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dinnertime we were given a piece of meat on a wooden trivet, bread and wine. The bread was so hard that it seemed we tried to bite into a piece of wood. Later we were shown into a room with good beds already made up. As we came from the warmth of the hall into the cold room we started to shiver and just couldn't get warm, so we didn't get much sleep. My turtle was cold, too, so I took it to bed with me to try to warm it a bit. We arose at five the next morning and were given a very good and generous breakfast before we started our descent of the mountain. The clouds were threatening, black and so heavy that we could see nothing and wished earnestly that we were back onto the green earth once more. It was hard work going up the mountain but worse going down. We sank into the snow, several times so deep that we had all we could do to get up again. I had expected to see some of the dogs, but we were following the wooden markers and the dogs are trained to go afield and search for the ones that missed the markers. It is impossible to find the way over the mountain without help. The large dogs searched in pairs - one has a wooden keg fastened under his chin. When they locate a victim he is offered the wine to keep him alive while the other dog runs back to the monastery to lead the monks who transport the lost back. Sometimes the lost are no longer alive."
1284:"In the evening we reached the monastery of St Bernard on the top of the mountain. Enormous sums of money were expended to build these cloisters that were made of stonework and were placed there to give sustenance to travellers on the Alps between Italy and Switzerland. We came into a large hall where several other wanderers were seated. The monks came to shake hands with us and bid us welcome. A doctor – also a monk – asked if we had suffered any mishap coming up. The ones that had gotten hurt were treated and taken care of. They had an apothecary there also to administer to any one needing such. Another monk gave us a bowl with hot
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contributor
Christine Cerletti-Sarasin) and Fondation Bernard et Caroline de Watteville. Barry bought the kennels and the facilities in Martigny and continues to support and breed the dogs (three or four dozen). One condition of the sale is that they be brought to the monastery for the summer. Travellers are likely to see them romping around the slopes. The de Watteville Foundation keeps several dogs in kennels adjunct to its Musée. Both have agreed to work together and others have joined the partnership.
1314:
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1570:, who did not know his identity. Offered a reward at the top, Dorsaz asked for the mule on which Napoleon was riding. He received the mule and a short note for the chief supply officer of the army. Versions of the story vary, but they all agree that when the young man had turned in the note and had drawn his ample pay for the work, he found that his companion was Napoleon and the latter had given him a house and farm so that he could marry his sweetheart.
1306:
205:
1359:'s crossing. He did not cross there, however. On the presumption that the name was falsely altered by analogy, it can be reconstructed to *peninus, a Roman-Celtic word, considering that Celtic tribes owned the entire pass until defeated by the Romans. Livy says that the pass was not named after the Carthaginians but after a mountain god. For well over a century scholars such as the
508:(and the main road) plunges through the mountains at a 1,915 m (6,283 ft) level, reducing, since the tunnel's opening in 1964, the commercial relevance of the road over the pass. The summit section of the road consists of hairpin turns before it reaches the top of the pass, after having passed the Combe des Morts.
1596:. They meet the newly-wed Gowans and the gentlemanly murderer Rigaud, now called Blandois, at the inn after climbing up on mules. The novel was published in 1857, but set in the mid 1820s. Dickens describes the sites of the pass, and the experience of staying overnight in the inn, having visited it in person.
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filed by (courtesy of the French army). Accounts of the amounts expended vary. On the other side the snow became so packed that the men slid down sitting. Napoleon was the last man over, sliding also. The good weather held for the entire crossing, otherwise the crossing could have easily become disastrous.
