7693:
362:
162:
2555:
196:
2889:
10478:
11514:
7941:
7498:
11200:
8682:
1937:
9638:
660:
1421:
11502:
900:
1601:
5015:"Great ape" is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage, even by the same author. The term may or may not include humans, as when Dawkins writes "Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans" and "gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives."
854:. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are
1648:, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use. They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.
1560:
concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been
1702:
This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily.
1608:
The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger
594:). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.
786:
Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family
Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that
1698:
Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate
1699:
directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.
1632:. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller relative to body size compared to those of other apes. This may be an adaptation not only to the extensive use of tools, which has supplanted the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also to eating cooked food since the end of the
1584:, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the
772:
from France, Spain and
Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes
1689:
in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being
1659:, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the
1694:
for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.
613:
of all
Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family
915:
in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term
1440:
Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the
787:
clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by
6650:
Fig 2: "Divergence time estimates for the jacchus marmoset group based on the BEAST4 (Di Fiore et al., 2015) calibration scheme for alignment A. Numbers at each node indicate the median divergence time
6266:
Pada IUCN Red List Edisi tahun 2002 orangutan sumatera dikategorikan
Critically Endangered, artinya sudah sangat terancam kepunahan, sedangkan orangutan kalimantan dikategorikan Endangered atau langka.
842:
probably adapted to the drier environments outside the
African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African
1655:, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of
6616:
Malukiewicz, Joanna; Hepp, Crystal M.; Guschanski, Katerina; Stone, Anne C. (1 January 2017). "Phylogeny of the jacchus group of
Callithrix marmosets based on complete mitochondrial genomes".
6308:
5912:
Van Schaik C.P.; Ancrenaz, M; Borgen, G; Galdikas, B; Knott, CD; Singleton, I; Suzuki, A; Utami, SS; Merrill, M (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture".
1494:
Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include
6870:
1752:
On 25 June 2008, the
Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal. On 8 September 2010, the
6768:
6427:
6536:
Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017).
1469:) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.
1488:
along with humans.) But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family,
1449:
because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage
1536:
The exact criteria for membership in the tribe
Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those
9984:
9926:
9864:
6192:
5773:
5741:
6141:
6753:
6723:
831:). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and
6738:
6340:
Eastern
Gorilla: Gorilla beringei Plumptre, A., Robbins, M.M. & Williamson, E.A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T39994A115576640
10704:
10398:
9891:
9857:
9793:
9282:
9020:
8897:
8845:
6258:
5803:
Watson, E. E.; et al. (2001). "Homo genus: a review of the classification of humans and the great apes". In Tobias, P. V.; et al. (eds.).
10415:
10023:
8965:
8609:
8499:
8367:
8233:
8097:
2565:(emphasis on family Hominidae): After an initial separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 18 million years ago, the line of
683:
from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to
11358:
10073:
9919:
9905:
9736:
8911:
8875:
8755:
8490:
8360:
8311:
8191:
7802:
2033:
Below is a cladogram with extinct species. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.
1720:
709:
642:
10280:
10008:
9238:
9067:
8636:
8619:
8395:
8247:
8240:
8219:
8120:
6316:
5087:"An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe"
11410:
10185:
9800:
8992:
8506:
8346:
8325:
8205:
8198:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8127:
8113:
9912:
9292:
9184:
9077:
8904:
8374:
8353:
8339:
8282:
8275:
8184:
5324:"Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees"
597:
Within the taxon
Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily
9898:
9057:
8465:
8451:
8402:
8318:
8301:
8254:
8212:
8141:
8106:
8472:
8437:
8381:
8289:
8268:
8226:
8086:
3693:
11544:
8831:
8745:
8513:
8479:
8444:
8416:
8388:
7870:
7767:
5975:
3563:
1745:. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a
11332:
8890:
8458:
8409:
7880:
6083:"Deciding Where to Sleep: Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Living in Savanna at Issa, Tanzania"
3583:
2952:
6286:
11569:
11371:
7229:
6351:
6220:
4625:
7875:
3543:
1453:
groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many
1703:
In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.
11389:
7885:
6065:
6029:
5827:
5299:
5126:
11376:
6844:
11559:
7977:
6312:
1484:(see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus
6419:
689:, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are
5818:
Schwartz, J.H. (1986). "Primate systematics and a classification of the order". In Swindler, Daris R.; Erwin, J. (eds.).
2001:
7807:
6928:
6900:
4950:
924:
Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.
1973:
5541:
5061:
2020:
638:
581:) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans and other apes were considered to be "hominids".
5051:
11459:
3523:
11574:
11415:
7817:
4955:
4940:
3733:
1980:
799:
from Turkey. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by
6864:
5781:
7534:
5751:
4431:
4035:
4021:
1958:
5967:
11477:
11397:
6892:
827:
is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see
4925:
3173:
2945:
1987:
912:
6247:
11506:
11384:
11280:
9390:
7222:
5746:
4995:
4473:
3898:
2922:
2915:
have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.
2807:
828:
610:
51:
6850:
11492:
11285:
7890:
7742:
4452:
4445:
4438:
3891:
3626:
3360:
3352:
3344:
1954:
503:
11464:
5715:
1969:
1561:
disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some
195:
11564:
11425:
7854:
7822:
7772:
7727:
5086:
4965:
4945:
3464:
2861:
1738:
856:
17:
10477:
6887:
6347:
11554:
11549:
7970:
6166:
4492:
55:
7752:
7207:
956:
is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
11199:
10235:
10053:
9460:
7848:
7827:
6896:
6254:
4960:
4466:
3434:
2938:
2747:
2709:
1947:
1429:
62:
6057:
6050:
5231:
5182:"Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My"
5118:
3649:
1566:
815:. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus
11451:
11220:
9514:
9218:
8599:
7737:
7215:
6921:
5217:
5112:
4935:
4459:
4028:
3393:
1756:
1746:
5531:
11446:
11363:
10300:
6661:
Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; et al. (2 November 2017).
5289:
4499:
3165:
1867:
1850:
1833:
1816:
1799:
1767:
The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.
11438:
11306:
11267:
9534:
7797:
7732:
7692:
6795:
6676:
6549:
6484:
6383:
5921:
5625:
5578:
5392:
5155:
4764:
4634:
4395:
4388:
4238:
3802:
3603:
3450:
3319:
3304:
1734:
1712:
1660:
1589:
634:
8681:
6885:
A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade
8:
11258:
10977:
10358:
9637:
9555:
9500:
7963:
7787:
7777:
6859:
5863:
4976:
4869:
4804:
4506:
4096:
2718:
1572:
However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as
1114:
6799:
6680:
6553:
6488:
6387:
6020:
Wrangham, Richard (2007). "Chapter 12: The Cooking Enigma". In Charles Pasternak (ed.).
5925:
5822:. Vol. 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy. New York: Wiley-Liss. p. 1–41.
5629:
5582:
5455:
5396:
985:, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe
11534:
10620:
9810:
9750:
9430:
9346:
8592:
7707:
7665:
7645:
7527:
7340:
7322:
6884:
6818:
6783:
6573:
6513:
6473:"Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes"
6472:
6278:
5945:
5894:
5692:
5602:
5472:
5439:
5415:
5380:
5356:
5323:
4989:
4920:
3713:
2816:
2798:
2789:
2667:
2658:
1994:
1825:
1808:
1725:
Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain
862:
691:
625:
Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain
590:, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (
525:
521:
374:
190:
7717:
6339:
6212:
5648:
5613:
3780:
11433:
11293:
10199:
10175:
9848:
9160:
7812:
7655:
7551:
7331:
6914:
6823:
6704:
6641:
6633:
6565:
6518:
6500:
6401:
6197:
6061:
6025:
6002:
5937:
5886:
5823:
5697:
5683:
5653:
5594:
5563:
5537:
5477:
5459:
5420:
5361:
5343:
5295:
5241:
5122:
5067:
5057:
4983:
4930:
4840:
4721:
4523:
2629:
2592:
1791:
1730:
1716:
1610:
1519:
994:
783:, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.
630:
517:
6855:
5949:
5263:
1676:
11298:
11107:
10751:
10644:
10327:
10110:
10046:
10016:
9953:
9040:
8956:
8801:
7911:
7681:
7161:
7111:
6975:
6813:
6803:
6694:
6684:
6625:
6577:
6557:
6508:
6492:
6391:
6343:
6115:
6094:
5992:
5984:
5929:
5898:
5878:
5687:
5679:
5643:
5633:
5606:
5586:
5467:
5451:
5410:
5400:
5351:
5335:
5193:
4913:
4818:
4774:
4538:
4421:
3385:
3334:
2738:
2135:
1614:
1562:
1523:
1221:
751:
685:
495:
459:
413:
302:
11272:
6845:
The Animal Legal and Historical Center at Michigan State University College of Law
1588:
concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of
11030:
10999:
10991:
10875:
10775:
10630:
10600:
10217:
10063:
10000:
9830:
9780:
9766:
9759:
9713:
9507:
9302:
8972:
8925:
8859:
8174:
7901:
7626:
7616:
7392:
7383:
6808:
6667:
6374:
5963:
5716:"GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: The Scatterlings of Africa: The Origins of Humanity"
5108:
4970:
4754:
4739:
4301:
4262:
4211:
4110:
3982:
3418:
3187:
3143:
2912:
2908:
2729:
2700:
2569:
broke away, leading to the orangutan; later, the Homininae split into the tribes
2513:
2459:
2214:
2196:
1859:
1842:
1672:
1496:
1285:
1204:
762:
715:
654:
573:
Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term
539:
535:
361:
11402:
6784:"Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe"
5664:
577:
to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (
11518:
11156:
11117:
11048:
10905:
10895:
10865:
10842:
10832:
10822:
10734:
10683:
10668:
10653:
10590:
10569:
10559:
10226:
10206:
9821:
9548:
9525:
8983:
7124:
7057:
7047:
7026:
6496:
6099:
6082:
4878:
4582:
4339:
4276:
4183:
4153:
4125:
4050:
4011:
3934:
3884:
3875:
3239:
3226:
3156:
3130:
2904:
2495:
2415:
2389:
2266:
2248:
2153:
2117:
1753:
1585:
1557:
1131:
889:
807:
801:
795:
727:
703:
697:
6689:
6662:
6591:
6396:
6369:
5882:
11539:
11528:
11243:
11135:
10970:
10961:
10690:
10660:
10610:
10580:
10422:
10388:
10320:
10242:
10192:
10151:
10130:
9729:
9689:
9410:
9373:
9329:
9322:
9272:
9248:
8868:
8791:
8558:
7944:
7520:
7501:
6985:
6637:
6504:
5463:
5381:"Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities"
5347:
5056:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–184.
