3747:(Kitāb suwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita), by ‛Abd al-Rahman ibn ‛Umar al-Ṣūfī, dated 1125 CE, Baghdad (controlled by the Seljuks from 1055 to 1135). Doha Museum of Islamic Art
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and New Style. In addition to these changes in the text, the dawn of the Seljuk empire coincided with a newfound increase in the popularity of paper as a replacement for
25689:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
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of Seljuk rule. The Seljuks also created ceramic house models, while other ceramic forms in the Seljuk period included pottery figurines, some of them children's toys.
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16398:. Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Persianized and Islamicized"
17603:
15145:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model k..."
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or "Tatar style", but actually also characteristic of Persian caftans from the last decades of the Sasanian dynasty. The fabrics represent what could be called a "
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In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East.
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4760:
4165:, or long robe or decorated caftan with “Turkish” cut, with a front opening closing diagonally from right to left. Patterned textiles were used, together with
17132:
Heidemann, Stefan; De Lapérouse, Jean-François; Parry, Vicki (2014). "The Large Audience: Life-Sized Stucco Figures of Royal Princes from the Seljuq Period".
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and Tāj al-Mulk, the Seljuk state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered
20274:
5169:
3998:"A demonstration of the excellence achieved in metalwork under the Seljuqs": bronze incense burner shaped like lion, with removable head, dated 1181–82 CE,
16426:
15186:) has served as the political and cultural center of the Persianate world: during the reign of the Seljuks (1038–1194) and that of the Safavids (1501–1722)
4501:
20825:
Tor, Deborah (2012). "The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation?". In Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (eds.).
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state'. Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned to family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages.
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17097:(1118–1119), remaining loyal to him to the end. With the new era introduced with the defeat of Sultān Mahmūd in the Sāveh battle he engaged his uncle
1494:. The Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact with the Seljuks. In 1073 the Seljuk Amirs of Ganja, Dvin and Dmanisi
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3893:. This synthesis seems to point to a common pictorial tradition which developed from circa 1180 CE in the region, which was highly influenced by
2611:
began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of the Great Seljuk Empire. The same was true during the revival of the
15296:
A particularly interesting text, which reveals the socio-religious mood of the Turco-Persian world from Seljuk times, is the Abù Muslim romance.
2794:. These western lands were known as the Sultanate of Iraq. After 1118, the Seljuk rulers of Iraq recognized the suzerainty of the Seljuk sultan
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20792:
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5185:
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2734:. Their rule was modelled after the tribal organization common among Turkic and Mongol nomadic cultures, resembling a 'family federation' or '
2533:
In 1153, the Oghuz Turks rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. The Atabegs, such as the
26400:
25273:
22583:
14425:
4431:
1636:
empire". The 14-century biographer Subki claimed that Nizām al-Mulk's vizierate was "not just a vizierate, it was above the sultanate". The
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25658:
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Under his leadership, the Nezāris mounted a decentralized revolutionary effort against the militarily superior Turko-Persian Saljuq empire.
9526:
8944:
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4398:
4324:
2472:, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography.
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22015:
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Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055
18531:"The Maqamat of al-Hariri. Two Illustrated Mamluk Manuscripts at the British Library MS Or.9718 and Ms.Add.22114.pdf (MA Thesis, SOAS)"
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type, often including a fur lining. These styles continued during the 13th century in the smaller Turkic successor states, such as the
4020:
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2908:
and Bakharzi, albeit he could not understand the verses. The last Seljuk sultan Tughril III was well known for his Persian poetry. The
1801:
20816:
Tor, D.G. (2011). "'Sovereign and Pious': The Religious Life of the Great Seljuq Sultans". In Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (eds.).
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A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition
22233:
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elements characterize the composition of the fabrics, such as animals and plants, forming patterns consisting of arabesque elements.
2811:. The populace of the Seljuk Empire would have considered this Perso-Islamic tradition more significant than that of steppe customs.
2654:
2329:
1781:
16481:
Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
15983:
C. Edmond Bosworth, "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)," Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp. 94–185
14628:
3183:
Princely figures related to the Seljuk sultan or one of his local vassals or successors, Seljuk period, Iran, late 12th–13th century
2871:
1706:(Persia), and eventually in 1118, the sole ruler of the Great Seljuk Empire, but with a subordinate Sultan in Iraq in the person of
201:
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The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks)
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Here, Iraq is meant in its medieval sense, which incorporated western Iran (historic 'Iraq al-'Ajam or Persian Iraq, also known as
2925:
and Persian into Turkic for him, and Oghuz songs were sung at the wedding of Tughril to the caliph's daughter. Later sultans, like
2156:
proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar.
2072:
1329:, initially at the invitation of the local rulers, then under alliances and conflicts. Contemporary sources mention places such as
1129:(989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a
17604:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262096804_The_Anatolian_Seljuk_City_An_Analysis_on_Early_Turkish_Urban_Models_in_Anatolia
15100: • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).
15070: • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).
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2837:, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. Under the Seljuks, Persian was also used for books lecturing about politics in the
1424:
511:
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Van Renterghem, Vanessa (2015). "Baghdad: A View from the Edge on the Seljuk Empire". In Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).
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A final example of a Seljuk Qur'an that has entered into scholarship is a manuscript studied in-depth by the late art historian
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3956:, and newe shapes, such as penboxes with rounded ends and candlesticks with drum-like bodies. Many metal vessels also featured
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argues that the effect of muqarnas domes embodies Qur'anic water symbolism. Examples of muqarnas also appear in the niches of
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in
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activity of God". The origins of this new pictorial tradition are uncertain, but Arabic illustrated manuscripts such as the
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29210:
27685:
27675:
25846:
25701:
17291:
George, Alain (February 2012). "Orality, Writing and the Image in the Maqamat : Arabic Illustrated Books in Context".
15134:, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the
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in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan. In 1181,
317:
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respectively and contested with each other as well, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other.
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20915:
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Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin
20319:
Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.).
17679:
Graves, Margaret S. (2008). "Ceramic House Models from Medieval Persia: Domestic Architecture and Concealed Activities".
15303:
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influenced some of the inscriptions on Seljuk ceramic wares. Even mirrors, candlesticks, coins, and jugs manufactured in
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in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194.
49:
17:
17665:
Ceken, Muharrem. "Materials, Techniques, and Kilns Used in the Production of Seljuk and Beylik Period Glazed Tiles". In
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was the Sultan of all Seljuk lands except for Anatolia. He spent his reign conquering cities, destroying the citadel of
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practice are coherent with the Seljuk dynasty's focus on Islam and the promotion of Muslim orthodoxy, the combining of
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together with Baghdad and the whole of Iraq in 1126. In 1127, Imad al-Din Zengi was named Governor of Mosul, where the
2519:
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Paul, Jurgen (2008). "The Role of Khwarazm in Seljuq Central Asian Politics, Victories and Defeats:Two Case Studies".
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Durand-Guédy, David (2015). "Goodbye to the Türkmen? The Military Role of Nomads in Iran after the Saljuq Conquest".
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in the process, but was unable to hold any cities long enough to rebuild them. Toghrul III, however, was defeated by
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notably the Great Seljuk Empire. In the meantime, many Turkic rulers and tribespeople eventually converted to Islam.
1741:, a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near
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in 1071 marking a decisive turning point in the conflict in favour of the Seljuks, undermining the authority of the
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Mirbabaev, A.K. (1992). "The Islamic lands and their culture". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; Asimov, M. S. (eds.).
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Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
15064: • Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi".
15002:
The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War
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1749:, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor
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20865:
15354:
The Seljuk Empire was another Turco-Iranian state, and its creation was unexpected even by the Seljuks themselves.
14659:
4252:
became the language for historical recording, while the center of Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to
3277:) ordered his soldiers to prepare and to send to bring their tents, children and families to Iraq and to head to
1455:, under a commission from the Abbasid caliph. Iraq would remain under the control of the Seljuk Turks until 1135.
29250:
28513:
28053:
27889:
27884:
27623:
27250:
26442:
25890:
24982:
23843:
22548:
22295:
21565:
20945:
20752:
17798:
edited by Sheila R. Canby, D. Beyazit, and Martina Rugiadi, 163–176. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020.
17487:
Bloom, Jonathan N.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands.".
16095:
14951:
14058:
12102:
1918:
1448:
reports that Ibrahim brought back 100,000 captives and a vast booty loaded on the backs of ten thousand camels.
227:
23005:
16423:
1275:. The Seljuks supported the last Samanid emir against the Kara-Khanids before establishing an independent base.
29118:
28943:
28823:
28807:
28293:
28228:
28129:
28078:
27850:
27801:
27786:
27690:
27680:
27660:
27452:
27111:
26584:
26281:
26236:
26150:
26128:
26041:
25434:
22330:
22275:
21525:
20908:
20605:
15075:
3165:
28751:
27522:
27462:
28977:
28418:
28401:
28308:
28283:
28139:
28047:
28037:
26673:
26390:
26111:
25653:
25268:
24682:
24281:
21819:
21281:
18042:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16920765/ITOF?u=mlin_m_wellcol&sid=ITOF&xid=4ee5f15f. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
17220:
Mir'āt al-Zamān fī Ta'rīkh al-A' yan: al-Óawādith al-khā' a bi-ta'rīkh al-Salājiqa bayna al-sanawāt 1056–1086
14395:
14127:
14120:
12495:
12107:
10454:
8215:
8173:
6038:
1098:. The empire spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from
16152:
14654:
6069:
2945:. However, besides the Diwan, no works written in Turkic language survive from the Seljuk Empire. While the
1140:
During the formative phase of the empire, the Seljuks first advanced from their original homelands near the
28981:
28817:
28533:
28273:
28263:
28011:
27867:
27467:
26885:
26757:
26452:
26083:
26063:
25316:
24276:
24160:
22361:
22280:
17860:
Hillenbrand, Robert. "The Relationship Between Book Painting and Luxury Ceramics in 13th-Century Iran". In
17383:
with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v.}}
16462:
15228:
Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire
3727:
the historic shift away from the horizontal use of paper in many Qur'ans, also a 10th-century development.
2661:
2384:
as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured
28747:
3690:
2930:
28772:
28766:
28717:
28528:
28358:
28237:
27862:
26712:
26339:
26319:
26241:
26165:
25910:
25716:
24348:
24286:
23323:
22603:
22508:
18660:
17204:
Nomadic Military Power: Iran and Adjacent Areas in the Islamic Period, in K. Franz and W. Holzwarth (eds)
14410:
13041:
11129:
11089:
10737:
8293:
7891:
7862:
7833:
7821:
7804:
7775:
7531:
7452:
7419:
5163:
3831:
larger systems of belief. Some of the occult sciences that the Seljuks took special interest in included
3730:
Another example of a religious manuscript produced closer to the end of the period of Seljuk Rule is the
2905:
2612:
2225:
1725:. He suffered his first defeat in his long career, and as a result lost all Seljuk territory east of the
20488:
Gardet, Louis (1970). "Religion and Culture". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
15252:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600–1700)
4219:
Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area
2152:
took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and
29200:
28987:
28448:
28313:
27781:
27559:
27457:
26435:
26410:
26288:
26138:
25975:
25963:
25829:
25202:
21545:
20628:. Vol. IV: Part Two: The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Unesco.
6309:
6047:
3979:
1400:(1037–1038). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with Mahmud's successor, Mas'ud, across
15705:
Paul A. Blaum (2005). Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, A.D. 1047–57.
15041:
Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens".
8241:
6366:
3768:, some exclusively as decoration and others to indicate the end of particular lines of Qur'anic text.
3068:
The region of Iraq was under the control of the Seljuk Empire from 1055 to 1135, since the Oghuz Turk
2746:
29091:
28682:
28452:
28233:
28159:
28021:
27996:
27919:
27670:
27569:
27512:
26924:
26613:
26251:
26231:
25878:
24244:
23392:
22956:
22469:
21781:
21075:
17094:
11104:
10725:
7929:
7879:
7510:
7407:
4687:
3427:
3088:
2926:
2706:
had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks. Seljuk dominion was established over the ancient
2616:
2153:
1707:
1172:
20808:
18550:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"
16171:
15906:(the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949)
15427:
influenced by the traditions of the various empires and kingdoms that ruled China, Japan, and Korea.
12290:
9809:
7753:
7353:
6994:
6345:
3905:
3056:
and Malik-shah's widow, Terken Khatun, patronized the building of a madrasa to compete with Nazim's
28802:
28592:
28472:
28423:
28395:
28258:
27796:
27710:
27439:
26811:
26477:
26175:
26104:
25873:
25030:
24202:
24177:
24027:
23686:
23681:
22488:
22449:
22228:
21801:
21515:
21505:
21500:
21095:
21085:
21050:
19982:
19941:
19889:
19812:
19745:
19699:
19661:
16454:
16070:
14322:
13968:
13947:
10081:
10038:
7704:
7023:
6705:
5046:
4912:
4544:
3464:
3128:
2995:
2814:
2236:
1683:
20748:
Identity and Christian-Muslim Interaction: Medieval Art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area
20635:
Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382: From the Islamic Sources
17957:
The Art of the Saljuqs in Iran and Anatolia: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Edinburgh in 1982,
17598:Özcan, Koray. "The Anatolian Seljuk City: An Analysis of Early Turkish Urban Models in Anatolia".
14489:) as well as 'Iraq al-Arab (Arab Iraq), roughly the central and southern parts of present-day Iraq
12402:
12365:
12336:
6663:
3843:. A relevant occult manuscript from a later period of Seljuk influence in the 13th century is the
3804:
3189:
The army of the earliest Seljuks was not similar to the renowned Turkic military of the classical
3143:(1136–1160) managed to restore a high degree of independence and successfully resisted the Seljuk
29245:
29033:
29007:
28998:
28868:
28828:
28432:
28368:
28328:
28063:
27914:
27771:
27730:
26988:
26873:
26160:
26133:
26078:
26073:
25925:
25058:
25002:
24749:
24745:
24585:
24403:
24398:
24269:
24150:
23691:
23644:
23587:
23286:
23230:
22978:
22569:
22354:
22325:
22213:
22090:
21995:
21839:
21721:
21130:
21080:
20931:
20347:
18391:
18357:
16477:
15710:
14530:
13976:
12047:
11784:
11483:
11457:
10115:
9529:
7906:
6327:
3681:
3144:
3132:
3006:
represented a re-establishment of Sunni Islam in Iraq and western Persia since the 10th century.
2834:
2548:
2346:
1969:
1738:
1702:
by his brother Muhammad I. Over the next several years, Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of
1629:
1313:
Oghuz Turks (also known as Turkmens at the time), led by Seljuk's son, Musa and his two nephews,
1083:
1030:
63:
25920:
17566:
17427:
17273:
Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History
4059:
3969:
1780:, who sacked the city of Merv in 1221, killing 700,000 people according to contemporary sources
1360:, which served as one of their traditional pastures, but they were also encouraged by the local
1190:
The Seljuk Empire united the fractured political landscape in the non-Arab eastern parts of the
29205:
29123:
28762:
28503:
28458:
28182:
28144:
27872:
27628:
26668:
26608:
26596:
26489:
26346:
25839:
25762:
25709:
25295:
24653:
24630:
24445:
24341:
24291:
24192:
24187:
23875:
23823:
23743:
23676:
23580:
23565:
23458:
23225:
23179:
23020:
22907:
22748:
22724:
22498:
22401:
22305:
22065:
21090:
21025:
20404:
20167:
20095:
20059:
20023:
19966:
19925:
19873:
19837:
19796:
19729:
19683:
19581:
19509:
19473:
19437:
19401:
19330:
19294:
19179:
19128:
19083:
19036:
19000:
18933:
18794:
18655:
18598:
14905:
14743:
14737:
14273:
14138:
13939:
11800:
10473:
10096:
8918:
8310:
7312:
5789:
4779:
3965:
3961:
2915:
2778:. In the west, various cities, where the Seljuk rulers lived periodically, served as capitals:
2608:
2385:
2366:
2082:
1616:
1554:
1468:
1435:, uterine brother of Tughril, made their first incursion into the Byzantine frontier region of
807:
339:
294:
133:
119:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
70:
26663:
20131:
19545:
19258:
19215:
18892:
18843:
18753:
18313:
18155:
17970:
17022:
15870:
15165:
14695:
4128:
Seljuk period silk robe in Persian style, with birds motifs in medallions (11th–12th century).
3862:
challenges prevailing Islamic understandings of God while encouraging piety and invoking both
126:
28411:
28363:
28338:
28058:
27806:
27584:
27502:
27119:
27076:
26816:
26601:
26591:
26558:
26298:
26121:
25525:
25479:
25087:
24222:
24182:
23995:
23870:
22934:
22924:
22883:
22854:
22478:
22140:
22115:
22025:
21656:
21490:
20585:
Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.).
20268:
17997:
16992:
16435:
16411:
16359:
16117:
15360:
15194:
15149:
14776:
14769:
14510:
13852:
12330:
11998:
10765:
8337:
7519:
6691:
5033:
4482:
3923:
and the year 540, i.e. 1144. he work of (san‘at) Yunis b. al-Husayn al-Asturlabi year 539".
2833:
in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the
2807:
Islamic framework. Little of the public symbolism used by the Seljuks was Turkic, namely the
2098:
890:
534:
25731:
24110:
20461:. Vol. 4: The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press.
15666:
Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000): An Encyclopedia
15226:
15196:
Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan
2623:
also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah
1416:
143:
28962:
28864:
28757:
28697:
28672:
28651:
28631:
28604:
28406:
28348:
28243:
28006:
27971:
27735:
26917:
26752:
26747:
26732:
26678:
26623:
26507:
26366:
26351:
26199:
26116:
25930:
25678:
24741:
24460:
24415:
24315:
24145:
24115:
23990:
23921:
23892:
23811:
23145:
22983:
22973:
22719:
22714:
22671:
22075:
21922:
21457:
21255:
17955:
Allan, James. "Manuscript Illumination: A Source for Metalwork Motifs in Saljuq Times". In
15497:
13626:
8253:
8230:
4144:
4142:
Figures in Arab dress, with long robes, turbans and bare or sandalled feet, reading books.
4108:
4064:
3810:
3756:
3436:
2175:
dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the
2130:
1769:
1671:
1499:
1495:
1412:
1342:
602:
24095:
22778:
20395:
El-Azhari, Taef (2019). "The Seljuqs from Syria to Iran: The Age of Khatuns and Atabegs".
16008:
15282:
Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period
6005:
5744:
3928:
major centers of production were initially concentrated in the Khorasan region, including
3814:, is dated 1198, around the end of the Seljuk dynasty, and is generally attributed to the
3234:. After the rule of Malik-Shah I, however, there are very few mentions of Turkmens in the
2889:(King of Kings), and even used the old Buyid title of "Shahanshah of Islam." The title of
1538:
8:
28702:
28391:
28124:
28016:
27615:
27610:
27574:
27507:
27356:
27044:
26628:
26579:
26512:
26462:
26361:
26271:
26219:
26032:
26013:
25799:
25419:
25038:
24663:
24485:
24007:
23887:
23853:
23755:
23575:
23570:
23382:
23101:
23037:
22912:
22897:
22315:
22249:
22105:
21530:
21520:
21250:
21175:
18373:
18339:
18288:
17756:
17742:
17114:
16700:
16540:
16340:
15404:
The Seljuq Empire is nevertheless the foremost example of a Turko-Persian Islamic empire.
15335:
15270:-based music in the early 11th-century, in the period of the Turko-Persian Seljuk Empire.
14106:
13716:
12688:
11700:
9826:
8492:
7757:
7357:
6796:
6700:
6697:
6349:
6075:
5113:
4971:
4768:
4517:
4490:
4171:
bands on the upper sleeves. Clothing included tall boots, as well as various hats of the
4136:
3949:
3886:
3743:
3695:
2838:
2822:
2325:
2254:
2250:
1823:
1758:
1714:
1514:
1487:
1478:
1260:
1176:
793:
615:
351:
303:
23723:
23713:
22758:
10321:
4014:
Gold roundel, 11th century Iran. It "exemplifies the refinement of Seljuq goldsmithing".
2949:
was compiled from Turkic oral accounts, it was written in Persian and Arabic languages.
2404:, created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147.
2076:
The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.
834:
29066:
29028:
28973:
28968:
28873:
28788:
28428:
28288:
28248:
28088:
28083:
27981:
27966:
27725:
27527:
27348:
27317:
27210:
26967:
26799:
26742:
26722:
26635:
26524:
26467:
26263:
26185:
25851:
25772:
25767:
25414:
25263:
25236:
24470:
24363:
24120:
24100:
24083:
24034:
23899:
23708:
23659:
23592:
23510:
23451:
23446:
23441:
23397:
23367:
23259:
23157:
23025:
23000:
22704:
22265:
22218:
22085:
22000:
21985:
21942:
21897:
21761:
21550:
21336:
21225:
21185:
21110:
20955:
20578:
Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Underdevelopment
20418:
20256:
19622:
18634:
18511:
18503:
18449:
18237:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Metalwork; III. c. 1100–c. 1500.".
18203:
18201:
18094:
17840:
17712:
17704:
17469:
17227:
17157:
16442:
M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in
15937:
14968:
14862:
14223:
14094:
12034:
11344:
10379:
7717:
6420:
6356:
6024:
4122:
4082:
3699:
3344:
3102:(1118–1135), who wanted to acquire world dominance, in 1124 Mahmūd granted the city of
3031:
2942:
2771:
2751:
2660:
The Sultanate of Rum, the last remnants of the Seljuks in Anatolia, ended too with the
2321:
1889:
1682:
and initially took part in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew:
1612:
1440:
1338:
1203:
1153:
876:
654:
265:
18186:
17959:
edited by Robert Hillenbrand, 119–126. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh press, 1994.
10418:
8186:
8143:
8107:
4063:
work. Inlaid with silver, copper, and black bitumen. Late 12th century, Afghanistan. (
3913:. The globe mentions: "This globe includes all the stars mentioned in the book of the
29160:
29076:
28993:
28899:
28889:
28798:
28707:
28692:
28687:
28656:
28646:
28636:
28626:
28613:
28468:
28172:
27986:
27924:
27899:
27879:
27829:
27749:
27597:
27226:
27218:
27143:
27095:
26897:
26844:
26806:
26769:
26655:
26640:
26457:
26395:
26382:
26356:
26224:
26155:
26099:
26018:
25811:
25786:
25747:
25555:
25474:
25227:
24974:
24648:
24560:
24535:
24525:
24520:
24490:
24430:
24229:
24125:
24061:
24056:
23985:
23882:
23597:
23525:
23520:
23362:
23291:
23274:
23269:
23264:
23064:
23015:
22406:
22320:
21429:
21271:
21245:
21240:
21140:
21125:
21015:
21010:
20980:
20960:
20882:
20834:
20798:
20777:
20756:
20722:
20694:
20675:
20656:
20601:
20544:
20504:
20471:
20437:
20422:
20408:
20353:
20296:
20260:
20209:
20182:
20146:
20110:
20074:
20038:
19986:
19945:
19893:
19852:
19816:
19749:
19703:
19596:
19560:
19524:
19488:
19452:
19416:
19345:
19309:
19273:
19230:
19194:
19143:
19098:
19051:
19015:
18948:
18907:
18858:
18809:
18768:
18729:
18613:
18515:
18319:
18244:
18161:
18086:
18003:
17976:
17832:
17723:
17716:
17696:
17522:
17492:
17459:
17304:
17149:
17093:
in 1118, Zangi then entered the service of the Sultān's son and the new Seljuk ruler
17028:
16998:
16726:
16272:
16217:
16177:
15941:
15911:
15886:
15876:
15730:
15669:
15501:
15438:
15415:
15393:
15368:
15343:
15331:
15309:
15285:
15255:
15232:
15200:
15171:
14917:
14866:
14780:
14747:
14701:
14538:
14082:
13848:
13779:
12421:
12308:
11467:
11399:
10399:
9457:
8396:
8245:
8157:
8137:
8121:
8100:
7467:
7372:
7143:
6444:
6042:
5444:
4041:, a bronze cauldron decorated with human figures. From 1163 CE, Herat, Afghanistan. (
3881:
3815:
3723:
3711:
3526:
3361:
3255:
3107:
2669:
2643:
2639:
2489:
2377:
2341:
2317:
2253:
arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent
2213:
2203:
1878:
1762:
1750:
1526:
1420:
1349:
1330:
1161:
1044:
848:
779:
709:
492:
245:
18198:
15365:
High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, and the Pursuit of Transcendence in the Modern World
12715:
12699:
10440:
8202:
2600:; upon his death, Saladin married his widow, captured most of Syria and created the
29047:
29038:
28948:
28938:
28894:
28734:
28722:
28676:
28621:
28438:
28303:
28134:
28103:
27948:
27929:
27638:
27258:
26727:
26695:
26517:
26472:
26415:
26068:
25991:
25806:
25520:
25500:
25278:
25054:
25042:
25034:
25022:
24998:
24990:
24978:
24959:
24912:
24814:
24777:
24668:
24605:
24600:
24565:
24515:
24440:
24420:
24380:
24078:
23865:
23860:
23816:
23803:
23733:
23701:
23696:
23560:
23555:
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23498:
23431:
23414:
23355:
23345:
23340:
23281:
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23133:
23096:
22847:
22783:
22734:
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22396:
22310:
22238:
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21555:
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20248:
18495:
18078:
17692:
17688:
17562:
17423:
17330:
17300:
17141:
17090:
17080:
15493:
15327:
15277:
15054:
14960:
14854:
14458:
14430:
14200:
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13893:
13796:
13707:
13698:
13689:
13662:
13617:
13608:
13591:
12418:
11667:
10351:
8644:
7063:
6772:
6757:
6742:
6095:
5565:
4631:
4319:
4042:
4038:
3983:
3854:
3366:
3319:
3136:
3084:
3030:
was forced to flee to Mecca and Medina. In 1065, Alp Arslan campaigned against the
2647:
2597:
2553:
2464:
2417:
2397:
2389:
2309:
2176:
2118:
2090:
2049:
1793:
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1695:
1637:
1604:
1550:
1445:
1428:
1401:
1385:
1370:
1326:
1215:
1180:
1145:
1079:
751:
641:
422:
347:
343:
285:
274:
216:
25510:
24410:
18157:
The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261
18016:
12449:
9778:
6625:
5295:
5249:
3432:
3331:
successor states (generally included under the term "Seljuk period"), such as the
2646:, and the Seljuk Empire finally collapsed in 1194. Of the former Empire, only the
1521:
loyal to him. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the
1517:
generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as
29081:
29018:
28953:
28928:
28913:
28852:
28641:
28493:
28383:
28205:
27904:
27840:
27744:
27592:
27494:
27266:
27242:
27178:
27159:
27151:
27127:
27012:
26954:
26861:
26794:
26774:
26705:
26700:
26645:
26618:
26529:
26502:
26180:
26145:
25674:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
25356:
25333:
25306:
25046:
25018:
25014:
24986:
24955:
24892:
24849:
24832:
24658:
24620:
24555:
24540:
24510:
24505:
24500:
24495:
24480:
24475:
24465:
24455:
24435:
24425:
24393:
24296:
24264:
24137:
24105:
24088:
24044:
24039:
24017:
24012:
23970:
23963:
23938:
23798:
23793:
23634:
23515:
23409:
23404:
23372:
23197:
23187:
23081:
23074:
23069:
23054:
23010:
22892:
22878:
22808:
22768:
22300:
22243:
22183:
22173:
22135:
21877:
21570:
21369:
21326:
21308:
21145:
21115:
21020:
20995:
20950:
20746:
20595:
20498:
20431:
18315:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
18238:
17902:
17456:
Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
16430:
16416:
16364:
15964:
15931:
15385:
15154:
14596:
14287:
14259:
13957:
13770:
13761:
13743:
13680:
13653:
13644:
12984:
12359:
11029:
10668:
4347:
4193:
3919:
after modifying them in proportion with the interval between the calculations of
3685:
3486:
3315:
2952:
Steppe traditions influenced Seljuk marriages, with Tughril marrying his brother
2922:
2852:
2372:
2298:
2270:
2266:
1160:, filling up the power vacuum that had been caused by struggles between the Arab
1149:
988:
932:
434:
56:
23718:
18499:
18269:
18257:
17386:
14771:
Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict
11754:
11050:
11012:
9794:
6981:
4237:
3634:
Bowl with enthroned figure and horsemen (Late 12th, early 13th centuries, Iran).
3483:), which also became characteristic of later mosques in this region and beyond.
2986:
Panel of al-Khatun (the lady) Fatima bint Zahir al-Din, 11th–12th century, Iran.
2572:
1557:, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of
28923:
28443:
28268:
27756:
27720:
27383:
27301:
27234:
27060:
26717:
26497:
26420:
26053:
25821:
25782:
25668:
25565:
25545:
25439:
25424:
25389:
25290:
25062:
25050:
25026:
25006:
24967:
24916:
24877:
24782:
24772:
24691:
24625:
24610:
24590:
24575:
24570:
24545:
24530:
24450:
24388:
24371:
24239:
24234:
24197:
24172:
24155:
24066:
24051:
24022:
23980:
23828:
23788:
23783:
23738:
23664:
23624:
23614:
23604:
23419:
23298:
23192:
23059:
22941:
22818:
22753:
22661:
22493:
22377:
22260:
22223:
22045:
21980:
21854:
21706:
21691:
21661:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21379:
21230:
21220:
21180:
20965:
19648:
18722:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin)
18717:
16385:
15850:
14946:
14942:
14454:
14415:
14280:
13879:
13869:
13752:
13734:
13725:
13671:
13635:
13429:
13405:
11704:
11077:
11001:
10019:
8979:
7792:
6335:
5781:
5731:
5583:
5004:
4241:
4233:
3760:
3694:("Compendium of the languages of the Turks"), a Turkish-Arab dictionary by the
3582:
3541:
3468:
3210:
3119:
2673:
2362:
2358:
2086:
2007:
1907:
1867:
1834:
1645:
1491:
1436:
1366:
1256:
1199:
1134:
960:
862:
256:
77:
20540:
20378:
20346:
Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016).
20252:
17473:
17145:
16604:(John Perry. "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran".
14858:
2684:
2653:
The Khwarazmian Empire took over as the dominant power in the region, but the
29179:
29154:
29058:
29043:
29013:
28958:
28838:
28793:
28742:
28712:
27415:
27274:
26996:
26849:
26789:
26690:
26430:
26425:
26058:
26003:
25601:
25591:
25394:
25283:
25182:
25137:
25010:
24932:
24928:
24898:
24842:
24827:
24792:
24699:
24615:
24595:
24580:
24320:
24207:
24002:
23975:
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23926:
23904:
23671:
23639:
23483:
23436:
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23242:
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22503:
22459:
22255:
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22100:
21932:
21917:
21849:
21608:
21374:
21346:
21331:
21291:
21190:
21045:
21030:
20985:
18090:
17907:
The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.
17836:
17700:
17153:
16393:
15717:
15412:
A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen
15161:
14921:
14842:
14666:
14636:
14534:
14347:
14336:
13929:
13528:
13261:
12843:
12767:
12427:
11712:
11407:
10780:
10366:
10066:
8949:
7850:
7387:
7325:
7115:
6002:
5836:
5741:
5087:
4602:
4149:
4113:
3910:
3894:
3875:
3202:
3124:
3099:
3076:
2977:
2897:
2855:
2848:
2242:
2232:
1980:
1691:
1596:
1452:
1334:
1299:
1232:
1195:
1184:
1165:
1091:
946:
737:
628:
427:
23748:
23728:
20528:
20368:
17864:. edited by Robert Hillenbrand, 134–139. Costa mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1994.
17627:
16021:
Tertius Chandler & Gerald Fox, "3000 Years of Urban Growth", pp. 232–236
14964:
14568:
3501:
Another architectural form that flourished during the Seljuk period was the
1473:
29086:
29071:
29023:
28932:
28477:
28343:
27766:
27715:
27423:
27407:
27391:
27333:
26821:
26779:
26405:
25856:
25580:
25366:
24994:
24936:
24920:
24882:
24734:
24704:
24212:
23953:
23943:
23909:
23838:
23833:
23760:
23550:
23532:
23493:
23488:
23468:
23463:
23335:
23328:
23318:
23313:
23308:
23202:
23140:
23121:
23106:
23042:
22828:
22773:
22558:
22473:
22444:
22178:
22145:
22125:
22030:
21937:
21892:
21869:
21786:
21681:
21598:
21588:
21480:
21215:
21210:
21200:
21160:
21100:
21065:
20990:
17098:
15890:
14579:) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of
14310:
14022:
13989:
13918:
13483:
13365:
13318:
13010:
12029:
12015:
10797:
10743:
10718:
10707:
9765:
9547:
9216:
8906:
8299:
7936:
7895:
7866:
7837:
7808:
7779:
7535:
7456:
7425:
7148:
7098:
7083:
6716:
6102:
5817:
5764:
5282:
4925:
4745:
4709:
4700:
4467:
3706:
One example of a manuscript created during Seljuk rule is a thirty-volume (
3565:
3506:
3300:
3206:
3190:
3092:
3083:. Iraq remained under the control of the Great Seljuks during the reign of
2901:
2795:
2775:
2762:
2727:
2424:
2217:
2149:
2114:
2038:
1998:
1989:
1929:
1807:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1588:
1578:
1432:
1317:
and Chaghri, were one of several groups of the Oghuz who made their way to
1252:
1191:
1115:
1111:
331:
20900:
17084:
15058:
14947:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
11758:
4185:, where many more illustrations are available, especially in manuscripts.