1523:
on the west coast of northern Italy. Napoleon traversed the pass with 40,000 men and ⅓ of their heavy artillery, sending another 20,000 over three other passes as a diversion, intending to strike the
Austrian rear. The panicked Austrians were unable to assemble fast enough to meet the French en masse
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The hospice straddles the highest point of the road, which is in
Switzerland. Today the modern road for through traffic has been routed around the outside of the monastery buildings to allow some integrity of the grounds. The old road may still be seen, above the paved road. The hospice occupies two
1562:
Over several days at the end of May the army went over the pass single-file, 6000 men per day. Bands played martial music along the route, with drum rolls at especially difficult places to alert the men. At the top the monks handed each man two glasses of wine and a slice of rye with cheese as they
1544:
and Aosta. At
Martigny the army assembled and received rations for three days. All the equipment - carriages, artillery, arms and ammunition - was disassembled and divided into packs of 60-70 pounds for the men to carry. The cannons were to be dragged up over the snow in hollowed-out pine half-logs
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and came to be named after him in the 16th century, along with the pass. It was not the first hospice in the pass. Buildings were probably there since the Roman times, but the region was not secure and they were destroyed many times. The first concern of the founder of the current monastery was to
1288:
mixed with wine to warm us. We sat on wooden benches and talked with the rest of the people. There was a large stove and the place was lovely and warm. Some of the large St
Bernard dogs were about and when we sat down came over to give our hands a lick just as if they wanted to say Hello too. At
1293:
Today the tunnel and modern technology have made rescue operations at the pass mainly unnecessary. The dogs were put up for sale in 2004 because of the high cost of maintenance and were promptly bought by two foundations created for the purpose: Fondation Barry du Grand Saint
Bernard (major
1412:
with the expectation of moving into the pass on the next day. At that time the Romans found the heights over the trail occupied by three hostile Gallic tribes. The Romans won a local victory by a daring foray from the camp but Galba judged he could not take the pass and departed.
1255:). The Congregation of Canons of the Great Saint Bernard (the monks) also owns the Hôtel de l'Hospice du Grand-St-Bernard, a four-storey building made of grey stone (built in 1899) on the Italian side, which it leases to a private entrepreneur for the provision of hotel services.
1535:
Napoleon prepared for the march secretly by assembling men in small units below the pass, establishing supply dumps along the lower part of their route, and hiring artisans to set up shop along it as well. On May 15 an advance unit went over the pass to take
621:
The snow in the pass in winter may be as much as 10 metres deep. The temperature may drop as low as -30 °C. The lake in the pass is frozen for 265 days per year. A summary of weather data for the year 1991-2020 is given below.
1577:
Napoleon's army slipped by an
Austrian garrison at Bard just out of cannon range. The commander related that he was astonished to watch an army of 40,000 men in full equipment go marching past from the direction of the heights.
1545:
by mules, and then when the mules died or were exhausted, by 100 soldiers and hired men each. Napoleon offered liberal monetary rewards to soldiers and laborers who could perform difficult portages in a timely fashion.
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1941:
1317:
View into Italy from above the Roman road. The statue of Saint
Bernard is visible at the far right. The cross on the Plan de Jupiter is visible on the knoll above the hotel. The mountains in the background are the
1474:(1st half of the 5th century). These and other artifacts are stored in the monastery museum. Fragments of the marble temple, some with inscriptions, have been incorporated into many structures of the village of
1458:
in the French period, a synonym for the pass. The site of the temple is known as the Plan de
Jupiter, located on a knoll on the Italian side of the pass. A cross was placed there in 1816 bearing the inscription
1463:, "to the best and greatest god." The bronze statue of St Bernard on a pedestal above the road on the Italian side, across a small valley from the cross, was constructed in 1905 on the site of the Roman
244:
51:
587:, strictly a railway tunnel, 100 km (62 mi) to the east in 1905. The much smaller historic road winding over the pass itself, which lies a few hundred metres from the Swiss border with
1258:
The St
Bernards were bred large enough to traverse deep snow and to find lost persons by scent. The first evidence that the dogs were in use at the monastery is two paintings dating to 1690 by
1408:, from Gaul in 57 BC to seize the pass, hoping to obtain a shorter route between Italy and Gaul than the contemporaneous coastal route. Galba was deceived by the Veragri into making camp near
1309:
View toward the Italian side from the monastery. Beyond the buildings at the end of the lake the road drops sharply. On the hillside above the modern road can be seen the Roman road.