5047:
4600:
4404:
4197:
4139:
4081:
4072:
3758:
3426:
2065:
1726:
1514:
1433:
832:
756:
750:
At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-
743:
676:
626:
161:
119:
6663:"Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species"
5988:
5933:
5638:
5405:
5198:
5181:
5071:
2888:
11167:
11096:
11007:
10984:
10932:
10915:
10885:
10727:
10675:
10529:
10310:
10263:
10168:
10103:
10093:
10083:
9993:
9875:
9837:
9722:
9569:
9562:
9470:
9208:
9194:
9127:
9006:
8776:
8734:
8532:
8071:
7762:
7747:
7722:
7129:
6827:
6708:
6645:
6569:
6522:
6405:
6048:
Harcourt, A.H.; MacKinnon, J.; Wrangham, R.W. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
5941:
5890:
5701:
5657:
5598:
5481:
5424:
5365:
5043:
4854:
4695:
4615:
4553:
4482:
4378:
4247:
4231:
4168:
3948:
3912:
3834:
3408:
3375:
3289:
3213:
3200:
2554:
2340:
2083:
1742:
1574:
1529:
1508:
1450:
1446:
1348:
1302:
1090:
904:
868:
789:
779:
768:
733:
6906:
6538:"New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution"
6006:
1627:
1624:
11345:
11252:
11073:
10256:
10137:
10120:
9884:
9490:
9400:
9265:
9228:
9148:
9087:
8808:
8261:
7757:
7712:
7581:
7416:
7149:
7134:
5997:
4827:
4789:
4707:
4658:
4646:
4568:
3737:
3480:
3104:
2897:
2597:
There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four
2364:
1645:
1633:
1580:
615:
584:
The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term
544:
174:
94:
6865:
For more details on Hominid species, including photos of fossil hominids
6561:
5590:
1613:
varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the
10549:
10341:
9668:
9655:
9605:
9541:
9480:
9383:
9366:
9258:
9201:
9174:
9137:
9107:
9097:
8822:
8548:
8430:
8134:
8079:
8031:
7986:
7906:
7597:
7437:
7278:
7171:
7080:
6994:
6699:
6629:
6242:
5264:"International Bans | Laws | Release & Restitution for Chimpanzees"
4670:
2780:
2562:
1961: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1901:
1884:
1876:
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721:
680:
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311:
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139:
104:
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11319:
11018:
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10741:
10378:
10368:
10291:
10144:
10034:
9933:
9699:
9453:
9356:
8570:
8332:
8048:
7639:
7358:
7307:
7062:
7052:
7002:
5911:
4295:
4066:
3495:
2689:
2683:
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2443:
2429:
2299:
1686:
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1481:
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144:
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33:
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1936:
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10853:
10812:
10758:
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9420:
9313:
9013:
8938:
8838:
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8063:
8004:
7865:
7406:
7297:
7260:
7237:
7139:
6969:
6957:
6449:
5844:
5339:
5236:
4907:
4682:
4333:
4321:
3869:
3669:
3117:
3091:
2841:
2763:
2612:
2608:: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded
2570:
2566:
2318:
2101:
2050:
1652:
1549:
1473:
1466:
1442:
1341:
1253:
1068:
990:
986:
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933:
843:
839:
659:
602:
586:
338:
227:
134:
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114:
109:
99:
81:
37:
6660:
1420:
11472:
11145:
11038:
10765:
10405:
10334:
9586:
9579:
9441:
9336:
9118:
8999:
8945:
8765:
8626:
8583:
8016:
7860:
7843:
7610:
7368:
7272:
7119:
7092:
7034:
6938:
5516:
5053:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4356:
3274:
3266:
3252:
3076:
2618:
1691:
1617:
and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The
1553:
1537:
1502:
1490:
and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.
927:
A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:
917:
672:
530:
499:
247:
178:
149:
124:
77:
5117:(p/b ed.). London, England: Phoenix (Orion Books). p.
993:: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including
11501:
10715:
10539:
10348:
10249:
9970:
9167:
8883:
8713:
8700:
8652:
8010:
7998:
7677:
7587:
7428:
7266:
7254:
7179:
7102:
7007:
6963:
6951:
4327:
2827:
2769:
1893:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1545:
1425:
1263:
812:
619:
553:
352:
267:
237:
217:
6615:
5564:"A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa"
1600:
440:
50:"Great apes" and "Hominid" redirect here. For other uses, see
11311:
8042:
7955:
7926:
7916:
7568:
7467:
7017:
4884:
4873:
4844:
4834:
4822:
4808:
4793:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4743:
4728:
4714:
4702:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4619:
4604:
4589:
4572:
4557:
4542:
4527:
4486:
4425:
4408:
4382:
4360:
4343:
4305:
4280:
4075:
4054:
4015:
3928:
3878:
2852:
2598:
1910:
921:
847:
563:
507:
170:
6535:
11125:
10158:
7921:
7562:
7452:
4515:
2893:
2346:
1749:
to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.
1680:
645:
to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.
558:
319:
6874:
magazine (April 2006 Issue) Why Are Some Animals So Smart?
5742:"Chimps Belong on Human Branch of Family Tree, Study Says"
967:: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
468:
419:
10508:
10495:
10445:
7543:
6142:"Orangutan Moms Are The Primate Champs Of Breast-Feeding"
6047:
3851:
1541:
938:
824:
675:, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of
480:
474:
434:
428:
287:
44:
1415:
7512:
6080:
5530:
Reynolds, Sally C.; Gallagher, Andrew (29 March 2012).
1565:
outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the
6879:
A new mediterranean hominoid-hominid link discovered,
5179:
1609:
and stronger than the females, although the degree of
754:, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age—
11490:
6781:
6081:
Hernandez-Aguilar, R. Adriana; Reitan, Trond (2020).
5135:
5114:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
2601:. The following classification is commonly accepted:
486:
477:
431:
169:
The eight extant hominid species, one row per genus (
11163:
11152:
11141:
11131:
11113:
11103:
11092:
11044:
11026:
10958:
10928:
10911:
10901:
10891:
10881:
10871:
10861:
10838:
10828:
10818:
10808:
10771:
10747:
10723:
10641:
10626:
10616:
10606:
10596:
10586:
10576:
10565:
10555:
10545:
10535:
10525:
10411:
10394:
10384:
10374:
10364:
10354:
10316:
10306:
10276:
10181:
10164:
10126:
10116:
10099:
10089:
10079:
10069:
10059:
10042:
9981:
9966:
9806:
9777:
9747:
9710:
9695:
9685:
9575:
9496:
9486:
9476:
9466:
9449:
9426:
9416:
9406:
9396:
9379:
9362:
9352:
9342:
9298:
9288:
9278:
9254:
9244:
9234:
9224:
9214:
9190:
9180:
9156:
9133:
9103:
9093:
9083:
9073:
9063:
9053:
8922:
8856:
8819:
8788:
8772:
8761:
8751:
8741:
8730:
8632:
8615:
8605:
8565:
8554:
8544:
8044:
5665:"The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades"
1445:. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae
483:
437:
5805:
Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia
5520:(2001) has been proposed as a possible ancestor of
2917:
823:) split off from the line leading to humans. Human
471:
465:
462:
425:
422:
416:
6049:
5807:. Florence: Firenze Univ. Press. pp. 311–323.
5533:African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution
5322:Chen, Feng-Chi; Li, Wen-Hsiung (15 January 2001).
2903:In addition to the extant species and subspecies,
6847:, Great Apes and the Law (archived 13 April 2011)
6782:Fuss, J; Spassov, N; Begun, DR; Böhme, M (2017).
5968:"Post-Pleistocene changes in the human dentition"
5529:
11526:
7305:
6470:
6193:"New EU rules on animal testing ban use of apes"
5956:
5173:
4815:or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species)
1472:Humans and close relatives including the tribes
6348:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-1.rlts.t39994a115576640.en
5611:
5385:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1721:Countries banning non-human ape experimentation
1644:Although most living species are predominantly
6363:
6361:
5739:
5291:Morphology of the Primates And Human Evolution
5281:
5211:
5209:
911:The classification of the great apes has been
61:"Ape-men" redirects here. For other uses, see
32:For an explanation of very similar terms, see
7971:
7528:
7223:
7025:
6922:
6471:Grabowski, Mark; Jungers, William L. (2017).
6167:"Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes"
6133:
5802:
2946:
2894:the skull sometimes known as "Nutcracker Man"
6013:
5662:
5490:was to be designated as including the genus
5440:"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology"
5437:
5431:
1012:is the only extant species, and within that
6936:
6358:
5962:
5206:
8711:
7978:
7964:
7535:
7521:
7230:
7216:
6929:
6915:
6235:
5486:. In this suggestion, the new subtribe of
5438:Wood, Bernard; Richmond, Brian G. (2000).
5287:
2953:
2939:
835:probably contribute most to this problem.
601:; others with orangutans in the subfamily
360:
160:
10506:
10444:
9666:
9604:
6817:
6807:
6698:
6688:
6618:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6512:
6395:
6279:"Tapanuli Orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis"
6098:
5996:
5976:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5691:
5647:
5637:
5471:
5414:
5404:
5355:
5197:
2021:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:beyond their 'local family' or band. The
1024:A cladogram indicating common names (cf.
6367:
6301:
6139:
6019:
5842:
5817:
5372:
2887:
1599:
1419:
898:
658:
641:. Twenty-nine countries have instituted
6766:
6751:
6736:
6721:
6264:from the original on 1 September 2024.
5378:
5141:
5107:
4811:(thought by some to be a subspecies of
949:, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.
622:), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.
14:
11527:
6654:
6043:
6041:
5612:Cela-Conde, C.J.; Ayala, F.J. (2003).
5561:
5321:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
3847:
11219:
11218:
10493:
9653:
8698:
8029:
7959:
7871:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
7516:
7211:
6910:
6113:
5864:"Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates"
5861:
5294:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 87.