2305:, who had recaptured it in 1098 just before its capture by the crusaders.
1506:. A retaliatory strike by the Seljuk Amir Ahmad defeated the Georgians at
29164:
29128:
28879:
28564:
28487:
28318:
26685:
25996:
25570:
25222:
25167:
24872:
24802:
23931:
23916:
23765:
23478:
23387:
23377:
23303:
22951:
22946:
22813:
22533:
22513:
22411:
22270:
22203:
22155:
22120:
22095:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22040:
22035:
21990:
21970:
21962:
21791:
21776:
21726:
21716:
21671:
21628:
21404:
21399:
21364:
21165:
21120:
21060:
20589:. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
20330:
The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri
20323:. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
16739:
15081:
14580:
13961:
13447:
12392:
11379:
11117:
10997:
10810:
9201:
8279:
7949:
7919:
6084:
5992:
5845:
5812:
5330:
5257:
5232:
4422:
4359:
4332:
4249:
3957:
3658:
3510:
3460:
3332:
3218:
3069:
3053:
3014:
2999:
2961:
2953:
2910:
2843:
2830:
2766:
2731:
2631:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2164:
2016:
1898:
1546:
1534:
1353:
1322:
1264:
1236:
1130:
1126:
1095:
1087:
1002:
974:
566:
454:
355:
354:
became a vassal state in 1089, for half a century, before falling to the
18507:
17844:
17708:
17374:
17161:
16654:
16230:
15915:
3718:
script, a sharp, vertical script. The dominant use of New Style in this
2101:
was proclaimed sultan but his reign was contested by his three brothers
28518:
27909:
27431:
27399:
27325:
27293:
27103:
25550:
25515:
25371:
25351:
25346:
25341:
25212:
24550:
23958:
23775:
23649:
23609:
23542:
22803:
22793:
22538:
22483:
22439:
22150:
21975:
21907:
21902:
21829:
21811:
21771:
21756:
21736:
21701:
21686:
21648:
21638:
21623:
21613:
21580:
21467:
21394:
21170:
21070:
21000:
20312:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800
18289:"Incense Burner of Amir Saif al-Dunya wa'l-Din ibn Muhammad al-Mawardi"
18098:
18066:
15435:
Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond
14972:
14572:
14564:
14551:
14514:
14298:
14247:
14174:
14034:
12684:
12465:
12325:
12304:
11989:
11722:
10820:
10753:
10053:
9491:
9240:
8704:
8351:
8330:
7959:
7473:
7440:
7377:
7125:
7043:
6677:
6396:
6370:
5211:
5159:
5060:
4978:
4938:
4934:
4885:
4859:
4573:
4388:
4245:
3653:
3619:
3545:
3314:
The process of mamluk recruitment are well known from other periods in
3308:
3140:
3027:
2938:
2885:
2699:
2517:
Seljuk warrior figurine (12th century), and Turkoman soldiers from the
2460:
2172:
2126:
2102:
1947:
1687:
1584:
1522:
1464:
1381:
1361:
1294:
1268:
1183:
in the remaining parts of Anatolia and gradually enabling the region's
1107:
1016:
904:
723:
25177:
21354:
20879:
The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History
20653:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
17332:
Clothing viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongol invasion
16214:
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
15305:
Empire of Salons: Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands
14527:
14046:
12379:
12052:
3847:, otherwise known as the "Rules of Astrologers", while another is the
3648:
Pages from a Seven-part Quran, Iran, late 11th cen. Khalili Collection
2883:
In most of their coins, the Seljuk sultans used the Sasanian title of
2698:
Seljuk power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the
1757:
in the ancient region of Qūmes. The province was finally conquered by
1231:
The founder of the dynasty was Seljuk, a warlord, who belonged to the
27644:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
27364:
27341:
27135:
27068:
27036:
25596:
25575:
25540:
25535:
25484:
25444:
25429:
25399:
25302:
25253:
25162:
24924:
24837:
24797:
24718:
24714:
23848:
23619:
23503:
23473:
23254:
23128:
22919:
22788:
22743:
22676:
22454:
22434:
22070:
22020:
21952:
21887:
21834:
21824:
21796:
21731:
21676:
21666:
21603:
21593:
21439:
21316:
21276:
21205:
21055:
20771:
20430:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
20293:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130
20031:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)
19445:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)
17454:
Starr, S. Frederick (2013). "Tremors under the Dome of Seljuk Rule".
15770:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
15107:
14904:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).
14162:
14010:
13834:
13810:
13582:
13492:
12038:
11736:
11686:
11366:
11149:
11054:
9186:
9174:
8496:
6057:
6032:
5808:
5299:
5253:
4403:
4309:
3975:
3836:
3765:
3674:
3556:
3397:
3265:
2875:
Head with a beaded headdress, 12th–early 13th century, Seljuk period
2858:
2818:
2703:
2693:
2635:
2469:
2294:
2286:
2168:
1856:
1726:
1718:
1621:
1530:
1439:
and clashed with a combined Byzantine-Georgian army of 50,000 at the
1307:
1303:
1272:
1240:
918:
480:
470:
387:
236:
25585:
20203:
18549:
18530:
18082:
17351:
12980:
12479:
12098:
4159:
The general clothing style attributed to the Seljuks is that of the
3311:
armies. In fact, the Ghaznavid dynasty was itself of mamluk origin.
3268:(1132–1168), a Seljuk ruler in Anatolia, on horseback firing arrows.
2396:
against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade.
1784:; however, modern scholarship holds such figures to be exaggerated.
1171:
The subsequent Seljuk expansion into eastern Anatolia triggered the
28554:
27894:
27776:
27028:
26541:
25868:
25627:
25560:
25505:
25454:
25409:
25258:
25232:
25207:
25157:
25132:
24949:
24762:
24726:
24710:
23249:
23032:
22990:
22929:
22823:
22709:
22666:
22652:
22130:
22110:
21711:
21535:
21449:
21384:
21155:
20827:
19975:
19934:
19882:
19805:
19738:
19692:
19654:
16858:
16856:
15756:, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 524.
15250:
Gencer, A. Yunus (2017). Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (eds.).
14670:
14640:
14618:
14584:
14450:
14235:
13904:
13806:
13519:
13456:
13286:
13084:
12737:
12077:
11740:
11708:
9553:
8392:
4208:
4182:
4173:
4102:
3929:
3915:
3832:
3793:
3561:
3502:
3490:
3479:
3392:
3340:
3304:
3243:
3231:
2735:
2719:
2707:
2620:
2538:
2485:
2412:
2393:
2381:
2333:
2180:
2160:
2142:
2122:
1608:
1542:
1397:
1389:
1357:
1211:
1141:
1099:
821:
765:
523:
381:
335:
26551:
22346:
20103:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
19517:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
19187:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
18560:
17825:
Bulletin of the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology
17823:
Ettinghausen, Richard (1935). "A Signed and Dated Seljuq Qur'an".
15731:"Dhu'l Qa'da 463/ August 1071 The Battle of Malazkirt (Manzikert)"
15094: • Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998).
13824:
11439:
9718:
2262:
1562:
1451:
In 1055, Tughril entered Baghdad and removed the influence of the
29097:
27020:
25637:
25617:
25530:
25147:
25142:
25122:
25075:
24944:
24862:
24807:
24787:
24767:
24757:
24722:
23162:
23091:
23047:
22902:
22763:
22010:
22005:
21947:
21882:
21766:
21751:
21618:
21495:
21485:
21434:
21040:
19979:
19938:
19886:
19809:
19742:
19696:
19658:
17794:
Peacock, A. C. S. "A Seljuq Occult Manuscript and its World". In
17073:"Musul ve Halep Valisi İmâdeddin Zengi'nin Haçlılarla Mücadelesi"
15183:
14576:
14211:
13998:
13573:
13537:
13501:
13474:
13465:
13438:
13257:
12828:
12816:
12086:
11770:
11429:
11017:
10746:
10677:
10310:
10010:
9746:
8302:
7898:
7869:
7840:
7811:
7782:
7538:
7490:
7459:
7428:
6667:
4178:
3920:
3840:
3777:
3707:
3451:
3336:
3296:
3274:
3214:
3042:
3035:
3010:
2934:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2665:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2534:
2481:
2456:
2337:
2313:
2302:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2246:
2110:
1845:
1814:
1746:
1625:
1592:
1558:
1377:
1314:
1289:
1214:
in the west. The last surviving Seljuk sultanate to fall was the
1207:
1157:
1122:
553:
405:
393:
207:
22963:
20429:
18761:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4 (Âşik Ömer – Bâlâ Külli̇yesi̇)
18488:
Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts of the City of Detroit
18393:
Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs – MetPublications
18359:
Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs – MetPublications
18275:
18263:
18207:
17392:
16853:
14845:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo".
3622:
great basin signed by Abu Zayd al-Kashani in 1191, Kashan, Iran.
3063:
2089:, escaped Malikshāh's imprisonment and claimed authority in the
28903:
28223:
27052:
26546:
25739:
25734:
25663:
25622:
25404:
25361:
25311:
25172:
25127:
25117:
25101:
25095:
25080:
25070:
24906:
24867:
24857:
24822:
22995:
22870:
22695:
22681:
22578:
22421:
21912:
21844:
21475:
21409:
21321:
21035:
20738:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
20005:
19629:
18666:
18640:
17587:
Turkish Art and Architecture: From the Seljuks to the Ottomans.
16458:
16041:
16039:
13564:
13555:
13546:
13350:
13069:
12824:
12491:
12483:
12461:
12439:
11750:
11046:
10816:
10700:
9512:
8347:
8326:
7955:
7925:
7744:
7738:
7506:
6652:
6304:
5748:
5189:
4952:
4764:
4486:
4418:
4350:
3999:
3953:
3937:
3863:
3797:
3782:
3715:
3569:
3514:
3473:
3456:
3447:
3247:
3198:
3073:
3052:. In the madrasas he built, he patronized Shafi'is. The vizier
3017:
founded a madrasa in Merv. Tughril and Alp Arslan chose Hanafi
2808:
2624:
2561:
2444:
2436:
2401:
2258:
2184:
2138:
2094:
2060:
1773:
1754:
1662:
1566:
1518:
1103:
458:
440:
368:
26909:
20470:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 159, 161.
15519:
11348:
10325:
9461:
1477:
15th-century French miniature depicting the combatants of the
1348:
Around 1034, Tughril and Chaghri were soundly defeated by the
64:
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Court_and_Cosmos
27761:
25632:
25217:
25152:
24887:
23629:
22391:
21741:
21633:
21560:
21510:
21359:
21005:
20492:. Vol. 2B. Cambridge University Press. pp. 569–603.
20139:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)
19553:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)
19223:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)
16299:
16297:
16216:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188, Map 4.
15775:
15605:. Martin-Luther Universität, Halle-Wittemberg. pp. 1–17.
14486:
14150:
13838:
13820:
13510:
13335:
12820:
12487:
11425:
11006:
10830:
8430:
5423:
4253:
4167:
4096:
3944:
3933:
3819:
3719:
3670:
3666:
3278:
3238:
region of the state, especially in their traditional axis of
3235:
3209:, the sovereign had a large army at his disposal. There were
3115:
3103:
2957:
2891:
2759:
2723:
2585:
2576:
Map of the territory directly held by the Seljuks in 1180 CE.
2565:
2557:
2524:
2188:
1958:
1938:
1777:
1600:
1507:
1405:
1248:
20529:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design"
18067:"Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq"
17796:
The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture, and History,
16484:
16176:. New York : Rizzoli. pp. 91, 92, 162 commentary.
16036:
16024:
15844:
15842:
15840:
15838:
14885:
3254:
Turkmens' limitations are adeptly described by Arab scholar
2125:
made a claim to the throne but was killed in battle against
1306:
in Iran, which serves as the tomb of the first Seljuk ruler
134:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013432.pdf
120:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/29/C29009546.pdf
113:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013431.pdf
106:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/27/C27008916.pdf
99:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015915.pdf
92:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015912.pdf
85:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/26/C26008628.pdf
71:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/25/C25008111.pdf
27541:
27004:
26940:
25673:
25449:
22165:
21927:
20975:
20719:
Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257
20397:
Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257
20159:
17240:
16514:
Bingham, Woodbridge, Hilary Conroy and Frank William Iklé,
16424:
Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries
15772:, Vol. I, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 334.
15266:
Turkish music completed its transformation into completely
15219:
Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
11416:
4161:
4090:
3823:
3494:
3440:
3239:
3111:
3091:(1118–1131) was restricted to the only rule of Iraq, while
2876:
2779:
2715:
2711:
2106:
1742:
1734:
1703:
1503:
1393:
1318:
1244:
399:
127:
https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/3/C03001268.pdf
22839:
20345:
19302:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye)
18470:
18455:
18192:
18022:
17729:
17345:
17131:
16843:
16841:
16814:
16787:
16745:
16681:
16660:
16294:
16236:
15787:
15021:
8391:
The comparative genealogy of the Great Seljuks with their
3282:
them and to go back to the place which is assigned to us."
1373:, the province considered a jewel in the Ghaznavid crown.
28519:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
20794:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
19136:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh)
18051:
Peacock, Andrew. "Nusrat al-fatrah wa-usrat al-fitrah" .
16804:
16802:
16671:
16669:
16644:
16642:
15835:
15621:
15138:
of the Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."
9233:
Yûsuf, Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah
20457:
Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Samanids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
19266:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa)
18174:
17999:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
16994:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
16945:
16885:
16701:"Panel of al-Khatun (the lady) Fatima bint Zahir al-Din"
16575:
16376:*C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in
16193:
15582:
15536:
15534:
15330:(2015). "Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests". In
15143:
Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century
3853:, or the "Fine Points of Eternal Truths", dating to the
3396:
headgear, the three-quarters length robe, and boots, at
2475:
1713:
In 1141, Ahmad marched to eliminate the threat posed by
1427:
had sent Tughril a diploma recognizing Seljuk rule over
20175:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
20067:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
19790:
19788:
19786:
19784:
19782:
19780:
19778:
19589:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
19481:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
19044:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
18851:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve)
17972:
Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
17608:
17252:
17183:
16933:
16921:
16909:
16875:
16873:
16871:
16838:
16496:
16242:
16051:
15823:
14804:
C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in
14714:
3041:
In 1092, Malik-shah built the Jami al-Sultan Mosque in
2676:, would eventually rise to power and conquer the rest.
25659:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
18606:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 25 (Kasti̇lya – Ki̇le)
18240:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
18160:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1997. pp. 384–385.
18133:
17589:
New York and London: Abbeville Press Publishers, 2010.
17489:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
16957:
16799:
16775:
16666:
16639:
16627:
16321:
16309:
16282:
15811:
15689:
15687:
15685:
15633:
15490:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
14873:
14847:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
14700:. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated. p. 135.
3874:
The western area of the Seljuk realm including Syria,
3702:, written in Seljuk Baghdad in 1072–74 CE (1266 copy).
2336:, 300 Alans and 100 French Crusaders to fight against
2206:, the Seljuk ruler during the First Crusade, from the
1352:
Ali Tegin and his allies, forcing them to escape from
18802:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 26 (Ki̇li̇ – Kütahya)
16826:
16751:
16563:
15910:
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639
15799:
15609:
15570:
15546:
15531:
15456:
2400:, one of Zengi's sons who succeeded him as atabeg of
2257:(First Crusade), which took important cities such as
25110:
19775:
19646:
18715:
18396:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. pp. 99–100.
17275:. Albany, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 240–241.
16897:
16868:
16595:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
15009:
14811:
14608:
Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
3960:
forms. The most sophisticated works were created by
3497:
of the Friday mosque of Isfahan (early 12th century)
3098:
In order to counter the ambitions of Abbasid Caliph
3087:(1082–1118 CE), but from 1119, his 14 years old son
20021:
19573:
19537:
19435:
19328:
19292:
19256:
19177:
19034:
18596:
17669:. Istanbul: Kale Group Cultural Publications, 2008.
16969:
16521:
16087:
15682:
15645:
15558:
15004:, (Cambridge University Press, 1977), 151, 231–234.
9180:
Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
3013:built the madrasa, al-Sultaniya in Nishapur, while
2900:of those areas. According to the 12th-century poet
2328:gathered 40,000 Georgian warriors, including 5,000
1698:. In 1096, he was tasked to govern the province of
1321:between about 1020 and 1040, first moving south to
20826:
20594:Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1982).
20558:Johanson, Lars; Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató (2015).
20388:By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia
19677:
19675:
19673:
19671:
18900:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2 (Ahlâk – Amari̇)
17552:
17413:
16551:
15483:
15414:. State University of New York Press. p. 98.
14768:
3909:Seljuk celestial globe with stand, Iran, 1144–45,
20520:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning
20332:. Translated by Luther, Kenneth Allin. Routledge.
20273:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
19845:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
19409:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
19338:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
19126:
19091:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
19008:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
18941:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
16763:
16140:The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History
15925:
15923:
13420:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3127:confronted the subordinate Seljuk Sultan of Iraq
3114:, and conferred him the Military Governorship of
29177:
20651:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
20557:
20181:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.
20145:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406.
20109:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351.
20073:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342.
20037:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372.
19851:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371.
19595:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.
19559:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406.
19523:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351.
19487:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342.
19451:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372.
19395:
19393:
19391:
19389:
19387:
19385:
19383:
19381:
19344:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 507–511.
19308:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 579–581.
19272:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516.
19097:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 385–386.
19077:
19075:
19073:
19071:
19069:
19067:
19050:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 446–449.
18947:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371.
18890:
18857:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186.
18808:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 480–481.
18728:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325.
17458:. Princeton University Press. pp. 381–435.
15525:
15108:Lars Johanson; Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson (2015).
15088:. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center.
14903:
2754:, one of the capitals of the Great Seljuk Empire
2301:. The Seljuks had already lost Jerusalem to the
27580:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
20500:The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran Vol. 6
20399:. Edinburg University Press. pp. 285–348.
19668:
19465:
19429:
19379:
19377:
19375:
19373:
19371:
19369:
19367:
19365:
19363:
19361:
19229:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 399-400.
19122:
19120:
19118:
19116:
19114:
19014:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 377-379.
18927:
18925:
18923:
18486:Weibel, Adèle Coulin (1935). "Seljuk Fabrics".
17324:
17322:
17320:
17318:
17070:
16396:: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739
16096:"'Miraculous Victory:' Battle of Didgori, 1121"
15997:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 60.
15390:The Steppe Tradition in International Relations
3943:Made of bronze or brass, objects could also be
3325:
2921:Tughril relied on his vizier to translate from
2580:After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general
2407:
2159:Elsewhere in nominal Seljuk territory were the
1431:. In 1048–1049, the Seljuk Turks, commanded by
27666:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
27565:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
20847:
20349:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
20234:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2005). "Šahrbānu".
19919:
19917:
19915:
19913:
19911:
19909:
19501:
19193:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57.
18994:
18992:
18990:
18988:
18986:
18984:
18651:
18649:
18612:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 73–74.
18276:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
18264:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
18208:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
17909:District of Columbia: Smithsonian Books, 2016.
17749:
17393:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
16862:
15920:
15167:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
14941:
14830:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
14533:ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
3295:The alternative to nomadic Turkmen troops was
2664:through the 1260s, and was divided into small
2293:). In 1099 the crusaders finally captured the
1782:during their catastrophic invasion of Khwarazm
1392:, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture
330:Seljuk Empire circa 1090, during the reign of
57:http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrbanu
27448:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
26925:
25717:
24349:
22855:
22362:
20916:
20864:
20820:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 39–62.
20650:
20496:
19958:
19829:
19723:
19721:
19719:
19252:
19250:
19248:
19246:
19064:
18982:
18980:
18978:
18976:
18974:
18972:
18970:
18968:
18966:
18964:
18767:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 92-93.
18580:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
18554:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
16303:
15482:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009),
15432:
15231:. University of California Press. p. 5.
15027:
14906:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
14375:
5364:
5054:(daughter of Kirman-Shah, son of Arslan-Shah)
3741:A Seljuk manuscript on astrological figures:
3064:Control over the Abassids in Iraq (1055–1135)
2544:The breakaway states and dynasties included:
2352:
1152:, where they would become largely based as a
677:3,900,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi)
181:
27:Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim empire (1037–1194)
28524:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
25692:State with limited international recognition
24312:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
20593:
20566:
20165:
20057:
19964:
19923:
19835:
19609:
19579:
19543:
19507:
19471:
19358:
19213:
19207:
19173:
19171:
19169:
19167:
19165:
19163:
19161:
19159:
19111:
19081:
18998:
18931:
18920:
18792:
18788:
18786:
18784:
18693:
18691:
18112:
18110:
18108:
18034:Massoudy, Hassan. "The Calligrapher's Art".
17822:
17315:
17201:
17027:. Georgetown University Press. p. 118.
16541:"Head from a Figure with a Beaded Headdress"
16269:Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World
16169:
15793:
15384:
15199:. Council on Foreign Relations. p. 79.
15104:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
15000:P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis,
14731:
14729:
5049:and Gawhar Khatun, and former wife of Dawud)
4088:Seljuk period figures in Turkic dress, with
2194:
1669:seated on his throne, from the 14th-century
78:https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musa-yabgu
27634:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
20930:
20818:The Seljuqs: Politics, Society, and Culture
20526:
20517:
20233:
19999:
19906:
19727:
19415:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387.
19142:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510.
18906:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 196.
18677:
18675:
18646:
18626:
17969:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (14 August 2008).
17862:The Art of the Seljuqs in Iran and Anatolia
17411:
17357:
17089:Staying in Mosul until the death of Sultān
16820:
16211:
16157:Online Collection of the Walters Art Museum
16115:
15940:: Cambridge University Press. p. 368.
15433:Cupane, Carolina; Krönung, Bettina (2016).
15392:. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
15342:. Cambridge University Press. p. 373.
14513:ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn
14406:List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire
4511:(daughter of Isa Khan, Sultan of Samarkand)
3891:Syriac Gospels (British Library, Add. 7170)
3885:shared many characteristics with Christian
3347:, and are documented in their manuscripts.
2129:in February 1096. Upon his death, his sons
1611:defended Seljuk' interests in Syria in the
29186:States and territories established in 1037
28140:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
28002:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
27518:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
26932:
26918:
25724:
25710:
24356:
24342:
22862:
22848:
22369:
22355:
20923:
20909:
20644:Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation
20245:Comparative Studies in Society and History
19716:
19243:
18961:
18841:
18751:
18711:
18709:
18707:
18592:
18590:
18588:
18236:
18064:
17486:
17335:. Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 760–778.
17232:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
17177:Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation
16720:
16453:, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and
16271:, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996,
15908:History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125
15875:(in German). S. Hirzel. pp. 856–857.
15766:Georgian-Saljuk Wars (11th–13th Centuries)
15481:
15308:. Princeton University Press. p. 46.
15192:
14800:
14798:
14796:
14382:
14368:
5371:
5357:
5324:
5276:
5226:
5138:
5081:
5027:
4998:
4906:
4853:
4815:
4739:
4681:
4677:Mughith ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah
4625:
4596:
4567:
4538:
4461:
4382:
4303:
3869:
3808:The first known illustrated manuscript of
3796:during the Seljuk period would often bear
2998:, Iran, added in 1088–89 by Seljuk vizier
2416:Map depicting military actions during the
1376:After moving into Khorasan, Seljuks under
1278:
27649:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
22234:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
20716:
20623:
20600:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20394:
20366:
20290:
20168:"Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul b. Arslanşah b. Tuğrul"
19642:
19640:
19638:
19582:"Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
19156:
18884:
18837:
18835:
18833:
18831:
18829:
18827:
18825:
18781:
18688:
18556:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
18466:
18464:
18362:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 94.
18105:
17757:"Bowl with Enthroned Figure and Horsemen"
17567:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T060413
17512:
17510:
17508:
17428:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T075354
17369:
17218:al-Jawzi, Sibt (1968). Sevim, Ali (ed.).
16951:
16581:
16199:
16142:, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
16045:
16030:
15933:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
15781:
15359:
14997:(Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 1–328
14726:
14426:Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
3095:took control of the rest of the Empire.
2451:, as well as the nomadic invasion of the
1384:. Initially the Seljuks were repulsed by
1259:. By 999, the Samanids had fallen to the
1226:
1121:The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
27468:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
24639:
20872:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20850:The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran
20744:
20632:
20626:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
20614:
20465:
20405:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423182.003.0007
20385:
20327:
20318:
20242:
20201:
19865:
18747:
18745:
18672:
18566:
18180:
18139:
18116:
17968:
17649:Oktay, Aslanapa. "Turkish Ceramic Art".
17217:
17174:
17071:Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel (30 June 2020).
16939:
16927:
16915:
16891:
16502:
16490:
16451:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
16263:
16261:
16259:
16257:
16248:
15992:
15829:
15707:International Journal of Kurdish Studies
15663:
15627:
15449:Seljuk(s) medieval Turko-Persian dynasty
15409:
15326:
15130:and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock,
15102:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
15096:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
15072:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
14891:
14879:
4457:Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah
4072:
4026:Seljuk gold necklace, 11th century Iran.
3904:
3803:
3736:
3680:
3643:
3549:
3485:
3431:
3260:
2989:
2981:
2870:
2813:
2745:
2683:
2571:
2411:
2198:
1661:
1502:, who successfully took the fortress of
1472:
1356:. Initially, the Seljuks took refuge in
1293:
45:lists the same citations more than once.
28254:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
24136:
22081:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
20971:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
20736:Green, Nile (2019). Green, Nile (ed.).
20691:The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty
20669:
20641:
20584:
20497:Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2014).
20336:
19871:
19322:
19129:"TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I"
19028:
18704:
18585:
18481:
18479:
18311:
18232:
18230:
18228:
18226:
18224:
18222:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18150:
18148:
17936:Ekhtiyar, Maryam. "The Arabic Script".
17898:
17896:
17894:
17892:
17890:
17790:
17661:
17659:
17614:
17449:
17447:
17445:
17443:
17270:
17258:
17246:
17189:
17051:Islamic Art (Volume 20 of World of art)
16847:
16832:
16808:
16793:
16781:
16716:
16714:
16687:
16675:
16648:
16633:
16327:
16315:
16288:
16093:
15868:
15805:
15615:
15588:
15576:
15552:
15540:
15462:
15367:. Oxford University Press. p. 96.
15301:
15275:
15040:
14988:
14793:
14720:
14421:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
4960:(daughter of Amid ud-Dawla ibn Juhayir)
4735:Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah
4592:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah
2801:
1481:in contemporary Western European armour
1255:, was under the nominal control of the
1137:, the uncle of the aforementioned two.
14:
29178:
27792:History of democracy in classical Iran
26654:
22336:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
20876:
20870:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
20790:
20769:
20527:Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010).
20487:
20433:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
20309:
19635:
19286:
18822:
18541:
18485:
18461:
17951:
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17516:
17505:
17407:
17405:
17403:
17401:
17290:
17286:
17284:
17282:
17066:
17064:
17024:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
17020:
17016:
17014:
16986:
16984:
16963:
16757:
16569:
15249:
14995:Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture
14817:
14742:. Cambridge University Press. p.
14735:
4378:Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah
3785:, a couple examples of common themes.
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1283:
1251:in 985. Khwarezm, administered by the
1239:. He led his clan to the banks of the
310:
292:
28590:
28514:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
28299:Iran and the World Trade Organization
28203:
27946:
27827:
26952:
26913:
25705:
24337:
22843:
22350:
20904:
20735:
20712:. University of North Carolina Press.
20688:
20597:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War
20281:
20129:
20093:
19794:
19681:
19399:
18742:
18547:
18528:
18038:, vol. 48, no. 4, Apr. 1995, p. 19+.
17480:
17453:
16527:
16518:, Vol.1, (Allyn and Bacon, 1964), 98.
16254:
16057:
15959:
15957:
15929:
15817:
15728:
15693:
15668:. Taylor & Francis. p. 546.
15651:
15639:
15477:
15475:
15473:
15471:
15340:The Cambridge World History, Volume 5
15015:
14993:Christian Lange; Songül Mecit, eds.,
14766:
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6108:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6082:
6080:
6054:
6052:
6030:
6028:
6012:
6010:
5991:
5947:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5907:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5805:
5788:
5786:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5730:
5674:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
2476:Conquest by Khwarezm and the Ayyubids
2427:fought to contain the revolts by the
2058:
2036:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1865:
1821:
1812:
1787:
1090:empire, established and ruled by the
301:
254:
243:
225:
214:
205:
27686:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
27676:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
26880:
26868:
20829:Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives
20753:Online extract with unnumbered pages
20707:
20575:
20456:
20291:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
18476:
18213:
18145:
17995:
17935:
17656:
17602:54, no. 2 (January 2010): 273–290).
17440:
17047:
16990:
16975:
16903:
16879:
16711:
15600:
15564:
15498:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001
15224:
15160:
15068:, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
14853:(3). University of London: 501–507.
14841:
14739:Introduction to Islamic Civilisation
14567:was defeated on October 14, 1256 in
14449:In order to distinguish it from the
8405:
4266:List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire
4002:, Iran. (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
2758:Seljuks exercised full control over
2596:. In time, Saladin rebelled against
2121:. Additionally, Malikshāh's brother
2025:
1887:
1876:
1843:
1832:
283:
263:
234:
29:
28919:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
28560:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
28534:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
28333:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
28068:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
22376:
22291:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
20833:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 145–163.
20824:
20815:
18685:(Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
18522:
18117:Shahbazi, Shapur (30 August 2020).
18058:
17944:
17912:
17867:
17851:
17801:
17767:
17638:
17535:
17398:
17363:
17279:
17061:
17011:
16981:
16769:
16557:
16071:"Crusades – Siege, Jerusalem, 1099"
15995:The History of the Mongol Conquests
15848:
3155:
2371:During this time conflict with the
2163:in northeastern Syria and northern
2047:
1854:
1628:. The Iqta military system and the
1345:, all in present-day Turkmenistan.
431:, court, erudition, and literature)
272:
182:
24:
27458:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
22286:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
21287:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
20858:
20674:. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
19628:(Muhammed Ramazânî Publications),
18639:(Muhammed Ramazânî Publications),
17667:Tiles: Treasures of Anatolian Soil
16153:"Standing Warrior Holding a Sword"
15954:
15468:
14595:Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn
14550:Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn
14537:between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1
13415:
3467:. One was the introduction of the
3416:, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia
3038:, and built a mosque in the city.
2619:, in Anatolia. The Abbasid caliph
2520:Book of Antidotes of Pseudo-Gallen
2249:. The Seljuks easily defeated the
1717:and faced them in the vicinity of
1607:in the west. Malik Shah's brother
1194:and played a key role in both the
1156:. They then moved west to conquer
338:was under the independent rule of
25:
29262:
29196:Former monarchies of Central Asia
28529:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
28150:Supreme National Security Council
27976:Persian Constitutional Revolution
27606:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
27513:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
27503:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
21697:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
20896:
20740:. University of California Press.
20247:. 41, No. 2 (Apr.) (2): 263–293.
16725:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 368–369.
16444:Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies)
15170:. Psychology Press. p. 399.
15090:The University of Texas at Austin
15051:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
14910:Journal of World-Systems Research
3889:illustrated manuscripts, such as
3139:to abdicate, but the next Caliph
2956:'s widow, a practice despised in
2741:
2688:Seljuk Dinar (gold), 12th century
2584:, who had established himself in
2556:(or Anatolian Seljuks). Capital:
1496:invaded Georgia and were defeated
29159:
29150:
29149:
28125:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
26891:
26879:
26867:
26856:
26855:
26843:
26247:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
25733:
24681:
24365:
20195:
20123:
20087:
20051:
20015:
19762:
18871:
18572:
18425:
18400:
18384:
18366:
18350:
18332:
18305:
18281:
18045:
18028:
17989:
17975:. OUP Oxford. pp. 379–380.
17962:
17735:
17672:
17620:
17592:
17579:
17339:
17328:
17305:10.1111/j.1467-8365.2011.00881.x
17264:
17211:
17195:
17168:
17125:
17107:
17041:
16621:According to Fridrik Thordarson:
16608:, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200.)
15754:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
14697:The Times atlas of world history
14646:
14611:
14602:
14589:
14557:
14544:
14520:
14503:
5379:Great Seljuk sultans family tree
4682:مُغيث الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة
4135:
4121:
4081:
4050:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3991:
3627:
3612:
3592:
3574:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
3517:built during the Seljuk empire.
3405:
3373:
3352:
3173:
3164:
2657:in 1219–1220 soon destroyed it.
2507:
2498:
2097:, Malikshāh's four year old son
1806:
1800:
1271:occupied the lands south of the
1049:
1035:
1021:
1007:
993:
979:
965:
951:
937:
923:
909:
895:
881:
867:
853:
839:
814:
800:
786:
772:
758:
744:
730:
716:
702:
200:
34:
28324:Military equipment manufactured
27890:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
27654:United States withdrawal (2018)
27575:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
26939:
26892:
25664:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
22296:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
21566:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
18656:Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî
17938:How to Read Islamic Calligraphy
17653:24, no. 3 (June 1971): 209–219.
17175:Peacock, Andrew C. S. (2010b).
16693:
16587:
16533:
16508:
16470:
16446:, vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–69
16403:
16370:
16351:
16333:
16205:
16163:
16145:
16132:
16109:
16063:
16015:
16001:
15986:
15977:
15897:
15861:
15759:
15743:
15722:
15699:
15657:
15594:
15120:
15033:
14979:
14952:International Studies Quarterly
14935:
14897:
14775:. John Wiley and Sons. p.
