161:(Somerset). The halls at both palaces were 120 feet (37m) long, that at Yeavering being seventh century and that at Cheddar (the first of several) being ninth century. Saxon halls were routinely aisled and occasionally had side walls that were bowed out in plan. At this point the hall was merely the largest of several detached structures, rather than being a room within a single building. From later Saxon times, the standard manorial plan began to emerge - the excavated tenth century hall at Sulgrave (Northamptonshire) has a definite 'high' end with an attached stone chamber wing and 'low' end with a cross-passage, services and detached kitchen. In the late tenth century, first floor stone halls began to be built in both France and England, partly for reasons of security. This form would become the basis for the
506:. The "high table" (often on a small dais or stage at the top of the hall, farthest away from the screens passage) seats dons (at the universities) and Masters of the Bench (at the Inns of Court), whilst students (at the universities) and barristers or students (at the Inns of Court) dine at tables placed at right angles to the high table and running down the body of the hall, thus maintaining the hierarchical arrangement of the medieval domestic, monastic or collegiate household. Numerous more recently founded schools and institutions have halls and dining halls based on medieval great halls or monastic refectories.
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243:. Later chimneys were added, and it would then have one of the largest fireplaces of the palace, manor house or castle, frequently large enough to walk and stand inside. Where there was a wall fireplace, it was generally at the dais end of the hall with the bay window, as at Raglan Castle, so the lord could get the most heat and light. The hearth was used for heating and also for some of the cooking, although most houses had a dedicated kitchen for the bulk of the cooking. Commonly the fireplace would have an elaborate
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reflected that, with the rise of the wall fireplace and bay window (also known as an oriel) creating a more pleasant and specialised chamber. It was formerly considered that the decline of the hall began with the decline of feudalism in the 14th century. More recent scholarship, however, is of the opinion that the great hall retained vitality into the sixteenth century, with many of the most impressive halls being later, like those of
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to eat in and servants’ bedrooms in attics or basements). By the late 16th century the great hall was beginning to lose its purpose. Increasing centralization of power in royal hands meant that men of good social standing were less inclined to enter the service of a lord to obtain his protection, and
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As the social gap between master and servant grew, the family retreated, usually to the first floor, to private rooms. In fact, servants were not usually allowed to use the same staircases as nobles to access the great hall of larger castles in early times , and servants' staircases are still extant
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Even royal and noble residences had few living rooms until late in the Middle Ages, and a great hall was a multifunctional room. It was used for receiving guests and it was the place where the household would dine together, including the lord of the house, his gentleman attendants and at least some
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remained but was for receiving guests of any social order. It is very common to find these two halls superimposed, one on top of the other, in larger manor houses in
Normandy and Brittany. Access from the ground-floor hall to the upper (great) hall was normally via an external staircase tower. The
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Typically, the great hall had the finest decorations in it, as well as on the window frame mouldings on the outer wall. Many French manor houses have very beautifully decorated external window frames on the large mullioned windows that light the hall. This decoration clearly marked the window as
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1300 the standard hall plan with the dais and great chamber at the upper end and the entrance, screens passage and services at the lower end had become commonplace. After this time the function of the hall began to narrow to solely a dining and circulation space, and architectural developments
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as a setting for secular royal events. Even ground floor halls were increasingly built of stone as the material became more widely available, though in thickly forested areas timber remained the material of choice. From the 13th century improved carpentry techniques meant that roofs could span
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Castles. Other halls, like that at Eltham Palace, remained standing in a neglected state as barns. There was a revival of the great hall concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with large halls used for banqueting and entertaining (but not as eating or sleeping places for servants)
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The halls of late 17th, 18th and 19th-century country houses and palaces usually functioned almost entirely as impressive entrance points to the house, and for large scale entertaining, as at
Christmas, for dancing, or when a touring company of actors performed. With the arrival of
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A typical great hall was a rectangular room between one and a half and three times as long as it was wide, and also higher than it was wide. It was entered through a screens passage at one end, and had windows on the long sides, often including a large bay window. There was often a
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In
Scotland, six common furnishings were present in the sixteenth-century hall: the high table and principal seat; side tables for others; the cupboard and silver plate; the hanging chandelier, often called the 'hart-horn' made of antler; ornamental weapons, commonly a