1507:
The pass had entered history with the Gallic invasion of 390 BC. The last Gallic invasion over it occurred in May, 1800, under the direction of the 30-year-old First Consul of the
1795:
511:
On the south side the route descends a few metres and reaches the shores of the lake before its enters Italy. Then the route follows the steep slopes of the upper part of the
1945:
1163:
The pass is well above the tree line. All the wood required for construction and firewood must be hauled in from some distance. On the south-west side of the pass is a small
1171:, which captures melt water and does not support fish, even though attempts have been made to stock it. In past years the tarn has not always thawed completely in summer.
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clear the region of bandits and keep the pass safe for travellers, the role of rescuers developing naturally. The hospice later became famous for its use of
147:
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1825:
The Italian Valleys of the Pennine Alps: A Tour Through All the Romantic and Less-frequented "vals" of Northern Piedmont, from the Tarentaise to the Gries
1470:
The coins and votive tablets found at the site of the temple roughly date the upper limit of Roman control of the pass. The youngest date to the reign of
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in the invasion of Italy of 390 BC. The classical authors first mentioning the pass in that or other contexts lived the 1st century BC under the early
1967:
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at the top of the Great St Bernard Pass, occupying both sides of the modern road. The old Roman road, serving as hiking path, is visible on the left.
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to the south, then turns to the east and follows the river in a bend to the south, where the mountain river enters the torrent Artanavaz near
1280:
A description of an overnight stay at the monastery in 1857 was given by Theodore Nielsen, a Danish kleinsmith journeyman, in his memoirs:
197:
1894:
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405:, the main crest of the Alps barely reaches 3,000 metres, unlike in the much higher section of the Valais Alps east of Mont Vélan and
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2311:
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at 2,949 m (9,675 ft), the highest peak. Between it and the pass is Petite Chenalette at 2,885 m (9,465 ft).
425:
The pass runs northwest–southeast through the Valais Alps (formerly known as the Pennine Alps after the Roman name for the pass,
1297:
The monastery currently houses a handful of monks on a permanent basis, and serves as a spiritual centre for others on retreat.
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dogs in rescue operations. The Italian side of the area includes several facilities as well. Between them is the small
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1768:
2045:
1922:[A foundation with a cultural and social vocation] (in French). Fondation Bernard et Caroline de Watteville
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433:) at a maximum elevation of 2,469 m (8,100 ft). The road running through the pass, highway E27 in both
609:
has visited the pass five times. It was climbed four times as a 1st category climb, and one time, in 2009, as a
20:
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The pass at narrowest point runs between the peaks of Grande Chenalette at 2,889 m (9,478 ft) and
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around their necks (although this is only legend), in the belief that the liquor had medicinal properties.
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The border between the two countries runs along a straight line from the Petite Chenalette to the
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On the way up Napoleon had discussed affairs of the heart with his young guide and mule driver,
1434:(contraction of Augusta). Its ruins are a historic attraction there. By 43 AD under the emperor
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1729:[The Grand-Saint-Bernard Pass in the Tour de France] (in French). Le Dico du Tour. 2009
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1862:"With Staff in Hand" Memories of my wanderings in foreign lands Aarhus Jutland Publishing 1903
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succeeded where his adoptive father failed and the pass became Roman. Augustus placed a large
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544:
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362:, a road tunnel which opened in 1964, its value today is mainly historical and recreational.
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Saint Bernards: everything about purchase, care, nutrition, breeding, behavior, and training
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for mile XXIIII was also brought to the center of the settlement from the top of the pass.