2931:
1671:foods, including increasingly highly
1416:Extant and fossil relatives of humans
1353: humans
11478:76721B68-0861-469D-B09D-FED5445765B4
11426:02719e92-1dfa-4e2c-8fb1-3ccde4e4b2ac
7881:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
6337:
6313:United Nations Environment Programme
6087:International Journal of Primatology
6056:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
5084:
3790:
3768:
3746:
3722:
3702:
3682:
3658:
3638:
3615:
3592:
3572:
3552:
3532:
3512:
2920:
2573:(led to humans and chimpanzees) and
1959:adding citations to reliable sources
1930:
6851:NPR News: Toumaï the Human Ancestor
6767:Haaramo, Mikko (10 November 2007).
6430:from the original on 14 August 2024
6213:"Bornean Orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus"
6038:
5456:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x
5029:
4519:– close relatives of modern humans
1025:
819:), and then the chimpanzees (genus
760:from cave deposits in Namibia, and
24:
7876:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
7808:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
6901:National Museum of Natural History
6752:Haaramo, Mikko (14 January 2005).
6737:Haaramo, Mikko (4 February 2004).
6722:Haaramo, Mikko (14 January 2005).
6241:An estimate of the number of wild
5328:American Journal of Human Genetics
5153:
4951:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
4821:(scientific name not yet assigned)
1540:that share more than 97% of their
945:: extant members are the gibbons (
846:, particularly the regions of the
448:), whose members are known as the
369:Distribution of great ape species
25:
11586:
7886:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
6838:
6450:"U.S. and World Population Clock"
6354:from the original on 4 July 2024.
6315:. 15 January 2009. Archived from
6248:"Orangutan Action Plan 2007–2017"
5780:. 21 October 2007. Archived from
5556:(Gregory & Hellman 1939) and
5186:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
5180:Andrew Hill; Steven Ward (1988).
941:, is a member of the superfamily
11545:Extant Miocene first appearances
11512:
11500:
11198:
10476:
9636:
8680:
7940:
7939:
7691:
7497:
7496:
6888:Link to graphical reconstruction
6289:from the original on 29 May 2024
6223:from the original on 29 May 2024
5851:(4). ALCALA DE HENARES: 360–371.
5684:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x
5562:Brunet, M.; et al. (2002).
5560:(Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002);
2553:
1935:
1757:banned the testing of great apes
458:
412:
194:
92:
8699:
7818:Great Apes Survival Partnership
7768:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
6775:
6760:
6745:
6730:
6715:
6609:
6584:
6529:
6464:
6442:
6412:
6331:
6283:New England Primate Conservancy
6271:
6217:New England Primate Conservancy
6205:
6185:
6159:
6114:Alina, Bradford (29 May 2015).
6107:
6074:
5905:
5855:
5845:"Issues in hominid systematics"
5836:
5811:
5796:
5766:
5733:
5708:
5663:Wood, B.; Lonergan, N. (2008).
5506:, with the only known genus in
5315:
5256:
4956:List of human evolution fossils
4941:Great Apes Survival Partnership
4626:Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis
1946:needs additional citations for
1762:
1706:
1398:hominids, great apes
11570:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
10494:
9654:
8030:
7985:
5774:"Relationship Humans-Gorillas"
5740:Pickrell, John (20 May 2003).
5548:. Designations alternative to
5536:. Cambridge University Press.
5232:"Query: Hominidae/Hylobatidae"
5224:
5147:
5101:
5078:
5009:
4592:(probable early subspecies of
4432:Australopithecus bahrelghazali
4036:Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis
4022:Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis
3511:
2821:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
1595:
894:
13:
1:
6452:. United States Census Bureau
6140:Hamilton, Jon (17 May 2017).
5871:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5614:"Genera of the human lineage"
5022:
3989:Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis
2644:Northeast Bornean orangutan,
2638:Northwest Bornean orangutan,
1548:, and exhibit a capacity for
1026:more detailed cladogram below
963:is a member of the subfamily
606:
6893:Human Timeline (Interactive)
6809:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
6771:. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
6756:. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
6741:. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
6726:. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
6592:"Hominidae | primate family"
5966:; Mahler, Paul Emil (1971).
4926:Planet of the Apes franchise
4132:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
4118:Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
3919:Meganthropus palaeojavanicus
1926:
997:, but excluding chimpanzees.
648:
7:
11560:Messinian first appearances
6052:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
5820:Comparative Primate Biology
5747:National Geographic Society
4996:Timeline of human evolution
4900:
4692:(possible separate species)
4474:Australopithecus deyiremeda
4312:Chororapithecus abyssinicus
3899:Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
3848:
3070:
2808:Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee
2794:Pan troglodytes troglodytes
2650:Central Bornean orangutan,
1729:organizations, such as the
1639:
903:Humans are one of the four
883:
872:(5.5–4.4 Ma), with species
829:human evolutionary genetics
805:fossils found in Kenya and
629:organizations, such as the
611:most recent common ancestor
52:Great apes (disambiguation)
10:
11591:
7891:List of fictional primates
7743:Neanderthal genome project
6881:Anoiapithecus brevirostris
6876:(archived 14 October 2007)
6497:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4
6100:10.1007/s10764-020-00186-z
6024:. Oxford: Oneworld Press.
5498:would have two subtribes,
5288:Srivastava, R. P. (2009).
4700:Homo erectus tautavelensis
4453:Australopithecus africanus
4446:Australopithecus afarensis
4439:Australopithecus anamensis
4224:Hispanopithecus crusafonti
4204:Anoiapithecus brevirostris
3905:Lufengpithecus hudienensis
3892:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
2590:
1710:
1050: gibbons
887:
652:
637:and should be given basic
60:
49:
42:
31:
11227:
11195:
11083:
11068:
11059:
11017:
10957:
10946:
10852:
10804:
10800:
10789:
10714:
10640:
10521:
10517:
10502:
10489:
10474:
10440:
10290:
10225:
10216:
10033:
9980:
9962:
9951:
9874:
9847:
9820:
9788:
9776:
9746:
9709:
9681:
9677:
9662:
9649:
9634:
9600:
9524:
9440:
9312:
9147:
9117:
9049:
9038:
8982:
8955:
8933:
8921:
8855:
8818:
8787:
8726:
8722:
8707:
8694:
8677:
8651:
8582:
8540:
8531:
8527:
8489:
8299:
8172:
8096:
8058:
8038:
8025:
7993:
7935:
7836:
7823:International Primate Day
7786:
7773:Borneo Orangutan Survival
7728:Chimpanzee genome project
7700:
7689:
7550:
7492:
7450:
7414:
7405:
7366:
7357:
7296:
7287:
7249:
7238:Extant species of family
7170:
7157:
7148:
7110:
7101:
7088:
7079:
7043:
7016:
6993:
6984:
6946:
6690:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047
6397:10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006
5883:10.1017/S0140525X98000703
4966:Monkeys and apes in space
4946:International Primate Day
4712:Homo erectus yuanmouensis
4651:Homo erectus lantianensis
4349:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
4269:Samburupithecus kiptalami
4219:Hispanopithecus laietanus
4146:Otavipithecus namibiensis
3999:Gigantopithecus giganteus
3955:Sivapithecus brevirostris
2883:
2862:Anatomically modern human
2743:Gorilla beringei beringei
2586:
2510:
2492:
2456:
2440:
2433:
2412:
2387:
2361:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2312:
2305:
2263:
2245:
2238:
2211:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2150:
2132:
2114:
2098:
2080:
2062:
2055:
2044:
1739:Declaration on Great Apes
1345:
1335:
1299:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1257:
1218:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1128:
1111:
1104:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1062:
1046:
1039:
1004:is a member of the genus
978:: chimpanzees and humans.
974:is a member of the tribe
857:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
380:
373:
368:
359:
335:
330:
317:
310:
191:Scientific classification
189:
168:
159:
72:
7542:
6867:(archived 30 April 2013)
6368:Vigilant, Linda (2004).
5050:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5002:
4663:Homo erectus nankinensis
4493:Paranthropus aethiopicus
4286:Graecopithecus freybergi
4190:Nakalipithecus nakayamai
2963:
2752:Gorilla beringei graueri
1741:, should be given basic
1675:, as well as many other
747:, all from East Africa.
56:Hominid (disambiguation)
43:Not to be confused with
7849:List of individual apes
7828:Nonhuman Rights Project
6596:Encyclopedia Britannica
6255:Government of Indonesia
5989:10.1002/ajpa.1330340205
5934:10.1126/science.1078004
5843:Schwartz, J.H. (2004).
5639:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
5406:10.1073/pnas.1001649107
5199:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
4961:List of individual apes
4675:Homo erectus pekinensis
4467:Australopithecus sediba
4255:Rudapithecus hungaricus
3970:Sivapithecus sivalensis
3960:Sivapithecus punjabicus
3835:P a r a n t h r o p u s
3694:Dispersal beyond Africa
2812:Pan troglodytes ellioti
2748:Eastern lowland gorilla
2714:Gorilla gorilla gorilla
2710:Western lowland gorilla
2640:Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
1679:(including fruits) and
1663:, have consumed mostly
1430:The Museum of Osteology
63:Apeman (disambiguation)
11575:Taxa described in 1825
7738:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
6338:IUCN (2 August 2018).
6309:"Gorillas on Thin Ice"
5391:(Suppl 2): 8902–8909.
4980:(2012 BBC documentary)
4936:Great ape research ban
4687:Homo erectus soloensis
4460:Australopithecus garhi
4414:Kenyanthropus platyops
4161:Morotopithecus bishopi
4029:Khoratpithecus piriyai
3994:Gigantopithecus blacki
2966:−10 —
2900:
2723:Gorilla gorilla diehli
2652:Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
1735:great apes are persons
1733:, argue that nonhuman
1605:
1544:with the modern human
1437:
1016:is the only surviving
937:, sometimes called an
920:". The meaning of the
908:
668:
635:great apes are persons
633:, argue that nonhuman
607:classification graphic
11447:Paleobiology Database
7753:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
6675:(22): 3487–3498.e10.
6477:Nature Communications
5862:Heyes, C. M. (1998).
5494:exclusively, so that
5156:"Hominid vs. hominin"
4832:Homo neanderthalensis
4500:Paranthropus robustus
4176:Oreopithecus bambolii
4172:(placement disputed)
4157:(placement disputed)
4089:Kenyapithecus wickeri
3941:Ankarapithecus meteai
3056:−1 —
3046:−2 —
3036:−3 —
3026:−4 —
3016:−5 —
3006:−6 —
2996:−7 —
2986:−8 —
2976:−9 —
2891:
2803:Pan troglodytes verus
1868:Critically endangered
1851:Critically endangered
1834:Critically endangered
1817:Critically endangered
1800:Critically endangered
1603:
1581:Homo neanderthalensis
1423:
1408:hominoids, apes
913:revised several times
902:
888:Further information:
662:
11507:Evolutionary biology
7733:Human Genome Project
7341:Tapanuli orangutan (
7323:Sumatran orangutan (
6201:. 12 September 2010.
