272:
24:
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263:, among the six trustees. The company acquired 120 acres of land at Forbes Lake, subsequently transferred to Great Western. Moss Bay Iron and Steel prepared for construction and placed orders for machines and materials, but ran short of funds by late 1889. In June 1890, a new company, Great Western Iron and Steel, was formed with $ 1 million in capital. Kirk, Hunt and Denny were retained as trustees from the original company, and several new trustees were brought in.
253:, but in late May, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported it was going to be done "between Houghton and Juanita" (now neighborhoods of Kirkland, then independent towns, and Kirkland was yet to receive its name). By June 1888, news had spread to national newspapers and the city of Kirkland was being mentioned by name. In August, 1888, incorporation papers were filed for the Moss Bay Iron and Steel Company of America, with Denny, Kirk, and
532:
event, the Panic of 1893 resulted in investors defaulting on their stock subscriptions, resulting in insufficient liquidity for the company to complete construction and begin operations. A June, 1895 court judgment transferring all the company's assets to the land company from which all the steel mill property had been bought signaled the company's effective bankruptcy.
305:
article shows photographs of completed depot, coal bunker, and iron works buildings. An 1892 American steel industry directory noted that a foundry, machine and pattern shops, and ore bunkers had been completed but no coke stack; in 1894 the same directory repeated that the coke stack had not been
630:
Stein (1998) states: "he
Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad refused to bring a rail line down to the waterline. The Northern Pacific, based in Tacoma had just bought the railroad, and Tacoma was in direct competition with Seattle as the predominant seaport on Puget Sound. A rail spur to
531:
of 1889, after which the canal was derided by some as the "Kirkland ditch"), failure to completely analyze demand and properly lay the foundations for the business, and competition between Tacoma and
Seattle, have all been listed as reasons why Great Western never began to produce steel. In any
551:
Kirk and the others who came to King County to create a steel mill are regarded as founders of the City of
Kirkland. Although the steel mill no longer stands, the city retains historic homes and commercial buildings associated with it, including Peter Kirk's own 1891 brick office building, the
485:
From historical photographs and descriptions, the mill was built on the east side of Forbes Lake, between the lake and present-day 124th Avenue
Northeast in Kirkland. Historical society documents state that foundations and other remnants of the mill are reported to exist in the vicinity of the
506:
Other works associated with the mill included lakefront warehouses built in 1890 for equipment and raw materials to construct the mill, a sawmill producing approximately 3,000,000 board feet of lumber by early 1891, miles of water pipeline from Lake
Washington and Forbes Lake, and a
198:
to refine local ore into steel for rails and other purposes. If the enterprise had proceeded as Kirk and other investors envisioned, it would have held a "practical monopoly of the entire
Pacific Coast" steel production. But instead, the company went bankrupt in the
580:
in
America. The city's downtown area bears dual-named street signs, with both the modern names and the original names referring to 19th century American presidents (e.g. Monroe) and English culture and steel industry (e.g. Piccadilly, Victoria and Sheffield).
602:
Sherrard (1958), p. 74–75 states: "There is every reason to believe that had the industrial activity on the east shore of Lake
Washington continued after 1892 a Lake Washington Canal would have been built, enabling oceangoing steamships to enter Lake
245:. By 1887 thousands of tons of rails were being shipped from Britain, and a newspaper reported Kirk's company would begin production in King County within two years. Tacoma newspapers reported in early May, 1888 that
297:
and toured potential canal sites. The ship canal would have been used to deliver finished goods to
Pacific markets in America and China; the canal was actually built well after the start of the 20th century.
1536:
1530:
203:, and the mostly-completed mill never produced any steel. A scholar in 1962 called it "the last major effort of private capital to erect an integrated iron and steel mill on the West Coast".
1572:
494:
article on
Kirkland's centennial in 2005. The property owned by Great Western is shown in the map to the right, roughly bounded on the south by NE 85th Street, on the north by modern day
1025:, pp. 182–183—King County Sheriff Van de Vanter's declaration of receipt of King County Superior Court writ of execution seizing Great Western's assets, dated August 7, 1885
464:
with 18,000 ton capacity, one half of the entire bunker complex, were already up by March 1891. Rail tracks were laid above and below the bunkers. Another trestle over ore and
423:
Engines 84 feet (26 m) long, the pistons 42 inches (1,100 mm) in diameter with a stroke of 6 feet (1.8 m). Hundreds of tons of machinery were sent from England.