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484:
From the north, in Switzerland, the route to the pass follows the lower part of the river
8:
2169:"Great St. Bernard Pass Journal; This Time, It's the Faithful Hero That Needs the Rescue"
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Two tribes occupied the valleys on either side of the pass on a permanent basis: the
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295:. It is the lowest pass lying on the ridge between the two highest mountains of the
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409:. Therefore, the Great St Bernard Pass is one of the only two road axis connecting
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42:
1586:
The Dorrit family crossed from France into Italy in Book Two: Riches of the novel
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The pass first appears in history as the route taken by the Celtic tribes of the
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but rather in a piecemeal way in June 1800, and so were defeated first at the
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1794:. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). Archived from
1759:(illustrated ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p.
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79:
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1409:
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543:. The route here in the main valley of the Val d'Aoste becomes part of the
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117:
1681:, instead of following the watershed, thus avoiding the summit of the pass
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and turns to the east again, then smoothly to the southeast at La Clusaz (
2292:
Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard on Google Maps (Tour de France classic climbs)
2082:
1944:(in French). Fondation Barry du Grand Saint Bernard. 2005. Archived from
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1479:
1313:
1164:
532:
438:
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386:
268:
113:
2225:
390:
331:
327:
316:
304:
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1690:
1678:
1665:
1503:, 1801. Napoleon actually crossed the pass on a mule, not on a horse.
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185:
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and turns south again on which end finally the river flows into the
369:
was founded in 1049. The hospice later became famous for its use of
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1435:
1416:
1356:
1340:
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2260:. Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern. Archived from
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1516:
1390:
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The Great St Bernard Pass is located near the western end of the
322:
Great St Bernard is one of the most ancient passes through the
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1421:
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629:
Climate data for Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard: 2472m (1991–2020)
520:
485:
466:
450:
410:
280:
271:, at an elevation of 2,469 m (8,100 ft). It connects
109:
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1520:
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1285:
588:
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292:
284:
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19:
This article is about the mountain pass. For other uses, see
2148:
Abbott, John C. (June–November 1852). "Napoleon Bonaparte".
2135:
In the Footsteps of Napoleon: His Life and Its Famous Scenes
1336:
1195:
583:
A reduction of utility began after the construction of the
338:'s army used the pass to enter Italy, an event depicted in
296:
1792:
Climate diagrams and normals from Swiss measuring stations
598:
at 2,867 m (9,406 ft). Slightly to the west is
1438:
a good Roman road through the pass was completed with a
496:
flows. After having passed the last inhabited locality,
1247:
confirmed Bernard as patron saint of the Alps in 1923.
2112:"Crossroads of the Alps: An archaeological expedition"
1727:"Le col du Grand-Saint-Bernard dans le Tour de France"
1519:
army of 140,000 men had laid siege to French-occupied
1837:
1262:. It is often said that they carried small casks of
2277:
Le col du Grand Saint-Bernard dans le Tour de France
1842:(13, illustrated ed.). Frommer's. p. 246.
1603:
492:(lit.: "valley between mountain") through which the
2236:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 1017–1018.
1785:"Climate Normals Col du Grand St−Bernard 1991-2020"
461:region of Italy. From Martigny Route 9 descends to
1752:
476:View of the pass from the international border. A
488:above Martigny, then into the sparsely populated
2298:
1920:"Une fondation à vocation culturelle et sociale"
1374:, "head, summit, chief" on an analogy with the
1347:. They were calling the pass and the mountains
2137:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. pp. 120–126.
504:. At the location of Bourg-Saint-Bernard, the
413:with northern Italy, the other axis being the
365:Straddling the highest point of the road, the
2216:
2195:
1974:(in French). 25 November 2016. Archived from
1404:sent an expedition under his best commander,
1174:Alpine flowers are abundant in the vicinity:
500:, the road runs above a large reservoir, the
204:
2042:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names
1234:for travellers was founded in 1049 by Saint
1205:
1818:
1816:
1553:Napoleon passing the Great St Bernard Pass
575:The Great St Bernard Pass on the 1:25'000
326:, with evidence of use as far back as the
2032:
1777:
1478:on the Swiss side of the pass. The Roman
2109:
2044:. Aberystwyth University. Archived from
1838:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2008).