6022:What Makes Us Human?
5552:have been proposed:
5091:Annals of Philosophy
5085:Gray, J. E. (1825).
4863:Homo sapiens sapiens
4765:Homo heidelbergensis
4639:Homo erectus erectus
4396:Ardipithecus kadabba
4389:Ardipithecus ramidus
4308:(placement debated)
4250:(placement disputed)
4239:Dryopithecus fontani
4214:(placement disputed)
4113:(placement disputed)
4084:(placement disputed)
3975:Sivapithecus indicus
3965:Sivapithecus parvada
3650:Earliest stone tools
2866:Homo sapiens sapiens
2646:Pongo pygmaeus morio
1955:improve this article
1713:Great ape personhood
1661:Neolithic Revolution
1590:great ape personhood
1014:Homo sapiens sapiens
866:(6 Ma), followed by
663:Sumatran orangutan (
502:that includes eight
10359:Paradolichopithecus
7778:Primate archaeology
7332:Bornean orangutan (
6872:Scientific American
6860:TalkOrigins Archive
6800:2017PLoSO..1277127F
6681:2017CBio...27E3487N
6562:10.1038/nature23456
6554:2017Natur.548..169N
6489:2017NatCo...8..880G
6388:2004CBio...14.R369V
6285:. 30 October 2021.
6219:. 29 October 2021.
5926:2003Sci...299..102V
5784:on 30 November 2007
5630:2003PNAS..100.7684C
5591:10.1038/nature00879
5583:2002Natur.418..145B
5397:2010PNAS..107.8902W
5218:The Ancestor's Tale
4977:Prehistoric Autopsy
4870:Homo sapiens idaltu
4805:Homo tsaichangensis
4507:Paranthropus boisei
4103:Danuvius guggenmosi
3927:Tribe Sivapithecini
2719:Cross River gorilla
2672:Pongo tapanuliensis
2041:Hominidae (18)
1677:domesticated plants
1480:form the subfamily
1428:hominid exhibit at
1115:Pongo tapanuliensis
494:), are a taxonomic
9985:Victoriapithecidae
9927:Plesiopliopithecus
9865:Platodontopithecus
7708:Great ape language
7666:Tapanuli orangutan
7646:Sumatran orangutan
6630:10.1002/ajpa.23105
6116:"Facts About Apes"
5554:Australopithecinae
5444:Journal of Anatomy
4990:The Mind of an Ape
4921:Great ape language
4861:(sometimes called
4849:H. heidelbergensis
4783:H. heidelbergensis
4366:Orrorin tugenensis
3451:H. heidelbergensis
2901:
2817:Eastern chimpanzee
2799:Western chimpanzee
2790:Central chimpanzee
2668:Tapanuli orangutan
2659:Sumatran orangutan
2577:(led to gorillas).
1826:Tapanuli orangutan
1809:Sumatran orangutan
1606:
1520:australopithecines
1438:
909:
863:Orrorin tugenensis
669:
526:Tapanuli orangutan
29:Family of primates
11488:
11487:
11434:Open Tree of Life
11221:Taxon identifiers
11212:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11177:
11176:
10942:
10941:
10785:
10784:
10485:
10484:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10436:
10435:
10432:
10431:
9947:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9849:Dionysopithecidae
9751:Propliopithecidae
9645:
9644:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9596:
9595:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9029:
8690:
8689:
8675:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8647:
8646:
8523:
8522:
7953:
7952:
7813:Great Ape Project
7656:Bornean orangutan
7510:
7509:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7461:
7422:
7393:Western gorilla (
7384:Eastern gorilla (
7377:
7353:
7352:
7316:
7243:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7070:
6548:(7666): 169–174.
6382:(10): R369–R371.
6198:Independent.co.uk
6067:978-0-87196-871-5
6031:978-1-85168-519-6
5920:(5603): 102–105.
5849:Paleoantropología
5829:978-0-471-62644-2
5624:(13): 7684–7689.
5577:(6894): 145–151.
5526:Australopithecina
5500:Australopithecina
5301:978-81-203-3656-8
5268:releasechimps.org
5242:Temple University
5215:Dawkins R (2004)
5128:978-0-7538-1996-8
4984:Primate cognition
4931:Great Ape Project
4841:Homo rhodesiensis
4726:Homo floresiensis
4524:Homo gautengensis
3860:
3859:
3852:million years ago
3811:
3810:
3789:
3788:
3767:
3766:
3759:Earliest rock art
3745:
3744:
3721:
3720:
3714:Earliest language
3701:
3700:
3681:
3680:
3657:
3656:
3637:
3636:
3627:Earliest sign of
3614:
3613:
3604:Earliest sign of
3591:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3551:
3550:
3531:
3530:
3174:Ou. macedoniensis
2630:Bornean orangutan
2593:List of hominoids
2544:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2401:
2400:
2376:
2375:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2227:
2226:
2166:
2165:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2005:
1924:
1923:
1792:Bornean orangutan
1731:Great Ape Project
1717:Great Ape Project
1615:Old World monkeys
1611:sexual dimorphism
1563:New World monkeys
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
995:Australopithecina
811:fossils found in
631:Great Ape Project
404:
403:
398:
392:
386:
306:
16:(Redirected from
11582:
11565:Primate families
11517:
11516:
11505:
11504:
11496:
11481:
11480:
11468:
11467:
11455:
11454:
11442:
11441:
11429:
11428:
11419:
11418:
11406:
11405:
11403:NHMSYS0000376765
11393:
11392:
11380:
11379:
11367:
11366:
11354:
11353:
11341:
11340:
11328:
11327:
11315:
11314:
11302:
11301:
11289:
11288:
11276:
11275:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11216:
11215:
11203:
11202:
11165:
11154:
11143:
11133:
11115:
11108:Australopithecus
11105:
11094:
11066:
11065:
11046:
11028:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10930:
10913:
10903:
10893:
10883:
10873:
10863:
10840:
10830:
10820:
10810:
10802:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10773:
10749:
10725:
10645:Dendropithecidae
10643:
10628:
10618:
10608:
10598:
10588:
10578:
10567:
10557:
10547:
10537:
10527:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10504:
10503:
10491:
10490:
10480:
10442:
10441:
10413:
10396:
10386:
10376:
10366:
10356:
10318:
10308:
10278:
10223:
10222:
10183:
10166:
10128:
10118:
10101:
10091:
10081:
10071:
10061:
10047:Cercopithecoides
10044:
10017:Victoriapithecus
9983:
9968:
9960:
9959:
9954:Cercopithecoidea
9808:
9786:
9785:
9779:
9749:
9712:
9697:
9687:
9679:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9664:
9663:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9602:
9601:
9577:
9498:
9488:
9478:
9468:
9451:
9428:
9418:
9408:
9398:
9381:
9364:
9354:
9344:
9300:
9290:
9280:
9256:
9246:
9236:
9226:
9216:
9192:
9182:
9158:
9135:
9105:
9095:
9085:
9075:
9065:
9055:
9047:
9046:
8957:Proteopithecidae
8931:
8930:
8924:
8858:
8821:
8790:
8774:
8763:
8753:
8743:
8732:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8709:
8708:
8696:
8695:
8685:
8684:
8634:
8617:
8607:
8567:
8556:
8546:
8538:
8537:
8529:
8528:
8056:
8055:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8027:
8026:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7957:
7956:
7943:
7942:
7912:Mythic humanoids
7695:
7670:P. tapanuliensis
7537:
7530:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7500:
7499:
7460:
7457:
7421:
7412:
7411:
7376:
7373:
7364:
7363:
7343:P. tapanuliensis
7315:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7294:
7293:
7241:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7155:
7154:
7108:
7107:
7086:
7085:
7023:
7022:
6991:
6990:
6976:Euarchontoglires
6931:
6924:
6917:
6908:
6907:
6832:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6692:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6516:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6252:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6055:
6045:
6036:
6035:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5972:
5964:Brace, C. Loring
5960:
5954:
5953:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5868:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5750:. Archived from
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5720:www.geol.umd.edu
5712:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5669:
5661:
5651:
5641:
5610:
5568:
5547:
5485:
5475:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5379:B. Wood (2010).
5376:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5228:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5040:
5016:
5013:
4914:Dawn of Humanity
4796:(probable early
4775:Homo cepranensis
4539:Homo rudolfensis
4422:Australopithecus
4371:Orrorin praegens
3863:Family Hominidae
3840:
3838:
3837:
3823:
3821:
3805:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3781:Earliest clothes
3774:
3769:
3761:
3752:
3747:
3728:
3723:
3708:
3703:
3688:
3683:
3670:Earliest sign of
3664:
3659:
3644:
3639:
3629:Australopithecus
3621:
3616:
3598:
3593:
3584:Earliest bipedal
3578:
3573:
3564:Chimpanzee split
3558:
3553:
3538:
3533:
3518:
3513:
3499:
3498:
3484:
3483:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3411:
3398:
3378:
3365:
3337:
3335:Australopithecus
3324:
3309:
3292:
3279:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3178:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3121:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2924:Hominin timeline
2918:
2739:Mountain gorilla
2734:Gorilla beringei
2606:Family Hominidae
2557:
2436:
2435:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2241:
2240:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2136:Giganthopithecus
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1963:
1939:
1931:
1770:
1769:
1651:All species are
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1567:capuchin monkeys
1524:Australopithecus
1491:
1338:
1337:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1222:Gorilla beringei
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1031:
686:Victoriapithecus
562:, of which only
506:species in four
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
396:
390:
384:
364:
301:
199:
198:
164:
154:
91:
76:Temporal range:
70:
69:
21:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11555:Mammal families
11550:Human evolution
11525:
11524:
11523:
11511:
11499:
11491:
11489:
11484:
11476:
11471:
11463:
11458:
11450:
11445:
11437:
11432:
11424:
11422:
11414:
11409:
11401:
11396:
11388:
11383:
11375:
11370:
11362:
11357:
11349:
11344:
11336:
11331:
11323:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11297:
11292:
11284:
11279:
11271:
11266:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11242:
11241:
11236:
11223:
11213:
11204:
11197:
11173:
11079:
11055:
11031:Chororapithecus
11013:
11000:Pierolapithecus
10992:Hispanopithecus
10951:
10938:
10876:Gigantopithecus
10848:
10794:
10781:
10776:Yuanmoupithecus
10710:
10705:Turkanapithecus
10636:
10631:Samburupithecus
10601:Nacholapithecus
10511:
10498:
10481:
10460:
10428:
10399:Procynocephalus
10286:
10218:Cercopithecinae
10212:
10064:Dolichopithecus
10029:
10001:Nsungwepithecus
9976:
9956:
9939:
9892:Barberapithecus
9870:
9858:Dionysopithecus
9843:
9831:Epipliopithecus
9816:
9794:Krishnapithecus
9781:Pliopithecoidea
9772:
9767:Propliopithecus
9760:Aegyptopithecus
9742:
9714:Oligopithecidae
9705:
9671:
9658:
9641:
9620:
9592:
9520:
9436:
9308:
9283:Proteropithecia
9143:
9113:
9043:
9026:
9021:Ucayalipithecus
8978:
8951:
8926:Parapithecoidea
8917:
8898:Myanmarpithecus
8860:Amphipithecidae
8851:
8846:Phenacopithecus
8814:
8783:
8716:
8703:
8686:
8679:
8667:
8643:
8578:
8519:
8485:
8295:
8175:Anaptomorphinae
8168:
8092:
8052:
8034:
8021:
7989:
7984:
7954:
7949:
7931:
7902:Human evolution
7832:
7789:
7782:
7718:Birutė Galdikas
7696:
7687:
7627:Western gorilla
7617:Eastern gorilla
7553:
7546:
7541:
7511:
7506:
7476:
7458:
7456:
7446:
7420:
7401:
7374:
7372:
7349:
7313:
7311:
7283:
7245:
7236:
7206:
7189:
7166:
7162:Cercopithecidae
7144:
7097:
7067:
7039:
7012:
6980:
6942:
6935:
6856:Hominid Species
6841:
6836:
6835:
6780:
6776:
6765:
6761:
6750:
6746:
6735:
6731:
6720:
6716:
6668:Current Biology
6659:
6655:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6534:
6530:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6431:
6426:. 28 May 2024.