14479:
14464:
14443:
11767:Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh
4740:مُعز الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة
3421:
2863:
2847:(Book of Politics) composed by
1761:after the Ghurid defeat at the
1651:
1572:
591:• Formation under Tughril
29216:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
29191:1194 disestablishments in Asia
28884:modern / contemporary
28130:Expediency Discernment Council
27453:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
27442:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
26966:
22331:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
22276:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
20721:. Edinburgh University Press.
20642:Peacock, Andrew C. S. (2010).
20490:The Cambridge History of Islam
20352:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
20205:The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461
18535:SOAS Dept. Art and Archaeology
18378:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
18344:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
18318:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
18293:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
17761:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
17693:10.1080/05786967.2008.11864746
17206:. Wiesbaden. pp. 110–113.
16705:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
16545:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
16170:Ettinghausen, Richard (1977).
15993:Saunders, John Joseph (1971).
15966:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids
15086:On Romani origins and identity
15076:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
14835:
14823:
14760:
14687:
12693:(Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4383:ضياء الدنيا و الدين عضد الدولة
3968:, with decoration executed in
2183:exercised independence as the
1533:in Northeastern Anatolia, the
1415:, Seljuks decisively defeated
13:
1:
28098:state-sponsorship allegations
27828:
25654:Organization of Turkic States
21282:Silk Road transmission of art
20619:. Cambridge University Press.
20587:The Cambridge History of Iran
20580:. Cambridge University Press.
20459:The Cambridge History of Iran
20339:Islam: The View from the Edge
20321:The Cambridge History of Iran
20314:. Cambridge University Press.
19647:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
18716:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
18701:(Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
18548:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
17519:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
16119:Nomads in the Sedentary World
15664:Friedman, John Block (2017).
14680:
14652:According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali,
14396:Anatolian Seljuks family tree
13406:History of the Turkic peoples
12729:(24 April 1279 – 30 May 1279)
12067:Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters
5311:(stepbrother of Arslan-Shah)
4697:Mah-i Mulk Khatun (died 1130)
4597:رکن الدنیا والدین جلال الدولہ
3652:Both secular and non-secular
2841:genre, such as the prominent
2679:
2207:
1458:
146:to identify unique citations.
28555:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
27947:
27856:twin towns and sister cities
27162:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
27039:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
27015:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
26738:Intangible cultural heritage
26084:Southeastern Anatolia Region
25916:Proclamation of the republic
22281:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
20852:. Vol. VI. I.B. Tauris.
20522:. Columbia University Press.
20518:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
20341:. Columbia University Press.
20337:Bulliet, Richard W. (1994).
20328:Bosworth, C.E., ed. (2010).
20310:Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003).
20284:The Great Seljuqs: A History
20022:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003).
19872:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002).
19436:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003).
19329:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2009).
19293:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2005).
19257:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992).
19178:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2004).
19035:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2012).
18597:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002).
18458:, pp. 95–96, object 24.
18437:National Museum of Asian Art
18123:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
17412:Hillenbrand, Robert (2003).
17115:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
17057:. London: Thames and Hudson.
16463:Institute of Ismaili Studies
16341:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
15526:Johanson & Johanson 2015
15193:Mandelbaum, Michael (1994).
14496:
12722:(15 May 1277 – 20 June 1277)
12458:Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh
12007:Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)
4441:Kurtchu bin Yunus bin Seljuk
3900:
3639:
3326:Military of successor states
3221:) to bring these to 70,000.
2662:Mongol invasions of Anatolia
2408:Decline of The Seljuk Empire
653:• Supplantation by the
443:(theology, law, and science)
7:
29241:States in medieval Anatolia
29211:1037 establishments in Asia
28834:Water supply and sanitation
28591:
28565:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
28204:
27624:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
26999:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
26953:
26009:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
22869:
20797:. New York: Facts On File.
20791:Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008).
20386:Cunliffe, Barry W. (2015).
20208:. BRILL. pp. 108–109.
18665:(Ahmed Ateş Publications),
18500:10.1086/BULLDETINST41501410
18243:. Oxford University Press.
17491:. Oxford University Press.
17077:Journal of Oriental Studies
17048:Rice, David Talbot (1965).
16723:Islam: Art and Architecture
16611:According to C.E. Bosworth:
16212:Boyle (Ed.), J. A. (1958).
15869:Zarncke, Friedrich (1879).
15851:"Sanjar, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"
15492:, Oxford University Press,
14736:Savory, R. M., ed. (1976).
14511:Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī
14212:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
14059:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
13397:
12001:ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)
11737:Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun
8386:
5272:Muzaffar ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
5164:Muhammad II of Great Seljuq
4977:Daughter of Abbasid Caliph
4269:
3722:, also referred to as "new
3535:
3224:
3150:
2971:
2613:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2392:had allied itself with the
2226:Yale University Art Gallery
1380:wrested an empire from the
1125:(990–1063) and his brother
10:
29267:
28314:Economy of the Middle East
27691:2021–2022 Iranian protests
27681:2019–2020 Iranian protests
27661:2017–2018 Iranian protests
27122:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
25840:Conquest of Constantinople
20390:. Oxford University Press.
20282:Basan, Osman Aziz (2010).
20226:
20179:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
20143:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
20107:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
20096:"Mes'ûd b. Muhammed Tapar"
20071:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
20035:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
20024:"Mahmûd b. Muhammed Tapar"
19849:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19593:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19557:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19521:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19510:"MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
19485:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19449:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19438:"MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
19413:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19342:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19306:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19270:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19227:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19191:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19140:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19127:Bezer, Gülay Öğün (2011).
19095:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19048:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
19012:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18945:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18904:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18855:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18806:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18765:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18726:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18681:Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali,
18610:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
18412:The State Hermitage Museum
18195:, p. 195, object 116.
18053:Journal of Islamic Studies
17996:Falk, Avner (8 May 2018).
16378:UNESCO History of Humanity
15043:Journal of Islamic Studies
14806:UNESCO History of Humanity
13819:Chief gods and goddesses:
12074:Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh
6048:Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
5077:Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4902:Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4811:Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4621:Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4263:
4259:
3539:
3524:
3437:Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar
3425:
3290:
2975:
2691:
2523:. Probably northern Iraq (
2479:
2356:
2353:Second Crusade (1147–1149)
2230:
2091:former lands of his father
1791:
1655:
1576:
1545:in Southeastern Anatolia,
1513:Alp Arslan authorized his
1462:
1287:
1247:, where they converted to
1221:
29231:Medieval history of Syria
29145:
29111:
29057:
28860:
28851:
28781:
28733:
28665:
28612:
28603:
28599:
28586:
28547:
28539:National Development Fund
28502:
28459:Telecommunications and IT
28453:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
28382:
28279:Foreign direct investment
28224:Bonyad (charitable trust)
28216:
28212:
28199:
28158:
28117:
27959:
27955:
27942:
27836:
27823:
27703:
27570:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
27560:Interim Government (1979)
27539:
27487:
27480:
27376:
27286:
27203:
27194:
27171:
27088:
26981:
26974:
26965:
26961:
26948:
26839:
26572:
26488:
26381:
26347:The constitutional system
26307:
26262:
26207:
26198:
26092:
26040:
26031:
25984:
25951:
25901:
25879:Second Constitutional Era
25864:Decline and modernization
25820:
25781:
25755:
25746:
25687:
25646:
25610:
25493:
25467:
25380:
25332:
25325:
25246:
25195:
24690:
24679:
24379:
24305:
24257:
23774:
23178:
22877:
22733:
22690:
22647:
22567:
22522:
22420:
22384:
22196:
22164:
21961:
21868:
21810:
21782:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
21647:
21579:
21466:
21448:
21345:
21307:
21300:
21264:
20938:
20541:10.1163/9789004236615_011
20468:The Empire of the Steppes
20436:. Yale University Press.
20379:10.1163/9789004222656_005
20253:10.1017/S001041759900208X
20202:Shukurov, Rustam (2016).
18891:Alptekin, Coşkun (1989).
18055:32, no.1 (2021): 125–127.
18002:. Routledge. p. 76.
17732:, p. 112, object 40.
17628:"Bowl, LACMA Collections"
17146:10.1163/22118993-00311P03
16997:. Routledge. p. 76.
16304:Herzig & Stewart 2014
16159:. The Walters Art Museum.
15867:Ibn al-Athir as cited by
15768:, Alexander Mikaberidze,
15028:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
14859:10.1017/s0041977x00113710
14240:11th century–13th century
13242:
13240:
13238:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13218:
13214:
13212:
13210:
13206:
13198:
13196:
13186:
13184:
13168:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13140:
13138:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13066:
13057:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12965:
12963:
12961:
12953:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12935:
12925:
12923:
12919:
12917:
12901:
12899:
12857:
12812:
12810:
12707:
12669:
12667:
12665:
12659:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12633:
12631:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12611:
12607:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12587:
12583:
12581:
12579:
12575:
12567:
12563:
12555:
12551:
12549:
12547:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12525:
12523:
12387:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12248:
12238:
12236:
12226:
12222:
12216:
12204:
12202:
12194:
12190:
12182:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12134:
12071:
12069:
12044:
12026:
12009:
12004:
11968:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11940:
11938:
11934:
11924:
11922:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11894:
11892:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11884:
11882:
11880:
11872:
11868:
11848:
11844:
11826:
11796:
11778:
11776:
11733:
11716:
11680:
11678:
11651:
11649:
11645:
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6225:
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6213:
6209:
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6145:
6141:
5985:
5983:
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5955:
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5941:
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5933:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5883:
5881:
5865:
5863:
5822:
5803:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5672:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5505:
5503:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4226:
3428:Great Seljuk architecture
2195:First Crusade (1095–1099)
681:
673:
668:
664:
651:
638:
625:
612:
599:
589:
585:
577:
573:
560:
547:
543:
533:
529:
517:
505:
501:
491:
465:
450:
415:
374:
364:
195:
190:
176:
29236:Medieval history of Iraq
28289:International oil bourse
28054:Ministry of Intelligence
27639:Syrian civil war (2011–)
27463:1921 Persian coup d'état
26330:Ministry of the Interior
26315:Administrative divisions
25874:First Constitutional Era
25269:Timeline of the Göktürks
22229:Mogao Christian painting
21802:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
21516:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
21506:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
20770:Spuler, Bertold (2014).
20717:El-Azhari, Taef (2021).
20670:Peacock, Andrew (2015).
20633:Christie, Niall (2014).
20367:Contadini, Anna (2012).
20177:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
20141:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
20105:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
20069:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
20033:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19847:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19591:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19555:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19519:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19483:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19447:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19411:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19340:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19304:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19268:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19225:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19189:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19138:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19093:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19046:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
19010:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18943:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18902:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18853:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18804:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18763:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18724:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18608:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
18312:Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011).
18065:Pancaroǧlu, Oya (2001).
16094:Mikaberidze, Alexander.
16009:"The Desolation of Merv"
15849:Tor, Deborah G. (2000).
14436:
14323:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
13969:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
13948:Western Turkic Khaganate
13894:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
12436:Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh
12083:Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh
11371:Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn
5203:Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq
5134:Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4534:Nasir ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4272:
3858:Interestingly, Nasiri's
3662:realm of the book arts.
3607:, Iran, dated 1186, MMA.
3465:Friday mosque of Isfahan
2996:Friday mosque of Isfahan
2906:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
346:, and disputed with the
29226:12th century in Armenia
29221:11th century in Armenia
28813:scientists and scholars
28319:Milad Tower and complex
28109:Women's rights movement
28104:White Revolution (1963)
27772:Peoples of the Caucasus
27114:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
27007:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
26277:Parliamentary elections
26079:Eastern Anatolia Region
26074:Central Anatolia Region
25756:Ancient and Middle Ages
22326:Saksanokhur gold buckle
22214:Hephthalite silver bowl
22091:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
21131:Second Turkic Khaganate
20932:History of Central Asia
20672:The Great Seljuk Empire
20576:Kuru, Ahmet T. (2019).
20569:The Seljuks of Anatolia
20466:Grousset, Rene (1988).
20286:. Taylor & Francis.
20255:(inactive 2024-09-09).
19615:Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî,
18632:Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî,
17600:Central Asiatic Journal
17551:Tabbaa, Yasser (2003).
17360:, p. 118, note 10.
16606:Iran & the Caucasus
16478:Turko-Persian tradition
15729:Princeton, University.
15410:Hathaway, Jane (2003).
15388:; Wigen, Einar (2018).
15336:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.
15302:Pfeifer, Helen (2022).
14965:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
14411:Nizari–Seljuk conflicts
13977:Second Turkic Khaganate
11747:Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh
11126:. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
8912:Chief of Seljuk dynasty
8289:. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
5320:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
5222:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
5023:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4994:Muin ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4849:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4563:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4299:Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
4206:like fur-trimmed caps (
4057:Brass candlestick with
3870:Illustrated manuscripts
3520:
3145:Siege of Baghdad (1157)
3133:Siege of Baghdad (1136)
2835:Turko-Persian tradition
2592:land, was succeeded by
2549:Kerman Seljuk Sultanate
2148:In 1118, the third son
1279:Expansion of the empire
1031:Kerman Seljuk Sultanate
437:(dynastic and military)
29251:Former empires in Asia
29124:Anti-Iranian sentiment
29119:Science and technology
28944:Intellectual movements
28824:International rankings
28808:Intellectual movements
28294:International rankings
27787:Heads of state of Iran
27593:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
27154:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
26991:culture (3400–2000 BC)
26448:Science and technology
26282:Presidential elections
25763:Prehistory of Anatolia
24983:Bosnia and Herzegovina
22306:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
22066:Alexandria Prophthasia
21091:First Turkic Khaganate
21026:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
20877:Tetley, G. E. (2008).
20745:Snelders, Bas (2010).
20689:Mecit, Songül (2014).
20373:. Brill. p. 155.
18669:1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
18025:, p. 196, Fig.78.
17271:Lambton, Anne (1988).
15437:. Brill. p. 532.
15361:Partridge, Christopher
15284:. Brill. p. 318.
15276:Calmard, Jean (2003).
15141:Meisami, Julie Scott,
14694:Stone, Norman (1989).
14624:el-Evâmirü'l-ʿAlâʾiyye
14139:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
13940:First Turkic Khaganate
13421:
9743:Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey
8311:Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
7907:Nusrat al-Din Muhammad
7399:Sultan of Great Seljuk
7075:Sultan of Great Seljuk
7055:Sultan of Great Seljuk
7035:Sultan of Great Seljuk
6728:Sultan of Great Seljuk
6704:and de facto ruler of
6427:Arslan Argun and Ilyas
6421:Governor of Azerbaijan
6408:Sultan of Great Seljuk
6388:Sultan of Great Seljuk
5103:Muhammad Khwarazm Shah
4965:(mother of Malik-Shah)
4780:Demetrius I of Georgia
4462:معز الدین جلال الدولہ
4224:
3924:
3827:
3752:
3703:
3649:
3577:
3498:
3444:
3284:
3269:
3197:According to a Seljuk
3002:
2987:
2916:Zahir al-Din Nishapuri
2880:
2826:
2755:
2726:, as well as parts of
2689:
2650:in Anatolia remained.
2577:
2421:
2367:Nur ad-Din (died 1174)
2228:
2083:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
1675:
1617:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
1591:, and his two Persian
1482:
1469:Great Turkish Invasion
1310:
1227:Founder of the dynasty
1218:, which fell in 1308.
1110:in the east, and from
340:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
142:Please consider using
28412:Shetab Banking System
28402:Banking and insurance
28364:Tehran Stock Exchange
28284:Intellectual property
27629:PJAK conflict (2004–)
27402:Turcomans (1378–1508)
27394:Turcomans (1374–1468)
27343:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
27146:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
26443:Free trade agreements
26325:Intelligence Services
26122:North Anatolian Fault
25480:Proto-Turkic language
25111:Extinct Turkic groups
24282:Medieval great powers
22116:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
21491:Karsakpay inscription
20946:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
20615:Minorsky, V. (1953).
20236:Encyclopaedia Iranica
20166:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
20132:"Arslanşah b. Tuğrul"
20130:Sümer, Faruk (1991).
20094:Sümer, Faruk (2004).
20058:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
19965:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19924:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19836:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19795:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19580:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
19546:"ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
19544:Sümer, Faruk (1991).
19508:Sümer, Faruk (2004).
19472:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
19400:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19214:Sümer, Faruk (1991).
19082:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
19001:"KİRMAN SELÇUKLULARI"
18999:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
18932:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
18793:Sümer, Faruk (2002).
17632:collections.lacma.org
17085:10.26650/jos.2020.005
17021:McHugo, John (2018).
16436:Encyclopaedia Iranica
16412:Encyclopaedia Iranica
16360:Encyclopaedia Iranica
15930:Sinor, Denis (1990).
15872:Der Priester Johannes
15855:Encyclopaedia Iranica
15603:Eurasian Studies, VII
15150:Encyclopaedia Iranica
14767:Black, Edwin (2004).
14655:Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk
14531:Mu'in al-Din Suleyman
14517:between 1246 and 1249
14248:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
13880:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
13419:
12048:Mu'in ad-Dīn Suleyman
10082:Muhammad I Mālīk Shah
8338:Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek
7705:Malīk Muhammad I Shah
7106:Tuğrul and Amîr Humâr
4642:Nisandar Jihan Khatun
4483:Ibrahim Tamghach Khan
4369:(grandson of Seljuk)
4248:. Under the Seljuks,
4203:
4073:Textiles and clothing
3908:
3807:
3740:
3684:
3647:
3560:bowl, dated 1187 CE (
3553:
3489:
3435:
3271:
3264:
2993:
2985:
2874:
2825:, dated 1187 CE, Iran
2817:
2749:
2692:Further information:
2687:
2672:'. One of these, the
2607:On other fronts, the
2575:
2415:
2345:Jerusalem under King
2340:'s vast army. At the
2297:and set up the first
2202:
1772:was destroyed by the
1678:Ahmad was the son of
1665:
1630:Nizāmīyyah University
1549:in Central Anatolia,
1541:in Eastern Anatolia,
1476:
1297:
1173:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
891:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
416:Common languages
94:(refs: 189, 211, 214)
48:The reason given is:
28373:Technology start-ups
28274:Environmental issues
28264:Economic Reform Plan
28178:Provincial governors
27868:Environmental issues
27616:Iran Air Flight 655
27357:Jalayirid Sultanate
27229:Caliphate (750–1258)
27071:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
26827:World heritage sites
26352:Turkish Armed Forces
26237:Constitutional Court
26151:Flora and vegetation
26129:Environmental issues
26117:East Anatolian Fault
26064:Mediterranean Region
25679:World Turks Qurultai
24292:European colonialism
24277:Ancient great powers
21923:Kutlug Timur Minaret
21458:Noin-Ula burial site
21256:Chinese Central Asia
20866:Previté-Orton, C. W.
20751:. Peeters. pp.
20560:The Turkic Languages
20010:Düstûrnâme-i Enverî,
19985:. pp. 365–371.
19944:. pp. 377–379.
19815:. pp. 380–384.
19798:Anadolu Selçuklulari
19748:. pp. 480–481.
19728:Faruk Sümer (2002).
19702:. pp. 103–105.
18040:Gale General OneFile
17585:Curatola, Giovanni.
17222:. Ankara. p. 5.
16991:Falk, Avner (2018).
16616:Encyclopædia Iranica
15784:, pp. 234, 244.
15750:Battle of Partskhisi
15328:Khazonov, Anatoly M.
15225:Shaw, Wendy (2003).
15126:* "Aḥmad of Niǧde's
15110:The Turkic Languages
14633:fi'l-umûri'l-Alâiyye
14401:History of the Turks
12711:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş
11408:Gevher Nesibe Sultan
11400:Dawlat Raziya Khatun
10033:Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)
9228:Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu
8929:Ibrahim & Artash
8231:Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan
6779:Tuğrul and Böri-Bars
6773:Governor of Khorasan
6758:Governor of Khorasan
6743:Governor of Khorasan
6096:Governor of Khorasan
6021:Leader of the Seljuk
5304:Muhammad ibn Ildeniz
5059:(daughter of Caliph
4999:مُعين الدنيا و الدين
4949:Mustazhiriyya Khatun
4946:(daughter of Dubais)
4802:son of Malik-Shah I
4761:Muhammad Arslan Khan
4668:son of Malik-Shah I
4583:son of Malik-Shah I
4554:son of Malik-Shah I
4236:astronomers such as
4100:armbands, boots and
4065:Freer Gallery of Art
3845:Dustur al-Munajjimin
3757:Richard Ettinghausen
3691:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
3603:scene by a pond, by
2931:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
2802:Culture and language
2694:Divan § Seljuks
2630:For a brief period,
2527:). Mid 13th century.
2308:After pillaging the
2237:Georgian–Seljuk wars
2073:class=notpageimage|
1770:Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
1603:in the east and the
1500:George II of Georgia
1413:Battle of Dandanaqan
1243:river, near city of
1114:in the north to the
603:Battle of Dandanaqan
408:(1118–1194, western)
402:(1118–1153, eastern)
28773:Freedom of religion
28359:Supreme Audit Court
28238:Automotive industry
27885:Iranian Balochistan
27611:1987 Mecca incident
27508:Iran crisis of 1946
27497:dynasty (1925–1979)
27426:Dynasty (1751–1794)
27367:dynasty (1338–1357)
27359:dynasty (1335–1432)
27351:dynasty (1314–1393)
27336:dynasty (1244–1381)
27320:dynasty (1077–1231)
27304:dynasty (1011–1215)
27221:Caliphate (661–750)
27213:Caliphate (632–661)
27181:Empire (AD 224–651)
27098:Empire (550–330 BC)
27079:Empire (626–539 BC)
27063:Empire (678–549 BC)
27047:Empire (911–609 BC)
26396:Banking and Finance
26014:History of Anatolia
25911:War of Independence
25903:Republic of Türkiye
25800:Battle of Manzikert
25420:Karachay-Cherkessia
24287:Modern great powers
22316:Siberian Ice Maiden
22106:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
21521:Petrovka settlement
21251:Soviet Central Asia
21176:Great Seljuq Empire
20708:Safi, Omid (2006).
19983:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19942:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19890:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19813:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19772:(Behmenyâr), p. 71.
19746:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19700:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19682:Sevim, Ali (2010).
19664:. pp. 324–325.
19662:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
19402:"Irak Selçuklulari"
18881:(Behmenyâr), p. 71.
18842:Sevim, Ali (1993).
18752:Sevim, Ali (1991).
18210:, pp. 166–167.
17743:"Large Luster Bowl"
17249:, pp. 224–225.
16863:Van Renterghem 2015
16796:, pp. 215–216.
16690:, pp. 163–164.
16493:, p. 161, 164.
16048:, pp. 254–255.
16033:, pp. 278–280.
15080: •
15059:10.1093/jis/13.1.75
14894:, p. 159, 161.
14128:Eastern Kara-Khanid
14121:Western Kara-Khanid
14107:Kara-Khanid Khanate
12789:Mu'in ad-Dīn Mehmed
11406:Malīka İsmetū'd-Dīn
10717:Last Sultan of the
9475:Alp Ilig and Dawlat
8927:Toghrul I, Chaghri,
8438:Commander-in-chief
6801:Nasr Shams al-Mulk.
6637:3.Hussain Omar Shah
6131:Bori and Dawlatshah
6127:Yûsuf, Kara Arslan,
6076:Great Seljuk Empire
5441:Commander-in-chief
5344:son of Arslan-Shah
5263:son of Arslan-Shah
5170:Sitti Fatima Khatun
5114:David IV of Georgia
4972:David IV of Georgia
4907:غیاث الدنیا والدین
4769:Western Kara-Khanid
4518:Romanos IV Diogenes
4491:Western Kara-Khanid
3744:Book of Fixed Stars
3365:, mid-13th century
2839:Mirrors for princes
2823:Abu Zayd al-Kashani
2326:David IV of Georgia
2312:, Seljuk commander
1753:in 1200, as far as
1488:Battle of Manzikert
1479:Battle of Manzikert
1284:Tughril and Chaghri
1261:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1177:Battle of Manzikert
1106:in the west to the
794:Kara-Khanid Khanate
616:Battle of Manzikert
352:Kara-Khanid Khanate
350:. To the east, the
50:DuplicateReferences
18:Great Seljuq Empire
28904:Persian New Year (
28309:Main economic laws
27880:Iranian Azerbaijan
27782:Monarchs of Persia
27726:Persianate society
27434:Empire (1789–1925)
27418:Empire (1736–1796)
27410:Empire (1501–1736)
27386:Empire (1370–1507)
27312:Empire (1037–1194)
27277:dynasty (934–1062)
27269:dynasty (931–1090)
27261:dynasty (861–1003)
27130:Empire (312–63 BC)
27031:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
26453:Telecommunications
26242:Court of Cassation
25943:Multi-party period
25852:Ottoman Old Regime
25773:Byzantine Anatolia
25768:Classical Anatolia
25611:Traditional sports
25415:Kabardino-Balkaria
25035:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
22266:Buddhas of Bamiyan
22219:Chilek silver bowl
22086:Buddhas of Bamiyan
21762:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
21551:Talapty Settlement
21337:Filippovka kurgans
21226:Khanate of Bukhara
21186:Khwarazmian Empire
21111:Ikhshids of Sogdia
20956:Afanasievo culture
19892:. pp. 73–74.
19653:. Vol. EK-2.
19084:"SELÇUKS of Syria"
17905:and Simon Rettig.
16429:2012-01-22 at the
16391:Stephen P. Blake,
16357: •
16098:. Armchair General
16075:www.britannica.com
16060:, pp. 98–100.
15332:Kedar, Benjamin Z.
15136:Persianate culture
15128:al-Walad al-Shafīq
15106: •
15039: •
14945:(September 1997).
14224:Khwarazmian Empire
14095:Karluk Yabgu State
13833:Epics and heroes:
13422:
12398:Celâleddin Karatay
12035:Bagrationi dynasty
11456:de facto ruler of
11043:Malīk Shāhīn Shāh
10809:de facto ruler of
9208:the Seljuk dynasty
8395:neighbors and the
7948:de facto ruler of
7918:de facto ruler of
7129:sultan Mas'ud III.
5277:مظفر الدنیا والدین
5125:son of Muhammad I
5082:غیاث الدنیا والدین
5052:Mahd Rafi Khatun]]
4985:son of Muhammad I
4893:son of Muhammad I
4816:غیاث الدنیا والدین
4791:Isma'il bin Yaquti
4726:son of Muhammad I
4652:Isma'il bin Yaquti
4626:غیاث الدنیا والدین
4612:son of Barkiyaruq
4539:ناصر الدنیا والدین
4525:son of Alp Arslan
4502:Yaquti ibn Chaghri
4304:رکن الدنیا والدین,
3925:
3860:Daqa'iq al-Haqa'iq
3850:Daqa'iq al-Haqa'iq
3828:
3753:
3704:
3700:Mahmud al-Kashgari
3650:
3578:
3499:
3445:
3270:
3205:, by the reign of
3120:Atabegdom of Mosul
3032:Kingdom of Georgia
3003:
2994:North dome in the
2988:
2943:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2881:
2827:
2756:
2690:
2644:Khwarazmian Empire
2609:Kingdom of Georgia
2578:
2422:
2322:Kingdom of Georgia
2285:) on its march to
2229:
2222:Majma' al-Tawarikh
2214:Persian manuscript
2167:; they controlled
1788:Division of empire
1676:
1613:battle of Ain Salm
1483:
1441:Battle of Kapetrou
1417:Mas'ud I of Ghazni
1311:
1204:Khwarazmian Empire
1154:Persianate society
1148:and then into the
1133:and thus included
877:Khwarazmian Empire
655:Khwarazmian Empire
305:KARAKHANID KHANATE
59:(refs: 17, 70, 72)
29201:Former sultanates
29173:
29172:
29141:
29140:
29137:
29136:
29107:
29106:
29014:Opium consumption
28847:
28846:
28683:Ethnic minorities
28657:Iranian languages
28582:
28581:
28578:
28577:
28195:
28194:
28191:
28190:
28074:Political parties
28012:Children's rights
27997:Foreign relations
27991:2009 presidential
27938:
27937:
27900:Iranian Kurdistan
27819:
27818:
27815:
27814:
27699:
27698:
27671:COVID-19 pandemic
27530:Revolution (1979)
27476:
27475:
27296:Empire (977–1186)
27253:dynasty (864–928)
27245:dynasty (821–873)
27237:dynasty (819–999)
27190:
27189:
27106:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
26907:
26906:
26835:
26834:
26377:
26376:
26320:Foreign relations
26294:Political parties
26194:
26193:
26027:
26026:
26019:History of Thrace
25921:Atatürk's reforms
25812:Anatolian beyliks
25699:
25698:
25475:Old Turkic script
25463:
25462:
25274:Timeline 500–1300
25191:
25190:
24677:
24676:
24536:Kipchak languages
24491:Karamanli Turkish
24331:
24330:
24253:
24252:
24218:Polish–Lithuanian
23393:Gurjara-Pratihara
22837:
22836:
22344:
22343:
22321:Ai-Khanoum plaque
22192:
22191:
21996:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
21272:Central Asian art
21246:Russian Turkestan
21241:Chinese Turkestan
21141:Abbasid Caliphate
21105:Anxi Protectorate
21051:Kushano-Sasanians
21016:Macedonian Empire
21011:Achaemenid Empire
20981:Andronovo culture
20961:Sintashta culture
20888:978-0-415-43119-4
20840:978-0-906094-53-2
20804:978-0-8160-7158-6
20783:978-90-04-28209-4
20762:978-90-429-2386-7
20728:978-1-4744-2318-2
20700:978-1-134-50899-0
20681:978-0-7486-9807-3
20662:978-1-84885-887-9
20550:978-90-04-23661-5
20510:978-1-78076-947-9
20477:978-0-8135-0627-2
20443:978-0-300-08869-4
20414:978-1-4744-2318-2
20359:978-1-58839-589-4
20302:978-1-138-22959-4
20215:978-90-04-30775-9
20188:978-975-389-713-6
20152:978-975-389-430-2
20116:978-975-389-415-9
20080:978-975-389-713-6
20044:978-975-389-408-1
19992:978-9-7538-9566-8
19951:978-9-7538-9566-8
19899:978-9-7538-9403-6
19858:978-975-389-566-8
19822:978-9-7538-9566-8
19755:978-9-7538-9406-7
19709:978-9-7538-9590-3
19602:978-975-389-713-6
19566:978-975-389-430-2
19530:978-975-389-415-9
19494:978-975-389-713-6
19458:978-975-389-408-1
19422:978-975-389-566-8
19351:978-975-389-566-8
19315:978-975-389-402-9
19279:978-975-389-432-6
19236:978-975-389-430-2
19200:978-975-389-415-9
19149:978-975-389-652-8
19104:978-975-389-566-8
19057:978-975-389-713-6
19021:978-975-389-566-8
18954:978-975-389-566-8
18913:978-975-389-429-6
18864:978-975-389-435-7
18815:978-975-389-406-7
18774:978-975-389-431-9
18735:978-975-389-889-8
18619:978-975-389-403-6
18529:McSweeney, Anna.
18471:Canby et al. 2016
18456:Canby et al. 2016
18325:978-1-58839-434-7
18193:Canby et al. 2016
18167:978-0-87099-777-8
18023:Canby et al. 2016
18009:978-0-429-89969-0
17982:978-0-19-156167-2
17730:Canby et al. 2016
17465:978-0-691-15773-3
17346:Canby et al. 2016
17179:. pp. 83–84.
17034:978-1-62616-588-5
17004:978-0-429-89969-0
16865:, pp. 80–81.
16746:Canby et al. 2016
16661:Canby et al. 2016
16345:www.metmuseum.org
16237:Canby et al. 2016
16183:978-0-8478-0081-0
16116:Anatol Khazanov.
15882:978-0-598-46731-7
15820:, pp. 94–96.
15794:Korobeinikov 2015
15675:978-1-351-66132-4
15642:, pp. 61–62.
15630:, pp. 92–93.
15591:, pp. 32–35.
15507:978-0-19-530991-1
15444:978-90-04-30772-8
15421:978-0-7914-5884-6
15399:978-1-108-35530-8
15374:978-0-19-045911-6
15349:978-0-521-19074-9
15315:978-0-691-22495-4
15291:978-90-47-40171-1
15278:Newman, Andrew J.
15261:978-90-04-34565-2
15238:978-0-520-92856-5
15217:Jonathan Dewald,
15206:978-0-87609-167-8
15177:978-0-415-96690-0
15132:Anatolian Studies
14786:978-0-471-67186-2
14753:978-0-521-20777-5
14723:, pp. 62–63.