241:
Kirk became aware of the mineral resources and local demand on a trip to the area in 1886, during which year his British company supplied rails for the construction of the
612:
Forbes Lake has been known by several names found in historical sources, including Little Lake, Lake Kirkland and Steel Works Lake. The official name is now Forbes Lake.
535:
After bankruptcy, British-owned Durham Coal Mine (38% ownership by Balfour, Guthrie) coal-mining operations continued, but results were "far from satisfactory".
141:
1557:
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1567:
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Capacity of 1,500 tons of pig iron per week per furnace. Thousands of tons of firebrick for the furnaces were sent by ship from England.
1552:
242:
1478:
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215:) owned the Moss Bay Hematite Iron Company, later renamed Moss Bay Hematite Iron and Steel Company Limited, at Mossbay in
1273:
557:
1256:
History of Seattle, Washington: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers
1421:
1395:
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warehouse (or the nearby Rose Hill Presbyterian Church), but could not be found. The same location was noted in a
1414:
The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Issue 41 of Harvard studies in business history)
1307:
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479:
280:
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987:
211:
Kirk was a steel industry veteran from England. He and his business partners (including Member of Parliament
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621:
Sweetser (1892): "The Northern Pacific Railroad is now being built to Kirkland and to the iron mines..."
1469:
1439:"To establish new iron works, a syndicate of English capitalists lease a mine in Washington Territory",
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288:
259:
1309:
Panic of 1893 sends King County and the Puget Sound region into a four-year depression on May 5, 1893
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246:
187:
81:
1397:
Kirkland Takes Stock Of Historic Landmarks -- Planning Board Will Study Inventory For Preservation
1320:
Sherrard, William R. (October 1962), "The Kirkland Steel Mill: Adventure in Western Enterprise",
212:
438:
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Machinery and equipment was purchased in Glasgow, Scotland and shipped in the fall 1890 around
293:
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was planned behind the ore bunkers. There was to be another trestle over ore and coal bins.
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Moss Bay Hematite Iron Company: A look at the early history of the Moss Bay Iron works
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Kirkland would have helped Seattle, which was not in the railroad's best interest."
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564:. The downtown area's 1888 street grid and house lots remain those planned for the
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at Piccadilly Street (today Slater and 7th Avenue/NE 87th Street) for the expected
495:
254:
89:
474:
561:
227:
223:
85:
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by the founders, with 20–30-foot (6.1–9.1 m) plots on the 1880 plan of the
1085:, pp. 182—King County Superior Court writ of execution dated June 19, 1895
547:
Kirkland street sign showing 19th century street names underneath modern names
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1203:
History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 2
940:
928:
508:
338:
231:
200:
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143:
1451:, Tacoma, Washington, October 31, 1892 – via Kirkland Heritage Society
1410:"British direct investment in coal, iron and steel in the American West..."
1405:
565:
351:
457:
360 by 42 feet (110 m × 13 m) and 34 feet (10 m) high
1313:
461:
1333:
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Transportation issues with railroads, the delay in building the planned
451:
1136:
988:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Forbes Lake
216:
195:
498:, on the west by 116th Avenue NE, and on the east by 124th Avenue NE.
1236:
Un-numbered pictures section between page 64 and 65 of main citation.
1170:
Directory of the Iron and Steel Works of the United States and Canada
1160:
Directory of the Iron and Steel Works of the United States and Canada
386:
377:
372:
Contained a small blast furnace, capable of handling 30-ton castings
1486:, City of Kirkland Planning Commission, November 28, 2005, p. 4
801:
465:
1252:"14: Growth of the Present/The Great Western Iron and Steel Works"
1167:
1157:
1040:
946:
934:
364:
238:
used on the West Coast in the 1880s was imported from Australia.