6418:
6417:
6413:
6375:Current Biology
6366:
6359:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6261:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6120:livescience.com
6112:
6108:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6018:
6014:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5910:
5906:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5816:
5812:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5667:
5566:
5544:
5436:
5432:
5377:
5373:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5214:
5207:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5106:
5102:
5083:
5079:
5064:
5041:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4971:Oldest hominids
4917:(2015 PBS film)
4903:
4847:(probable late
4755:Homo antecessor
4746:(membership in
4740:Homo luzonensis
4731:(membership in
4575:(membership in
4560:(membership in
4545:(membership in
4302:Chororapithecus
4263:Samburupithecus
4212:Hispanopithecus
4111:Pierolapithecus
3983:Gigantopithecus
3876:Lufengpithecini
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:H o m i n i d s
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3188:Chororapithecus
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3144:Samburupithecus
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2913:anthropologists
2909:paleontologists
2886:
2785:Pan troglodytes
2730:Eastern gorilla
2705:Gorilla gorilla
2701:Western gorilla
2595:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2558:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2514:Samburupithecus
2482:
2473:
2460:Chororapithecus
2402:
2377:
2289:
2280:
2228:
2215:Hispanopithecus
2197:Pierolapithecus
2167:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2007:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1940:
1929:
1860:Eastern gorilla
1843:Western gorilla
1782:
1777:
1765:
1723:
1711:Main articles:
1709:
1673:processed foods
1642:
1623:
1622:
1598:
1497:Gigantopithecus
1489:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1364:
1352:
1325:
1315:
1286:Pan troglodytes
1244:
1234:
1205:Gorilla gorilla
1163:
1153:
1144:
1049:
907:hominid genera.
897:
892:
886:
793:from India and
763:Pierolapithecus
716:Nacholapithecus
657:
655:Human evolution
651:
564:modern humans (
540:western gorilla
461:
457:
415:
411:
326:
323:
300:
193:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
86:
85:
74:
66:
59:
48:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11588:
11578:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11522:
11521:
11509:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11482:
11469:
11456:
11443:
11430:
11420:
11407:
11394:
11381:
11368:
11355:
11342:
11329:
11316:
11303:
11290:
11277:
11264:
11249:
11233:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11161:
11157:Sahelanthropus
11150:
11139:
11129:
11122:
11118:Graecopithecus
11111:
11101:
11089:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11069:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11049:Nakalipithecus
11042:
11035:
11023:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11004:
10996:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10966:
10964:
10952:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10936:
10926:
10919:
10909:
10906:Lufengpithecus
10899:
10896:Khoratpithecus
10889:
10879:
10869:
10866:Ankarapithecus
10858:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10843:Ouranopithecus
10836:
10833:Nakalipithecus
10826:
10823:Graecopithecus
10816:
10805:
10795:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10779:
10769:
10762:
10755:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10720:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10708:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10684:Rangwapithecus
10680:
10672:
10669:Nyanzapithecus
10665:
10657:
10654:Dendropithecus
10649:
10647:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10634:
10624:
10614:
10604:
10594:
10591:Morotopithecus
10584:
10574:
10570:Kamoyapithecus
10563:
10560:Griphopithecus
10553:
10543:
10533:
10522:
10512:
10507:
10500:
10499:
10487:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10438:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10426:
10419:
10416:Soromandrillus
10409:
10402:
10392:
10382:
10372:
10362:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10314:
10304:
10296:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10284:
10274:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10236:Allenopithecus
10231:
10229:
10227:Cercopithecini
10220:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10210:
10207:Trachypithecus
10203:
10196:
10189:
10179:
10172:
10162:
10155:
10148:
10141:
10134:
10124:
10114:
10107:
10097:
10087:
10077:
10067:
10057:
10050:
10039:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10024:Zaltanpithecus
10020:
10013:
10005:
9997:
9989:
9987:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9963:
9957:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9880:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9861:
9853:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9834:
9826:
9824:
9822:Pliopithecidae
9818:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9804:
9797:
9789:
9783:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9770:
9763:
9755:
9753:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9718:
9716:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9693:
9682:
9672:
9667:
9660:
9659:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9616:
9610:
9608:
9598:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9573:
9566:
9563:Leontopithecus
9559:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9530:
9528:
9526:Callitrichidae
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9494:
9484:
9474:
9464:
9457:
9446:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9424:
9414:
9404:
9394:
9387:
9377:
9370:
9360:
9350:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9318:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9296:
9286:
9276:
9269:
9262:
9252:
9242:
9232:
9222:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9188:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9153:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9131:
9123:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9101:
9091:
9081:
9071:
9061:
9050:
9044:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8988:
8986:
8984:Parapithecidae
8980:
8979:
8977:
8976:
8969:
8966:Proteopithecus
8961:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8928:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8872:
8864:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8827:
8825:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8805:
8797:
8795:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8770:
8759:
8749:
8739:
8727:
8717:
8712:
8705:
8704:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8657:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8630:
8623:
8613:
8610:Hesperotarsius
8603:
8596:
8588:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8563:
8552:
8541:
8535:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8368:Gunnelltarsius
8364:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8307:
8305:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8234:Pseudotetonius
8230:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8180:
8178:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8102:
8100:
8098:Microchoerinae
8094:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8059:
8053:
8043:
8036:
8035:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7983:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7960:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7684:: Hylobatidae)
7675:
7674:
7673:
7663:
7653:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7624:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7602:P. troglodytes
7595:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7558:
7556:
7548:
7547:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7464:
7462:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7440:P. troglodytes
7435:
7425:
7423:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7338:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7300:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7235:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7212:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:Callitrichidae
7122:
7116:
7114:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7048:Cheirogaleidae
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7035:Daubentoniidae
7031:
7029:
7027:Chiromyiformes
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6999:
6997:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6903:(August 2016).
6890:
6877:
6868:
6862:
6853:
6848:
6840:
6839:External links
6837:
6834:
6833:
6774:
6759:
6744:
6729:
6714:
6653:
6624:(1): 157–169.
6608:
6583:
6528:
6463:
6441:
6411:
6357:
6330:
6319:on 18 May 2016
6300:
6270:
6234:
6204:
6184:
6173:. 25 June 2008
6158:
6132:
6106:
6093:(6): 870–900.
6073:
6066:
6037:
6030:
6012:
5983:(2): 191–203.
5955:
5904:
5901:. bbs00000546.
5854:
5835:
5828:
5810:
5795:
5778:berggorilla.de
5765:
5754:on 1 June 2003
5732:
5707:
5678:(4): 354–376.
5558:Preanthropinae
5542:
5430:
5371:
5340:10.1086/318206
5334:(2): 444–456.
5314:
5300:
5280:
5255:
5223:
5205:
5172:
5160:Earth Magazine
5154:Morton, Mary.
5146:
5144:, p. 126.
5142:Dawkins (2005)
5134:
5127:
5100:
5093:. New Series.