1547:
1489:
1312:
1304:
1268:
1219:
471:
1813:
1540:, after which hospitals were set up at
2299:
2244:(in French). www.swisscastles.ch. 1997
2166:
2147:
2132:
1750:
1485:
591:, is only passable June to September.
2089:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 169.
2081:
1875:. Fondation Barry du Grand-St-Bernard
1746:
1744:
1622:List of highest paved roads in Europe
1822:
1702:
1355:, "Punic", an apparent reference to
465:and from Aosta Route A5 descends to
2218:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort
2198:"Colle del Gran San Bernardo 2473m"
1970:[First step for Barryland]
184:Swiss Federal Office of Topography
13:
2307:Italy–Switzerland border crossings
2033:Falileyev, Alexander, ed. (2007).
2001:"Musée et Chiens de Saint-Bernard"
1968:"Première étape pour le Barryland"
1895:"Musée et Chiens du Saint-Bernard"
1741:
393:, marking the transition with the
345:Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass
14:
2338:
2160:
2183:. Cycling Challenge. 9 July 2008
2167:Fisher, Ian (October 29, 2004).
1632:List of the highest Swiss passes
1606:
1581:
1454:in the early Italian period and
1330:
562:
311:that separates the basin of the
203:
196:
66:
2327:Mountain passes of Aosta Valley
2242:"Le col du Grand Saint Bernard"
2181:"Cycling Profiles - Both sides"
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2126:
2103:
2075:
2063:
2026:
2014:
1993:
1960:
1934:
1912:
1887:
1865:
1856:
1703:Haub, Gangolf (30 April 2006).
1430:, below the pass, which became
1396:
2312:Mountain passes of Switzerland
2200:. Paradoxplace. Archived from
2196:Fletcher, Adrian (2000–2009).
2152:. Vol. 5. pp. 11–18.
1831:
1719:
1696:
1684:
1671:
1659:
1198:is prolific and the rocks are
527:river in the lower end of the
513:torrent du Grand Saint-Bernard
21:Saint Bernard (disambiguation)
1:
1823:King, Samuel William (1858).
1751:Walker, Joan Hustace (1998).
1652:
1251:buildings, of 1560 and 1898 (
523:). Here the river enters the
389:, the next pass to the west,
1873:"Welcome to Fondation Barry"
1428:Augusta Praetoria Salassorum
1363:have made a connection with
380:
263:) is the third highest road
72:View of the pass and hospice
7:
2317:Mountain passes of the Alps
2122:– via The Free Press.
2110:Cochrell, Christie (2001).
1599:
1442:at the top and a temple to
962:Average precipitation days
818:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
678:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
480:post is visible on the left
355:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps
240:Colle del Gran San Bernardo
47:Colle del Gran San Bernardo
10:
2343:
1496:Napoleon Crossing the Alps
1389:on the Swiss side and the
1300:
1209:
1194:among many hundreds more.
1158:
1150:
628:
616:
551:to the west and the upper
330:and surviving traces of a
261:Pass del Grond Son Bernard
18:
2322:Mountain passes of Valais
2227:"St Bernard Passes"
2087:Teutonic Mythology Part 1
1103:
1056:
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2258:"The Saint Bernard Pass"
1647:Souvenir Henri Desgrange
1446:, resulting in the name
1225:Great St Bernard Hospice
1212:Great St Bernard Hospice
1206:The hospice and the dogs
420:
397:. In that area, between
367:Great St Bernard Hospice
16:Road pass in Switzerland
2233:Encyclopædia Britannica
1627:List of mountain passes
1192:Saxifraga oppositifolia
506:Great St Bernard Tunnel
360:Great St Bernard Tunnel
307:. It is located on the
232:Col du Grand St-Bernard
212:Location in Switzerland
39:Col du Grand St-Bernard
2133:Morgan, James (1915).