191:
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206:
1434:, Chicago, p. 14, June 17, 1888 – via New York Times
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538:
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and elsewhere in the King County Cascades foothills, although
1088:
813:
777:
420:
94 by 40 feet (29 m × 12 m) each (2x engines)
249:'s land agent Paul Schulze had wooed the project to begin in
57:
Seattle, Washington, United States (August 18, 1888
1573:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Washington (state)
1476:
1258:, Seattle: American Publishing and Engraving, p. 314,
1142:
1016:
825:
222:
In Washington Territory, iron ore had been discovered near
1240:
Falk, Nina Elizabeth; Kombol, William (November 1, 2006),
1112:
959:
957:
955:
266:
916:
1340:
Sherrard, William R. (1958), "The Kirkland Steel Mill",
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1076:
952:
846:
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842:
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807:
1295:
Why Peter Kirk's steel mill failed to open in Kirkland
1206:, Seattle: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, p. 633
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868:
856:
765:
673:
671:
1173:, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1894, p. 66
1163:, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1892, p. 67
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880:
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478:Locator map of the Kirkland Steel Mill property at
992:
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301:Construction continued through 1891–1892. An 1892
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1100:
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753:
695:
1544:
969:
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656:
1539:at University of Washington digital collections
1533:at University of Washington digital collections
359:Sources are unclear if this was actually built
1416:, Harvard University Press, pp. 252–254,
1362:"Facts About Kirkland: Kirkland: Then and Now"
1177:
1447:
922:
207:Rise and fall of Great Western Iron and Steel
1180:"A Hidden Past -- Founder's Vision Unravels"
444:160 by 34 feet (49 m × 10 m)
369:160 by 92 feet (49 m × 28 m)
1558:1888 establishments in Washington Territory
1511:
539:Kirkland after Great Western Iron and Steel
410:90 by 49 feet (27 m × 15 m)
397:61 by 40 feet (19 m × 12 m)
382:90 by 60 feet (27 m × 18 m)
1271:
1239:
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730:
343:Each furnace was 75 feet (23 m) high
22:
1563:American companies disestablished in 1895
1291:
1274:"A Walk Through History: Kirkland at 100"
1118:
1094:
1046:
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795:
783:
389:, arriving on Puget Sound March 7, 1891.
1537:1895 image of steel works on Forbes Lake
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1328:(4), University of Washington: 129–137,
1319:
1228:Our Foundering Fathers - picture section
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556:, the oldest commercial building on the
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431:30 feet (9.1 m) long (each boiler)
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230:and coalfields were being worked in the
1514:"Peter Kirk's 'Pittsburgh of the West'"
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689:
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279:By mid 1890, clearing had begun around
267:Construction of the Kirkland Steel Mill
243:Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway
1568:American companies established in 1888
1545:
1512:Vlitos-Rowe, Irene (August 27, 2008),
1394:Whitely, Peyton (September 29, 1999),
1243:Durham: A King County Coal Mining Town
1199:
947:American Iron and Steel Institute 1894
935:American Iron and Steel Institute 1892
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311:Steel plant — buildings and structures
178:was a company founded in the 1890s in
1389:, Moses King Corporation, p. 874
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417:Engine houses for the blast furnaces
137:Kirkland Steel Mill near Forbes Lake
1386:King's handbook of the united states
1272:Grindeland, Sherry (June 29, 2005),
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1210:
998:
975:
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701:
283:. Kirkland was visited by President
176:Great Western Iron and Steel Company
65:Moss Bay America) or (June 1890
30:King's Handbook of the United States
17:Great Western Iron and Steel Company
1349:Stein, Alan J. (October 25, 1998),
501:
356:At least 320 feet (98 m) long
291:in 1890. He arrived on sidewheeler
13:
1491:
1480:Highlands Neighborhood Plan Update
1368:, City of Kirkland, archived from
14:
1584:
1524:
1178:Peyton Whitely (August 6, 1998),
1143:Highlands Neighborhood Plan 2005
287:to investigate possibility of a
1553:History of Kirkland, Washington
1501:The Rise and Fall of Peter Kirk
1430:"Steel-making on the Pacific",
1383:Sweetser, Moses Foster (1892),
1322:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1306:Lange, Greg (October 3, 1999),
1292:Hawkinson, Loita (March 2010),
1151:
981:
624:
615:
606:
596:
1250:Grant, Frederic James (1891),
1:
1234:, Kirkland Historical Society
638:
73:Great Western Iron and Steel)
808:Milwaukee Daily Journal 1888
578:planned industrial community
28:Kirkland Steel Mill in 1892
7:
1366:Kirkland Centennial website
1301:, Kirkland Heritage Society
10:
1589:
1360:Stein, Alan J. (c. 2005),
1352:Kirkland Thumbnail History
1344:, University of Washington
525:Lake Washington Ship Canal
289:Lake Washington Ship Canal
260:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1443:, Milwaukee, June 2, 1888
1220:, Kirkland Public Library
1200:Bagley, Clarence (1916),
1190:Baggley, Phil (c. 2005),
131:
111:
96:
77:
53:
49:Iron and steel production
45:
37:
21:
1049:, pp. Slides 53–60.