5077:
5062:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4876:
4852:
4837:
4825:
4816:
4801:
4786:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4736:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4612:
4597:
4587:Homo georgicus
4580:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4340:Sahelanthropus
4330:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4277:Graecopithecus
4273:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4184:Nakalipithecus
4180:
4179:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4154:Morotopithecus
4150:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4126:Ouranopithecus
4122:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4051:Pongo hooijeri
4041:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4012:Khoratpithecus
4007:Tribe Pongini
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3935:Ankarapithecus
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3885:Lufengpithecus
3858:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3386:H. rudolfensis
3371:
3370:
3369:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3240:Graecopithecus
3236:
3235:
3234:
3227:Sahelanthropus
3223:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3157:Ouranopithecus
3153:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3131:Nakalipithecus
3127:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:0 —
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2905:archaeologists
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2634:Pongo pygmaeus
2588:
2585:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:Nakalipithecus
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:Ouranopithecus
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:Graecopithecus
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2267:Khoratpithecus
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:Lufengpithecus
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:Khoratpithecus
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:Ankarapithecus
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:8,040,640,000
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1754:European Union
1708:
1705:
1641:
1638:
1619:dental formula
1597:
1594:
1586:theory of mind
1558:theory of mind
1552:or for simple
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:Pongo pygmaeus
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1021:
998:
979:
968:
957:
950:
896:
893:
890:Human taxonomy
885:
882:
808:Ouranopithecus
802:Nakalipithecus
796:Griphopithecus
752:cercopithecids
728:Nyanzapithecus
704:Dendropithecus
698:Rangwapithecus
650:
647:
402:
401:
400:
399:
393:
391:Frechkop, 1943
387:
378:
377:
371:
370:
366:
365:
357:
356:
347:
346:
341:
333:
332:
328:
327:
325:Linnaeus, 1758
324:
315:
314:
308:
307:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
187:
186:
166:
165:
157:
156:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
75:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11587:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11479:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11421:
11417:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11254:
11250:
11245:
11239:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11217:
11201:
11170:
11169:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11151:
11148:
11147:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11136:Kenyanthropus
11130:
11128:
11127:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11112:
11110:
11109:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11086:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11071:
11070:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11058:
11051:
11050:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11016:
11010:
11009:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10989:
10987:
10986:
10982:
10980:
10979:
10975:
10973:
10972:
10971:Anoiapithecus
10968:
10967:
10965:
10963:
10962:Dryopithecini
10956:
10953:
10950:
10945:
10935:
10934:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10910:
10908:
10907:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10880:
10878:
10877:
10870:
10868:
10867:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10855:
10851:
10845:
10844:
10837:
10835:
10834:
10827:
10825:
10824:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10793:
10788:
10778:
10777:
10770:
10768:
10767:
10763:
10761:
10760:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10746:
10744:
10743:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10732:
10730:
10729:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10702:
10700:
10699:
10695:
10693:
10692:
10691:Rukwapithecus
10688:
10686:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10673:
10671:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10661:Micropithecus
10658:
10656:
10655:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10611:Otavipithecus
10605:
10603:
10602:
10595:
10593:
10592:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10581:Kenyapithecus
10575:
10572:
10571:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10524:
10523:
10520:
10516:
10513:
10510:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10492:
10488:
10479:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10425:
10424:
10423:Theropithecus
10420:
10418:
10417:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10393:
10391:
10390:
10389:Procercocebus
10383:
10381:
10380:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10363:
10361:
10360:
10353:
10351:
10350:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10339:
10337:
10336:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10321:Gorgopithecus
10315:
10313:
10312:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10289:
10283:
10282:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10268:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10250:Cercopithecus
10247:
10245:
10244:
10243:Allochrocebus
10240:
10238:
10237:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10202:
10201:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10193:Semnopithecus
10190:
10188:
10187:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10176:Rhinopithecus
10173:
10171:
10170:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10131:Parapresbytis
10125:
10123:
10122:
10115:
10113:
10112:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10078:
10076:
10075:
10074:Kuseracolobus
10068:
10066:
10065:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10026:
10025:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10006:
10003:
10002:
9998:
9996:
9995:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9950:
9936:
9935:
9931:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9920:Laccopithecus
9917:
9915:
9914:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9906:Egarapithecus
9903:
9901:
9900:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9839:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9775:
9769:
9768:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9737:Talahpithecus
9734:
9732:
9731:
9730:Oligopithecus
9727:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9694:
9692:
9691:
9690:Micropithecus
9684:
9683:
9680:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9652:
9648:
9639:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9589:
9588:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9546:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9485:
9483:
9482:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9411:Protopithecus
9405:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9305:
9304:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9273:Plecturocebus
9270:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9249:Miocallicebus
9243:
9241:
9240:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9092:
9090:
9089:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9037:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8995:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8912:Siamopithecus
8909:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:Bugtipithecus
8873:
8871:
8870:
8869:Amphipithecus
8866:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:Afrotarsiidae
8786:
8779:
8778:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8756:Aseanpithecus
8750:
8748:
8747:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8600:Cephalopachus
8597:
8595:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8572:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:Afrotarsiidae
8553:
8551:
8550:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8516:
8515:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8491:Tarkadectinae
8488:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8361:Ekwiiyemakius
8358:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8312:Ageitodendron
8309:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8192:Anaptomorphus
8189:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8024:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7974:
7969:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7946:
7938:
7937:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7855:Apes in space
7853:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7790:social status
7785:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:Study of apes
7699:
7694:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7533:
7531:
7526:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7503:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7473:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7233:
7228:
7226:
7221:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7058:Lepilemuridae
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6986:Strepsirrhini
6983:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6940:
6932:
6927:
6925:
6920:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6733:
6725:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6451:
6445:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6420:"Chimpanzees"
6415:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6370:"Chimpanzees"
6364:
6362:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5998:2027.42/37509
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5877:(1): 101–14.
5876:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5799:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5543:9781107019959
5539:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5200:
5195:
5192:(59): 49–83.
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5063:0-801-88221-4
5059:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5048:Wilson, D. E.
5045:
5044:Groves, C. P.
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5012:
5008:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:Homo ergaster
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:Kenyanthropus
4402:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:Anoiapithecus
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:Otavipithecus
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:Kenyapithecus
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:Dryopithecini
4070:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4046:(orangutans)
4045:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3822:
3820:
3804:
3803:Modern humans
3798:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3734:Earliest fire
3730:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3544:Gorilla split
3540:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3497:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3454:
3452:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3419:H. antecessor
3413:
3412:
3410:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3364:
3362:
3361:Au. anamensis
3356:
3354:
3353:Au. afarensis
3348:
3346:
3345:Au. africanus
3339:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3321:
3308:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3278:
3276:
3275:O. tugenensis
3270:
3268:
3256:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3147:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3080:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:Kenyapithecus
2060:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2014:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972: –
1971:
1967:
1966:Find sources:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:This section
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:and, per the
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:animal rights
1722:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:Kenyanthropus
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1434:Oklahoma City
1431:
1427:
1422:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:of the tribe
988:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
906:
901:
891:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
833:sampling bias
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
797:
792:
791:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
758:
757:Otavipithecus
753:
748:
746:
745:
744:Kenyapithecus
740:
739:Heliopithecus
736:
735:
730:
729:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
711:
710:Limnopithecus
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
671:In the early
666:
661:
656:
646:
644:
643:research bans
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:animal rights
623:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
567:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
455:
451:
445:
409:
397:Ciochon, 1983
394:
388:
382:
381:
379:
376:
372:
367:
363:
358:
355:
354:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
329:
322:
321:
316:
313:
309:
304:
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:Superfamily:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
158:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
83:
79:
71:
68:
64:
57:
53:
46:
39:
35:
27:
19:
11228:
11168:Paranthropus
11166:
11155:
11144:
11134:
11124:
11116:
11106:
11097:Ardipithecus
11095:
11072:
11047:
11037:
11029:
11008:Rudapithecus
11006:
10998:
10990:
10985:Dryopithecus
10983:
10976:
10969:
10933:Sivapithecus
10931:
10921:
10916:Meganthropus
10914:
10904:
10894:
10886:Indopithecus
10884:
10874:
10864:
10841:
10831:
10821:
10811:
10791:
10774:
10766:Symphalangus
10764:
10757:
10750:
10740:
10733:
10728:Bunopithecus
10726:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10676:Oreopithecus
10674:
10667:
10659:
10652:
10629:
10619:
10609:
10599:
10589:
10579:
10568:
10558:
10548:
10538:
10530:Afropithecus
10528:
10421:
10414:
10404:
10397:
10387:
10377:
10367:
10357:
10347:
10340:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10311:Dinopithecus
10309:
10299:
10281:Nanopithecus
10279:
10269:
10264:Erythrocebus
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10234:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10174:
10169:Rhinocolobus
10167:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10138:Piliocolobus
10136:
10129:
10119:
10109:
10104:Microcolobus
10102:
10094:Mesopithecus
10092:
10084:Libypithecus
10082:
10072:
10062:
10052:
10045:
10022:
10015:
10009:Prohylobates
10007:
9999:
9994:Noropithecus
9992:
9969:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9890:
9883:
9876:Crouzeliidae
9863:
9856:
9838:Pliopithecus
9836:
9829:
9809:
9799:
9792:
9765:
9758:
9735:
9728:
9723:Catopithecus
9721:
9698:
9688:
9585:
9578:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9533:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9489:
9479:
9471:Dolichocebus
9469:
9459:
9452:
9429:
9419:
9409:
9399:
9389:
9382:
9372:
9365:
9355:
9345:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9301:
9291:
9281:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9247:
9239:Mazzonicebus
9237:
9227:
9217:
9207:
9200:
9195:Cebupithecia
9193:
9183:
9173:
9166:
9161:Antillothrix
9159:
9136:
9126:
9106:
9096:
9086:
9076:
9068:Perupithecus
9066:
9056:
9019:
9012:
9007:Parapithecus
9005:
8998:
8991:
8971:
8964:
8944:
8937:
8910:
8903:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8867:
8844:
8837:
8830:
8807:
8800:
8777:Phileosimias
8775:
8764:
8754:
8744:
8735:Altiatlasius
8733:
8637:Xanthorhysis
8635:
8625:
8620:Oligotarsius
8618:
8608:
8598:
8591:
8568:
8557:
8547:
8533:Tarsiiformes
8512:
8505:
8498:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8396:Macrotarsius
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8248:Strigorhysis
8246:
8241:Sphacorhysis
8239:
8232:
8225:
8220:Chlororhysis
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8121:Microchoerus
8119:
8112:
8105:
8085:
8078:
8072:Altiatlasius
8070:
8062:
7896:
7803:Research ban
7763:Elgin Center
7748:Willie Smits
7723:Jane Goodall
7669:
7659:
7649:
7638:
7630:
7620:
7609:
7601:
7591:
7580:
7572:
7561:
7469:
7451:
7439:
7438:Chimpanzee (
7430:
7415:
7394:
7385:
7367:
7342:
7333:
7324:
7314:(Orangutans)
7306:
7288:
7242:(great apes)
7239:
7184:
6880:
6871:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6762:
6754:"Hominoidea"
6747:
6732:
6724:"Hominoidea"
6717:
6672:
6666:
6656:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6595:
6586:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6444:
6434:17 September
6432:. Retrieved
6423:
6414:
6379:
6373:
6333:
6321:. Retrieved
6317:the original
6303:
6293:18 September
6291:. Retrieved
6282:
6273:
6265:
6237:
6227:18 September
6225:. Retrieved
6216:
6207:
6196:
6187:
6175:. Retrieved
6170:
6161:
6149:. Retrieved
6145:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6119:
6109:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6051:
6021:
6015:
5980:
5974:
5958:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5874:
5870:
5857:
5848:
5838:
5819:
5813:
5804:
5798:
5788:15 September
5786:. Retrieved
5782:the original
5777:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5752:the original
5745:
5735:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:
5710:
5675:
5671:
5621:
5617:
5574:
5570:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5450:(1): 19–60.