14392:
14391:
14357:
14356:
14353:
14328:
14316:
14304:
14299:Qarlughid Kingdom
14265:
14253:
14241:
14229:
14217:
14192:
14180:
14168:
14163:Pecheneg Khanates
14156:
14144:
14112:
14100:
14088:
14083:Oghuz Yabgu State
14076:
14064:
14052:
14047:Türgesh Khaganate
14040:
14028:
14016:
14004:
13981:
13973:
13952:
13944:
13910:
13885:
13860:
13859:
13787:
13786:
13599:
13598:
13410:
13395:
13394:
13390:
13389:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13360:
13345:
13328:
13297:
13271:
13094:
13079:
13053:
13021:
12853:
12838:
12797:
12784:
12777:1266–1282) &
12754:
12747:1282–1284) &
12730:
12723:
12705:
12499:
12469:
12453:
12443:
12431:
12413:
12383:
12378:1257–1262) &
12351:
12334:
12312:
12300:
12116:
12090:
12081:
12058:
11993:
11810:
11794:
11774:
11762:
11493:
11477:
11461:
11443:
11433:
11159:
11127:
11099:
11087:
11058:
11021:
11010:
10840:
10814:
10790:
10775:
10763:
10735:
10483:
10464:
10452:
10430:
10411:
10389:
10125:
10106:
10091:
10076:
9836:
9819:
9804:
9789:
9750:
9728:
9562:
9523:
9250:
8989:
8974:
8919:Mikail ibn Seljuk
8710:
8506:
8440:of the Oghuz army
8399:
8397:Anatolian Seljuks
8385:
8384:
8367:
8366:
8324:
8290:
7953:
7923:
7504:
7485:
7380:
7151:
7130:
6802:
6709:
6453:
6414:Alp Sungur Yâkūtî
5790:Mikail ibn Seljuk
5348:
5347:
5327:
5325:رکن الدنیا والدین
5279:
5229:
5227:رکن الدنیا والدین
5181:Kirmaniyya Khatun
5141:
5139:معز الدنیا والدین
5109:Abkhaziyya Khatun
5084:
5068:son of Mahmud II
5030:
5028:رکن الدنیا والدین
5014:son of Mahmud II
5001:
4968:Abkhaziyya Khatun
4909:
4856:
4854:رکن الدنیا والدین
4840:son of Mahmud II
4818:
4742:
4684:
4628:
4599:
4570:
4568:رکن الدنیا والدین
4541:
4464:
4385:
4306:
4290:Succession right
4275:
3980:geometric designs
3882:Maqamat al-Hariri
3790:Qarmathian Qur'an
3732:Qarmathian Qur'an
3527:Central Asian art
3414:Varka and Golshah
3412:Horsemen duel in
3387:Maqamat al-Hariri
3362:Varka and Golshah
3359:Battle scene, in
3256:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
3135:, forcing Caliph
3108:Imad al-Din Zengi
3072:had expelled the
2939:Caliph al-Muqtadi
2750:Ruins of ancient
2640:Ala al-Din Tekish
2617:Leo II of Armenia
2490:Khwarezmid Empire
2342:Battle of Didgori
2320:, he invaded the
1763:Battle of Andkhud
1672:Jami' al-Tawarikh
1559:Tzachas of Smyrna
1162:Abbasid Caliphate
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1045:Kingdom of Cyprus
849:Anatolian beyliks
827:
826:
780:Fatimid Caliphate
710:Oghuz Yabgu State
562:• 1174–1194
549:• 1037–1063
519:• 1180–1225
507:• 1031–1075
172:
171:
164:
16:(Redirected from
29258:
29163:
29153:
29152:
29004:National symbols
28858:
28857:
28673:Iranian citizens
28610:
28609:
28601:
28600:
28588:
28587:
28570:Research centers
28259:Economic history
28214:
28213:
28201:
28200:
28135:Guardian Council
27957:
27956:
27944:
27943:
27825:
27824:
27802:Electric history
27797:Military history
27711:Ancient Persians
27619:
27618:shootdown (1988)
27601:
27588:
27585:Iranian Embassy
27555:
27544:
27542:Islamic Republic
27531:
27523:1953 coup d'état
27498:
27485:
27484:
27443:
27440:Khanates of the
27435:
27427:
27419:
27411:
27403:
27395:
27387:
27368:
27360:
27352:
27344:
27337:
27329:
27321:
27313:
27305:
27297:
27278:
27270:
27262:
27254:
27246:
27238:
27230:
27222:
27214:
27201:
27200:
27182:
27163:
27155:
27147:
27139:
27131:
27123:
27115:
27107:
27099:
27080:
27072:
27064:
27056:
27048:
27040:
27032:
27024:
27016:
27008:
27000:
26992:
26979:
26978:
26963:
26962:
26950:
26949:
26934:
26927:
26920:
26911:
26910:
26895:
26894:
26883:
26882:
26871:
26870:
26859:
26858:
26847:
26652:
26651:
26537:Cities and towns
26518:Turkish language
26473:Turkish Airlines
26289:Electoral system
26252:Council of State
26205:
26204:
26139:Waste management
26069:Black Sea Region
26047:
26038:
26037:
25992:Turkic migration
25938:One-party period
25807:Sultanate of Rum
25753:
25752:
25738:
25737:
25726:
25719:
25712:
25703:
25702:
25521:Tibetan Buddhism
25501:Turkic mythology
25382:Autonomous areas
25334:Sovereign states
25330:
25329:
25108:
25107:
25090:
25065:
24962:
24939:
24901:
24852:
24817:
24778:Crimean Karaites
24752:
24729:
24685:
24637:
24636:
24516:Khorasani Turkic
24370:
24369:
24368:
24358:
24351:
24344:
24335:
24334:
24134:
24133:
23799:Austro-Hungarian
23499:Chagatai Khanate
22864:
22857:
22850:
22841:
22840:
22784:Kilij Arslan III
22639:Muhammad-Shah II
22371:
22364:
22357:
22348:
22347:
22311:Seal of Khingila
22239:Penjikent murals
21860:Kalai Kafirnigan
21747:Koi Krylgan Kala
21556:Turkistan (city)
21541:Steppe Geoglyphs
21305:
21304:
21236:Khanate of Khiva
21196:Chagatai Khanate
21151:Saffarid dynasty
21136:Uyghur Khaganate
20925:
20918:
20911:
20902:
20901:
20892:
20873:
20853:
20844:
20832:
20821:
20812:
20807:. Archived from
20787:
20766:
20741:
20732:
20713:
20704:
20685:
20666:
20647:
20638:
20629:
20620:
20611:
20590:
20581:
20572:
20563:
20554:
20523:
20514:
20493:
20484:
20462:
20453:
20451:
20450:
20426:
20391:
20382:
20363:
20342:
20333:
20324:
20315:
20306:
20287:
20278:
20272:
20264:
20239:
20220:
20219:
20199:
20193:
20192:
20172:
20163:
20157:
20156:
20136:
20127:
20121:
20120:
20100:
20091:
20085:
20084:
20064:
20055:
20049:
20048:
20028:
20019:
20013:
20012:pp. 78–80, 1464.
20003:
19997:
19996:
19974:. Vol. 36.
19973:
19962:
19956:
19955:
19933:. Vol. 36.
19932:
19921:
19904:
19903:
19881:. Vol. 25.
19880:
19869:
19863:
19862:
19842:
19833:
19827:
19826:
19804:. Vol. 36.
19803:
19792:
19773:
19766:
19760:
19759:
19737:. Vol. 26.
19736:
19725:
19714:
19713:
19691:. Vol. 38.
19690:
19679:
19666:
19665:
19644:
19633:
19626:
19613:
19607:
19606:
19586:
19577:
19571:
19570:
19550:
19541:
19535:
19534:
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19505:
19499:
19498:
19478:
19469:
19463:
19462:
19442:
19433:
19427:
19426:
19406:
19397:
19356:
19355:
19335:
19326:
19320:
19319:
19299:
19295:"MUHAMMED TAPAR"
19290:
19284:
19283:
19263:
19254:
19241:
19240:
19220:
19211:
19205:
19204:
19184:
19175:
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19133:
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19109:
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18779:
18778:
18758:
18749:
18740:
18739:
18713:
18702:
18695:
18686:
18679:
18670:
18661:Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ
18653:
18644:
18630:
18624:
18623:
18603:
18594:
18583:
18576:
18570:
18569:, Paragraph 4.7.
18564:
18558:
18557:
18545:
18539:
18538:
18526:
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18043:
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18013:
17993:
17987:
17986:
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17960:
17953:
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17941:
17933:
17910:
17903:Farhad, Massumeh
17900:
17865:
17858:
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17820:
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17792:
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17635:
17624:
17618:
17612:
17606:
17596:
17590:
17583:
17577:
17576:
17574:
17573:
17559:Grove Art Online
17556:
17548:
17533:
17532:
17514:
17503:
17502:
17484:
17478:
17477:
17451:
17438:
17437:
17435:
17434:
17420:Grove Art Online
17417:
17409:
17396:
17390:
17384:
17367:
17361:
17358:Hillenbrand 2010
17355:
17349:
17343:
17337:
17336:
17326:
17313:
17312:
17288:
17277:
17276:
17268:
17262:
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16955:
16949:
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16931:
16925:
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16913:
16907:
16901:
16895:
16889:
16883:
16877:
16866:
16860:
16851:
16845:
16836:
16830:
16824:
16821:Hillenbrand 1994
16818:
16812:
16806:
16797:
16791:
16785:
16779:
16773:
16767:
16761:
16755:
16749:
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16531:
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16512:
16506:
16500:
16494:
16488:
16482:
16474:
16468:
16439:, Online Edition
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15785:
15779:
15773:
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15720:
15711:(Online version)
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15517:
15516:
15515:
15514:
15487:
15479:
15466:
15460:
15454:
15451:
15429:
15406:
15386:Neumann, Iver B.
15381:
15356:
15323:
15298:
15272:
15246:
15214:
15188:
15124:
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15117:
15062:
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14757:
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14561:
14555:
14548:
14542:
14524:
14518:
14507:
14490:
14483:
14471:
14468:
14462:
14459:Sultanate of Rum
14447:
14431:Turkic migration
14384:
14377:
14370:
14351:
14326:
14314:
14302:
14263:
14251:
14239:
14227:
14215:
14201:Sultanate of Rum
14190:
14178:
14175:Ghaznavid Empire
14166:
14154:
14142:
14110:
14098:
14086:
14074:
14071:Uyghur Khaganate
14062:
14050:
14038:
14026:
14014:
14002:
13999:Khazar Khaganate
13979:
13971:
13950:
13942:
13908:
13883:
13875:
13874:
13870:Pre-14th century
13847:Major concepts:
13802:
13801:
13797:Turkic Mythology
13614:
13613:
13609:Turkic Languages
13592:Crimean Karaites
13529:Cherniye Klobuki
13435:
13434:
13409:pre–14th century
13408:
13402:
13401:
13369:
13354:
13339:
13322:
13291:
13265:
13088:
13073:
13047:
13045:
13015:
12847:
12815:
12791:
12772:
12741:
12728:
12721:
12719:
12703:
12692:
12478:
12459:
12447:
12437:
12424:
12422:Anatolian Beylik
12406:
12396:
12364:
12335:
12329:
12309:Anatolian Beylik
12302:
12294:
12097:
12084:
12075:
12050:
11987:
11804:
11788:
11768:
11748:
11668:Kilij Arslan III
11487:
11471:
11454:
11437:
11423:
11388:1192–1196) &
11345:Suleyman II Shah
11153:
11121:
11093:
11081:
11044:
11015:
11004:
10834:
10801:
10784:
10769:
10757:
10729:
10477:
10458:
10446:
10444:
10424:
10422:
10405:
10403:
10383:
10352:Muhammad I Tapar
10119:
10100:
10085:
10070:
9830:
9813:
9798:
9783:
9744:
9716:
9551:
9517:
9244:
8983:
8968:
8953:
8708:
8500:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8390:
8387:
8320:
8283:
8216:Muhammad II Shah
8174:Muhammad II Shah
7946:
7916:
7500:
7481:wife of İldeniz
7471:
7370:
7141:
7123:
7064:Muhammad I Tapar
6794:
6690:The daughter of
6688:
6676:. 1094–1095) of
6442:
6328:Seljuk Sultanate
6023:vassal state in
5387:
5386:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5326:
5323:
5278:
5275:
5228:
5225:
5140:
5137:
5098:Khwarazmi Khatun
5083:
5080:
5029:
5026:
5000:
4997:
4908:
4905:
4855:
4852:
4817:
4814:
4741:
4738:
4719:Ali bin Faramarz
4706:Amir Siti Khatun
4683:
4680:
4627:
4624:
4598:
4595:
4569:
4566:
4540:
4537:
4508:Safariyya Khatun
4463:
4460:
4415:Yusuf Qadir Khan
4410:Safariyya Khatun
4384:
4381:
4320:Altun Jan Khatun
4305:
4302:
4273:
4270:
4222:
4190:aqbiya tatariyya
4139:
4125:
4085:
4054:
4043:Hermitage Museum
4039:Bobrinsky Bucket
4035:
4023:
4011:
3995:
3984:Bobrinsky Bucket
3855:Sultanate of Rum
3774:Nusrat al-fatrah
3631:
3616:
3596:
3409:
3377:
3356:
3320:Muhammad I Tapar
3177:
3168:
3156:General overview
3137:Al-Rashid Billah
3085:Muhammad I Tapar
2867:
2865:
2648:Sultanate of Rum
2554:Sultanate of Rum
2511:
2502:
2465:Battle of Qatwan
2418:Battle of Qatwan
2390:County of Edessa
2310:County of Edessa
2255:Princes' Crusade
2251:People's Crusade
2212:
2209:
2204:Sultan Barkiaruq
2177:Sultanate of Rum
2171:until 1098. The
2109:, Muhammad I in
2067:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1794:Sultanate of Rum
1723:Battle of Qatwan
1696:Muhammad I Tapar
1411:In 1040, at the
1216:Sultanate of Rum
1206:in 1194 and the
1181:Byzantine Empire
1164:and the Iranian
1150:Iranian mainland
1053:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1010:
997:
996:
983:
982:
969:
968:
955:
954:
941:
940:
927:
926:
913:
912:
899:
898:
885:
884:
871:
870:
857:
856:
843:
842:
835:Sultanate of Rûm
831:
830:
818:
817:
804:
803:
790:
789:
776:
775:
762:
761:
752:Byzantine Empire
748:
747:
734:
733:
720:
719:
706:
705:
699:
698:
683:
682:
642:Battle of Qatwan
348:Byzantine Empire
344:Sultanate of Rum
322:
320:
315:
308:
306:
299:
297:
290:
288:
281:
279:
270:
268:
261:
259:
252:
250:
241:
239:
232:
230:
223:
221:
212:
210:
204:
185:
184:
174:
173:
167:
160:
156:
153:
147:
144:named references
136:(refs: 204, 220)
129:(refs: 203, 219)
122:(refs: 202, 218)
115:(refs: 201, 217)
108:(refs: 200, 216)
101:(refs: 190, 213)
87:(refs: 185, 208)
80:(refs: 183, 206)
73:(refs: 178, 212)
66:(refs: 166, 168)
38:
37:
30:
21:
29266:
29265:
29261:
29260:
29259:
29257:
29256:
29255:
29176:
29175:
29174:
29169:
29133:
29103:
29082:Rap and hip-hop
29053:
29034:Public holidays
29019:Persian gardens
29008:Imperial Anthem
28999:National Jewels
28954:Iranian studies
28843:
28777:
28729:
28661:
28622:Persian (Farsi)
28595:
28574:
28543:
28505:
28498:
28433:Pharmaceuticals
28378:
28369:Venture capital
28344:Rial (currency)
28329:Nuclear program
28208:
28187:
28154:
28113:
28064:Nuclear program
28029:Judicial system
27951:
27934:
27905:Iranian plateau
27832:
27811:
27695:
27617:
27599:
27586:
27554:History (1979–)
27553:
27545:
27540:
27535:
27529:
27496:
27472:
27441:
27433:
27425:
27417:
27409:
27401:
27393:
27385:
27372:
27366:
27358:
27350:
27342:
27335:
27327:
27319:
27311:
27303:
27295:
27282:
27276:
27268:
27260:
27252:
27244:
27236:
27228:
27220:
27212:
27196:
27186:
27180:
27167:
27161:
27153:
27145:
27137:
27129:
27121:
27113:
27105:
27097:
27084:
27078:
27077:Neo-Babylonian
27070:
27062:
27055:(860 BC–590 BC)
27054:
27046:
27038:
27030:
27023:(c.2300–675 BC)
27022:
27014:
27006:
26998:
26990:
26970:
26957:
26944:
26938:
26908:
26903:
26831:
26650:
26646:Women in Turkey
26614:Law enforcement
26568:
26564:Life expectancy
26530:Islam in Turkey
26484:
26373:
26335:National Police
26303:
26258:
26190:
26181:Turkish Riviera
26088:
26045:
26044:
26023:
25980:
25947:
25926:Language reform
25897:
25816:
25777:
25742:
25732:
25730:
25700:
25695:
25690:
25683:
25642:
25606:
25489:
25459:
25376:
25357:Northern Cyprus
25321:
25307:Altai Mountains
25242:
25187:
25106:
25086:
25031:North Macedonia
24973:
24954:
24911:
24897:
24893:Siberian Tatars
24848:
24833:Khorasani Turks
24813:
24740:
24709:
24686:
24673:
24635:
24556:Ottoman Turkish
24476:Karachay-Balkar
24375:
24366:
24364:
24362:
24332:
24327:
24316:American Empire
24301:
24297:African empires
24249:
24132:
23824:Central African
23770:
23588:Romano-Germanic
23174:
22908:Middle Assyrian
22881:
22873:
22868:
22838:
22833:
22809:Kilij Arslan IV
22769:Kilij Arslan II
22729:
22686:
22643:
22614:Muhammad-Shah I
22563:
22518:
22416:
22385:Early Seljukids
22380:
22378:House of Seljuk
22375:
22345:
22340:
22301:Afrasiab murals
22244:Sampul tapestry
22188:
22184:Shahr-e Sukhteh
22174:Bandian complex
22160:
22136:Musalla Complex
22016:Tapa-i Kafariha
21957:
21878:Cave of Dzhebel
21864:
21806:
21643:
21575:
21571:Araltobe kurgan
21462:
21444:
21370:Kizilgaha caves
21341:
21327:Pazyryk burials
21309:Southern Russia
21296:
21260:
21146:Tahirid dynasty
21116:Tokhara Yabghus
21021:Seleucid Empire
20996:Pazyryk culture
20951:Yamnaya culture
20934:
20929:
20899:
20889:
20861:
20859:Further reading
20856:
20841:
20805:
20784:
20763:
20729:
20701:
20682:
20663:
20655:. I.B. Tauris.
20608:
20551:
20511:
20503:. I.B. Tauris.
20478:
20448:
20446:
20444:
20415:
20360:
20303:
20266:
20265:
20229:
20224:
20223:
20216:
20200:
20196:
20189:
20170:
20164:
20160:
20153:
20134:
20128:
20124:
20117:
20098:
20092:
20088:
20081:
20062:
20056:
20052:
20045:
20026:
20020:
20016:
20004:
20000:
19993:
19971:
19963:
19959:
19952:
19930:
19922:
19907:
19900:
19878:
19870:
19866:
19859:
19840:
19834:
19830:
19823:
19801:
19793:
19776:
19767:
19763:
19756:
19734:
19726:
19717:
19710:
19688:
19680:
19669:
19645:
19636:
19620:
19614:
19610:
19603:
19584:
19578:
19574:
19567:
19548:
19542:
19538:
19531:
19512:
19506:
19502:
19495:
19476:
19470:
19466:
19459:
19440:
19434:
19430:
19423:
19404:
19398:
19359:
19352:
19333:
19327:
19323:
19316:
19297:
19291:
19287:
19280:
19261:
19255:
19244:
19237:
19218:
19212:
19208:
19201:
19182:
19176:
19157:
19150:
19131:
19125:
19112:
19105:
19086:
19080:
19065:
19058:
19039:
19033:
19029:
19022:
19003:
18997:
18962:
18955:
18936:
18930:
18921:
18914:
18895:
18889:
18885:
18876:
18872:
18865:
18846:
18840:
18823:
18816:
18797:
18791:
18782:
18775:
18756:
18754:"ATSIZ b. UVAK"
18750:
18743:
18736:
18714:
18705:
18699:Târîḫ-i Güzîde,
18696:
18689:
18683:Râhatü’s-sudûr,
18680:
18673:
18654:
18647:
18631:
18627:
18620:
18601:
18595:
18586:
18577:
18573:
18565:
18561:
18546:
18542:
18527:
18523:
18484:
18477:
18469:
18462:
18454:
18450:
18441:
18439:
18431:
18430:
18426:
18416:
18414:
18406:
18405:
18401:
18390:
18389:
18385:
18372:
18371:
18367:
18356:
18355:
18351:
18338:
18337:
18333:
18326:
18310:
18306:
18297:
18295:
18287:
18286:
18282:
18274:
18270:
18262:
18258:
18251:
18235:
18214:
18206:
18199:
18191:
18187:
18183:, pp. 1–2.
18179:
18175:
18168:
18154:
18153:
18146:
18138:
18134:
18115:
18106:
18083:10.2307/1523306
18063:
18059:
18050:
18046:
18033:
18029:
18021:
18017:
18010:
17994:
17990:
17983:
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17954:
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17913:
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17868:
17859:
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17821:
17802:
17793:
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17755:
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17724:
17677:
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17621:
17613:
17609:
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17580:
17571:
17569:
17549:
17536:
17529:
17515:
17506:
17499:
17485:
17481:
17466:
17452:
17441:
17432:
17430:
17415:"Saljuq family"
17410:
17399:
17391:
17387:
17368:
17364:
17356:
17352:
17344:
17340:
17329:Peck, Elsie H.
17327:
17316:
17289:
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17269:
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17079:(36): 103–126.
17069:
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16807:
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16792:
16788:
16780:
16776:
16768:
16764:
16756:
16752:
16748:, pp. 8–9.
16744:
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16698:
16694:
16686:
16682:
16674:
16667:
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16576:
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16564:
16556:
16552:
16539:
16538:
16534:
16526:
16522:
16516:History of Asia
16513:
16509:
16501:
16497:
16489:
16485:
16475:
16471:
16431:Wayback Machine
16422:O.Özgündenli, "
16408:
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16371:
16356:
16352:
16339:
16338:
16334:
16326:
16322:
16314:
16310:
16302:
16295:
16291:, pp. 6–8.
16287:
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16224:
16210:
16206:
16198:
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16150:
16146:
16138:Biran, Michel,
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14678:
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14626:
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14607:
14603:
14597:Kilij Arslan IV
14594:
14590:
14562:
14558:
14549:
14545:
14535:Kay Khusraw III
14525:
14521:
14508:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14493:
14484:
14480:
14475:
14474:
14469:
14465:
14448:
14444:
14439:
14388:
14359:
14358:
14288:Tughlaq dynasty
14260:Delhi Sultanate
13958:Tokhara Yabghus
13919:Tiele (Gaoche)
13884:202 BCE–13th CE
13872:
13862:
13861:
13805:Belief system:
13799:
13789:
13788:
13744:Karachay-Balkar
13611:
13601:
13600:
13432:
13400:
13391:
13368:
13353:
13338:
13321:
13290:
13285:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
13264:
13087:
13072:
13046:
13039:
13036:
13014:
12846:
12832:
12805:
12790:
12778:
12771:
12768:Kay Khusraw III
12766:
12748:
12742:
12736:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
12727:
12720:
12713:
12697:
12691:
12446:
12444:
12426:
12425:(established in
12419:Pervâneoğulları
12407:
12400:
12380:
12373:
12363:
12360:Kilij Arslan IV
12358:
12345:
12337:
12331:
12324:
12307:
12305:Karamanoğulları
12301:
12293:
12110:
12105:
12082:
12066:
12064:
12019:
12014:
12000:
11986:
11984:
11803:
11787:
11726:
11721:
11705:Māh Pari Khātun
11690:
11685:
11671:
11486:
11470:
11453:
11436:
11434:
11422:
11420:
11389:
11383:
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11363:
11352:
11152:
11148:
11128:
11120:
11107:
11092:
11088:
11080:
11067:
11033:
11030:Kilij Arslan II
11028:
10833:
10815:
10807:
10800:
10783:
10768:
10764:
10756:
10741:
10736:
10728:
10716:
10710:
10698:
10692:
10681:
10476:
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10445:
10438:
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10404:
10397:
10382:
10369:
10354:
10329:
10305:
10118:
10099:
10084:
10069:
10056:
10041:
10023:
10004:
9829:
9812:
9797:
9782:
9768:
9722:
9556:
9550:
9524:
9516:
9494:
9481:
9465:
9458:Suleyman I Shah
9243:
9207:
9204:
9195:
9192:
9191:First sultan of
9189:
9178:
8982:
8967:
8947:
8928:
8926:
8910:
8707:
8651:
8650:The founder of
8648:
8499:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8368:
8346:
8340:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8297:
8291:
8284:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8240:
8234:
8219:
8212:
8206:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8161:
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8125:
8118:
8109:
7954:
7945:
7939:
7924:
7915:
7909:
7889:
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7860:
7854:
7831:
7825:
7802:
7796:
7773:
7767:
7752:
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7708:
7529:
7523:
7505:
7499:
7493:
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7476:
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7397:
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7316:
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7128:
7122:
7118:
7107:
7096:
7093:
7087:
7073:
7067:
7053:
7047:
7033:
7027:
7011:
7010:Dawud and Ahmad
6998:
6991:
6985:
6800:
6793:
6789:
6780:
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6756:
6750:
6741:
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6406:
6400:
6386:
6380:
6365:
6359:
6344:
6338:
6322:
6316:
6308:
6130:
6129:Abu Bakr, Umar,
6128:
6120:
6110:
6094:
6088:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6046:
6036:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6001:
5995:
5840:
5816:
5807:
5792:
5778:
5768:
5740:
5734:
5582:
5581:The founder of
5579:
5569:
5442:
5439:
5429:
5425:
5380:
5377:
5336:
5322:
5310:
5309:son of Ildeniz
5293:
5274:
5247:
5238:
5224:
5200:
5183:
5172:
5157:
5136:
5111:
5100:
5079:
5058:
5053:
5044:
5025:
4996:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4950:
4945:
4932:
4923:
4904:
4883:
4872:
4851:
4832:
4813:
4788:
4777:
4758:
4737:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4679:
4658:
4649:
4623:
4594:
4565:
4536:
4515:
4510:
4499:
4480:
4459:
4448:son of Chaghri
4438:
4429:
4412:
4401:
4380:
4368:
4357:
4341:
4339:Seyyidah Khatun
4330:
4301:
4268:
4262:
4229:
4223:
4216:
4162:aqbiya turkiyya
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4145:Kitāb al-Diryāq
4140:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4109:Kitāb al-Diryāq
4091:aqbiya turkiyya
4086:
4075:
4068:
4055:
4046:
4036:
4027:
4024:
4015:
4012:
4003:
3996:
3954:incense burners
3903:
3872:
3811:Kitâb al-Diryâq
3686:Early world map
3642:
3635:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3597:
3548:
3540:Main articles:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3384:with guards in
3378:
3369:
3367:Seljuk Anatolia
3357:
3328:
3316:Islamic history
3293:
3227:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3153:
3066:
2980:
2974:
2933:, assembled in
2862:
2821:bowl signed by
2804:
2774:in present-day
2744:
2718:, and included
2696:
2682:
2655:Mongol invasion
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2478:
2410:
2373:Crusader states
2369:
2355:
2332:guards, 15,000
2299:Crusader states
2271:Caesarea Mazaca
2267:Iconium (Konya)
2239:
2231:Main articles:
2210:
2197:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
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2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1660:
1654:
1581:
1575:
1525:under numerous
1492:theme of Iberia
1471:
1463:Main articles:
1461:
1388:and retired to
1302:in the city of
1292:
1286:
1281:
1229:
1224:
1200:Second Crusades
1050:
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
989:Artuqid dynasty
980:
966:
952:
938:
933:Ayyubid dynasty
924:
910:
896:
882:
868:
854:
840:
815:
801:
787:
773:
759:
745:
731:
717:
703:
657:
644:
631:
618:
605:
592:
563:
550:
520:
508:
478:
446:
411:
360:
359:
334:. To the west,
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:
309:
304:
302:
300:
295:
293:
291:
286:
284:
282:
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275:
273:
271:
266:
264:
262:
257:
255:
253:
248:
246:
244:
242:
237:
235:
233:
228:
226:
224:
219:
217:
215:
213:
208:
206:
186:
179:
168:
157:
151:
148:
141:
140:
137:
130:
123:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
29264:
29254:
29253:
29248:
29246:Former empires
29243:
29238:
29233:
29228:
29223:
29218:
29213:
29208:
29203:
29198:
29193:
29188:
29171:
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29094:
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29036:
29031:
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29001:
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28991:
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28971:
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28946:
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28936:
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28916:
28911:
28897:
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28887:
28877:
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28855:
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28755:
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28715:
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28705:
28700:
28695:
28690:
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28669:
28667:
28663:
28662:
28660:
28659:
28654:
28649:
28644:
28639:
28634:
28629:
28624:
28618:
28616:
28607:
28597:
28596:
28584:
28583:
28580:
28579:
28576:
28575:
28573:
28572:
28567:
28562:
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28551:
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28500:
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28456:
28446:
28441:
28436:
28426:
28421:
28416:
28415:
28414:
28409:
28399:
28388:
28386:
28380:
28379:
28377:
28376:
28366:
28361:
28356:
28351:
28346:
28341:
28336:
28326:
28321:
28316:
28311:
28306:
28301:
28296:
28291:
28286:
28281:
28276:
28271:
28266:
28261:
28256:
28251:
28246:
28241:
28231:
28226:
28220:
28218:
28210:
28209:
28197:
28196:
28193:
28192:
28189:
28188:
28186:
28185:
28183:Supreme Leader
28180:
28175:
28170:
28164:
28162:
28156:
28155:
28153:
28152:
28147:
28145:Local councils
28142:
28137:
28132:
28127:
28121:
28119:
28115:
28114:
28112:
28111:
28106:
28101:
28091:
28086:
28081:
28076:
28071:
28061:
28056:
28051:
28045:
28040:
28031:
28026:
28025:
28024:
28022:Women's rights
28019:
28014:
28004:
27999:
27994:
27984:
27979:
27969:
27963:
27961:
27953:
27952:
27940:
27939:
27936:
27935:
27933:
27932:
27927:
27922:
27917:
27912:
27907:
27902:
27897:
27892:
27887:
27882:
27877:
27876:
27875:
27873:Climate change
27865:
27860:
27859:
27858:
27853:
27843:
27837:
27834:
27833:
27821:
27820:
27817:
27816:
27813:
27812:
27810:
27809:
27804:
27799:
27794:
27789:
27784:
27779:
27774:
27769:
27764:
27759:
27757:Jiroft culture
27754:
27753:
27752:
27745:Iranic peoples
27742:
27741:
27740:
27739:
27738:
27733:
27721:Persianization
27718:
27713:
27707:
27705:
27701:
27700:
27697:
27696:
27694:
27693:
27688:
27683:
27678:
27673:
27668:
27663:
27658:
27657:
27656:
27646:
27641:
27636:
27631:
27626:
27621:
27613:
27608:
27603:
27595:
27590:
27582:
27577:
27572:
27567:
27562:
27557:
27549:
27547:
27537:
27536:
27534:
27533:
27525:
27520:
27515:
27510:
27505:
27500:
27491:
27489:
27482:
27478:
27477:
27474:
27473:
27471:
27470:
27465:
27460:
27455:
27450:
27445:
27437:
27429:
27421:
27413:
27405:
27397:
27389:
27380:
27378:
27374:
27373:
27371:
27370:
27362:
27354:
27346:
27339:
27331:
27328:(1135/36-1225)
27323:
27315:
27307:
27299:
27290:
27288:
27284:
27283:
27281:
27280:
27272:
27264:
27256:
27248:
27240:
27232:
27224:
27216:
27207:
27205:
27198:
27192:
27191:
27188:
27187:
27185:
27184:
27175:
27173:
27169:
27168:
27166:
27165:
27157:
27149:
27141:
27138:(c.295–220 BC)
27133:
27125:
27117:
27109:
27101:
27092:
27090:
27086:
27085:
27083:
27082:
27074:
27066:
27058:
27050:
27042:
27034:
27026:
27018:
27010:
27002:
26997:Proto-Elamite
26994:
26985:
26983:
26976:
26972:
26971:
26959:
26958:
26946:
26945:
26937:
26936:
26929:
26922:
26914:
26905:
26904:
26902:
26901:
26889:
26877:
26865:
26853:
26840:
26837:
26836:
26833:
26832:
26830:
26829:
26824:
26819:
26814:
26809:
26804:
26803:
26802:
26792:
26787:
26782:
26777:
26772:
26767:
26766:
26765:
26763:Radio stations
26760:
26755:
26745:
26740:
26735:
26730:
26725:
26720:
26715:
26710:
26709:
26708:
26698:
26693:
26688:
26683:
26682:
26681:
26676:
26666:
26660:
26658:
26649:
26648:
26643:
26638:
26633:
26632:
26631:
26626:
26621:
26611:
26606:
26605:
26604:
26594:
26589:
26588:
26587:
26576:
26574:
26570:
26569:
26567:
26566:
26561:
26556:
26555:
26554:
26549:
26544:
26534:
26533:
26532:
26522:
26521:
26520:
26510:
26505:
26500:
26498:Turkish people
26494:
26492:
26486:
26485:
26483:
26482:
26481:
26480:
26475:
26470:
26463:Transportation
26460:
26455:
26450:
26445:
26440:
26439:
26438:
26433:
26428:
26423:
26413:
26408:
26403:
26398:
26393:
26387:
26385:
26379:
26378:
26375:
26374:
26372:
26371:
26370:
26369:
26364:
26359:
26349:
26344:
26343:
26342:
26337:
26327:
26322:
26317:
26311:
26309:
26305:
26304:
26302:
26301:
26296:
26291:
26286:
26285:
26284:
26279:
26268:
26266:
26260:
26259:
26257:
26256:
26255:
26254:
26249:
26244:
26239:
26229:
26228:
26227:
26217:
26211:
26209:
26202:
26196:
26195:
26192:
26191:
26189:
26188:
26183:
26178:
26173:
26171:National parks
26168:
26163:
26158:
26153:
26148:
26143:
26142:
26141:
26136:
26126:
26125:
26124:
26119:
26109:
26108:
26107:
26105:Climate change
26096:
26094:
26090:
26089:
26087:
26086:
26081:
26076:
26071:
26066:
26061:
26056:
26054:Marmara Region
26050:
26048:
26046:(west to east)
26035:
26029:
26028:
26025:
26024:
26022:
26021:
26016:
26011:
26006:
26001:
26000:
25999:
25988:
25986:
25982:
25981:
25979:
25978:
25973:
25972:
25971:
25961:
25959:Constitutional
25955:
25953:
25949:
25948:
25946:
25945:
25940:
25935:
25934:
25933:
25928:
25918:
25913:
25907:
25905:
25899:
25898:
25896:
25895:
25894:
25893:
25883:
25882:
25881:
25876:
25871:
25861:
25860:
25859:
25849:
25847:Transformation
25844:
25843:
25842:
25832:
25826:
25824:
25822:Ottoman Empire
25818:
25817:
25815:
25814:
25809:
25804:
25803:
25802:
25791:
25789:
25779:
25778:
25776:
25775:
25770:
25765:
25759:
25757:
25750:
25744:
25743:
25729:
25728:
25721:
25714:
25706:
25697:
25696:
25688:
25685:
25684:
25682:
25681:
25676:
25671:
25669:Turkic Academy
25666:
25661:
25656:
25650:
25648:
25644:
25643:
25641:
25640:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25620:
25614:
25612:
25608:
25607:
25605:
25604:
25599:
25594:
25589:
25583:
25578:
25573:
25568:
25566:Khalwati order
25563:
25558:
25553:
25548:
25546:Bektashi Order
25543:
25538:
25533:
25528:
25523:
25518:
25513:
25508:
25503:
25497:
25495:
25491:
25490:
25488:
25487:
25482:
25477:
25471:
25469:
25465:
25464:
25461:
25460:
25458:
25457:
25452:
25447:
25442:
25437:
25432:
25427:
25425:Karakalpakstan
25422:
25417:
25412:
25407:
25402:
25397:
25392:
25390:Altai Republic
25386:
25384:
25378:
25377:
25375:
25374:
25369:
25364:
25359:
25354:
25349:
25344:
25338:
25336:
25327:
25323:
25322:
25320:
25319:
25314:
25309:
25300:
25299:
25298:
25291:Nomadic empire
25288:
25287:
25286:
25281:
25276:
25266:
25261:
25256:
25250:
25248:
25244:
25243:
25241:
25240:
25230:
25225:
25220:
25215:
25210:
25205:
25199:
25197:
25193:
25192:
25189:
25188:
25186:
25185:
25180:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25160:
25155:
25150:
25145:
25140:
25135:
25130:
25125:
25120:
25114:
25112:
25105:
25104:
25099:
25093:
25092:
25091:
25078:
25073:
25068:
25067:
25066:
25059:Western Thrace
24965:
24964:
24963:
24947:
24942:
24941:
24940:
24904:
24903:
24902:
24890:
24885:
24880:
24875:
24870:
24865:
24860:
24855:
24854:
24853:
24840:
24835:
24830:
24825:
24820:
24819:
24818:
24805:
24800:
24795:
24790:
24785:
24783:Crimean Tatars
24780:
24775:
24770:
24765:
24760:
24755:
24754:
24753:
24732:
24731:
24730:
24702:
24696:
24694:
24688:
24687:
24680:
24678:
24675:
24674:
24672:
24671:
24666:
24661:
24656:
24651:
24645:
24643:
24634:
24633:
24628:
24623:
24618:
24613:
24608:
24603:
24598:
24593:
24588:
24586:Siberian Tatar
24583:
24578:
24573:
24568:
24563:
24558:
24553:
24548:
24543:
24538:
24533:
24528:
24523:
24518:
24513:
24508:
24503:
24498:
24493:
24488:
24483:
24478:
24473:
24468:
24463:
24458:
24453:
24448:
24443:
24438:
24433:
24428:
24423:
24418:
24413:
24408:
24407:
24406:
24401:
24391:
24385:
24383:
24377:
24376:
24361:
24360:
24353:
24346:
24338:
24329:
24328:
24326:
24325:
24324:
24323:
24318:
24309:
24307:
24303:
24302:
24300:
24299:
24294:
24289:
24284:
24279:
24274:
24273:
24272:
24261:
24259:
24255:
24254:
24251:
24250:
24248:
24247:
24242:
24237:
24232:
24227:
24226:
24225:
24215:
24210:
24205:
24200:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24180:
24175:
24170:
24169:
24168:
24163:
24153:
24148:
24142:
24140:
24131:
24130:
24129:
24128:
24123:
24118:
24113:
24108:
24098:
24093:
24092:
24091:
24081:
24076:
24075:
24074:
24069:
24064:
24054:
24049:
24048:
24047:
24042:
24032:
24031:
24030:
24025:
24020:
24015:
24010:
24000:
23999:
23998:
23993:
23983:
23978:
23973:
23968:
23967:
23966:
23961:
23956:
23951:
23946:
23936:
23935:
23934:
23929:
23919:
23914:
23913:
23912:
23907:
23897:
23896:
23895:
23890:
23880:
23879:
23878:
23873:
23863:
23858:
23857:
23856:
23851:
23846:
23841:
23836:
23826:
23821:
23820:
23819:
23814:
23806:
23801:
23796:
23791:
23786:
23780:
23778:
23772:
23771:
23769:
23768:
23763:
23758:
23753:
23752:
23751:
23746:
23741:
23736:
23731:
23726:
23721:
23711:
23706:
23705:
23704:
23699:
23694:
23689:
23684:
23679:
23669:
23668:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23642:
23637:
23632:
23627:
23622:
23617:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23601:
23600:
23595:
23585:
23584:
23583:
23578:
23573:
23568:
23563:
23558:
23545:
23540:
23535:
23530:
23529:
23528:
23523:
23518:
23508:
23507:
23506:
23501:
23496:
23491:
23481:
23476:
23471:
23466:
23461:
23456:
23455:
23454:
23449:
23444:
23439:
23429:
23428:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23402:
23401:
23400:
23395:
23390:
23380:
23375:
23370:
23365:
23360:
23359:
23358:
23353:
23348:
23338:
23333:
23332:
23331:
23326:
23321:
23316:
23311:
23306:
23296:
23295:
23294:
23289:
23279:
23278:
23277:
23272:
23267:
23262:
23252:
23247:
23246:
23245:
23235:
23234:
23233:
23228:
23220:
23215:
23210:
23205:
23200:
23195:
23190:
23184:
23182:
23180:Post-classical
23176:
23175:
23173:
23172:
23171:
23170:
23160:
23155:
23154:
23153:
23148:
23138:
23137:
23136:
23126:
23125:
23124:
23119:
23114:
23109:
23104:
23099:
23089:
23084:
23079:
23078:
23077:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23052:
23051:
23050:
23045:
23035:
23030:
23029:
23028:
23023:
23018:
23013:
23008:
22998:
22993:
22988:
22987:
22986:
22981:
22979:Middle Kingdom
22976:
22966:
22961:
22960:
22959:
22954:
22949:
22939:
22938:
22937:
22935:Neo-Babylonian
22932:
22927:
22925:Old Babylonian
22917:
22916:
22915:
22910:
22900:
22895:
22889:
22887:
22875:
22874:
22867:
22866:
22859:
22852:
22844:
22835:
22834:
22832:
22831:
22826:
22821:
22819:Kaykhusraw III
22816:
22811:
22806:
22801:
22796:
22791:
22786:
22781:
22776:
22771:
22766:
22761:
22756:
22754:Kilij Arslan I
22751:
22746:
22740:
22738:
22735:Sultans of Rum
22731:
22730:
22728:
22727:
22722:
22717:
22712:
22707:
22701:
22699:
22688:
22687:
22685:
22684:
22679:
22674:
22669:
22664:
22658:
22656:
22645:
22644:
22642:
22641:
22636:
22631:
22629:Arslan-Shah II
22626:
22621:
22616:
22611:
22606:
22601:
22596:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22575:
22573:
22565:
22564:
22562:
22561:
22556:
22551:
22546:
22541:
22536:
22530:
22528:
22520:
22519:
22517:
22516:
22511:
22506:
22501:
22496:
22494:Malik-Shah III
22491:
22486:
22481:
22476:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22431:
22429:
22418:
22417:
22415:
22414:
22409:
22407:Arslan Isra'il
22404:
22399:
22394:
22388:
22386:
22382:
22381:
22374:
22373:
22366:
22359:
22351:
22342:
22341:
22339:
22338:
22333:
22328:
22323:
22318:
22313:
22308:
22303:
22298:
22293:
22288:
22283:
22278:
22273:
22268:
22263:
22261:Bimaran Casket
22258:
22253:
22250:Sogdian Daēnās
22246:
22241:
22236:
22231:
22226:
22224:Gardez Ganesha
22221:
22216:
22211:
22206:
22200:
22198:
22194:
22193:
22190:
22189:
22187:
22186:
22181:
22176:
22170:
22168:
22162:
22161:
22159:
22158:
22153:
22148:
22143:
22138:
22133:
22128:
22123:
22118:
22113:
22108:
22103:
22098:
22093:
22088:
22083:
22078:
22073:
22068:
22063:
22058:
22053:
22048:
22046:Takht-e Rostam
22043:
22038:
22033:
22028:
22023:
22018:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21988:
21983:
21981:Dilberjin Tepe
21978:
21973:
21967:
21965:
21959:
21958:
21956:
21955:
21950:
21945:
21940:
21935:
21930:
21925:
21920:
21915:
21910:
21905:
21900:
21895:
21890:
21885:
21880:
21874:
21872:
21866:
21865:
21863:
21862:
21857:
21855:Takht-i Sangin
21852:
21847:
21842:
21837:
21832:
21827:
21822:
21816:
21814:
21808:
21807:
21805:
21804:
21799:
21794:
21789:
21784:
21779:
21774:
21769:
21764:
21759:
21754:
21749:
21744:
21739:
21734:
21729:
21724:
21719:
21714:
21709:
21707:Guldursun-Kala
21704:
21699:
21694:
21692:Dalverzin Tepe
21689:
21684:
21679:
21674:
21669:
21664:
21662:Akchakhan-Kala
21659:
21653:
21651:
21645:
21644:
21642:
21641:
21636:
21631:
21626:
21621:
21616:
21611:
21606:
21601:
21596:
21591:
21585:
21583:
21577:
21576:
21574:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21553:
21548:
21543:
21538:
21533:
21528:
21523:
21518:
21513:
21508:
21503:
21498:
21493:
21488:
21483:
21478:
21472:
21470:
21464:
21463:
21461:
21460:
21454:
21452:
21446:
21445:
21443:
21442:
21437:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21420:Dunhuang Caves
21417:
21415:Bezeklik Caves
21412:
21407:
21402:
21397:
21392:
21387:
21382:
21380:Subashi Temple
21377:
21372:
21367:
21362:
21357:
21351:
21349:
21343:
21342:
21340:
21339:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21313:
21311:
21302:
21298:
21297:
21295:
21294:
21289:
21284:
21279:
21274:
21268:
21266:
21262:
21261:
21259:
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21231:Durrani Empire
21228:
21223:
21221:Timurid Empire
21218:
21213:
21208:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21168:
21163:
21158:
21153:
21148:
21143:
21138:
21133:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21113:
21108:
21098:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21078:
21073:
21068:
21063:
21058:
21053:
21048:
21043:
21038:
21033:
21028:
21023:
21018:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20998:
20993:
20988:
20983:
20978:
20973:
20968:
20966:Vakhsh culture
20963:
20958:
20953:
20948:
20942:
20940:
20936:
20935:
20928:
20927:
20920:
20913:
20905:
20898:
20897:External links
20895:
20894:
20893:
20887:
20874:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20854:
20845:
20839:
20822:
20813:
20811:on 2017-02-14.
20803:
20788:
20782:
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20761:
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20733:
20727:
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20686:
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20630:
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20612:
20606:
20591:
20582:
20573:
20571:. I.B. Tauris.
20564:
20555:
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20524:
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20509:
20494:
20485:
20476:
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20214:
20194:
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20158:
20151:
20122:
20115:
20086:
20079:
20050:
20043:
20014:
19998:
19991:
19957:
19950:
19927:Kirman Selçuks
19905:
19898:
19864:
19857:
19828:
19821:
19774:
19761:
19754:
19715:
19708:
19685:Süleyman Şah I
19667:
19634:
19608:
19601:
19572:
19565:
19536:
19529:
19500:
19493:
19464:
19457:
19428:
19421:
19357:
19350:
19331:"AHMED SENCER"
19321:
19314:
19285:
19278:
19242:
19235:
19216:"ARSLAN ARGUN"
19206:
19199:
19155:
19148:
19110:
19103:
19063:
19056:
19027:
19020:
18960:
18953:
18919:
18912:
18883:
18870:
18863:
18821:
18814:
18780:
18773:
18741:
18734:
18703:
18687:
18671:
18645:
18625:
18618:
18584:
18571:
18559:
18540:
18521:
18475:
18460:
18448:
18424:
18399:
18383:
18365:
18349:
18331:
18324:
18304:
18280:
18278:, p. 167.
18268:
18266:, p. 244.
18256:
18249:
18212:
18197:
18185:
18173:
18166:
18144:
18132:
18104:
18057:
18044:
18036:UNESCO Courier
18027:
18015:
18008:
17988:
17981:
17961:
17943:
17911:
17866:
17850:
17800:
17766:
17748:
17734:
17722:
17671:
17655:
17637:
17619:
17617:, p. 187.
17607:
17591:
17578:
17534:
17527:
17504:
17497:
17479:
17474:j.ctt3fgz07.20
17464:
17439:
17397:
17395:, p. 146.
17385:
17370:Contadini 2012
17362:
17350:
17338:
17314:
17278:
17263:
17261:, p. 225.
17251:
17239:
17210:
17194:
17192:, p. 218.
17182:
17167:
17124:
17106:
17091:Muhammad Tapar
17060:
17040:
17033:
17010:
17003:
16980:
16968:
16966:, p. 217.
16956:
16952:Mirbabaev 1992
16944:
16932:
16920:
16908:
16906:, p. xxx.
16896:
16894:, p. 269.
16884:
16882:, p. 101.
16867:
16852:
16850:, p. 223.
16837:
16825:
16823:, p. 174.
16813:
16811:, p. 147.
16798:
16786:
16784:, p. 223.
16774:
16762:
16760:, p. 570.
16750:
16738:
16731:
16710:
16692:
16680:
16678:, p. 183.
16665:
16653:
16651:, p. 182.
16638:
16636:, p. 185.
16626:
16623:
16622:
16613:
16612:
16603:
16602:
16586:
16584:, p. 286.
16582:El-Azhari 2021
16574:
16572:, p. 349.
16562:
16560:, p. 149.
16550:
16532:
16520:
16507:
16505:, p. 574.
16495:
16483:
16469:
16467:
16466:
16447:
16440:
16402:
16400:
16399:
16386:Robert Dankoff
16369:
16350:
16332:
16330:, p. 135.
16320:
16318:, p. 134.
16308:
16293:
16281:
16253:
16251:, p. 395.
16241:
16229:
16222:
16204:
16202:, p. 311.
16200:El-Azhari 2019
16192:
16182:
16162:
16144:
16131:
16108:
16086:
16062:
16050:
16046:Beihammer 2017
16035:
16031:Beihammer 2017
16023:
16014:
16000:
15985:
15976:
15953:
15946:
15919:
15896:
15881:
15860:
15834:
15832:, p. 159.
15822:
15810:
15798:
15786:
15782:Beihammer 2017
15774:
15758:
15742:
15721:
15716:2012-07-08 at
15698:
15681:
15674:
15656:
15644:
15632:
15620:
15608:
15593:
15581:
15569:
15567:, p. 159.
15557:
15545:
15530:
15518:
15506:
15467:
15455:
15453:
15452:
15443:
15430:
15420:
15407:
15398:
15382:
15373:
15357:
15348:
15324:
15314:
15299:
15290:
15273:
15260:
15247:
15237:
15222:
15215:
15205:
15190:
15176:
15162:Meri, Josef W.
15158:
15146:
15119:
15112:. p. 25.
15032:
15020:
15018:, p. 128.
15008:
15006:
15005:
14998:
14991:
14978:
14943:Rein Taagepera
14934:
14896:
14884:
14882:, p. 167.
14872:
14843:Holt, Peter M.
14834:
14822:
14820:, p. 615.
14810:
14792:
14785:
14759:
14752:
14725:
14713:
14706:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14676:
14675:
14645:
14635:, p. 727. (10
14610:
14601:
14588:
14556:
14543:
14539:Rabi' al-awwal
14519:
14501:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14492:
14491:
14477:
14476:
14473:
14472:
14463:
14455:Seljuk dynasty
14453:branch of the
14441:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14434:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14416:Rahat al-sudur
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14386:
14379:
14372:
14364:
14361:
14360:
14355:
14354:
14343:
14342:
14341:
14340:
14330:
14329:
14318:
14317:
14306:
14305:
14294:
14293:
14292:
14291:
14284:
14281:Khalji dynasty
14277:
14274:Mamluk dynasty
14267:
14266:
14255:
14254:
14243:
14242:
14236:Kerait Khanate
14231:
14230:
14219:
14218:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14204:
14194:
14193:
14182:
14181:
14170:
14169:
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14065:
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14029:
14018:
14017:
14006:
14005:
13994:
13993:
13985:
13984:
13983:
13982:
13974:
13954:
13953:
13945:
13934:
13933:
13925:
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13900:
13899:
13898:
13897:
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13886:
13873:
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13863:
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13841:
13830:
13829:
13827:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13800:
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13791:
13790:
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13782:
13776:
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13773:
13767:
13766:
13764:
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13757:
13755:
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13703:
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13674:
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13479:
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13470:
13468:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13433:
13430:Turkic peoples
13428:
13427:
13424:
13423:
13412:
13411:
13399:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13388:
13387:
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13282:
13280:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13272:
13270:. 1299-1323/4)
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12872:
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12863:
12862:
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12858:
12855:
12854:
12841:
12839:
12813:
12811:
12809:
12807:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12787:
12785:
12765:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12733:
12731:
12708:
12706:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12676:
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12572:
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12511:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12476:
12474:
12472:
12470:
12456:
12454:
12434:
12432:
12416:
12414:
12388:
12386:
12384:
12354:
12352:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12287:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12061:
12059:
12045:
12043:
12027:
12025:
12016:Kay Khusraw II
12013:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
11996:
11994:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11965:
11963:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11857:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11849:
11847:
11845:
11843:
11841:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11815:
11813:
11811:
11797:
11795:
11781:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11765:
11763:
11745:
11743:
11734:
11732:
11717:
11715:
11698:
11696:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11546:
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11538:
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11511:
11510:
11508:
11506:
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11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11480:
11478:
11464:
11462:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11404:
11402:
11397:
11395:
11377:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
11374:
11372:
11362:The mothers of
11360:
11358:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11314:
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11310:
11308:
11306:
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11164:
11161:
11160:
11145:
11143:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11115:
11113:
11102:
11100:
11078:Malik-Shah III
11075:
11073:
11062:
11060:
11041:
11039:
11024:
11022:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10975:
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10971:
10969:
10967:
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10961:
10959:
10957:
10955:
10953:
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10949:
10947:
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10941:
10939:
10937:
10935:
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10931:
10929:
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10923:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10778:
10776:
10751:
10749:
10723:
10721:
10705:
10703:
10689:
10687:
10673:
10671:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10433:
10431:
10429:. 1170 – 1177)
10414:Arslan II Shah
10410:. 1170 – 1175)
10392:
10390:
10377:
10375:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10304:Toghrul Arslan
10302:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10113:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10094:
10092:
10079:
10077:
10064:
10062:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10020:Kilij Arslan I
10016:
10014:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9969:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9807:
9805:
9792:
9790:
9776:
9774:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9510:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9489:
9487:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9199:
9197:
9196:(r. 1037–1063)
9184:
9182:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8980:Ismail Khandan
8977:
8975:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8914:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:Seljuk dynasty
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8335:
8333:
8322:de facto ruler
8308:
8306:
8275:
8273:
8250:
8248:
8227:
8225:
8198:
8196:
8195:. 1175 - 1177)
8187:Arslan II Shah
8169:
8167:
8133:
8131:
8130:. 1171 - 1172)
8117:. 1170 - 1171)
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7934:
7932:
7904:
7902:
7875:
7873:
7846:
7844:
7817:
7815:
7793:Malik-Shah III
7788:
7786:
7762:
7760:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7515:
7513:
7502:de facto ruler
7488:
7486:
7468:Mu'mine Khatun
7465:
7463:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7403:
7401:
7383:
7381:
7362:
7360:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7133:
7131:
7113:
7111:
7104:
7102:
7095:Last sultan of
7079:
7077:
7059:
7057:
7039:
7037:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6786:
6784:
6777:
6775:
6762:
6760:
6747:
6745:
6732:
6730:
6712:
6710:
6682:
6680:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6458:Safiyya Khatun
6456:
6454:
6436:Khadija Arslan
6434:
6432:
6425:
6423:
6412:
6410:
6392:
6390:
6375:
6373:
6354:
6352:
6336:Atsiz ibn Uvaq
6333:
6331:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6098:
6081:
6079:
6053:
6051:
6029:
6027:
6011:
6009:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5785:
5782:Seljuk dynasty
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5732:Qawam al-Dawla
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5584:Seljuk dynasty
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5445:The Oghuz army
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5197:
5178:
5167:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5106:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5055:
5050:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:Malik-Shah III
5002:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4947:
4942:
4931:Zubaida Khatun
4929:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4881:Zubeida Khatun
4878:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4783:
4775:Rusudan Khatun
4772:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4655:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4505:
4497:Zubeida Khatun
4494:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4407:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4367:son of Mikail
4365:
4364:
4363:
4354:
4336:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4264:Main article:
4261:
4258:
4228:
4225:
4214:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4087:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4006:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3902:
3899:
3871:
3868:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3591:
3537:
3534:
3522:
3519:
3469:four-iwan plan
3443:, Turkmenistan
3426:Main article:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3390:, wearing the
3379:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3351:
3327:
3324:
3292:
3289:
3226:
3223:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3065:
3062:
2973:
2970:
2866: 531–579
2803:
2800:
2790:, and, later,
2743:
2742:Capital cities
2740:
2681:
2678:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2477:
2474:
2409:
2406:
2363:Zengid dynasty
2359:Second Crusade
2354:
2351:
2196:
2193:
2087:Kilij Arslan I
2071:
2070:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1656:Main article:
1653:
1650:
1646:Hassan-i Sabāh
1587:'s successor,
1577:Main article:
1574:
1571:
1460:
1457:
1367:Karakum Desert
1325:, and then to
1288:Main article:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1257:Samanid Empire
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
991:
985:
984:
977:
971:
970:
963:
961:Zengid dynasty
957:
956:
949:
943:
942:
935:
929:
928:
921:
915:
914:
907:
901:
900:
893:
887:
886:
879:
873:
872:
865:
863:Ghurid dynasty
859:
858:
851:
845:
844:
837:
828:
825:
824:
819:
811:
810:
805:
797:
796:
791:
783:
782:
777:
769:
768:
763:
755:
754:
749:
741:
740:
735:
727:
726:
721:
713:
712:
707:
695:
694:
689:
679:
678:
675:
671:
670:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
652:
649:
648:
645:
639:
636:
635:
632:
626:
623:
622:
619:
613:
610:
609:
606:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
575:
574:
571:
570:
564:
561:
558:
557:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
518:
515:
514:
509:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
467:
463:
462:
452:
448:
447:
445:
444:
438:
432:
419:
417:
413:
412:
410:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
378:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
329:
328:
199:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
180:
177:
170:
169:
152:September 2024
139:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
47:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
29263:
29252:
29249:
29247:
29244:
29242:
29239:
29237:
29234:
29232:
29229:
29227:
29224:
29222:
29219:
29217:
29214:
29212:
29209:
29207:
29206:Seljuk Empire
29204:
29202:
29199:
29197:
29194:
29192:
29189:
29187:
29184:
29183:
29181:
29166:
29162:
29158:
29156:
29148:
29147:
29144:
29130:
29127:
29125:
29122:
29120:
29117:
29116:
29114:
29110:
29100:
29099:
29095:
29093:
29090:
29088:
29085:
29083:
29080:
29078:
29075:
29073:
29070:
29068:
29065:
29064:
29062:
29060:
29056:
29049:
29045:
29042:
29040:
29037:
29035:
29032:
29030:
29027:
29025:
29022:
29020:
29017:
29015:
29012:
29009:
29005:
29002:
29000:
28997:
28995:
28992:
28989:
28986:
28983:
28979:
28978:news agencies
28975:
28972:
28970:
28967:
28964:
28960:
28957:
28955:
28952:
28950:
28947:
28945:
28942:
28940:
28937:
28934:
28930:
28927:
28925:
28922:
28920:
28917:
28915:
28912:
28909:
28907:
28901:
28898:
28896:
28893:
28891:
28888:
28885:
28881:
28878:
28875:
28872:
28870:
28866:
28863:
28862:
28859:
28856:
28854:
28850:
28840:
28837:
28835:
28832:
28830:
28827:
28825:
28822:
28819:
28816:
28814:
28811:
28809:
28806:
28804:
28800:
28797:
28795:
28792:
28790:
28787:
28786:
28784:
28780:
28774:
28771:
28768:
28764:
28761:
28759:
28756:
28753:
28749:
28746:
28744:
28741:
28740:
28738:
28736:
28732:
28724:
28721:
28719:
28716:
28714:
28711:
28709:
28706:
28704:
28701:
28699:
28696:
28694:
28691:
28689:
28686:
28685:
28684:
28681:
28678:
28674:
28671:
28670:
28668:
28664:
28658:
28655:
28653:
28650:
28648:
28645:
28643:
28640:
28638:
28635:
28633:
28630:
28628:
28625:
28623:
28620:
28619:
28617:
28615:
28611:
28608:
28606:
28602:
28598:
28594:
28589:
28585:
28571:
28568:
28566:
28563:
28561:
28558:
28556:
28553:
28552:
28550:
28546:
28540:
28537:
28535:
28532:
28530:
28527:
28525:
28522:
28520:
28517:
28515:
28512:
28511:
28509:
28507:
28501:
28495:
28492:
28489:
28486:
28484:
28481:
28479:
28476:
28474:
28470:
28467:
28464:
28460:
28457:
28454:
28450:
28447:
28445:
28442:
28440:
28437:
28434:
28430:
28427:
28425:
28422:
28420:
28417:
28413:
28410:
28408:
28405:
28404:
28403:
28400:
28397:
28393:
28390:
28389:
28387:
28385:
28381:
28374:
28370:
28367:
28365:
28362:
28360:
28357:
28355:
28352:
28350:
28347:
28345:
28342:
28340:
28339:Privatization
28337:
28334:
28330:
28327:
28325:
28322:
28320:
28317:
28315:
28312:
28310:
28307:
28305:
28302:
28300:
28297:
28295:
28292:
28290:
28287:
28285:
28282:
28280:
28277:
28275:
28272:
28270:
28267:
28265:
28262:
28260:
28257:
28255:
28252:
28250:
28247:
28245:
28242:
28239:
28235:
28232:
28230:
28227:
28225:
28222:
28221:
28219:
28215:
28211:
28207:
28202:
28198:
28184:
28181:
28179:
28176:
28174:
28171:
28169:
28166:
28165:
28163:
28161:
28157:
28151:
28148:
28146:
28143:
28141:
28138:
28136:
28133:
28131:
28128:
28126:
28123:
28122:
28120:
28116:
28110:
28107:
28105:
28102:
28099:
28095:
28092:
28090:
28087:
28085:
28082:
28080:
28077:
28075:
28072:
28069:
28065:
28062:
28060:
28057:
28055:
28052:
28049:
28046:
28044:
28041:
28039:
28035:
28032:
28030:
28027:
28023:
28020:
28018:
28015:
28013:
28010:
28009:
28008:
28005:
28003:
28000:
27998:
27995:
27992:
27988:
27985:
27983:
27980:
27977:
27973:
27970:
27968:
27965:
27964:
27962:
27958:
27954:
27950:
27945:
27941:
27931:
27928:
27926:
27923:
27921:
27918:
27916:
27913:
27911:
27908:
27906:
27903:
27901:
27898:
27896:
27893:
27891:
27888:
27886:
27883:
27881:
27878:
27874:
27871:
27870:
27869:
27866:
27864:
27861:
27857:
27854:
27852:
27849:
27848:
27847:
27844:
27842:
27839:
27838:
27835:
27831:
27826:
27822:
27808:
27807:Years in Iran
27805:
27803:
27800:
27798:
27795:
27793:
27790:
27788:
27785:
27783:
27780:
27778:
27775:
27773:
27770:
27768:
27765:
27763:
27760:
27758:
27755:
27751:
27748:
27747:
27746:
27743:
27737:
27734:
27732:
27731:Turco-Persian
27729:
27728:
27727:
27724:
27723:
27722:
27719:
27717:
27714:
27712:
27709:
27708:
27706:
27702:
27692:
27689:
27687:
27684:
27682:
27679:
27677:
27674:
27672:
27669:
27667:
27664:
27662:
27659:
27655:
27652:
27651:
27650:
27647:
27645:
27642:
27640:
27637:
27635:
27632:
27630:
27627:
27625:
27622:
27620:
27614:
27612:
27609:
27607:
27604:
27602:
27600:War (1980–88)
27596:
27594:
27591:
27589:
27583:
27581:
27578:
27576:
27573:
27571:
27568:
27566:
27563:
27561:
27558:
27556:
27551:
27550:
27548:
27543:
27538:
27532:
27526:
27524:
27521:
27519:
27516:
27514:
27511:
27509:
27506:
27504:
27501:
27499:
27493:
27492:
27490:
27486:
27483:
27479:
27469:
27466:
27464:
27461:
27459:
27456:
27454:
27451:
27449:
27446:
27444:
27438:
27436:
27430:
27428:
27422:
27420:
27414:
27412:
27406:
27404:
27398:
27396:
27392:Qara Qoyunlu
27390:
27388:
27382:
27381:
27379:
27375:
27369:
27363:
27361:
27355:
27353:
27347:
27345:
27340:
27338:
27332:
27330:
27324:
27322:
27316:
27314:
27308:
27306:
27300:
27298:
27292:
27291:
27289:
27285:
27279:
27273:
27271:
27265:
27263:
27257:
27255:
27249:
27247:
27241:
27239:
27233:
27231:
27225:
27223:
27217:
27215:
27209:
27208:
27206:
27202:
27199:
27193:
27183:
27177:
27176:
27174:
27170:
27164:
27158:
27156:
27150:
27148:
27142:
27140:
27134:
27132:
27126:
27124:
27118:
27116:
27110:
27108:
27102:
27100:
27094:
27093:
27091:
27089:550 BC–AD 224
27087:
27081:
27075:
27073:
27067:
27065:
27059:
27057:
27051:
27049:
27045:Neo-Assyrian
27043:
27041:
27035:
27033:
27027:
27025:
27019:
27017:
27011:
27009:
27003:
27001:
26995:
26993:
26987:
26986:
26984:
26980:
26977:
26973:
26969:
26964:
26960:
26956:
26951:
26947:
26942:
26935:
26930:
26928:
26923:
26921:
26916:
26915:
26912:
26900:
26899:
26890:
26888:
26887:
26878:
26876:
26875:
26866:
26864:
26863:
26854:
26852:
26851:
26846:
26842:
26841:
26838:
26828:
26825:
26823:
26820:
26818:
26815:
26813:
26810:
26808:
26805:
26801:
26798:
26797:
26796:
26793:
26791:
26788:
26786:
26783:
26781:
26778:
26776:
26773:
26771:
26768:
26764:
26761:
26759:
26756:
26754:
26751:
26750:
26749:
26746:
26744:
26741:
26739:
26736:
26734:
26731:
26729:
26726:
26724:
26721:
26719:
26716:
26714:
26711:
26707:
26704:
26703:
26702:
26699:
26697:
26694:
26692:
26689:
26687:
26684:
26680:
26677:
26675:
26672:
26671:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26661:
26659:
26657:
26653:
26647:
26644:
26642:
26639:
26637:
26634:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26616:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26603:
26600:
26599:
26598:
26595:
26593:
26590:
26586:
26583:
26582:
26581:
26578:
26577:
26575:
26571:
26565:
26562:
26560:
26557:
26553:
26550:
26548:
26545:
26543:
26540:
26539:
26538:
26535:
26531:
26528:
26527:
26526:
26523:
26519:
26516:
26515:
26514:
26511:
26509:
26506:
26504:
26501:
26499:
26496:
26495:
26493:
26491:
26487:
26479:
26476:
26474:
26471:
26469:
26466:
26465:
26464:
26461:
26459:
26456:
26454:
26451:
26449:
26446:
26444:
26441:
26437:
26434:
26432:
26429:
26427:
26424:
26422:
26419:
26418:
26417:
26414:
26412:
26409:
26407:
26404:
26402:
26399:
26397:
26394:
26392:
26389:
26388:
26386:
26384:
26380:
26368:
26365:
26363:
26360:
26358:
26355:
26354:
26353:
26350:
26348:
26345:
26341:
26338:
26336:
26333:
26332:
26331:
26328:
26326:
26323:
26321:
26318:
26316:
26313:
26312:
26310:
26306:
26300:
26297:
26295:
26292:
26290:
26287:
26283:
26280:
26278:
26275:
26274:
26273:
26270:
26269:
26267:
26265:
26261:
26253:
26250:
26248:
26245:
26243:
26240:
26238:
26235:
26234:
26233:
26230:
26226:
26223:
26222:
26221:
26218:
26216:
26213:
26212:
26210:
26206:
26203:
26201:
26197:
26187:
26184:
26182:
26179:
26177:
26174:
26172:
26169:
26167:
26164:
26162:
26159:
26157:
26154:
26152:
26149:
26147:
26144:
26140:
26137:
26135:
26134:Air pollution
26132:
26131:
26130:
26127:
26123:
26120:
26118:
26115:
26114:
26113:
26110:
26106:
26103:
26102:
26101:
26098:
26097:
26095:
26091:
26085:
26082:
26080:
26077:
26075:
26072:
26070:
26067:
26065:
26062:
26060:
26059:Aegean Region
26057:
26055:
26052:
26051:
26049:
26043:
26039:
26036:
26034:
26030:
26020:
26017:
26015:
26012:
26010:
26007:
26005:
26004:Turkification
26002:
25998:
25995:
25994:
25993:
25990:
25989:
25987:
25983:
25977:
25974:
25970:
25967:
25966:
25965:
25962:
25960:
25957:
25956:
25954:
25950:
25944:
25941:
25939:
25936:
25932:
25929:
25927:
25924:
25923:
25922:
25919:
25917:
25914:
25912:
25909:
25908:
25906:
25904:
25900:
25892:
25889:
25888:
25887:
25884:
25880:
25877:
25875:
25872:
25870:
25867:
25866:
25865:
25862:
25858:
25855:
25854:
25853:
25850:
25848:
25845:
25841:
25838:
25837:
25836:
25835:Classical Age
25833:
25831:
25828:
25827:
25825:
25823:
25819:
25813:
25810:
25808:
25805:
25801:
25798:
25797:
25796:
25795:Seljuk Empire
25793:
25792:
25790:
25788:
25784:
25780:
25774:
25771:
25769:
25766:
25764:
25761:
25760:
25758:
25754:
25751:
25749:
25745:
25741:
25736:
25727:
25722:
25720:
25715:
25713:
25708:
25707:
25704:
25693:
25686:
25680:
25677:
25675:
25672:
25670:
25667:
25665:
25662:
25660:
25657:
25655:
25652:
25651:
25649:
25647:Organizations
25645:
25639:
25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25615:
25613:
25609:
25603:
25602:Vattisen Yaly
25600:
25598:
25595:
25593:
25590:
25587:
25584:
25582:
25579:
25577:
25574:
25572:
25569:
25567:
25564:
25562:
25559:
25557:
25554:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25542:
25539:
25537:
25534:
25532:
25529:
25527:
25524:
25522:
25519:
25517:
25514:
25512:
25509:
25507:
25504:
25502:
25499:
25498:
25496:
25492:
25486:
25483:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25472:
25470:
25466:
25456:
25453:
25451:
25448:
25446:
25443:
25441:
25438:
25436:
25433:
25431:
25428:
25426:
25423:
25421:
25418:
25416:
25413:
25411:
25408:
25406:
25403:
25401:
25398:
25396:
25395:Bashkortostan
25393:
25391:
25388:
25387:
25385:
25383:
25379:
25373:
25370:
25368:
25365:
25363:
25360:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25350:
25348:
25345:
25343:
25340:
25339:
25337:
25335:
25331:
25328:
25324:
25318:
25315:
25313:
25310:
25308:
25304:
25301:
25297:
25294:
25293:
25292:
25289:
25285:
25284:Turkification
25282:
25280:
25277:
25275:
25272:
25271:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25262:
25260:
25257:
25255:
25252:
25251:
25249:
25245:
25238:
25234:
25231:
25229:
25226:
25224:
25221:
25219:
25216:
25214:
25211:
25209:
25206:
25204:
25201:
25200:
25198:
25194:
25184:
25181:
25179:
25176:
25174:
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25159:
25156:
25154:
25151:
25149:
25146:
25144:
25141:
25139:
25136:
25134:
25131:
25129:
25126:
25124:
25121:
25119:
25116:
25115:
25113:
25109:
25103:
25100:
25097:
25094:
25089:
25084:
25083:
25082:
25079:
25077:
25074:
25072:
25069:
25064:
25060:
25056:
25052:
25048:
25044:
25040:
25036:
25032:
25028:
25024:
25020:
25016:
25012:
25008:
25004:
25000:
24996:
24992:
24988:
24984:
24980:
24976:
24971:
24970:
24969:
24966:
24961:
24957:
24953:
24952:
24951:
24948:
24946:
24943:
24938:
24934:
24930:
24926:
24922:
24918:
24914:
24910:
24909:
24908:
24905:
24900:
24899:Baraba Tatars
24896:
24895:
24894:
24891:
24889:
24886:
24884:
24881:
24879:
24876:
24874:
24871:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24851:
24846:
24845:
24844:
24841:
24839:
24836:
24834:
24831:
24829:
24826:
24824:
24821:
24816:
24811:
24810:
24809:
24806:
24804:
24801:
24799:
24796:
24794:
24791:
24789:
24786:
24784:
24781:
24779:
24776:
24774:
24771:
24769:
24766:
24764:
24761:
24759:
24756:
24751:
24747:
24743:
24738:
24737:
24736:
24733:
24728:
24724:
24720:
24716:
24712:
24708:
24707:
24706:
24703:
24701:
24698:
24697:
24695:
24693:
24689:
24684:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24660:
24657:
24655:
24654:Common Turkic
24652:
24650:
24647:
24646:
24644:
24642:
24638:
24632:
24631:Western Yugur
24629:
24627:
24624:
24622:
24619:
24617:
24614:
24612:
24609:
24607:
24604:
24602:
24599:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24552:
24549:
24547:
24544:
24542:
24539:
24537:
24534:
24532:
24529:
24527:
24524:
24522:
24519:
24517:
24514:
24512:
24509:
24507:
24504:
24502:
24499:
24497:
24494:
24492:
24489:
24487:
24484:
24482:
24479:
24477:
24474:
24472:
24469:
24467:
24464:
24462:
24459:
24457:
24454:
24452:
24449:
24447:
24446:Crimean Tatar
24444:
24442:
24439:
24437:
24434:
24432:
24429:
24427:
24424:
24422:
24419:
24417:
24414:
24412:
24409:
24405:
24402:
24400:
24397:
24396:
24395:
24392:
24390:
24387:
24386:
24384:
24382:
24378:
24373:
24359:
24354:
24352:
24347:
24345:
24340:
24339:
24336:
24322:
24321:Soviet empire
24319:
24317:
24314:
24313:
24311:
24310:
24308:
24306:Miscellaneous
24304:
24298:
24295:
24293:
24290:
24288:
24285:
24283:
24280:
24278:
24275:
24271:
24268:
24267:
24266:
24263:
24262:
24260:
24256:
24246:
24243:
24241:
24238:
24236:
24233:
24231:
24228:
24224:
24221:
24220:
24219:
24216:
24214:
24211:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24167:
24164:
24162:
24159:
24158:
24157:
24154:
24152:
24149:
24147:
24144:
24143:
24141:
24139:
24135:
24127:
24124:
24122:
24119:
24117:
24114:
24112:
24109:
24107:
24104:
24103:
24102:
24099:
24097:
24094:
24090:
24087:
24086:
24085:
24082:
24080:
24077:
24073:
24070:
24068:
24065:
24063:
24060:
24059:
24058:
24055:
24053:
24050:
24046:
24043:
24041:
24038:
24037:
24036:
24033:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24021:
24019:
24016:
24014:
24011:
24009:
24006:
24005:
24004:
24001:
23997:
23994:
23992:
23989:
23988:
23987:
23984:
23982:
23979:
23977:
23974:
23972:
23969:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
23945:
23942:
23941:
23940:
23937:
23933:
23930:
23928:
23925:
23924:
23923:
23920:
23918:
23915:
23911:
23908:
23906:
23905:German Empire
23903:
23902:
23901:
23898:
23894:
23891:
23889:
23886:
23885:
23884:
23881:
23877:
23874:
23872:
23869:
23868:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23859:
23855:
23852:
23850:
23847:
23845:
23842:
23840:
23837:
23835:
23832:
23831:
23830:
23827:
23825:
23822:
23818:
23815:
23813:
23810:
23809:
23807:
23805:
23802:
23800:
23797:
23795:
23792:
23790:
23787:
23785:
23782:
23781:
23779:
23777:
23773:
23767:
23764:
23762:
23759:
23757:
23754:
23750:
23747:
23745:
23742:
23740:
23737:
23735:
23732:
23730:
23727:
23725:
23722:
23720:
23717:
23716:
23715:
23712:
23710:
23707:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23678:
23675:
23674:
23673:
23670:
23666:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23646:
23645:Turco-Persian
23643:
23641:
23638:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23599:
23596:
23594:
23591:
23590:
23589:
23586:
23582:
23579:
23577:
23574:
23572:
23569:
23567:
23564:
23562:
23559:
23557:
23554:
23553:
23552:
23549:
23546:
23544:
23541:
23539:
23536:
23534:
23531:
23527:
23524:
23522:
23519:
23517:
23514:
23513:
23512:
23509:
23505:
23502:
23500:
23497:
23495:
23492:
23490:
23487:
23486:
23485:
23482:
23480:
23477:
23475:
23472:
23470:
23467:
23465:
23462:
23460:
23457:
23453:
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23434:
23433:
23430:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23407:
23406:
23403:
23399:
23396:
23394:
23391:
23389:
23386:
23385:
23384:
23381:
23379:
23376:
23374:
23371:
23369:
23366:
23364:
23361:
23357:
23354:
23352:
23349:
23347:
23344:
23343:
23342:
23339:
23337:
23334:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23312:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23301:
23300:
23297:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23284:
23283:
23280:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23266:
23263:
23261:
23258:
23257:
23256:
23253:
23251:
23248:
23244:
23241:
23240:
23239:
23236:
23232:
23229:
23227:
23224:
23223:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23199:
23196:
23194:
23191:
23189:
23186:
23185:
23183:
23181:
23177:
23169:
23166:
23165:
23164:
23161:
23159:
23156:
23152:
23149:
23147:
23144:
23143:
23142:
23139:
23135:
23132:
23131:
23130:
23127:
23123:
23120:
23118:
23115:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23105:
23103:
23100:
23098:
23095:
23094:
23093:
23090:
23088:
23085:
23083:
23080:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23056:
23053:
23049:
23046:
23044:
23041:
23040:
23039:
23036:
23034:
23031:
23027:
23024:
23022:
23019:
23017:
23014:
23012:
23009:
23007:
23004:
23003:
23002:
22999:
22997:
22994:
22992:
22989:
22985:
22982:
22980:
22977:
22975:
22972:
22971:
22970:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22958:
22955:
22953:
22950:
22948:
22945:
22944:
22943:
22940:
22936:
22933:
22931:
22928:
22926:
22923:
22922:
22921:
22918:
22914:
22911:
22909:
22906:
22905:
22904:
22901:
22899:
22896:
22894:
22891:
22890:
22888:
22885:
22880:
22876:
22872:
22865:
22860:
22858:
22853:
22851:
22846:
22845:
22842:
22830:
22827:
22825:
22822:
22820:
22817:
22815:
22812:
22810:
22807:
22805:
22802:
22800:
22799:Kaykhusraw II
22797:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22770:
22767:
22765:
22762:
22760:
22757:
22755:
22752:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22742:
22741:
22739:
22736:
22732:
22726:
22723:
22721:
22718:
22716:
22713:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22702:
22700:
22697:
22693:
22689:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22663:
22660:
22659:
22657:
22654:
22650:
22646:
22640:
22637:
22635:
22634:Turan-Shah II
22632:
22630:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22609:Arslan-Shah I
22607:
22605:
22602:
22600:
22597:
22595:
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22568:Governors of
22566:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22523:Governors of
22521:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22505:
22504:Suleiman-Shah
22502:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22475:
22471:
22468:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22460:Malik-Shah II
22458:
22456:
22453:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22432:
22430:
22427:
22426:Seljuk Empire
22423:
22419:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22403:
22400:
22398:
22395:
22393:
22390:
22389:
22387:
22383:
22379:
22372:
22367:
22365:
22360:
22358:
22353:
22352:
22349:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22327:
22324:
22322:
22319:
22317:
22314:
22312:
22309:
22307:
22304:
22302:
22299:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22256:Oxus Treasure
22254:
22252:
22251:
22247:
22245:
22242:
22240:
22237:
22235:
22232:
22230:
22227:
22225:
22222:
22220:
22217:
22215:
22212:
22210:
22209:Orlat plaques
22207:
22205:
22202:
22201:
22199:
22195:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22171:
22169:
22167:
22163:
22157:
22154:
22152:
22149:
22147:
22144:
22142:
22139:
22137:
22134:
22132:
22129:
22127:
22124:
22122:
22119:
22117:
22114:
22112:
22109:
22107:
22104:
22102:
22101:Dasht-e Nawar
22099:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22089:
22087:
22084:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22019:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21968:
21966:
21964:
21960:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21939:
21936:
21934:
21933:Monjukli Depe
21931:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21918:Konye-Urgench
21916:
21914:
21911:
21909:
21906:
21904:
21901:
21899:
21896:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21875:
21873:
21871:
21867:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21850:Takht-i Kuwad
21848:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21826:
21823:
21821:
21818:
21817:
21815:
21813:
21809:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21788:
21785:
21783:
21780:
21778:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21755:
21753:
21750:
21748:
21745:
21743:
21740:
21738:
21735:
21733:
21730:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21718:
21715:
21713:
21710:
21708:
21705:
21703:
21700:
21698:
21695:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21685:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21654:
21652:
21650:
21646:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21617:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21609:Koshoy Korgon
21607:
21605:
21602:
21600:
21597:
21595:
21592:
21590:
21587:
21586:
21584:
21582:
21578:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21532:
21529:
21527:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21514:
21512:
21509:
21507:
21504:
21502:
21499:
21497:
21494:
21492:
21489:
21487:
21484:
21482:
21479:
21477:
21474:
21473:
21471:
21469:
21465:
21459:
21456:
21455:
21453:
21451:
21447:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21416:
21413:
21411:
21408:
21406:
21403:
21401:
21398:
21396:
21393:
21391:
21388:
21386:
21383:
21381:
21378:
21376:
21375:Kumtura Caves
21373:
21371:
21368:
21366:
21363:
21361:
21358:
21356:
21353:
21352:
21350:
21348:
21347:Western China
21344:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21332:Salbyk kurgan
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21322:Arzhan kurgan
21320:
21318:
21315:
21314:
21312:
21310:
21306:
21303:
21299:
21293:
21292:Serindian art
21290:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21280:
21278:
21275:
21273:
21270:
21269:
21267:
21263:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21207:
21204:
21202:
21199:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21191:Mongol Empire
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21181:Ghurid Empire
21179:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21167:
21164:
21162:
21159:
21157:
21154:
21152:
21149:
21147:
21144:
21142:
21139:
21137:
21134:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21106:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21096:Western Turks
21094:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21077:
21074:
21072:
21069:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21054:
21052:
21049:
21047:
21046:Kushan Empire
21044:
21042:
21039:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21031:Guiyi Circuit
21029:
21027:
21024:
21022:
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21007:
21006:Median Empire
21004:
21002:
20999:
20997:
20994:
20992:
20989:
20987:
20986:Tagar culture
20984:
20982:
20979:
20977:
20974:
20972:
20969:
20967:
20964:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20943:
20941:
20937:
20933:
20926:
20921:
20919:
20914:
20912:
20907:
20906:
20903:
20890:
20884:
20880:
20875:
20871:
20867:
20863:
20862:
20851:
20846:
20842:
20836:
20831:
20830:
20823:
20819:
20814:
20810:
20806:
20800:
20796:
20795:
20789:
20785:
20779:
20775:
20774:
20768:
20764:
20758:
20754:
20750:
20749:
20743:
20739:
20734:
20730:
20724:
20720:
20715:
20711:
20706:
20702:
20696:
20693:. Routledge.
20692:
20687:
20683:
20677:
20673:
20668:
20664:
20658:
20654:
20649:
20645:
20640:
20636:
20631:
20627:
20622:
20618:
20613:
20609:
20603:
20599:
20598:
20592:
20588:
20583:
20579:
20574:
20570:
20565:
20561:
20556:
20552:
20546:
20542:
20538:
20534:
20533:Arab Painting
20530:
20525:
20521:
20516:
20512:
20506:
20502:
20501:
20495:
20491:
20486:
20483:
20479:
20473:
20469:
20464:
20460:
20455:
20445:
20439:
20435:
20434:
20428:
20424:
20420:
20416:
20410:
20406:
20402:
20398:
20393:
20389:
20384:
20380:
20376:
20372:
20371:
20365:
20361:
20355:
20351:
20350:
20344:
20340:
20335:
20331:
20326:
20322:
20317:
20313:
20308:
20304:
20298:
20295:. Routledge.
20294:
20289:
20285:
20280:
20276:
20270:
20262:
20258:
20254:
20250:
20246:
20241:
20237:
20232:
20231:
20217:
20211:
20207:
20206:
20198:
20190:
20184:
20180:
20176:
20169:
20162:
20154:
20148:
20144:
20140:
20133:
20126:
20118:
20112:
20108:
20104:
20097:
20090:
20082:
20076:
20072:
20068:
20061:
20054:
20046:
20040:
20036:
20032:
20025:
20018:
20011:
20007:
20002:
19994:
19988:
19984:
19981:
19977:
19970:
19969:
19961:
19953:
19947:
19943:
19940:
19936:
19929:
19928:
19920:
19918:
19916:
19914:
19912:
19910:
19901:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19884:
19877:
19876:
19868:
19860:
19854:
19850:
19846:
19839:
19838:"Selçuklular"
19832:
19824:
19818:
19814:
19811:
19807:
19800:
19799:
19791:
19789:
19787:
19785:
19783:
19781:
19779:
19771:
19765:
19757:
19751:
19747:
19744:
19740:
19733:
19732:
19724:
19722:
19720:
19711:
19705:
19701:
19698:
19694:
19687:
19686:
19678:
19676:
19674:
19672:
19663:
19660:
19656:
19652:
19651:
19643:
19641:
19639:
19631:
19627:
19624:
19619:
19612:
19604:
19598:
19594:
19590:
19583:
19576:
19568:
19562:
19558:
19554:
19547:
19540:
19532:
19526:
19522:
19518:
19511:
19504:
19496:
19490:
19486:
19482:
19475:
19468:
19460:
19454:
19450:
19446:
19439:
19432:
19424:
19418:
19414:
19410:
19403:
19396:
19394:
19392:
19390:
19388:
19386:
19384:
19382:
19380:
19378:
19376:
19374:
19372:
19370:
19368:
19366:
19364:
19362:
19353:
19347:
19343:
19339:
19332:
19325:
19317:
19311:
19307:
19303:
19296:
19289:
19281:
19275:
19271:
19267:
19260:
19253:
19251:
19249:
19247:
19238:
19232:
19228:
19224:
19217:
19210:
19202:
19196:
19192:
19188:
19181:
19174:
19172:
19170:
19168:
19166:
19164:
19162:
19160:
19151:
19145:
19141:
19137:
19130:
19123:
19121:
19119:
19117:
19115:
19106:
19100:
19096:
19092:
19085:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19072:
19070:
19068:
19059:
19053:
19049:
19045:
19038:
19031:
19023:
19017:
19013:
19009:
19002:
18995:
18993:
18991:
18989:
18987:
18985:
18983:
18981:
18979:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18971:
18969:
18967:
18965:
18956:
18950:
18946:
18942:
18935:
18934:"SELÇUKLULAR"
18928:
18926:
18924:
18915:
18909:
18905:
18901:
18894:
18887:
18880:
18874:
18866:
18860:
18856:
18852:
18845:
18838:
18836:
18834:
18832:
18830:
18828:
18826:
18817:
18811:
18807:
18803:
18796:
18789:
18787:
18785:
18776:
18770:
18766:
18762:
18755:
18748:
18746:
18737:
18731:
18727:
18723:
18719:
18712:
18710:
18708:
18700:
18694:
18692:
18684:
18678:
18676:
18668:
18664:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18650:
18642:
18638:
18636:
18629:
18621:
18615:
18611:
18607:
18600:
18593:
18591:
18589:
18582:, Vol. 2, 16.
18581:
18575:
18568:
18567:Snelders 2010
18563:
18555:
18551:
18544:
18536:
18532:
18525:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18501:
18497:
18493:
18489:
18482:
18480:
18472:
18467:
18465:
18457:
18452:
18438:
18434:
18433:"Candlestick"
18428:
18413:
18409:
18403:
18395:
18394:
18387:
18379:
18375:
18369:
18361:
18360:
18353:
18345:
18341:
18335:
18327:
18321:
18317:
18316:
18308:
18294:
18290:
18284:
18277:
18272:
18265:
18260:
18252:
18250:9780195309911
18246:
18242:
18241:
18233:
18231:
18229:
18227:
18225:
18223:
18221:
18219:
18217:
18209:
18204:
18202:
18194:
18189:
18182:
18181:Snelders 2010
18177:
18169:
18163:
18159:
18158:
18151:
18149:
18141:
18140:Snelders 2010
18136:
18129:
18124:
18120:
18113:
18111:
18109:
18100:
18096:
18092:
18088:
18084:
18080:
18076:
18072:
18068:
18061:
18054:
18048:
18041:
18037:
18031:
18024:
18019:
18011:
18005:
18001:
18000:
17992:
17984:
17978:
17974:
17973:
17965:
17958:
17952:
17950:
17948:
17939:
17932:
17930:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17922:
17920:
17918:
17916:
17908:
17904:
17899:
17897:
17895:
17893:
17891:
17889:
17887:
17885:
17883:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17875:
17873:
17871:
17863:
17857:
17855:
17846:
17842:
17838:
17834:
17831:(2): 92–102.
17830:
17826:
17819:
17817:
17815:
17813:
17811:
17809:
17807:
17805:
17797:
17791:
17789:
17787:
17785:
17783:
17781:
17779:
17777:
17775:
17773:
17771:
17762:
17758:
17752:
17744:
17738:
17731:
17726:
17718:
17714:
17710:
17706:
17702:
17698:
17694:
17690:
17686:
17682:
17675:
17668:
17662:
17660:
17652:
17646:
17644:
17642:
17633:
17629:
17623:
17616:
17611:
17605:
17601:
17595:
17588:
17582:
17568:
17564:
17560:
17555:
17547:
17545:
17543:
17541:
17539:
17530:
17528:9789004161658
17524:
17520:
17513:
17511:
17509:
17500:
17498:9780195309911
17494:
17490:
17483:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17461:
17457:
17450:
17448:
17446:
17444:
17429:
17425:
17421:
17416:
17408:
17406:
17404:
17402:
17394:
17389:
17382:
17377:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17359:
17354:
17347:
17342:
17334:
17333:
17325:
17323:
17321:
17319:
17311:
17306:
17302:
17298:
17294:
17287:
17285:
17283:
17274:
17267:
17260:
17255:
17248:
17243:
17235:
17229:
17221:
17214:
17205:
17198:
17191:
17186:
17178:
17171:
17163:
17159:
17155:
17151:
17147:
17143:
17139:
17135:
17128:
17120:
17119:metmuseum.org
17116:
17110:
17103:
17100:
17096:
17092:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17067:
17065:
17053:
17052:
17044:
17036:
17030:
17026:
17025:
17017:
17015:
17006:
17000:
16996:
16995:
16987:
16985:
16978:, p. 67.
16977:
16972:
16965:
16960:
16954:, p. 37.
16953:
16948:
16942:, p. 36.
16941:
16940:Christie 2014
16936:
16930:, p. 85.
16929:
16928:Bosworth 1968
16924:
16918:, p. 65.
16917:
16916:Minorsky 1953
16912:
16905:
16900:
16893:
16892:Arjomand 1999
16888:
16881:
16876:
16874:
16872:
16864:
16859:
16857:
16849:
16844:
16842:
16834:
16829:
16822:
16817:
16810:
16805:
16803:
16795:
16790:
16783:
16778:
16772:, p. 54.
16771:
16766:
16759:
16754:
16747:
16742:
16734:
16732:9783848003808
16728:
16724:
16717:
16715:
16706:
16702:
16696:
16689:
16684:
16677:
16672:
16670:
16663:, p. 30.
16662:
16657:
16650:
16645:
16643:
16635:
16630:
16620:
16619:
16617:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16590:
16583:
16578:
16571:
16566:
16559:
16554:
16546:
16542:
16536:
16530:, p. 16.
16529:
16524:
16517:
16511:
16504:
16503:Grousset 1988
16499:
16492:
16491:Grousset 1988
16487:
16479:
16473:
16464:
16460:
16456:
16455:C.E. Bosworth
16452:
16448:
16445:
16441:
16438:
16437:
16432:
16428:
16425:
16421:
16420:
16418:
16414:
16413:
16406:
16397:
16395:
16394:Shahjahanabad
16390:
16389:
16387:
16383:
16379:
16373:
16366:
16362:
16361:
16354:
16346:
16342:
16336:
16329:
16324:
16317:
16312:
16305:
16300:
16298:
16290:
16285:
16278:
16277:90-04-09249-8
16274:
16270:
16267:Wink, Andre,
16264:
16262:
16260:
16258:
16250:
16249:Cunliffe 2015
16245:
16239:, p. 49.
16238:
16233:
16225:
16223:9781139054973
16219:
16215:
16208:
16201:
16196:
16189:
16185:
16179:
16175:
16174:
16173:Arab painting
16166:
16158:
16154:
16148:
16141:
16135:
16121:
16120:
16112:
16097:
16090:
16076:
16072:
16066:
16059:
16054:
16047:
16042:
16040:
16032:
16027:
16018:
16010:
16004:
15996:
15989:
15980:
15973:
15968:
15967:
15960:
15958:
15949:
15947:0-521-24304-1
15943:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15926:
15924:
15917:
15913:
15909:
15905:
15900:
15892:
15888:
15884:
15878:
15874:
15873:
15864:
15856:
15852:
15845:
15843:
15841:
15839:
15831:
15830:Grousset 1988
15826:
15819:
15814:
15808:, p. 68.
15807:
15802:
15796:, p. 71.
15795:
15790:
15783:
15778:
15771:
15767:
15762:
15755:
15751:
15746:
15732:
15725:
15719:
15718:archive.today
15715:
15712:
15708:
15702:
15696:, p. 66.
15695:
15690:
15688:
15686:
15677:
15671:
15667:
15660:
15654:, p. 62.
15653:
15648:
15641:
15636:
15629:
15628:Peacock 2010b
15624:
15618:, p. 33.
15617:
15612:
15604:
15597:
15590:
15585:
15579:, p. 27.
15578:
15573:
15566:
15561:
15555:, p. 26.
15554:
15549:
15543:, p. 25.
15542:
15537:
15535:
15528:, p. 25.