589:
513:Northern Pacific Railway
247:Northern Pacific Railway
1477:"3: Historic context",
1441:Milwaukee Daily Journal
798:, pp. slide 16–17.
518:
213:Charles James Valentine
190:to build an integrated
186:by the city's namesake
100:June 19, 1895
1214:Our Foundering Fathers
820:Daily Inter Ocean 1888
731:Falk & Kombol 2006
548:
482:
276:
1531:1892 image of foundry
1342:Master's Thesis (MBA)
1225:Ely, Arline (1975b),
1211:Ely, Arline (1975a),
546:
477:
313:(from Sherrard 1962)
274:
1498:Stein, Alan (1998),
585:Notes and references
527:(in turn due to the
251:Cle Elum, Washington
184:Washington Territory
121:Washington Territory
32:(artist's depiction)
1400:, The Seattle Times
1097:, p. Slide 82.
834:, pp. 172–176.
786:, p. slide 10.
554:Peter Kirk Building
314:
275:Steel works c. 1892
257:, publisher of the
226:by Seattle pioneer
153: /
133:Number of locations
18:
923:Tacoma Ledger 1892
549:
529:Great Seattle Fire
483:
309:
277:
236:metallurgical coal
157:47.684°N 122.178°W
16:
1518:Kirkland Reporter
1464:Missing or empty
1449:The Tacoma Ledger
1432:Daily Inter Ocean
1279:The Seattle Times
1184:The Seattle Times
1121:, pp. 25–36.
889:, pp. 38–40.
574:Pullman, Illinois
472:
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454:for ore and coal
285:Benjamin Harrison
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1506:Bellevue College
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394:Blacksmith shop
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1492:Further reading
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1423:9780674396661
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1406:Wilkins, Mira
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1372:on 2013-12-20
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1083:Sherrard 1958
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912:
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907:
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900:
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876:
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871:
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864:
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859:
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851:Sweetser 1892
847:
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112:Headquarters
38:Company type
29:
1314:HistoryLink
760:Bagley 1916
480:Forbes Lake
460:Thirty ore
407:department
321:Dimensions
281:Forbes Lake
160: /
148:122°10′41″W
1547:Categories
1376:2013-12-20
1285:2013-12-19
1107:Stein 2005
719:Stein 1998
663:Lange 1999
651:Grant 1891
639:References
318:Structure
217:Workington
196:steel mill
188:Peter Kirk
145:47°41′02″N
104:1895-06-19
82:Peter Kirk
61:1888-08-18
999:Ely 1975a
976:Ely 1975b
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702:Ely 1975a
486:Kirkland
466:coal bins
387:Cape Horn
1457:citation
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558:Eastside
329:Sawmill
294:Kirkland
180:Kirkland
117:Kirkland
92:, et al.
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452:Bunkers
405:Pattern
365:Foundry
306:built.
192:smelter
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324:Notes
1484:(PDF)
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1330:JSTOR
1299:(PDF)
1232:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
590:Notes
462:bents
1470:help
1418:ISBN
1260:ISBN
519:Bust
439:Cast
194:and
174:The
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