5447:
5443:
5433:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5305:. Retrieved
5290:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:
5258:
5246:. Retrieved
5235:
5226:
5216:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5137:
5113:
5103:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5052:
5011:
4988:
4975:
4912:
4881:Homo sapiens
4880:
4868:
4862:
4859:Homo sapiens
4858:
4855:Modern human
4848:
4839:
4831:
4812:
4803:
4797:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4711:
4699:
4696:Tautavel Man
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4624:
4616:Homo erectus
4614:
4609:Homo erectus
4608:
4599:
4594:Homo erectus
4593:
4586:
4576:
4567:
4561:
4554:Homo habilis
4552:
4546:
4537:
4531:
4522:
4514:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4483:Paranthropus
4481:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4420:
4413:
4403:
4394:
4387:
4379:Ardipithecus
4377:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4348:
4338:
4311:
4300:
4285:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4248:Rudapithecus
4246:
4237:
4232:Dryopithecus
4230:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4169:Oreopithecus
4167:
4160:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4010:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:Sivapithecus
3947:
3940:
3933:
3918:
3913:Meganthropus
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3862:
3861:
3831:
3818:
3816:
3672:
3628:
3606:Ardipithecus
3605:
3524:Earlier apes
3481:Neanderthals
3465:Homo sapiens
3462:
3461:
3448:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3391:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3317:
3302:
3290:Ardipithecus
3287:
3286:
3272:
3264:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3214:Sivapithecus
3211:
3201:Oreopithecus
3198:
3185:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3116:
3102:
3089:
3074:
2902:
2865:
2857:Homo sapiens
2856:
2847:
2832:Pan paniscus
2831:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2671:
2663:Pongo abelii
2662:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2605:
2596:
2583:
2561:Taxonomy of
2546:
2512:
2511:
2494:
2493:
2458:
2457:
2441:
2414:
2413:
2388:
2363:
2362:
2345:
2341:Ardipithecus
2339:
2338:
2298:
2265:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2213:
2212:
2195:
2194:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2133:
2116:
2115:
2099:
2084:Sivapithecus
2082:
2081:
2064:
2063:
2040:
2032:
2017:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1953:Please help
1948:verification
1945:
1781:Conservation
1766:
1763:Conservation
1751:
1747:research ban
1743:human rights
1724:
1707:Legal status
1701:
1697:
1685:
1650:
1643:
1607:
1579:
1575:Homo erectus
1573:
1571:
1535:
1530:Paranthropus
1528:
1522:
1513:
1509:Ardipithecus
1507:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1451:monophyletic
1447:paraphyletic
1439:
1349:Homo sapiens
1347:
1346:
1320:chimpanzees
1303:Pan paniscus
1301:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1202:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1112:
1091:Pongo abelii
1089:
1088:
1048:Hylobatidae
1047:
1023:
1013:
1010:Homo sapiens
1009:
1005:
1001:
982:
971:
960:
953:
932:
926:
910:
877:
873:
869:Ardipithecus
867:
861:
855:
837:
820:
816:
806:
800:
794:
790:Sivapithecus
788:
785:
780:Oreopithecus
778:
769:Dryopithecus
767:
761:
755:
749:
742:
738:
734:Afropithecus
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
677:tree-adapted
670:
665:Pongo abelii
664:
639:human rights
624:
609:below). The
596:
591:
585:
583:
578:
574:
572:
566:Homo sapiens
565:
557:
543:
529:
511:
453:
449:
407:
405:
385:Elliot, 1913
349:
348:
331:Subfamilies
318:
297:
264:Infraorder:
67:
26:
11346:iNaturalist
11253:Wikispecies
10716:Hylobatidae
10406:Rungwecebus
10271:Miopithecus
10257:Chlorocebus
10186:Sawecolobus
10121:Paracolobus
9885:Anapithecus
9801:Paidopithex
9556:Leontocebus
9491:Panamacebus
9401:Paralouatta
9337:Brachyteles
9229:Insulacebus
9149:Pitheciidae
9088:Canaanimico
9041:Platyrrhini
8993:Abuqatrania
8809:Afrotarsius
8714:Simiiformes
8701:Simiiformes
8653:Simiiformes
8507:Tarkadectes
8347:Diablomomys
8326:Brontomomys
8262:Teilhardina
8206:Arapahovius
8199:Anemorhysis
8163:Vectipithex
8156:Quercyloris
8149:Pseudoloris
8128:Nannopithex
8114:Melaneremia
7893:(non-human)
7857:(non-human)
7851:(non-human)
7758:Ian Redmond
7713:Dian Fossey
7660:P. pygmaeus
7621:G. beringei
7592:P. paniscus
7554:ape species
7431:P. paniscus
7386:G. beringei
7334:P. pygmaeus
7180:Hylobatidae
7150:Catharrhini
7135:Pitheciidae
7112:Platyrrhini
6974:Superorder
6968:Infraclass
6897:Smithsonian
6769:"Hominidae"
6700:10230/34400
6456:22 November
5273:19 December
5248:28 December
5109:Dawkins, R.
4828:Neanderthal
4790:Homo helmei
4724:or Hobbit,
4708:Yuanmou Man
4659:Nanjing Man
4647:Lantian Man
4583:Dmanisi Man
4569:Homo naledi
3427:H. ergaster
3320:Ar. ramidus
3305:Ar. kadabba
3267:O. praegens
3105:Pleistocene
2934:This box:
2898:Mary Leakey
2896:, found by
2892:Replica of
2303: (13)
2053: (14)
1970:"Hominidae"
1646:quadrupedal
1634:Pleistocene
1596:Description
1457:now assign
1359:homininans
1158:orangutans
1008:, of which
947:lesser apes
895:Terminology
878:Ar. ramidus
874:Ar. kadabba
860:(7 Ma) and
681:catarrhines
616:Hylobatidae
389:Gorillidae
353:Hylobatidae
274:Parvorder:
268:Simiiformes
175:chimpanzees
11529:Categories
10550:Equatorius
10509:Hominoidea
10496:Hominoidea
10455:see below↓
10446:Hominoidea
10342:Mandrillus
10328:Lophocebus
10301:Cercocebus
10152:Procolobus
9913:Fanchangia
9669:Catarrhini
9656:Catarrhini
9615:see below↓
9606:Catarrhini
9542:Callithrix
9481:Killikaike
9384:Mohanamico
9367:Chilecebus
9293:Soriacebus
9259:Nuciruptor
9219:Homunculus
9209:Chiropotes
9202:Cheracebus
9185:Carlocebus
9175:Callicebus
9138:Tremacebus
9108:Lagonimico
9098:Branisella
9078:Szalatavus
8905:Pondaungia
8823:Eosimiidae
8662:see below↓
8549:Archicebus
8431:Shoshonius
8375:Hemiacodon
8354:Dyseolemur
8340:Chumashius
8283:Trogolemur
8276:Tetonoides
8185:Absarokius
8135:Necrolemur
8080:Bownomomys
8032:Haplorhini
7987:Haplorhini
7907:Monkey Day
7897:Great apes
7798:Personhood
7631:G. gorilla
7598:Chimpanzee
7573:H. sapiens
7470:H. sapiens
7395:G. gorilla
7375:(Gorillas)
7279:Haplorhini
7277:Suborder:
7240:Hominidae
7172:Hominoidea
7081:Haplorhini
7018:Lemuroidea
6995:Lorisoidea
6883:, "Lluc":
6739:"Pongidae"
6651:estimate."
6483:(1): 880.
6342:(Report).
6243:orangutans
6125:25 January
5725:7 November
5307:6 November
5097:: 337–334.
5023:References
4851:specimens)
4819:Denisovans
4813:H. erectus
4800:specimens)
4798:H. sapiens
4785:specimens)
4781:(probable
4750:uncertain)
4735:uncertain)
4722:Flores Man
4671:Peking Man
4579:uncertain)
4564:uncertain)
4549:uncertain)
4534:specimens)
4532:H. habilis
4530:(probable
4065:Subfamily
3868:Subfamily
3496:Denisovans
3435:Au. sediba
3409:H. erectus
3376:H. habilis
3166:Ou. turkae
2781:Chimpanzee
2682:Subfamily
2611:Subfamily
2591:See also:
2563:Hominoidea
2321: (7)
2069:(†13 Mya)
1981:newspapers
1902:Endangered
1885:Endangered
1877:Chimpanzee
1864:<5,000
1667:and other
1653:omnivorous
1518:, and the
1455:biologists
1436:, Oklahoma
1388:hominines
1060:Hominidae
1036:Hominoidea
1018:subspecies
943:Hominoidea
722:Equatorius
679:primitive
653:See also:
550:chimpanzee
450:great apes
312:Type genus
288:Hominoidea
278:Catarrhini
258:Haplorhini
254:Suborder:
183:orangutans
87:17–0
45:Hominoidea
11535:Hominidae
11273:Hominidae
11259:Hominidae
11229:Hominidae
11019:Gorillini
10949:Homininae
10792:Hominidae
10742:Hylobates
10621:Proconsul
10379:Pliopapio
10369:Parapapio
10292:Papionini
10159:Pygathrix
10145:Presbytis
10035:Colobinae
9934:Pliobates
9899:Crouzelia
9700:Saadanius
9535:Callimico
9454:Acrecebus
9431:Stirtonia
9374:Lagothrix
9357:Cartelles
9303:Xenothrix
9058:Parvimico
8584:Tarsiidae
8571:Omomyidae
8466:Washakius
8452:Uintanius
8403:Nesomomys
8333:Chipetaia
8319:Asiomomys
8302:Omomyinae
8255:Tatmanius
8213:Aycrossia
8142:Paraloris
8107:Indusomys
8049:Omomyidae
7997:Kingdom:
7788:Legal and
7650:P. abelii
7640:Orangutan
7359:Homininae
7325:P. abelii
7289:Hominidae
7253:Kingdom:
7185:Hominidae
7093:Tarsiidae
7063:Indriidae
7053:Lemuridae
7008:Galagidae
7003:Lorisidae
6638:1096-8644
6505:2041-1723
6245:in 2004:
5464:0021-8782
5348:0002-9297
4607:(African
4332:Subtribe
4326:Subtribe
4296:Gorillini
4067:Homininae
3394:Au. garhi
2840:Subtribe
2768:Subtribe
2690:Gorillini
2684:Homininae
2575:Gorillini
2444:Gorillini
2430:Gorillini
2300:Homininae
2011:July 2019
1927:Phylogeny
1776:Estimated
1687:Gestation
1482:Homininae
1478:Gorillini
1378:hominins
1239:gorillas
1183:Gorillini
1173:Homininae
983:homininan
965:Homininae
852:Serengeti
775:hominoids
692:Proconsul
649:Evolution
599:Homininae
408:Hominidae
383:Pongidae
344:Homininae
298:Hominidae
214:Kingdom:
208:Eukaryota
73:Hominidae
34:Homininae
18:Great ape
11390:12100786
11238:Wikidata
11085:Hominina
11061:Hominini
10978:Danuvius
10854:Ponginae
10813:Buronius
10759:Nomascus
10698:Simiolus
9587:Saguinus
9549:Cebuella
9501:Patasola
9421:Solimoea
9323:Alouatta
9314:Atelidae
9266:Pithecia
9014:Qatrania
8939:Arsinoea
8839:Eosimias
8473:Wyomomys
8438:Steinius
8424:Rooneyia
8382:Jemezius
8290:Walshina
8269:Tetonius
8227:Gazinius
8087:Kohatius
8064:Altanius
8017:Primates
8011:Mammalia
8005:Chordata
8003:Phylum:
7999:Animalia
7945:Category
7866:Bushmeat
7502:Category
7459:(Humans)
7429:Bonobo (
7407:Hominini
7298:Ponginae
7273:Primates
7267:Mammalia
7261:Chordata
7259:Phylum:
7255:Animalia
7140:Atelidae
6970:Eutheria
6964:Mammalia
6958:Chordata
6952:Animalia
6950:Kingdom
6941:families
6828:28531170
6794:(5): 5.