1637:Little St Bernard Pass
1568:Pierre Nicholas Dorsaz
1559:
1504:
1327:
1310:
1291:
1277:
1243:in rescue operations.
1228:
481:
260:
253:Grosser Sankt Bernhard
252:
239:
231:
60:Grosser Sankt Bernhard
59:
46:
38:
1840:Frommer's Switzerland
1551:
1493:
1393:on the Italian side.
1316:
1308:
1282:
1272:
1223:
1169:Great St Bernard Lake
517:Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses
475:
375:Great St Bernard Lake
224:Great St Bernard Pass
76:Great St Bernard Lake
29:Great St Bernard Pass
1827:. London: J. Murray.
1526:Battle of Montebello
1180:Ranunculus glacialis
283:in Switzerland with
163:45.86889°N 7.17056°E
2035:"Summus P(o)eninus"
1705:"Grande Chenalette"
1642:San Bernardino Pass
1501:Jacques-Louis David
1486:Napoleonic crossing
1450:in late antiquity,
1151:Source: MeteoSwiss
748:Daily mean °C (°F)
340:Jacques-Louis David
159: /
2282:2016-06-08 at the
1560:
1513:Napoleon Bonaparte
1505:
1476:Bourg-Saint-Pierre
1365:continental Celtic
1328:
1311:
1278:
1236:Bernard of Menthon
1229:
577:Swiss National Map
555:to the southeast.
498:Bourg-Saint-Pierre
494:Drance d'Entremont
482:
453:, Switzerland, to
93:2,469 m (8,100 ft)
2114:. The World and I
1849:978-0-470-18188-1
1530:Battle of Marengo
1461:Deo optimo maximo
1216:St. Bernard (dog)
1155:
1154:
1106:possible sunshine
1011:relative humidity
549:Mont Blanc Tunnel
529:Valpelline valley
449:in the canton of
395:Mont Blanc massif
315:from that of the
220:
219:
168:45.86889; 7.17056
2334:
2288:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2229:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2204:on 27 April 2009
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2123:
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2119:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
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1885:
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1801:on 28 March 2022
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1611:
1610:
1528:and then at the
1444:Jupiter Poeninus
1184:Dryas octopetala
965:
626:
625:
566:
247:
207:
206:
200:
174:
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2284:Wayback Machine
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2076:
2070:History of Rome
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2051:on 31 July 2009
2048:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:History of Rome
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1948:on 23 July 2012
1940:
1939:
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1925:
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1602:
1594:Charles Dickens
1584:
1557:Edouard Castres
1509:French Republic
1488:
1399:
1333:
1303:
1241:St Bernard dogs
1218:
1210:Main articles:
1208:
1176:Gentiana clusii
1161:
1156:
963:
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951:
946:
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936:
931:
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837:
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827:
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787:
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772:
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757:
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742:
737:
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727:
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697:
692:
687:
682:
619:
600:Pointe de Drône
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
568:
567:
547:connecting the
490:Val d'Entremont
431:summus poeninus
423:
383:
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216:
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2264:on 7 July 2011
2254:
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2173:New York Times
2162:
2161:External links
2159:
2156:
2155:
2140:
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2095:
2074:
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2025:
2013:
1992:
1981:on 26 May 2018
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1361:Grimm brothers
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1274:St Bernard dog
1253:picture, above
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1059:sunshine hours
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611:hors catégorie
607:Tour de France
585:Simplon Tunnel
571:
570:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
537:Pont de Pierre
502:Lac des Toules
422:
419:
382:
379:
350:Paul Delaroche
309:main watershed
287:in the region
218:
217:
211:
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2222:Ashby, Thomas
2219:
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2178:
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2098:
2096:0-7661-7742-4
2092:
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2071:
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2036:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1901:on 2008-12-20
1900:
1896:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1859:
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1834:
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1817:
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1772:
1770:9780764102882
1766:
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1747:
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1707:. Summit Post
1706:
1699:
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1674:
1667:
1662:
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1643:
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1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:Little Dorrit
1582:In literature
1579:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1531:
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1522:
1518:
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1510:
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1498:
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1483:
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1477:
1473:
1472:Theodosius II
1468:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
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1407:
1406:Servius Galba
1403:
1402:Julius Caesar
1394:
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1388:
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1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
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1342:
1338:
1331:Celtic period
1325:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1271:
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1260:Salvator Rosa
1256:
1254:
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1246:
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1237:
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1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1203:
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1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Forget-me-not
1185:
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1083:
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1077:
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1068:
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1060:
1057:Mean monthly
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
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1000:
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985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
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967:
960:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
891:
890:precipitation
886:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
816:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
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770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
746:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
676:
632:
627:
623:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
578:
573:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
478:Swiss Customs
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:on the upper
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:poeninus mons
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
199:
190:
187:
183:
181:
177:
172:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:in background
81:
77:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2246:. Retrieved
2231:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2185:. Retrieved
2172:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2105:
2086:
2083:Grimm, Jacob
2077:
2069:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2041:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1942:"Communiqué"
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
1779:
1754:
1731:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:
1673:
1661:
1587:
1585:
1575:Aosta Valley
1572:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1534:
1506:
1494:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1427:
1426:and colony,
1420:
1415:
1400:
1397:Roman period
1384:
1376:Zeus karaios
1375:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1345:Roman empire
1334:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:Pope Pius XI
1230:
1173:
1162:
892:mm (inches)
620:
604:
593:
582:
512:
510:
483:
459:Aosta Valley
430:
426:
424:
415:Simplon Pass
407:Grand Combin
384:
364:
353:
343:
324:Western Alps
321:
289:Aosta Valley
223:
221:
134:Pennine Alps
118:Aosta Valley
98:Traversed by
2287:(in French)
1614:Alps portal
1276:with barrel
545:A5 motorway
533:Dora Baltea
439:Switzerland
399:Mont Dolent
387:Valais Alps
371:St. Bernard
334:. In 1800,
269:Switzerland
166: /
141:Coordinates
114:Switzerland
2301:Categories
1905:2013-04-19
1805:22 January
1653:References
1452:Monte Jove
1448:Mons Jovis
1322:, and the
1320:Mont Blanc
1202:-covered.
964:(≥ 1.0 mm)
403:Mont Vélan
391:Col Ferret
332:Roman road
328:Bronze Age
305:Monte Rosa
301:Mont Blanc
151:45°52′08″N
80:Mont Vélan
1691:Swisstopo
1679:Mont Mort
1666:Swisstopo
1480:milestone
1456:Mont Joux
1380:Hesychius
1232:A hospice
596:Mont Mort
535:near the
381:Geography
245:‹See Tfd›
186:swisstopo
154:7°10′14″E
89:Elevation
52:‹See Tfd›
2280:Archived
2248:14 April
2224:(1911).
2208:14 April
2150:Harper's
2085:(2003).
2072:XXXI.38.
1600:See also
1542:Martigny
1517:Austrian
1436:Claudius
1417:Augustus
1410:Martigny
1357:Hannibal
1349:Poeninus
1341:Lingones
1326:massifs.
1286:bouillon
1104:Percent
1009:Average
888:Average
553:Po Basin
463:Lausanne
443:Martigny
441:, joins
336:Napoleon
273:Martigny
180:Topo map
106:Location
2023:, V.35.