15527:
15522:
15509:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15491:
15486:
15478:
15476:
15474:
15472:
15464:
15459:
15450:
15446:
15440:
15436:
15431:
15428:
15423:
15417:
15413:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15395:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15380:
15376:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15355:
15351:
15345:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15329:
15325:
15322:
15317:
15311:
15307:
15306:
15300:
15297:
15293:
15287:
15283:
15279:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15263:
15257:
15253:
15248:
15245:
15240:
15234:
15230:
15229:
15223:
15220:
15216:
15213:
15208:
15202:
15198:
15197:
15191:
15187:
15185:
15179:
15173:
15169:
15168:
15163:
15159:
15156:
15152:
15151:
15147:
15144:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15129:
15123:
15116:
15111:
15103:
15097:
15091:
15087:
15083:
15077:
15073:
15067:
15060:
15056:
15052:
15048:
15044:
15036:
15029:
15024:
15017:
15012:
15003:
14999:
14996:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14986:
14982:
14974:
14970:
14966:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14953:
14948:
14944:
14938:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14900:
14893:
14892:Grousset 1988
14888:
14881:
14880:Grousset 1988
14876:
14868:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14852:
14848:
14844:
14838:
14831:
14826:
14819:
14814:
14807:
14801:
14799:
14797:
14788:
14782:
14778:
14773:
14772:
14763:
14755:
14749:
14745:
14741:
14740:
14732:
14730:
14722:
14717:
14709:
14707:0-7230-0304-1
14703:
14699:
14698:
14690:
14686:
14672:
14668:
14667:Dhu al-Hijjah
14664:
14661:
14656:
14649:
14642:
14638:
14637:Dhu al-Hijjah
14634:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14617:According to
14614:
14605:
14599:reigned alone
14598:
14592:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14554:reigned alone
14553:
14547:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14529:
14526:Grand Vizier
14523:
14516:
14512:
14509:Grand Vizier
14506:
14502:
14488:
14482:
14478:
14467:
14460:
14456:
14452:
14446:
14442:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14393:
14385:
14380:
14378:
14373:
14371:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14362:
14350:
14349:
14348:Ottoman State
14345:
14344:
14339:
14338:
14337:Bahri dynasty
14334:
14333:
14332:
14331:
14325:
14324:
14320:
14319:
14313:
14312:
14308:
14307:
14301:
14300:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14289:
14285:
14283:
14282:
14278:
14276:
14275:
14271:
14270:
14269:
14268:
14262:
14261:
14257:
14256:
14250:
14249:
14245:
14244:
14238:
14237:
14233:
14232:
14226:
14225:
14221:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14209:
14208:
14203:
14202:
14198:
14197:
14196:
14195:
14189:
14188:
14187:Seljuk Empire
14184:
14183:
14177:
14176:
14172:
14171:
14165:
14164:
14160:
14159:
14153:
14152:
14148:
14147:
14141:
14140:
14136:
14135:
14130:
14129:
14125:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14117:
14116:
14115:
14109:
14108:
14104:
14103:
14097:
14096:
14092:
14091:
14085:
14084:
14080:
14079:
14073:
14072:
14068:
14067:
14061:
14060:
14056:
14055:
14049:
14048:
14044:
14043:
14037:
14036:
14032:
14031:
14025:
14024:
14020:
14019:
14013:
14012:
14008:
14007:
14001:
14000:
13996:
13995:
13992:
13991:
13990:Sabiri People
13987:
13986:
13978:
13975:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13959:
13949:
13946:
13941:
13938:
13937:
13936:
13935:
13932:
13931:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13913:
13907:
13906:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13895:
13891:
13890:
13889:
13888:
13882:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13865:
13856:
13854:
13850:
13846:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13822:
13818:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13808:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13792:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13604:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13425:
13418:
13414:
13413:
13407:
13404:
13403:
13386:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13367:
13358:
13352:
13343:
13337:
13326:
13320:
13295:
13289:
13288:
13269:
13263:
13259:
13247:
13244:
13236:
13234:
13226:
13224:
13223:
13216:
13208:
13166:
13158:
13156:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13103:
13092:
13086:
13077:
13071:
13064:
13055:
13051:
13043:
13038:
13019:
13013:
13012:
13011:Kay Qubād III
13009:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
12986:
12982:
12970:
12967:
12959:
12958:
12951:
12943:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12851:
12845:
12844:Ahmad Tagüdar
12836:
12830:
12826:
12823:, the son of
12822:
12818:
12801:
12799:
12795:
12782:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12752:
12746:
12740:
12739:
12726:
12717:
12712:
12701:
12696:
12690:
12687:Shams ad-Dīn
12686:
12674:
12671:
12663:
12661:
12657:
12655:
12653:
12645:
12643:
12637:
12629:
12627:
12619:
12617:
12616:
12609:
12605:
12603:
12595:
12593:
12585:
12577:
12565:
12561:
12559:
12553:
12545:
12543:
12535:
12533:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12497:
12496:Mongol Empire
12493:
12489:
12486:, the son of
12485:
12481:
12475:
12473:
12467:
12463:
12451:
12441:
12429:
12423:
12420:
12411:
12404:
12399:
12395:
12394:
12391:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
12385:
12382:
12377:
12371:
12369:
12362:
12361:
12349:
12343:
12341:
12333:
12328:
12327:
12310:
12306:
12298:
12292:
12289:Karîm ad-Dīn
12279:
12276:
12268:
12266:
12264:
12258:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12246:
12244:
12243:
12224:
12220:
12218:
12214:
12212:
12192:
12188:
12186:
12174:
12170:
12168:
12162:
12158:
12156:
12137:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12121:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12100:
12088:
12079:
12065:Kilij Arslan,
12056:
12055:
12049:
12042:
12040:
12036:
12031:
12023:
12018:
12017:
12002:
11991:
11973:
11970:
11966:
11964:
11942:
11936:
11932:
11930:
11929:
11910:
11906:
11898:
11878:
11876:
11870:
11866:
11864:
11846:
11842:
11840:
11829:
11824:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11817:
11808:
11802:
11799:Jalāl ad-Dīn
11792:
11786:
11783:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
11772:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11742:
11738:
11730:
11725:
11724:
11714:
11713:Alanya Castle
11710:
11706:
11702:
11694:
11689:
11688:
11675:
11670:
11669:
11656:
11653:
11647:
11643:
11641:
11633:
11631:
11625:
11619:
11615:
11613:
11609:
11607:
11606:
11597:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11571:
11569:
11555:
11551:
11549:
11539:
11531:
11529:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11491:
11485:
11482:Jalāl ad-Dīn
11475:
11469:
11466:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
11460:
11459:
11452:
11451:Terken Khatun
11441:
11431:
11427:
11418:
11409:
11401:
11393:
11387:
11382:
11381:
11380:Kay Khusraw I
11368:
11356:
11351:
11350:
11346:
11332:
11329:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11305:
11289:
11287:
11271:
11269:
11268:
11259:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11247:
11227:
11195:
11193:
11185:
11183:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11142:
11141:Terken Khatun
11133:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11111:
11106:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11079:
11071:
11066:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11037:
11032:
11031:
11019:
11014:
11008:
11003:
10999:
10987:
10984:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10964:
10962:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10900:
10892:
10890:
10880:
10872:
10870:
10862:
10860:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10832:
10829:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
10822:
10818:
10813:
10812:
10805:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10782:
10781:Suleiman-Shah
10773:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10745:
10739:
10733:
10727:
10720:
10714:
10709:
10702:
10696:
10685:
10680:
10679:
10670:
10658:
10655:
10647:
10645:
10637:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10605:
10604:
10573:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10541:
10539:
10533:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10509:
10498:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10475:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10442:
10437:
10436:Turan II Shah
10428:
10420:
10415:
10409:
10401:
10396:
10387:
10381:
10373:
10368:
10367:Malik-Shah II
10361:
10358:
10353:
10333:
10328:
10327:
10323:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10309:
10294:
10291:
10285:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10255:
10253:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10237:
10233:
10231:
10215:
10207:
10205:
10189:
10181:
10179:
10169:
10165:
10157:
10153:
10151:
10140:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10123:
10117:
10104:
10098:
10089:
10083:
10074:
10068:
10067:Arslan Shah I
10060:
10055:
10045:
10040:
10027:
10022:
10021:
10012:
10008:
10003:Ayisha Khātun
9993:
9990:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9976:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9960:
9959:
9950:
9946:
9944:
9908:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9896:
9886:
9878:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9846:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9828:
9817:
9811:
9802:
9796:
9787:
9780:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9760:
9748:
9736:
9734:
9726:
9720:
9715:
9703:
9700:
9692:
9690:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9650:
9642:
9640:
9632:
9630:
9588:
9584:
9582:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9549:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9498:
9493:
9485:
9469:
9464:
9463:
9459:
9453:
9451:
9439:
9420:
9404:
9402:
9394:
9392:
9384:
9376:
9374:
9366:
9364:
9355:
9326:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9298:
9288:
9280:
9278:
9270:
9268:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9218:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9194:
9188:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9158:
9155:
9147:
9145:
9137:
9135:
9129:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9085:
9077:
9065:
9053:
9051:
9045:
9041:
9039:
9035:
9033:
9023:
9015:
9013:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8972:
8966:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8925:The mother of
8920:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8887:
8884:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8864:
8862:
8854:
8852:
8836:
8834:
8826:
8825:
8818:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8806:
8794:
8754:
8733:
8731:
8706:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8625:
8623:
8511:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8494:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8332:
8328:
8323:
8317:
8312:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8295:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8223:
8218:
8217:
8211:. 1177–1183)
8210:
8205:
8204:
8203:Turan II Shah
8194:
8189:
8188:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8165:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8140:
8139:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8085:
8083:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8009:
7981:
7979:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7951:
7943:
7938:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7882:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7851:Suleiman-Shah
7843:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7824:
7823:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7795:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7661:
7659:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7641:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7597:
7581:
7579:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7521:
7512:
7508:
7503:
7497:
7492:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7388:Malik-Shah II
7379:
7374:
7368:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:Arslan I Shah
7320:
7315:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7245:
7213:
7191:
7187:
7185:
7179:
7175:
7164:
7162:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7116:Gawhar Khatun
7110:
7109:Other princes
7101:
7100:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7014:
7013:Other princes
7002:
6997:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6966:
6964:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6944:
6936:
6934:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6896:
6856:
6848:
6836:
6834:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6782:Other princes
6774:
6769:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:Tamghach Khan
6686:
6685:Turkan Khatun
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6610:
6608:
6600:
6598:
6590:
6588:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6568:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6512:
6510:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6469:
6467:
6462:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6431:
6430:Other princes
6422:
6418:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6289:
6287:
6279:
6277:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6257:
6249:
6247:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6220:
6211:
6179:
6177:
6153:
6151:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5979:
5977:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5842:(İnanç Yabgu)
5839:
5838:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:The mother of
5800:
5796:
5791:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5706:
5690:
5688:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5646:
5644:
5628:
5626:
5607:
5605:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5530:
5528:
5468:
5466:
5447:
5446:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5294:(daughter of
5292:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5248:(daughter of
5246:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5199:Fulana Khatun
5198:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5184:(daughter of
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:Ala ad-Daulah
5173:(daughter of
5171:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:(daughter of
5156:
5155:Kerman Khatun
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5112:(daughter of
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:(daughter of
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:Suleiman-Shah
5086:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:Kerman Khatun
5056:
5051:
5048:
5045:(daughter of
5043:Gawhar Khatun
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4970:(daughter of
4967:
4962:
4958:Ummuha Khatun
4957:
4954:
4951:(daughter of
4948:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:(daughter of
4930:
4927:
4924:(daughter of
4922:Gawhar Khatun
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4884:(daughter of
4882:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4870:Mumine Khatun
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:(daughter of
4831:
4830:Gouhar Khatun
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4789:(daughter of
4787:
4786:Gouhar Khatun
4784:
4781:
4778:(daughter of
4776:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4759:(daughter of
4757:
4756:Turkan Khatun
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4717:(daughter of
4714:
4711:
4708:(daughter of
4705:
4702:
4699:(daughter of
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4659:(daughter of
4657:Fulana Khatun
4656:
4653:
4650:(daughter of
4648:
4647:Gouhar Khatun
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Malik-Shah II
4601:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4516:(daughter of
4514:Fulana Khatun
4513:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:(daughter of
4498:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:(daughter of
4479:
4478:Turkan Khatun
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4439:(daughter of
4437:Fulana Khatun
4436:
4433:
4430:(daughter of
4428:Fulana Khatun
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:(daughter of
4411:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4356:Fulana Khatun
4355:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:(daughter of
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:(daughter of
4329:Fulana Khatun
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4220:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3911:Louvre Museum
3907:
3898:
3896:
3895:Byzantine art
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3659:Calligraphers
3655:
3646:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3400:, Iran, 1227.
3399:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:Nizam al-Mulk
3200:
3195:
3192:
3176:
3167:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:Al-Mustarshid
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:al-Mustarshid
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Buyid dynasty
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3034:, subjugated
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2978:Sunni Revival
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:Turkicization
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2857:
2856:King of Kings
2854:
2850:
2849:Nizam al-Mulk
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:First Crusade
2238:
2234:
2233:First Crusade
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1933:
1931:KHITAN EMPIRE
1924:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Malik Shah II
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:Nizām al-Mulk
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1453:Buyid dynasty
1449:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:Ibrahim Yinal
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1341:, as well as
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Toghrol Tower
1296:
1291:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:Turkification
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Turco-Persian
1082:, culturally
1081:
1080:high medieval
1077:
1076:Seljuk Empire
1074:
1070:
1069:Seljuk Empire
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
992:
990:
987:
986:
978:
976:
973:
972:
964:
962:
959:
958:
950:
948:
947:Burid dynasty
945:
944:
936:
934:
931:
930:
922:
920:
917:
916:
908:
906:
903:
902:
894:
892:
889:
888:
880:
878:
875:
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781:
778:
771:
770:
767:
764:
757:
756:
753:
750:
743:
742:
739:
738:Buyid dynasty
736:
729:
728:
725:
722:
715:
714:
711:
708:
701:
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684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
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643:
637:
633:
630:
629:First Crusade
624:
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617:
611:
607:
604:
598:
594:
588:
584:
580:
576:
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469:Vassal under
468:
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453:
449:
442:
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436:
433:
430:
429:
428:lingua franca
424:
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307:
298:
289:
280:
269:
260:
251:
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178:Seljuk Empire
175:
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107:
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72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
29112:Other topics
29096:
29024:Persian name
28963:Islamization
28905:
28865:Architecture
28818:universities
28763:Zoroastrians
28758:Christianity
28748:Baháʼí Faith
28698:Azerbaijanis
28605:Demographics
28419:Construction
28407:Central Bank
28349:Space Agency
28244:Child labour
28079:Principlists
28059:Cyberwarfare
28007:Human rights
27972:Constitution
27767:Azerbaijanis
27736:Indo-Persian
27716:Greater Iran
27587:siege (1980)
27546:1979–present
27309:
27197:early modern
27195:Medieval and
26989:Kura-Araxes
26896:
26884:
26872:
26860:
26848:
26733:Illumination
26669:Architecture
26597:Human rights
26585:Universities
26503:Ethnic Kurds
26490:Demographics
26401:Construction
25794:
25581:Qalandariyya
25556:Christianity
25367:Turkmenistan
25305: /
25296:Turco-Mongol
24735:Azerbaijanis
24072:Contemporary
23922:Indo-Persian
23910:Nazi Germany
23854:Contemporary
23756:Vijayanagara
23655:Great Seljuk
23654:
23566:Thessalonica
23494:Golden Horde
23134:Carthaginian
22913:Neo-Assyrian
22898:Neo-Sumerian
22829:Kayqubad III
22774:Kaykhusraw I
22619:Toghrul-Shah
22599:Turan-Shah I
22559:Ahmad Sanjar
22554:Arslan-Argun
22474:Ahmad Sanjar
22445:Malik-Shah I
22425:
22248:
22179:Mount Khajeh
22146:Qala-i-Jangi
22126:Khair Khaneh
22031:Khair Khaneh
21938:Namazga-Tepe
21893:Anau culture
21870:Turkmenistan
21787:Tavka Kurgan
21682:Balalyk Tepe
21599:Burana Tower
21589:Aigyr-Zhal 2
21481:Issyk kurgan
21216:Kart dynasty
21211:Sufi dynasty
21201:Golden Horde
21126:Oghuz Yabgus
21101:Tang dynasty
21066:Hephthalites
20991:Uyuk culture
20881:. Abingdon.
20878:
20869:
20849:
20828:
20817:
20809:the original
20793:
20772:
20747:
20737:
20718:
20709:
20690:
20671:
20652:
20643:
20637:. Routledge.
20634:
20625:
20616:
20596:
20586:
20577:
20568:
20559:
20532:
20519:
20499:
20489:
20481:
20467:
20458:
20447:. Retrieved
20432:
20396:
20387:
20369:
20348:
20338:
20329:
20320:
20311:
20292:
20283:
20269:cite journal
20244:
20235:
20204:
20197:
20174:
20161:
20138:
20125:
20102:
20089:
20066:
20053:
20030:
20017:
20009:
20001:
19967:
19960:
19926:
19874:
19867:
19844:
19831:
19797:
19769:
19764:
19730:
19684:
19649:
19632:1332, p. 10.
19616:
19611:
19588:
19575:
19552:
19539:
19516:
19503:
19480:
19467:
19444:
19431:
19408:
19337:
19324:
19301:
19288:
19265:
19222:
19209:
19186:
19135:
19090:
19043:
19030:
19007:
18940:
18899:
18886:
18878:
18873:
18850:
18801:
18760:
18721:
18718:"MÛSÂ YABGU"
18698:
18682:
18659:
18643:1332, p. 10.
18633:
18628:
18605:
18599:"KAVURD BEY"
18579:
18578:Andre Wink,
18574:
18562:
18553:
18543:
18534:
18524:
18494:(3): 41–43.
18491:
18487:
18451:
18440:. Retrieved
18436:
18427:
18415:. Retrieved
18411:
18402:
18392:
18386:
18377:
18368:
18358:
18352:
18343:
18334:
18314:
18307:
18296:. Retrieved
18292:
18283:
18271:
18259:
18239:
18188:
18176:
18156:
18142:, p. 3.
18135:
18126:
18122:
18074:
18070:
18060:
18052:
18047:
18039:
18035:
18030:
18018:
17998:
17991:
17971:
17964:
17956:
17937:
17906:
17861:
17828:
17824:
17795:
17760:
17751:
17745:. 1186–1196.
17737:
17725:
17684:
17680:
17674:
17666:
17650:
17631:
17622:
17615:Peacock 2015
17610:
17599:
17594:
17586:
17581:
17570:. Retrieved
17558:
17518:
17488:
17482:
17455:
17431:. Retrieved
17419:
17388:
17380:
17373:
17365:
17353:
17341:
17331:
17308:
17299:(1): 10–37.
17296:
17292:
17272:
17266:
17259:Peacock 2015
17254:
17247:Peacock 2015
17242:
17219:
17213:
17203:
17197:
17190:Peacock 2015
17185:
17176:
17170:
17137:
17133:
17127:
17118:
17109:
17088:
17076:
17050:
17043:
17023:
16993:
16971:
16959:
16947:
16935:
16923:
16911:
16899:
16887:
16848:Lambton 1968
16835:, p. ?.
16833:Peacock 2015
16828:
16816:
16809:Bulliet 1994
16794:Lambton 1968
16789:
16782:Bulliet 1994
16777:
16765:
16753:
16741:
16722:
16704:
16695:
16688:Peacock 2015
16683:
16676:Peacock 2015
16656:
16649:Peacock 2015
16634:Peacock 2015
16629:
16615:
16605:
16594:
16589:
16577:
16565:
16553:
16544:
16535:
16523:
16515:
16510:
16498:
16486:
16472:
16461:Publishing,
16450:
16443:
16434:
16410:
16405:
16392:
16381:
16377:
16372:
16358:
16353:
16344:
16335:
16328:Peacock 2015
16323:
16316:Peacock 2015
16311:
16306:, p. 3.
16289:Peacock 2015
16284:
16268:
16244:
16232:
16213:
16207:
16195:
16187:
16172:
16165:
16156:
16147:
16139:
16134:
16123:. Retrieved
16118:
16111:
16100:. Retrieved
16089:
16078:. Retrieved
16074:
16065:
16053:
16026:
16017:
16003:
15994:
15988:
15979:
15970:
15965:
15932:
15907:
15903:
15899:
15871:
15863:
15854:
15825:
15813:
15806:Peacock 2015
15801:
15789:
15777:
15769:
15765:
15761:
15753:
15749:
15745:
15734:. Retrieved
15724:
15706:
15701:
15665:
15659:
15647:
15635:
15623:
15616:Peacock 2015
15611:
15602:
15596:
15589:Peacock 2015
15584:
15577:Peacock 2015
15572:
15560:
15553:Peacock 2015
15548:
15541:Peacock 2015
15521:
15511:, retrieved
15489:
15463:Peacock 2015
15458:
15448:
15434:
15425:
15411:
15403:
15389:
15378:
15364:
15353:
15339:
15321:sociability.
15319:
15304:
15295:
15281:
15267:
15265:
15251:
15242:
15227:
15218:
15212:administered
15210:
15195:
15181:
15166:
15148:
15142:
15135:
15131:
15127:
15122:
15113:
15109:
15101:
15095:
15085:
15071:
15065:
15046:
15042:
15035:
15030:, p. 6.
15023:
15011:
15001:
14994:
14989:Peacock 2015
14981:
14956:
14950:
14937:
14927:13 September
14925:. Retrieved
14913:
14909:
14899:
14887:
14875:
14850:
14846:
14837:
14829:
14825:
14813:
14805:
14770:
14762:
14738:
14721:Peacock 2015
14716:
14696:
14689:
14653:
14648:
14622:
14613:
14604:
14591:
14565:Kay Kāwus II
14563:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
14559:
14552:Kay Kāwus II
14546:
14522:
14515:Kay Kāwus II
14505:
14481:
14466:
14445:
14346:
14335:
14321:
14311:Golden Horde
14309:
14297:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14258:
14246:
14234:
14222:
14210:
14199:
14186:
14185:
14173:
14161:
14149:
14137:
14126:
14119:
14105:
14093:
14081:
14069:
14057:
14045:
14033:
14023:Kangar Union
14021:
14009:
13997:
13988:
13955:
13928:
13917:
13903:
13892:
13878:
13384:
13371:
13356:
13341:
13327:. 1300–1322)
13324:
13319:Gazi Chelebi
13296:. 1303–1308)
13293:
13284:
13267:
13090:
13075:
13052:. 1297–1300)
13049:
13037:ūd-Dīn Masūd
13020:. 1298–1302)
13017:
13008:
12849:
12834:
12796:. 1277–1297)
12793:
12780:
12774:
12764:
12750:
12744:
12735:
12724:
12409:
12393:Kay Qubād II
12390:
12375:
12367:
12356:
12347:
12339:
12326:Kay Kāwus II
12322:
12299:. 1256–1263)
12296:
12115:. 1229–1241)
12112:
12101:established
12053:
12032:
12030:Gurju Khatun
12021:
12012:
11983:Jalāl ad-Dīn
11809:. 1220–1231)
11806:
11793:. 1200–1220)
11790:
11728:
11720:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
11719:
11692:
11683:
11673:
11666:
11492:. 1172–1193)
11489:
11476:. 1172–1200)
11473:
11455:
11391:
11385:
11376:
11354:
11343:Rukn ad-Dīn
11342:
11158:. 1156–1172)
11155:
11123:
11112:. 1160–1177)
11109:
11098:. 1153–1159)
11095:
11086:. 1152–1153)
11083:
11072:. 1131–1132)
11069:
11038:. 1156–1192)
11035:
11026:
10839:. 1127–1156)
10836:
10808:
10803:
10798:Qizil Arslan
10789:. 1159–1160)
10786:
10774:. 1134–1152)
10771:
10762:. 1132–1134)
10759:
10738:First sultan
10734:. 1118–1131)
10731:
10719:Great Seljuk
10715:. 1118–1153)
10712:
10708:Ahmad Sanjar
10694:
10686:. 1116–1156)
10683:
10676:Rukn ad-Dīn
10675:
10482:. 1097–1127)
10479:
10463:. 1183–1187)
10460:
10451:. 1177–1183)
10448:
10426:
10407:
10388:. 1156–1170)
10385:
10380:Toghrul Shah
10374:. 1104–1105)
10371:
10359:. 1105–1118)
10356:
10331:
10320:
10307:
10121:
10105:. 1097–1101)
10102:
10090:. 1142–1156)
10087:
10075:. 1101–1142)
10072:
10061:. 1092–1104)
10058:
10046:. 1092–1094)
10043:
10025:
10018:
10006:
9835:. 1077–1097)
9832:
9818:. 1085–1097)
9815:
9810:Turan I Shah
9803:. 1074–1085)
9800:
9788:. 1073–1074)
9785:
9773:. 1072–1092)
9770:
9766:Malik-Shah I
9727:. 1086–1092)
9724:
9561:. 1042–1077)
9558:
9525:
9522:. 1048–1073)
9519:
9499:. 1063–1072)
9496:
9483:
9470:. 1077–1086)
9467:
9456:
9249:. 1041–1042)
9246:
9217:Ibrahim Inal
9205:
9190:
9179:
9173:
8988:. 1035–1041)
8985:
8973:. 1032–1035)
8970:
8954:
8911:
8907:Arslan Yabgu
8905:
8649:
8643:
8502:
8437:
8429:
8373:
8345:. 1210–1225)
8342:
8321:
8318:. 1191–1210)
8315:
8292:
8286:
8277:
8272:. 1114–1117)
8269:
8264:
8262:. 1113–1114)
8259:
8252:
8239:. 1095–1113)
8236:
8229:
8224:. 1183–1187)
8221:
8213:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8184:
8179:
8171:
8163:
8155:
8153:. 1172–1175)
8150:
8142:
8135:
8127:
8119:
8114:
8105:
8098:
7947:
7944:. 1186-1191)
7941:
7937:Qizil Arslan
7917:
7914:. 1175–1186)
7911:
7890:
7888:. 1160–1177)
7885:
7877:
7861:
7859:. 1159–1160)
7856:
7848:
7832:
7830:. 1153–1159)
7827:
7819:
7803:
7801:. 1152–1153)
7798:
7790:
7774:
7772:. 1131–1132)
7769:
7764:
7748:
7737:
7733:
7726:. 1156–1170)
7723:
7718:Toghrul Shah
7715:
7713:. 1142–1156)
7710:
7702:
7530:
7528:. 1134–1152)
7525:
7517:
7501:
7498:. 1160–1175)
7495:
7482:
7477:
7451:
7449:. 1132–1134)
7446:
7438:
7420:First sultan
7418:
7416:. 1118–1131)
7413:
7405:
7398:
7396:. 1104-1105)
7393:
7385:
7366:
7351:. 1095–1104)
7348:
7341:
7334:. 1101–1142)
7331:
7323:
7321:. 1097–1101)
7318:
7310:
7149:Al-Mustazhir
7137:
7119:
7108:
7099:Great Seljuk
7094:
7092:. 1118–1153)
7089:
7084:Ahmad Sanjar
7081:
7074:
7072:. 1105–1118)
7069:
7061:
7054:
7052:. 1092–1104)
7049:
7041:
7034:
7032:. 1092–1094)
7029:
7021:
7012:
7003:. 1085–1097)
7000:
6995:Turan I Shah
6992:
6990:. 1074–1085)
6987:
6979:
6790:
6781:
6770:. 1092–1097)
6767:
6764:Arslan-Argun
6755:. 1083–1092)
6752:
6740:. 1066–1083)
6737:
6727:
6725:. 1072–1092)
6722:
6717:Malik-Shah I
6714:
6689:
6673:
6661:. 1079–1095)
6658:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6634:. 1073–1074)
6631:
6623:
6460:
6438:
6429:
6416:
6407:
6405:. 1063–1072)
6402:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6364:. 1086–1094)
6361:
6343:. 1076–1079)
6340:
6323:
6321:. 1048–1073)
6318:
6302:
6118:
6111:
6103:Ibrahim Inal
6093:. 1040–1060)
6090:
6083:
6070:First sultan
6068:
6066:. 1037–1063)
6063:
6055:
6037:
6031:
6019:. 1069–1071)
6016:
6000:. 1028–1048)
5997:
5844:Governor of
5841:
5835:
5798:
5794:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5765:Arslan Yabgu
5763:
5739:. 1012–1028)
5736:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5337:
5319:
5296:Sunqur-Inanj
5291:Inanj Khatun
5283:Qizil Arslan
5271:
5250:Sunqur-Inanj
5245:Inanj Khatun
5239:
5221:
5186:Tughrul Shah
5133:
5076:
5022:
4993:
4944:Sufra Khatun
4901:
4848:
4810:
4734:
4676:
4661:Aksungur Beg
4620:
4591:
4562:
4533:
4468:Malik-Shah I
4456:
4377:
4298:
4281:Throne name
4244:philosopher
4238:Omar Khayyám
4230:
4218:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4058:
3970:
3942:
3926:
3914:
3880:
3873:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3829:
3822:or Northern
3809:
3789:
3787:
3773:
3770:
3754:
3742:
3731:
3729:
3712:frontispiece
3705:
3689:
3664:
3651:
3600:
3581:
3579:
3555:
3530:
3507:North Africa
3500:
3478:
3472:
3446:
3422:Architecture
3413:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3360:
3345:Khwarizmians
3329:
3313:
3294:
3285:
3273:The sultan (
3272:
3252:
3228:
3207:Malik-Shah I
3196:
3188:
3097:
3067:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3040:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3004:
2965:
2951:
2946:
2920:
2909:
2902:Nizami Aruzi
2896:progressive
2890:
2884:
2882:
2842:
2828:
2805:
2776:Turkmenistan
2763:Central Asia
2757:
2728:Central Asia
2710:domains, in
2697:
2659:
2652:
2629:
2606:
2579:
2543:
2532:
2518:
2453:Kara-Khitais
2429:Kara-Khanids
2425:Ahmad Sanjar
2423:
2370:
2307:
2240:
2221:
2218:Hafiz-i Abru
2158:
2150:Ahmad Sanjar
2147:
2115:Ahmad Sanjar
2080:
2027:
1920:
1909:
1869:
1858:
1847:
1767:
1759:Khwarazmians
1731:
1715:Kara Khitans
1712:
1680:Malik Shah I
1677:
1670:
1667:Ahmad Sanjar
1658:Ahmad Sanjar
1652:Ahmad Sanjar
1641:
1634:
1582:
1579:Malik Shah I
1573:Malik Shah I
1547:Danishmendis
1512:
1508:Kvelistsikhe
1484:
1450:
1446:Ibn al-Athir
1410:
1375:
1350:Oghuz Yabghu
1347:
1312:
1267:, while the
1230:
1192:Muslim world
1189:
1170:
1166:Buyid Empire
1139:
1120:
1116:Persian Gulf
1112:Central Asia
1088:Sunni Muslim
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
692:Succeeded by
691:
686:
484:
479:Independent
474:
435:Oghuz Turkic
426:
332:Malik Shah I
158:
149:
44:
29129:Tehrangeles
29092:Traditional
28829:Nationality
28767:persecution
28752:persecution
28703:Circassians
28652:Neo-Aramaic
28632:Azerbaijani
28504:State-owned
28429:Health care
28392:Agriculture
28229:Brain drain
28168:Ambassadors
27863:Earthquakes
27400:Aq Qoyunlu
27349:Muzaffarid
27326:Eldiguzids
27318:Anushtegin
27144:Kingdom of
27120:Kingdom of
27112:Kingdom of
27104:Atropatene
27096:Achaemenid
27037:Kingdom of
26982:3400–539 BC
26886:WikiProject
26817:Video games
26609:Individuals
26602:LGBT rights
26592:Health care
26559:Immigration
26340:Gendarmerie
26299:Referendums
26215:Legislative
26112:Earthquakes
25997:Oghuz Turks
25886:Dissolution
25571:Malamatiyya
25223:Pan-Turkism
25203:Grey Wolves
25168:Oghuz Turks
25088:Afghanistan
24873:Qarai Turks
24803:Karakalpaks
24571:Sakha/Yakut
24461:Fuyü Gïrgïs
24416:Azerbaijani
23660:Khwarezmian
23593:Carolingian
23398:Rashtrakuta
23102:Shaishunaga
23001:Hellenistic
22984:New Kingdom
22974:Old Kingdom
22814:Kayqubad II
22779:Suleiman II
22737:(1092–1307)
22725:Sultan-Shah
22698:(1086–1117)
22655:(1076–1105)
22624:Bahram-Shah
22594:Sultan-Shah
22584:Kerman-Shah
22572:(1048–1188)
22549:Toghan-Shah
22544:Arslan-Shah
22527:(1040–1118)
22514:Toghrul III
22509:Arslan-Shah
22499:Muhammad II
22428:(1037–1194)
22412:Musa Yabghu
22271:Kabul hoard
22204:Sokh snakes
22156:Surkh Kotal
22121:Haji Piyada
22096:Darra-e Kur
22061:Yemshi Tepe
22056:Tillya Tepe
22051:Tepe Fullol
22041:Tepe Narenj
22036:Tapa Sardar
22026:Fondukistan
21991:Tapa Shotor
21971:Tepe Fullol
21963:Afghanistan
21792:Toprak-Kala
21777:Shahrukhiya
21727:Kampir Tepe
21717:Itchan Kala
21672:Ancient Pap
21629:Shakh Fazil
21501:Krasnyi Yar
21405:Mogao Caves
21365:Kizil Caves
21301:Archaeology
21166:Farighunids
21121:Turk Shahis
21061:Alchon Huns
20535:: 117–134.
19968:SELÇUKLULAR
19621: [
19259:"BERKYARUK"
18844:"ÇAĞRI BEY"
18077:: 155–172.
17687:: 227–251.
17293:Art History
16964:Berkey 2003
16758:Gardet 1970
16570:Spuler 2014
15082:Hancock, I.
15078:(Pvt. Ltd).
14818:Stokes 2008
14665:p. 62. (10
14658: [
14627: [
14581:Baiju Noyan
13962:Turk Shahis
13909:71 BC–?? AD
13627:Azerbaijani
13448:Oghuz Turks
13040: [
12987:established
12714: [
12698: [
12685:Karamanoğlu
12445:Sanjar Shāh
12401: [
12381:(1262–1266)
12357:Rukn ad-Dīn
12332:(1246–1249)
12323:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
12317:Unknown son
12291:Karaman Bey
12103:Mongol rule
12063:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
11999:Sāhīp Shams
11985:Kay Farīdûn
11723:Kay Qubād I
11687:Kay Kāwus I
11684:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
11484:Sultān Shāh
11435:Arslan Shāh
11421:Malīk Shāh
11367:Kay Kāwus I
11364:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
11130:Last sultan
11118:Toghrul III
11105:Arslan-Shah
11090:Muhammad II
11027:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
10998:Danismendli
10811:Toghrul III
10697:1116–1127)
10471:Qutbū'd-Dīn
10455:Muhammad II
10439: [
10417: [
10398: [
10395:Bahrām Shah
9827:Anūsh Tekīn
9795:Sultan Shah
9714:Abu'l-Qasim
9548:Seljuk rule
9223:Artash Inal
9206:Co-ruler of
9202:Chaghri Beg
9193:the Seljuks
9187:Toghrul Beg
9168:Rasūl Tagīn
8948: [
8709:(1017–1032)
8505:. 995–1117)
8431:Tuqaq Temur
8294:Last sultan
8280:Toghrul III
8265:Sultan Shah
8158:Bahrām Shah
8122:Bahrām Shah
7950:Toghrul III
7930:Arslan-Shah
7920:Toghrul III
7880:Arslan-Shah
7822:Muhammad II
7511:Arslan-Shah
7364:Mah-i Malak
6982:Sultan Shah
6797:Kara-Khanid
6734:Arslan-Shah
6698:Kara-Khanid
6626:Kerman Shah
6121:Hasan Yabgu
6109:Artash Inal
6085:Chaghri Beg
6043:the founder
5993:Abu Kalijar
5846:Tokharistan
5773:. ? –
5574:. ? –
5434:. ? –
5424:Tuqaq Temur
5331:Toghrul III
5302:, widow of
5298:, ruler of
5258:Toghrul III
5256:, widow of
5252:, ruler of
5233:Toghrul III
5201:(sister of
5192:, widow of
5188:, ruler of
5162:, widow of
5145:Arslan-Shah
5116:, widow of
4963:Arab Khatun
4937:, widow of
4875:Arslan-Shah
4873:(mother of
4793:, widow of
4432:Smbat Lorhi
4423:Kara-Khanid
4360:Chaghri Beg
4333:Abu Kalijar
4310:Toghrul-Beg
4250:New Persian
3952:and hooded
3696:Kara-Khanid
3654:manuscripts
3542:Mina'i ware
3511:Oleg Grabar
3333:Seljuk Rums
3219:Taj al-Mulk
3070:Tughril Beg
3054:Taj al-Mulk
3015:Chaghri Beg
3000:Taj al-Mulk
2962:Zoroastrian
2911:Saljuq-nama
2844:Siyasatnama
2831:Persianized
2767:Middle East
2732:Afghanistan
2730:and modern
2700:Qarakhanids
2632:Toghrul III
2449:Kyrghyzstan
2441:Afghanistan
2433:Transoxiana
2241:During the
2211: 1425
2165:Mesopotamia
1739:Sultan Shah
1642:Hashshashin
1553:(Beylik of
1551:Rum Seljuks
1539:Mengujekids
1535:Shah-Armens
1354:Transoxiana
1323:Transoxiana
1265:Transoxiana
1237:Oghuz Turks
1233:Qiniq tribe
1175:, with the
1135:Musa Yabghu
1131:triumvirate
1096:Oghuz Turks
1003:Shah-Armens
975:Danishmends
687:Preceded by
567:Tughril III
455:Sunni Islam
425:(official;
396:(1051–1118)
390:(1043–1051)
384:(1037–1043)
356:Qara Khitai
29180:Categories
29029:Philosophy
28988:newspapers
28969:Literature
28874:architects
28869:Achaemenid
28789:Corruption
28249:Corruption
28089:Reformists
28084:Propaganda
27982:Corruption
27967:Censorship
27910:Lake Urmia
27598:Iran–Iraq
27294:Ghaznavid
27172:AD 224–651
27136:Frataraka
26968:Prehistory
26758:Newspapers
26743:Literature
26723:Folk dance
26624:Corruption
26508:Minorities
26436:Renewables
26391:Automotive
26200:Government
25931:Secularism
25551:Burkhanism
25516:Aiyy Faith
25435:Nakhchivan
25372:Uzbekistan
25352:Kyrgyzstan
25347:Kazakhstan
25342:Azerbaijan
25213:Burkhanism
25039:Montenegro
25003:Dodecanese
24664:Old Uyghur
24649:Old Turkic
24551:Old Turkic
24486:Karakalpak
24230:Portuguese
24111:Revival Le
24101:Vietnamese
23744:Later Tran
23714:Vietnamese
23610:Singhasari
23598:Holy Roman
23222:Bulgarian
23158:Satavahana
23129:Phoenician
23065:Achaemenid
23026:Indo-Greek
23006:Macedonian
22920:Babylonian
22804:Kaykaus II
22794:Kayqubad I
22759:Malik-Shah
22749:Suleiman I
22720:Alp Arslan
22539:Alp Arslan
22484:Tughril II
22465:Muhammad I
22440:Alp Arslan
22151:Rag-i-Bibi
21976:Ai-Khanoum
21908:Gonur Depe
21903:Dev-Kesken
21840:Kafir-kala
21830:Ajina tepe
21812:Tajikistan
21772:Sarmishsay
21757:Kyzyl-Kala
21737:Khalchayan
21722:Kafir-kala
21702:Fayaz Tepe
21687:Burchmulla
21649:Uzbekistan
21639:Tash Rabat
21614:Manas Ordo
21581:Kyrgyzstan
21468:Kazakhstan
21171:Ghaznavids
21076:Ustrushana
21071:Tocharians
21001:Massagetae
20607:0521317398
20449:2013-03-17
20060:"Tuğrul I"
19875:Kavurd Bey
19650:Mûsâ Yabgu
19618:Selçuknâme
19474:"TUĞRUL I"
19180:"MELİKŞAH"
18893:"AKSUNGUR"
18795:"KUTALMIŞ"
18697:Müstevfî,
18635:Selcûḳnâme
18442:2024-01-05
18408:"Cauldron"
18374:"Necklace"
18298:2024-01-05
18119:"Clothing"
17651:Archeology
17572:2023-01-01
17554:"Muqarnas"
17433:2023-01-01
16528:Green 2019
16125:2012-10-20
16102:2012-10-20
16080:2023-09-07
16058:Basan 2010
15818:Basan 2010
15736:2007-09-08
15694:Basan 2010
15652:Basan 2010
15640:Basan 2010
15513:2023-01-01
15016:Mecit 2014
14959:(3): 496.