6788:PLOS ONE
6709:29103940
6646:27762445
6570:28796200
6523:29026075
6428:Archived
6406:15186757
6352:Archived
6287:Archived
6259:Archived
6257:. 2007.
6221:Archived
5950:25139547
5942:12511649
5891:10097012
5758:4 August
5702:18380861
5658:12794185
5599:12110880
5550:Hominina
5524:but not
5522:Hominina
5508:Hominina
5504:Hominina
5496:Hominini
5488:Hominina
5482:10999270
5425:20445105
5366:11170892
5237:TimeTree
5111:(2005).
5072:62265494
5046:(2005).
4908:Bili ape
4901:See also
4879:Archaic
4683:Solo Man
4635:Java Man
4334:Hominina
4322:Hominini
4097:Danuvius
3870:Ponginae
3118:Hominini
3092:Pliocene
2842:Hominina
2764:Hominini
2613:Ponginae
2571:Hominini
2567:Ponginae
2319:Hominini
2102:Ponginae
2051:Ponginae
1881:200,000
1847:200,000
1796:104,700
1773:Species
1640:Behavior
1554:cultures
1550:language
1474:Hominini
1467:Ponginae
1461:(as the
1443:Pongidae
1342:Hominina
1254:Hominini
1192:Gorilla
1069:Ponginae
991:Hominini
987:Hominina
976:Hominini
961:hominine
934:hominoid
884:Taxonomy
850:and the
844:savannas
840:hominins
603:Ponginae
570:remain.
552:and the
522:Sumatran
500:primates
454:hominids
395:Panidae
375:Synonyms
339:Ponginae
294:Family:
248:Primates
238:Mammalia
228:Chordata
224:Phylum:
218:Animalia
204:Domain:
179:gorillas
38:Hominini
11519:Science
11493:Portals
11473:ZooBank
11465:1455975
11244:Q635162
11146:Orrorin
11039:Gorilla
10735:Hoolock
10111:Nasalis
10054:Colobus
9580:Micodon
9515:Sapajus
9508:Saimiri
9442:Cebidae
9391:Oreonax
9347:Caipora
9168:Cacajao
9119:Aotidae
9000:Apidium
8973:Serapia
8946:Biretia
8832:Bahinia
8802:Afrasia
8766:Nosmips
8746:Amamria
8627:Tarsius
8593:Carlito
8514:Tarkops
8480:Yaquius
8445:Stockia
8417:Ourayia
8389:Loveina
8015:Order:
8009:Class:
7861:Bigfoot
7844:Primate
7837:Related
7611:Gorilla
7468:Human (
7369:Gorilla
7271:Order:
7265:Class:
7130:Aotidae
7120:Cebidae
6956:Phylum
6939:primate
6937:Extant
6819:5439669
6796:Bibcode
6677:Bibcode
6601:19 July
6578:4397839
6550:Bibcode
6514:5638852
6485:Bibcode
6384:Bibcode
6177:11 July
6171:Reuters
6058:422–439
6007:5572603
5922:Bibcode
5914:Science
5899:6469633
5693:2409102
5672:J. Anat
5626:Bibcode
5607:1316969
5579:Bibcode
5517:Orrorin
5473:1468107
5416:3024019
5393:Bibcode
5357:1235277
5165:17 July
4357:Orrorin
3795:←
3773:←
3751:←
3738:cooking
3727:←
3707:←
3687:←
3663:←
3643:←
3620:←
3597:←
3577:←
3557:←
3537:←
3517:←
3253:Orrorin
3078:Miocene
3061:–
3051:–
3041:–
3031:–
3021:–
3011:–
3001:–
2991:–
2981:–
2971:–
2696:Gorilla
2619:Pongini
2344:(incl.
2139:(†0.1)
1995:scholar
1898:10,000
1783:status
1778:number
1669:starchy
1665:cereals
1628:2.1.2.3
1625:2.1.2.3
1604:Gorilla
1538:species
1503:Orrorin
1465:family
972:hominin
954:hominid
918:hominin
817:Gorilla
673:Miocene
620:gibbons
587:hominin
575:hominid
556:); and
536:eastern
531:Gorilla
518:Bornean
350:sister:
244:Order:
234:Class:
82:present
78:Miocene
11439:770311
11423:NZOR:
11377:180090
11364:104701
11325:1HOMXF
10540:Ekembo
10335:Macaca
10200:Simias
9971:Alophe
9330:Ateles
8891:Krabia
8884:Ganlea
8459:Utahia
8410:Omomys
7682:family
7678:Gibbon
7588:Bonobo
7552:Extant
7103:Simian
6962:Class
6826:
6816:
6707:
6644:
6636:
6576:
6568:
6542:Nature
6521:
6511:
6503:
6404:
6323:19 May
6151:20 May
6064:
6028:
6005:
5948:
5940:
5897:
5889:
5826:
5700:
5690:
5656:
5649:164648
5646:
5605:
5597:
5571:Nature
5540:
5510:being
5480:
5470:
5462:
5423:
5413:
5364:
5354:
5346:
5298:
5244:. 2015
5125:
5070:
5060:
4328:Panina
4320:Tribe
4294:Tribe
4071:Tribe
3874:Tribe
3506:
2911:, and
2884:Fossil
2846:Genus
2828:Bonobo
2774:Genus
2770:Panina
2762:Tribe
2694:Genus
2688:Tribe
2623:Genus
2617:Tribe
2599:genera
2587:Extant
2499:(†10)
2442:Crown
2218:(†10)
2200:(†11)
2100:Crown
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1894:Bonobo
1813:6,667
1719:, and
1692:weaned
1657:bamboo
1546:genome
1426:fossil
1264:Panina
1078:Pongo
905:extant
838:Other
813:Greece
741:, and
554:bonobo
508:genera
504:extant
496:family
305:, 1825
171:humans
11460:WoRMS
11452:40899
11359:IRMNG
11351:43575
11299:6256T
10923:Pongo
10752:Junzi
10349:Papio
9461:Cebus
9128:Aotus
8500:Tarka
7927:Yowie
7917:Yeren
7569:Human
7308:Pongo
6574:S2CID
6262:(PDF)
6251:(PDF)
5971:(PDF)
5946:S2CID
5895:S2CID
5867:(PDF)
5668:(PDF)
5603:S2CID
5567:(PDF)
5003:Notes
4044:Pongo
2853:Human
2625:Pongo
2517:(†9)
2419:(†7)
2392:(†8)
2270:(†9)
2252:(†7)
2184:(12)
2176:(13)
2157:(†7)
2121:(†9)
2087:(†9)
2002:JSTOR
1988:books
1911:Human
1786:Refs
1459:Pongo
1002:human
922:taxon
848:Sahel
777:) is
618:(the
605:(see
548:(the
534:(the
516:(the
513:Pongo
11540:Apes
11416:9604
11411:NCBI
11372:ITIS
11338:5483
11333:GBIF
11320:EPPO
11312:1653
11286:1007
11281:BOLD
11126:Homo
9811:Kapi
9570:Mico
7922:Yeti
7563:Homo
7544:Apes
7453:Homo
6824:PMID
6705:PMID
6642:PMID
6634:ISSN
6603:2019
6566:PMID
6519:PMID
6501:ISSN
6458:2022
6436:2024
6402:PMID
6325:2010
6295:2024
6229:2024
6179:2008
6153:2024
6127:2021
6062:ISBN
6026:ISBN
6003:PMID
5938:PMID
5887:PMID
5824:ISBN
5790:2024
5760:2007
5727:2019
5698:PMID
5654:PMID
5618:PNAS
5595:PMID
5538:ISBN
5512:Homo
5502:and
5492:Homo
5478:PMID
5460:ISSN
5421:PMID
5362:PMID
5344:ISSN
5309:2011
5296:ISBN
5275:2020
5250:2017
5167:2017
5123:ISBN
5068:OCLC
5058:ISBN
4748:Homo
4733:Homo
4577:Homo
4562:Homo
4547:Homo
4516:Homo
3673:Homo
2954:edit
2947:talk
2940:view
2848:Homo
2463:(†)
2347:Homo
1974:news
1918:N/A
1830:800
1681:meat
1527:and
1486:Homo
1476:and
1273:Pan
1006:Homo
876:and
766:and
579:Homo
559:Homo
538:and
524:and
406:The
320:Homo
303:Gray
95:PreꞒ
54:and
36:and
11398:NBN
11385:MSW
11307:EoL
11294:CoL
11268:ADW
11074:Pan
7582:Pan
7417:Pan
6858:at
6814:PMC
6804:doi
6695:hdl
6685:doi
6626:doi
6622:162
6558:doi
6546:548
6509:PMC
6493:doi
6424:WWF
6392:doi
6344:doi
6146:NPR
6095:doi
5993:hdl
5985:doi
5930:doi
5918:299
5879:doi
5688:PMC
5680:doi
5676:212
5644:PMC
5634:doi
5622:100
5587:doi
5575:418
5468:PMC
5452:doi
5448:197
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