1573:In the
1424:stativa
1391:Salassi
1387:Veragri
1353:Poenini
1301:History
1159:Ecology
957:(90.0)
947:(10.2)
883:(27.0)
878:(16.5)
873:(21.4)
868:(29.8)
863:(35.8)
858:(41.9)
853:(41.2)
848:(37.2)
843:(30.0)
838:(22.6)
833:(17.8)
828:(14.0)
823:(14.9)
813:(31.8)
808:(21.2)
803:(25.5)
798:(34.2)
793:(40.3)
788:(47.3)
783:(47.1)
778:(42.6)
773:(34.7)
768:(27.3)
763:(22.6)
758:(18.7)
753:(19.6)
743:(36.7)
738:(25.7)
733:(29.7)
728:(38.7)
723:(45.7)
718:(53.2)
713:(53.2)
708:(48.4)
703:(39.6)
698:(31.6)
693:(27.1)
688:(23.5)
683:(24.3)
617:Weather
613:climb.
525:Buthier
457:in the
275:in the
257:Romansh
236:Italian
43:Italian
2268:11 May
2187:9 July
2118:25 May
2093:
2006:11 May
1985:25 May
1952:11 May
1926:25 May
1879:25 May
1846:
1767:
1733:25 May
1465:mansio
1440:mansio
1422:castra
1324:Ruitor
1264:brandy
1200:lichen
1167:, the
1099:1,595
1004:156.5
952:(9.6)
942:(7.6)
937:(5.2)
932:(5.4)
927:(5.5)
922:(5.7)
917:(8.1)
912:(8.0)
907:(7.6)
902:(7.5)
897:(9.5)
634:Month
521:Gignod
486:Drance
467:Torino
451:Valais
411:Valais
281:Valais
277:canton
249:German
228:French
110:Valais
56:German
35:French
2055:2 May
2049:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1711:3 May
1555:, by
1538:Aosta
1521:Genoa
1515:. An
1432:Aosta
1001:14.2
998:13.6
995:12.2
992:10.7
989:12.5
986:12.7
983:13.2
980:15.4
977:13.7
974:13.3
971:12.1
968:12.9
955:2,285
826:−10.0
673:Year
589:Italy
541:Aosta
455:Aosta
447:Rhône
435:Italy
421:Route
313:Rhône
293:Italy
285:Aosta
129:Range
122:Italy
78:with
74:from
2270:2009
2250:2009
2210:2009
2189:2008
2120:2018
2091:ISBN
2057:2009
2008:2009
1987:2018
1954:2009
1928:2018
1881:2018
1844:ISBN
1807:2022
1765:ISBN
1735:2018
1713:2009
1693:maps
1668:maps
1339:and
1337:Boii
1214:and
1196:Moss
1165:tarn
1090:124
1087:160
1084:202
1081:212
1078:189
1075:158
1072:149
1069:158
1066:103
1013:(%)
881:−2.8
876:−8.6
871:−5.9
866:−1.2
841:−1.1
836:−5.2
831:−7.9
821:−9.5
811:−0.1
806:−6.0
801:−3.6
766:−2.6
761:−5.2
756:−7.4
751:−6.9
736:−3.5
731:−1.3
716:11.8
711:11.8
696:−0.2
691:−2.7
686:−4.7
681:−4.3
670:Dec
667:Nov
664:Oct
661:Sep
658:Aug
655:Jul
652:Jun
649:May
646:Apr
643:Mar
640:Feb
637:Jan
605:The
437:and
401:and
348:and
303:and
297:Alps
265:pass
222:The
101:Road
1592:by
1499:by
1378:of
1372:ben
1370:or
1368:pen
1351:or
1146:40
1143:18
1140:19
1137:30
1134:45
1131:53
1128:53
1125:49
1122:44
1119:45
1116:40
1113:30
1110:19
1096:24
1093:62
1063:55
1052:75
1049:68
1046:75
1043:76
1040:79
1037:76
1034:76
1031:78
1028:82
1025:80
1022:74
1019:68
1016:66
950:243
945:258
940:194
935:133
930:136
925:140
920:146
915:207
910:204
905:192
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