14916:(2): 223.
14681:References
14573:Sultan Han
14569:Sultanhanı
14035:Turk Shahi
13717:Karakalpak
13374:1304–1316)
13359:1295–1304)
13093:1291–1295)
13078:1284–1291)
12852:1282–1284)
12837:1265–1282)
12806:ūd-Dīn Ali
12783:1282–1284)
12753:1284–1296)
12689:Mehmed Bey
12482:appointed
12466:Koyulhisar
12412:1249–1254)
12370:1249–1254)
12350:1254–1262)
12342:1249–1254)
12108:Khwarezmia
12024:1237–1246)
11990:Koyulhisar
11801:Mangubardī
11731:1220–1237)
11695:1211–1220)
11676:1204–1205)
11394:1205–1211)
11357:1196–1204)
11147:Tāj ad-Dīn
10821:Eldiguzids
10754:Toghrul II
10691:Malīk Arab
10669:Gündüz Alp
10334:1110–1116)
10322:Malīk Shah
10054:Barkiyaruq
10028:1092–1107)
9492:Alp Arslan
9241:Shah Malik
8934:Yûsuf Inal
8705:Altun Tash
8645:Seljuk Beg
8495:rulers in
8352:Eldiguzids
8331:Eldiguzids
8254:Alp Arslan
7960:Eldiguzids
7478:until 1134
7474:Toghrul II
7441:Toghrul II
7378:Al-Muqtadi
7044:Bark-Yaruq
6749:Doğan-Shah
6397:Alp Arslan
6378:2.Suleiman
6305:Qawurd-Beg
5837:Mûsâ Yabgu
5825:Yûsuf Inal
5820:and Artash
5797:. ? -
5566:Seljuk Beg
5335:1192–1194
5212:Toghrul II
5160:Al-Muqtafi
5149:1160–1176
5092:1159–1160
5061:Al-Muqtafi
5038:1153–1159
5009:1152–1153
4979:Al-Muqtafi
4939:Toghrul II
4935:Barkiyaruq
4917:1135–1152
4886:Barkiyaruq
4864:1132–1135
4860:Toghrul II
4826:1131–1132
4750:1118–1153
4715:Ata Khatun
4692:1118–1131
4636:1105–1118
4578:1094–1105
4574:Barkiyaruq
4549:1092–1094
4472:1072–1092
4402:(widow of
4399:Aka Khatun
4393:1063–1072
4389:Alp Arslan
4358:(widow of
4325:Aka Khatun
4314:1037–1063
4287:Marriages
4246:al-Ghazali
4240:, and the
4152:, 1198 CE.
4116:, 1198 CE.
3976:arabesques
3958:zoomorphic
3818:(northern
3766:arabesques
3620:Lustreware
3599:Bowl with
3546:Lusterware
3525:See also:
3439:(1152) in
3141:Al-Muqtafi
3028:Al-Juwayni
2976:See also:
2964:ritual of
2886:shahanshah
2704:Ghaznavids
2680:Governance
2642:, Shah of
2598:Nur ad-Din
2480:See also:
2461:Yelu Dashi
2447:in modern
2398:Nur ad-Din
2380:succeeded
2357:See also:
2347:Baldwin II
2137:inherited
2127:Barkiyaruq
2103:Barkiyaruq
1825:KARAKHANID
1792:See also:
1688:Barkiyaruq
1605:Byzantines
1589:Malik Shah
1585:Alp Arslan
1523:Aegean Sea
1465:Alp Arslan
1459:Alp Arslan
1382:Ghaznavids
1269:Ghaznavids
1108:Hindu Kush
1094:branch of
1017:Shaddadids
905:Salghurids
724:Ghaznavids
466:Government
28994:Mythology
28900:Calendars
28890:Astronomy
28799:Education
28708:Georgians
28693:Assyrians
28688:Armenians
28614:Languages
28506:companies
28469:Transport
28449:Petroleum
28234:Companies
28173:President
28160:Officials
28094:Terrorism
28043:Air Force
27987:Elections
27925:Provinces
27920:Mountains
27830:Geography
27750:languages
27488:1925–1979
27416:Afsharid
27377:1370–1925
27365:Chobanid
27259:Saffarid
27211:Rashidun
27179:Sasanian
27160:Kings of
27152:Parthian
27128:Seleucid
27069:Scythian
27029:Kassites
27013:Akkadian
26812:TV series
26770:Miniature
26713:Festivals
26629:Terrorism
26580:Education
26513:Languages
26357:Air Force
26272:Elections
26220:Executive
26166:Mountains
26033:Geography
25952:Overviews
25891:Partition
25857:Tulip era
25597:Zahediyeh
25592:Safaviyya
25541:Bayramiye
25536:Batiniyya
25511:Shamanism
25494:Religions
25485:Turkology
25445:Tatarstan
25430:Khakassia
25400:Chuvashia
25326:Locations
25303:Tian Shan
25279:Migration
25254:Turkestan
25237:Hungarian
25228:Turkesism
24925:Kryashens
24913:Astrakhan
24838:Krymchaks
24798:Karachays
24719:Telengits
24715:Kumandins
24641:Alphabets
24471:Ili Turki
24381:Languages
24223:Couronian
23861:Ethiopian
23849:Manchukuo
23804:Brazilian
23650:Ghaznavid
23620:Srivijaya
23571:Trebizond
23556:Byzantine
23538:North Sea
23533:Norwegian
23521:Almoravid
23504:Ilkhanate
23474:Majapahit
23447:Muromachi
23356:Solomonic
23341:Ethiopian
23255:Caliphate
23188:Aragonese
23016:Ptolemaic
22789:Kaykaus I
22744:Qutalmish
22705:Aq Sunqur
22692:Governors
22677:Tutush II
22649:Governors
22604:Iran-Shah
22470:Mahmud II
22455:Berkyaruq
22435:Tughril I
22197:Artifacts
22071:Aq Kupruk
22021:Mes Aynak
21953:Ulug Depe
21888:Altyndepe
21835:Cyropolis
21825:Penjikent
21797:Varakhsha
21732:Kara Tepe
21677:Ayaz-Kala
21667:Akhsikath
21657:Afrasiyab
21604:Issyk-Kul
21594:Balasagun
21440:Beshbalik
21317:Sintashta
21277:Silk Road
21206:Ilkhanate
21161:Ma'munids
21056:Kidarites
20776:. Brill.
20423:219872073
20261:144129603
19768:Beyhakī,
18877:Beyhakī,
18516:222813497
18417:4 January
18340:"Roundel"
18125:. Brill.
18091:0732-2992
17837:2573-6159
17717:192268010
17701:0578-6967
17521:. Brill.
17228:cite book
17154:0732-2992
17140:: 35–71.
16976:Safi 2006
16904:Safi 2006
16880:Kuru 2019
15938:Cambridge
15904:Liao Shih
15565:Frye 1975
15254:. Brill.
15115:overlord.
15053:: 75–76.
14922:1076-156X
14867:161092185
14669:677 – 17
14639:675 – 17
14497:Footnotes
14451:Anatolian
14352:1299–1922
14327:1250–1517
14315:1242–1502
14303:1224–1266
14264:1206–1526
14252:1136–1225
14228:1077–1231
14216:1067–1239
14191:1037–1194
14011:Xueyantuo
13853:Grey wolf
13835:Ergenekon
13811:Shamanism
13583:Krymchaks
13493:Kutrigurs
13287:Mas'ūd II
13035:Mū'hazzab
12981:Uç Beylik
12819:endorsed
12804:Mū'hazzab
12738:Mas'ūd II
12039:Georgians
11759:Eskişehir
11150:İl-Arslan
11055:Kastamonu
11002:Yağıbasan
10726:Mahmud II
10311:1107–1124
9175:Qutalmish
8497:Chorasmia
8144:Arslan II
8108:Arslan II
7734:Tutush II
7483:from 1136
7408:Mahmud II
7126:Ghaznavid
6315:of Kirman
6058:Toghrul I
6033:Qutalmish
6025:Palestine
6013:Kurlu Bey
6008:in Kirman
5801:. ?)
5780:Chief of
5578:. ?)
5438:. ?)
5426:Yalig Beg
5338:2nd reign
5240:1st reign
5237:1176–1191
4688:Mahmud II
4404:Toghrul I
4217:Snelders
3901:Metalwork
3837:astrology
3749:MS 2.1998
3675:parchment
3640:Book arts
3572:, Iran. (
3309:Ghaznavid
3275:Tughril I
3266:Saltuk II
3089:Mahmud II
3009:In 1046,
2947:Maliknama
2859:Khosrow I
2604:dynasty.
2568:(Iconium)
2564:), later
2470:Syr Darya
2388:, as the
2295:Holy Land
2287:Jerusalem
2247:crusaders
2173:Dānišmand
2169:Jerusalem
2154:Mahmud II
2051:SULTANATE
1973:CHALUKYAS
1949:GHAZNAVID
1882:CALIPHATE
1859:Pechenegs
1727:Syr Darya
1719:Samarkand
1708:Mahmud II
1638:Assassins
1531:Saltukids
1362:Ghaznavid
1308:Tughril I
1273:Amu Darya
1253:Ma'munids
1241:Syr Darya
1078:, was a
1071:, or the
919:Bavandids
808:Marwanids
674:1080 est.
634:1095–1099
481:sultanate
471:caliphate
451:Religion
276:BYZANTINE
249:CALIPHATE
238:PECHENEGS
218:GHAZNAVID
191:1037–1194
52:detected:
29155:Category
29048:football
29039:Scouting
28949:Iranians
28939:Folklore
28735:Religion
28647:Georgian
28627:Armenian
28488:shipping
28483:railways
28473:airlines
28439:Industry
28304:Taxation
28118:Councils
28034:Military
27949:Politics
27930:Wildlife
27895:Caucasus
27777:Persians
27704:See also
27528:Iranian
27495:Pahlavi
27408:Safavid
27384:Timurid
27287:977–1432
27267:Ziyarid
27243:Tahirid
27235:Samanid
27227:Abbasid
27219:Umayyad
27204:632–1090
27021:Lullubi
27005:Elamite
26862:Category
26800:Football
26785:Painting
26728:Folklore
26636:Marriage
26542:Istanbul
26525:Religion
26478:Railways
26468:Aviation
26406:Currency
26264:Politics
26232:Judicial
26208:Branches
26186:Wildlife
25976:Military
25964:Economic
25869:Tanzimat
25561:Hurufism
25506:Tengrism
25455:Xinjiang
25410:Gagauzia
25259:Mongolia
25233:Turanism
25208:Kemalism
25196:Politics
25158:Kipchaks
25138:Göktürks
25133:Dughlats
24987:Bulgaria
24975:Abkhazia
24950:Turkmens
24933:Nağaybäk
24763:Bashkirs
24727:Tubalars
24711:Chelkans
24705:Altaians
24659:Cyrillic
24561:Pecheneg
24526:Krymchak
24431:Chagatai
24404:Southern
24399:Northern
24203:Japanese
24166:Scottish
24146:American
24138:Colonial
24067:Imperial
24035:Moroccan
23971:Japanese
23949:Afsharid
23808:Burmese
23794:Austrian
23749:Later Le
23724:Early Le
23709:Venetian
23635:Tiwanaku
23548:Hellenic
23511:Moroccan
23442:Kamakura
23432:Japanese
23415:Saffarid
23368:Georgian
23282:Chalukya
23260:Rashidun
23250:Calakmul
23218:Bruneian
23097:Haryanka
23075:Sasanian
23070:Parthian
23021:Bactrian
23011:Seleucid
22991:Goguryeo
22969:Egyptian
22903:Assyrian
22893:Akkadian
22884:Colonies
22824:Mesud II
22710:Tutush I
22667:Tutush I
22653:Damascus
22525:Khorasan
22450:Mahmud I
22131:Mundigak
22111:Firozkoh
22001:Shotorak
21820:Bunjikat
21712:Hazorasp
21536:Shilikty
21526:Boralday
21450:Mongolia
21385:Dunhuang
21156:Samanids
21086:Farghana
20939:Polities
20868:(1971).
19976:Istanbul
19935:Istanbul
19883:Istanbul
19806:Istanbul
19739:Istanbul
19731:Kutalmiş
19693:Istanbul
19655:Istanbul
18537:: 29–30.
18508:41501410
18071:Muqarnas
17940:: 25–34.
17845:44240425
17709:25651444
17381:sharbūsh
17375:sharbūsh
17162:44657297
17134:Muqarnas
16770:Tor 2011
16558:Tor 2012
16427:Archived
16417:Šahrbānu
16382:Mathnawī
16365:Šahrbānu
16279:pp. 9–10
15714:Archived
15485:"Saljuq"
15363:(2018).
15338:(eds.).
15164:(2006).
15155:Šahrbānu
15084:(2006).
14671:Muharram
14641:Muharram
14619:İbn Bîbî
14585:Anatolia
14179:963–1186
14167:860–1091
14155:856–1335
14143:848–1036
14111:840–1212
14087:750–1055
14063:743–1035
14003:618–1048
13930:Göktürks
13905:Dingling
13807:Tengrism
13780:Krymchak
13520:Kipchaks
13457:Saragurs
13398:See also
13262:Ottomans
13085:Gaykhatu
12759:Farāmurz
12430:in 1277)
12078:Elbistan
11785:Muhammad
11741:Ayyubids
11709:Kir Fard
11458:Muhammad
11059:; Daulat
10678:Mas'ūd I
10474:Muhammad
10097:Îrânshah
10039:Mahmud I
9554:Khwarazm
9480:Suleiman
8493:Ma'munid
8393:Khwarazm
7472:wife of
7371:married
7367:Princess
7313:Iranshah
7142:married
7138:Princess
7124:married
7120:Princess
7024:Mahmud I
6795:married
6791:Princess
6706:Mahmud I
6461:Princess
6450:Al-Qa'im
6443:married
6439:Princess
6357:Aksungur
6112:(Artāsh)
5745:Governor
5194:Muhammad
5034:Muhammad
4545:Mahmud I
4344:Al-Qa'im
4215:—
4209:sharbush
4194:Sasanian
4183:Artuqids
4174:sharbush
4103:sharbush
4060:repoussé
3971:repoussé
3930:Nishapur
3916:Almagest
3833:geomancy
3794:Anatolia
3605:Abu Zayd
3562:Muharram
3536:Ceramics
3503:muqarnas
3491:Muqarnas
3477:(or the
3452:madrasas
3393:sharbush
3341:Artuqids
3307:and the
3301:'Abbasid
3244:Hamadhan
3232:Anatolia
3225:Turkmens
3211:Turkmens
3191:'Abbasid
3151:Military
3058:Nizamiya
3050:Nizamiya
2972:Religion
2853:Sasanian
2765:and the
2736:appanage
2720:Anatolia
2708:Sasanian
2674:Ottomans
2668:called '
2666:emirates
2621:An-Nasir
2615:, under
2539:Artuqids
2486:Ayyubids
2394:Artuqids
2382:Kerbogha
2334:Kipchaks
2303:Fatimids
2181:Kerbogha
2161:Artuqids
2143:Damascus
2123:Tutush I
2119:Khorasan
2099:Mahmud I
1765:(1204).
1700:Khorasan
1684:Mahmud I
1615:against
1555:Suleyman
1543:Artuqids
1537:and the
1515:Turkoman
1429:Khurasan
1425:al-Qa'im
1402:Khorasan
1398:Nishapur
1390:Khwarezm
1371:Khorasan
1358:Khwarazm
1331:Dahistan
1327:Khorasan
1212:Ayyubids
1146:Khorasan
1142:Aral Sea
1102:and the
1100:Anatolia
822:Rawadids
766:Kakuyids
524:Al-Nasir
512:Al-Qaʽim
485:de facto
382:Nishapur
336:Anatolia
229:KIPCHAKS
183:سلجوقیان
29098:Ey Iran
29046: (
29006: (
28982:student
28980: (
28976: (
28961: (
28929:Cuisine
28914:Fashion
28902: (
28882: (
28867: (
28853:Culture
28801: (
28765: (
28750: (
28723:Turkmen
28675: (
28666:Peoples
28637:Kurdish
28593:Society
28494:Tourism
28471: (
28461: (
28451: (
28431: (
28424:Defense
28394: (
28384:Sectors
28371: (
28331: (
28236: (
28217:General
28206:Economy
28096: (
28066: (
28036: (
27989: (
27974: (
27960:General
27915:Islands
27851:largest
27841:Borders
27310:Seljuk
27302:Ghurid
27251:Alavid
27061:Median
27053:Urartu
26975:Ancient
26955:History
26898:Outline
26874:Commons
26807:Theater
26790:Pottery
26706:Ottoman
26701:Cuisine
26679:Ottoman
26656:Culture
26641:Poverty
26573:Society
26458:Tourism
26411:Defense
26383:Economy
26225:Cabinet
26156:Geology
26100:Climate
26042:Regions
25969:Ottoman
25787:Beyliks
25783:Seljuks
25748:History
25638:Chovgan
25618:Kyz kuu
25531:Alevism
25468:Studies
25264:History
25247:Origins
25178:Türgesh
25148:Khazars
25143:Karluks
25123:Bulgars
25098:(Sakha)
25076:Uyghurs
25055:Tunisia
25043:Romania
25023:Lebanon
24991:Croatia
24979:Algeria
24968:Turkish
24960:Iranian
24945:Tofalar
24917:Chinese
24878:Qashqai
24863:Naimans
24808:Kazakhs
24788:Dolgans
24773:Chuvash
24768:Chulyms
24758:Balkars
24750:Georgia
24746:Armenia
24723:Teleuts
24700:Afshars
24692:Peoples
24669:Persian
24606:Turkmen
24601:Turkish
24566:Qashqai
24521:Kipchak
24441:Chuvash
24421:Bashkir
24270:largest
24265:Empires
24245:Swedish
24240:Spanish
24235:Russian
24198:Italian
24173:Chinese
24161:English
24156:British
24151:Belgian
24126:Vietnam
24116:Tay son
24062:Tsarist
24057:Russian
24052:Ottoman
24018:Dzungar
24013:Khoshut
23986:Mexican
23981:Maratha
23964:Pahlavi
23944:Safavid
23939:Iranian
23866:Haitian
23829:Chinese
23789:Ashanti
23761:Wagadou
23687:Eastern
23682:Western
23665:Timurid
23625:Tibetan
23615:Songhai
23605:Serbian
23526:Almohad
23516:Idrisid
23420:Samanid
23410:Tahirid
23405:Iranian
23383:Kannauj
23363:Genoese
23299:Chinese
23292:Eastern
23287:Western
23275:Fatimid
23270:Abbasid
23265:Umayyad
23238:Burmese
23198:Ayyubid
23193:Angevin
23163:Xianbei
23151:Eastern
23146:Western
23092:Magadha
23055:Iranian
23048:Xiongnu
23033:Hittite
22942:Chinese
22930:Kassite
22879:Ancient
22871:Empires
22764:Mesud I
22534:Chaghri
22424:of the
22422:Sultans
22076:Asqalan
22011:Bimaran
22006:Paitava
21948:Togolok
21883:Abiward
21767:Poykent
21752:Koktepe
21619:Navekat
21496:Kerderi
21486:Jankent
21435:Kashgar
21410:Tumshuq
21355:Bulayïq
21265:Culture
21081:Khuttal
21041:Xiongnu
20227:Sources
19037:"TUTUŞ"
18099:1523306
15916:9811810
15891:7619779
15280:(ed.).
15184:Isfahan
14973:2600793
14577:Aksaray
14528:Parwāna
14099:756–940
14075:744–840
14051:699–766
14039:665-850
14027:659–750
14015:628–646
13980:682–744
13972:581–650
13951:581–657
13943:552–581
13708:Qasgqai
13699:Chuvash
13690:Bashkir
13663:Turkmen
13618:Turkish
13574:Dolgans
13538:Uyghurs
13502:Karluks
13475:Bulgars
13466:Utigurs
13439:Onogurs
13366:Öljaitü
13062:Taraqay
12831:in 1270
12829:Il-Khan
12817:Kubilai
12695:Sīyāvuş
12498:in 1253
12494:of the
12087:Malatya
12054:Parwāna
11771:Kayseri
11755:Çankırı
11430:Aksaray
11419:ū'd-Dīn
11051:Çankırı
11018:Kayseri
11000:Grooms
10819:of the
10806:. 1191)
10747:Seljuks
10124:. 1097)
10116:Ekinchi
10011:Malatya
9747:Kayseri
9530:Seljuks
9486:. 1063)
8955:(İnanç)
8350:of the
8329:of the
8303:Seljuks
8182:. 1175)
8166:. 1175)
7958:of the
7899:Seljuks
7870:Seljuks
7841:Seljuks
7812:Seljuks
7783:Seljuks
7765:2.Dawud
7758:Dimashq
7751:. 1104)
7745:Baktāsh
7539:Seljuks
7491:Ildeniz
7460:Seljuks
7429:Seljuks
7376:caliph
7373:Abbasid
7358:Dimashq
7147:caliph
7144:Abbasid
7135:Sayyeda
6701:dynasty
6694:Ibrahim
6668:Dimashq
6644:. 1074)
6448:caliph
6445:Abbasid
6385:. 1063)
6350:Dimashq
6119:Abu Ali
5818:Ibrahim
5813:Chaghri
5809:Toghrul
5777:. 1032)
5210:son of
4348:Abbasid
4260:Sultans
4242:Persian
4234:Persian
4179:Zengids
3966:sinking
3962:raising
3921:Ptolemy
3841:alchemy
3778:Isfahan
3724:Abbasid
3698:author
3515:mosques
3480:maqsura
3461:Sunnism
3448:Mosques
3380:Turkic
3343:or the
3337:Zengids
3305:Samanid
3297:mamluks
3291:Mamluks
3215:mamluks
3043:Baghdad
3036:Tbilisi
3011:Tughril
2954:Chaghri
2935:Baghdad
2829:Highly
2792:Hamadan
2788:Baghdad
2784:Isfahan
2760:Islamic
2670:beyliks
2602:Ayyubid
2594:Saladin
2590:Fatimid
2582:Shirkuh
2535:Zengids
2482:Saladin
2463:at the
2457:Khujand
2445:Qarluks
2437:Ghurids
2338:Ilghazi
2330:monaspa
2314:Ilghazi
2291:Al-Quds
2283:Antakya
2279:Antioch
2277:), and
2275:Kayseri
2111:Baghdad
2042:DYNASTY
1971:WESTERN
1910:Jurchen
1891:GEORGIA
1880:FATIMID
1870:Kyrgyzs
1827:KHANATE
1776:led by
1774:Mongols
1747:Ghurids
1745:by the
1721:at the
1626:Isfahan
1593:viziers
1527:beyliks
1519:atabegs
1423:caliph
1421:Abbasid
1378:Tughril
1343:Sarakhs
1315:Tughril
1290:Tughril
1222:History
1208:Zengids
1158:Baghdad
1127:Chaghri
1123:Tughril
640:•
627:•
614:•
601:•
578:History
556:(first)
554:Tughril
475:de jure
423:Persian
406:Hamadan
394:Isfahan
375:Capital
342:as the
296:YADAVAS
267:GEORGIA
258:UYUNIDS
247:FATIMID
29165:Portal
28924:Cinema
28906:Nowruz
28803:higher
28677:abroad
28642:Hebrew
28548:Places
28444:Mining
28269:Energy
27846:Cities
27762:Aryans
27481:Modern
27432:Qajar
27275:Buyid
26943:topics
26850:Portal
26795:Sports
26696:Cinema
26691:Carpet
26674:Seljuk
26664:Anthem
26547:Ankara
26416:Energy
26308:Topics
26176:Rivers
26093:Topics
25985:Topics
25740:Turkey
25628:Kokpar
25623:Jereed
25586:Rifaʽi
25576:Qadiri
25405:Crimea
25362:Turkey
25312:Otuken
25173:Shatuo
25163:K'o-sa
25128:Cumans
25118:Bulaqs
25102:Yugurs
25096:Yakuts
25081:Uzbeks
25071:Tuvans
25047:Serbia
25019:Kosovo
25015:Israel
24999:Cyprus
24956:Afghan
24929:Mishar
24907:Tatars
24868:Nogais
24858:Kumyks
24843:Kyrgyz
24828:Khalaj
24823:Khakas
24793:Gagauz
24621:Uyghur
24541:Kyrgyz
24511:Khazar
24506:Khalaj
24501:Khakas
24496:Kazakh
24481:Karaim
24466:Gagauz
24456:Dolgan
24436:Chulym
24426:Bulgar
24389:Afshar
24374:topics
24372:Turkic
24208:Mongol
24193:German
24188:French
24178:Danish
24121:Dainam
24096:Tongan
24084:Somali
24079:Sokoto
24045:'Alawi
24023:Kalmyk
24003:Mongol
23996:Second
23976:Korean
23927:Mughal
23917:Indian
23900:German
23893:Second
23883:French
23876:Second
23812:Second
23784:Afghan
23776:Modern
23702:Kyrgyz
23697:Uighur
23692:Second
23672:Turkic
23640:Toltec
23576:Epirus
23561:Nicaea
23484:Mongol
23437:Yamato
23373:Huetar
23231:Second
23168:Rouran
23117:Shunga
23112:Maurya
23087:Kushan
23060:Median
23038:Hunnic
22996:Harsha
22715:Ridwan
22696:Aleppo
22682:Irtash
22589:Husein
22579:Qawurd
22570:Kerman
22402:Mikail
22397:Seljuk
22141:Nagara
21913:Jeitun
21845:Sarazm
21531:Sawran
21476:Begash
21430:Khotan
21425:Loulan
21036:Yuezhi
20885:
20837:
20801:
20780:
20759:
20725:
20697:
20678:
20659:
20604:
20547:
20507:
20474:
20440:
20421:
20411:
20356:
20299:
20259:
20212:
20185:
20149:
20113:
20077:
20041:
20006:Enverî
19989:
19948:
19896:
19855:
19819:
19770:Târîḫ,
19752:
19706:
19630:Tahran
19599:
19563:
19527:
19491:
19455:
19419:
19348:
19312:
19276:
19233:
19197:
19146:
19101:
19054:
19018:
18951:
18910:
18879:Târîḫ,
18861:
18812:
18771:
18732:
18667:Ankara
18641:Tahran
18616:
18514:
18506:
18322:
18247:
18164:
18097:
18089:
18006:
17979:
17843:
17835:
17715:
17707:
17699:
17525:
17495:
17472:
17462:
17160:
17152:
17099:Sanjar
17095:Mahmūd
17031:
17001:
16729:
16459:UNESCO
16275:
16220:
16180:
15944:
15914:
15889:
15879:
15672:
15504:
15441:
15418:
15396:
15371:
15346:
15312:
15288:
15258:
15235:
15203:
15174:
15066:Oriens
14971:
14920:
14865:
14783:
14750:
14704:
14457:, the
13771:Karaim
13762:Gagauz
13681:Kyrgyz
13654:Uyghur
13645:Kazakh
13565:Yakuts
13556:Kumyks
13547:Tatars
13385:
13351:Ghazan
13070:Arghun
12825:Hulagu
12492:Ilkhan
12484:Hulagu
12480:Möngke
12462:Niksar
12450:Ereğli
12440:Amasya
12372:&
12344:&
12099:Ögedei
11751:Ankara
11468:Takish
11047:Ankara
11013:ZūnNūn
11011:&
10817:Atabeg
10701:Ankara
9779:Kīrmān
9527:Kirman
9513:Kavurt
9449:Mānsūr
8374:Notes:
8348:Atabeg
8327:Atabeg
8246:Aleppo
8141:&
8138:Bahrām
8101:Bahrām
7956:Atabeg
7926:Atabeg
7892:Sultan
7863:Sultan
7834:Sultan
7805:Sultan
7776:Sultan
7739:Artash
7736:&
7532:Sultan
7507:Atabeg
7453:Sultan
6678:Aleppo
6664:Sultan
6653:Tutush
6417:Prince
6371:Aleppo
6367:Sultan
6325:Kerman
6310:Seljuk
6039:Father
5749:Kerman
5190:Kerman
4953:Qavurt
4926:Sanjar
4765:Khagan
4746:Sanjar
4710:Sanjar
4701:Sanjar
4487:Khagan
4419:Khagan
4351:caliph
4284:Reign
4278:Laqab
4227:Legacy
4150:Jazira
4114:Jazira
4094:coat,
4000:Taybad
3945:inlaid
3938:Ghazna
3936:, and
3887:Syriac
3876:Jazira
3816:Jazira
3798:occult
3783:zodiac
3716:Arabic
3667:Qur'an
3601:Majlis
3583:Mina'i
3570:Kashan
3557:Mina'i
3493:in an
3474:mihrab
3457:Sufism
3339:, the
3335:, the
3303:, the
3248:Hulwan
3236:Jibali
3199:vizier
3129:Mas'ud
3110:as an
3093:Sanjar
3074:Shiite
2966:sadhak
2927:Mahmud
2923:Arabic
2819:Mina'i
2809:tughra
2796:Sanjar
2625:Takash
2562:Nicaea
2488:, and
2468:river
2420:, 1141
2402:Aleppo
2386:Edessa
2365:, and
2259:Nicaea
2185:atabeg
2179:, and
2139:Aleppo
2131:Radwan
2113:, and
2095:Persia
2053:OF RUM
2031:EMPIRE
2029:SELJUK
2020:EMPIRE
2009:MALAYU
1962:EMPIRE
1951:EMPIRE
1921:Kimeks
1900:XI XIA
1848:Cumans
1836:KIEVAN
1755:Besṭām
1751:Tekish
1609:Tutush
1583:Under
1567:Smyrna
1529:: the
1437:Iberia
1386:Mahmud
1335:Farawa
1104:Levant
581:
569:(last)
539:
535:Sultan
497:
493:Caliph
459:Hanafi
441:Arabic
369:Empire
365:Status
278:EMPIRE
220:EMPIRE
29059:Music
29044:Sport
28974:Media
28959:Islam
28895:Blogs
28839:Women
28794:Crime
28782:Other
28743:Islam
28713:Kurds
28478:metro
28396:fruit
28354:Setad
27424:Zand
27334:Kart
26780:Names
26775:Music
26748:Media
26619:Crime
26552:İzmir
26161:Lakes
26146:Fauna
25633:Jigit
25526:Islam
25440:Sakha
25218:Jadid
25153:Kimek
25063:Yemen
25051:Syria
25027:Libya
25007:Egypt
24995:Crete
24937:Volga
24921:Lipka
24888:Shors
24883:Salar
24850:China
24815:China
24626:Uzbek
24611:Tuvan
24591:Tatar
24576:Salar
24546:Nogai
24531:Kumyk
24451:Cuman
24394:Altai
24258:Lists
24213:Omani
24183:Dutch
24089:Isaaq
24040:Saadi
24008:Oirat
23991:First
23959:Qajar
23888:First
23871:First
23844:China
23817:Third
23677:First
23630:Tikal
23581:Morea
23551:Roman
23469:Latin
23464:Khmer
23459:Kanem
23425:Buyid
23351:Zagwe
23346:Aksum
23336:Chola
23243:First
23226:First
23213:Bornu
23208:Benin
23203:Aztec
23141:Roman
23122:Gupta
23107:Nanda
23043:White
22672:Duqaq
22662:Atsiz
22489:Masud
22479:Dawud
22392:Tuqaq
21986:Hadda
21742:Khiva
21634:Suyab
21624:Özgön
21561:Urpek
21546:Sumbe
21511:Otrar
21400:Rawak
21390:Miran
21360:Kucha
20419:S2CID
20257:S2CID
20171:(PDF)
20135:(PDF)
20099:(PDF)
20063:(PDF)
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