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for eating and relaxing. At that time the word "great" simply meant big and had not acquired its modern connotations of excellence. In the medieval period, the room would simply have been referred to as the "hall" unless the building also had a secondary
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and dedicated music rooms in the largest houses by the late 17th century, these functions too were lost. Where large halls survived, it was usually due to continuing institutional use, especially as a courtroom. This change of use preserved the halls of
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In western France, the early manor houses were centred on a central ground-floor hall. Later, the hall reserved for the lord and his high-ranking guests was moved up to the first-floor level. This was called the
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where the high table was situated. The ceiling above the dais was often ornamented to denote its higher status. The lord's family's more private rooms lay beyond the dais end of the hall, and the kitchen,
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From the fall of the Roman Empire to the
Renaissance the hall was at the heart of residential complexes. Early examples were timber built and have vanished, only being known from documentary sources like
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above the screens passage. The screens passage was divided from the hall by a timber screen with two openings. The portion of the screen between these openings could be movable, as survives at
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were downsized to create two rooms. From the 16th century onwards it was common to insert a floor into the smaller halls to create a lower entrance hall and a commodious first floor chamber.
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Occasionally the great hall would have an early listening device system, allowing conversations to be heard in the lord's bedroom above. In
Scotland, these devices are called a
494:(14th century), have medieval halls which are still used as dining rooms on a daily basis; many other colleges have later halls built in a similar medieval style, as do the
315:'s lug. In many French manor houses, there are small peep-holes from which the lord could observe what was happening in the hall. This type of hidden peep-hole is called a
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found in post-medieval houses. Great halls were found especially in France, England and
Scotland, but similar rooms were also found in some other European countries.
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or upper hall (or "high room"). In some of the larger three-storey manor houses, the upper hall was as high as second storey roof. The smaller ground-floor hall or
105:, but the term "great hall" has been predominant for surviving rooms of this type for several centuries, to distinguish them from the different type of
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From the 15th century onwards, halls lost most of their traditional functions to more specialised rooms, first for family members and guests to the
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were on the opposite side of the screens passage. The dais end is generally referred to as the 'upper' end, and the screens end as the 'lower' end.
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The hall would originally have had a central hearth, with the smoke rising through the hall to a vent in the roof, examples can be seen at
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The domestic and monastic model applied also to collegiate institutions during the Middle Ages. A few university colleges, including
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or another adornment. In the upper halls of French manor houses, the fireplaces were usually very large and elaborate.
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became more numerous, specialised and important, and by the late 17th century the halls of many new houses were simply
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of the servants. At night some members of the household might sleep on the floor of the great hall.
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housing, a restored 15th century hall can be seen in
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Many great halls survive. Three very large surviving royal halls are
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franchise of books, films, and video games, the Great Hall within
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belonging to the lord's private hall. It was where guests slept.
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is the site of meals, feasts, assemblies, and awards ceremonies.
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featuring in some houses of this period as part of a broader
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in French. In
England, such an opening is referred to as a
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greater distances, eliminating the need for aisles, and by
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and it also contains a well-preserved imitative
Arthurian
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has a similarly intact 15th century one. At the scale of
323:- there are two connecting the hall and great chamber in
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38:, restored to replicate its appearance in around 1483
795:. London: Leicester University Press. p. 119.
531:so the size of the inner noble household shrank.
819:(Rennes: Editions Quest-France, 1991), pp. 40-41.
722:. London: Leicester University Press. p. 95.
406:, has a little-altered 14th century example, and
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946:"New College Oxford's dining hall now a marquee"
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697:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Shire. pp. 21–22.
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482:(between 1284 and 1311, originally for the
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121:. At the other end of the hall was the
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979:(Aldershot, 1995), pp. 182-192.
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185:, as the key room in the new
1015:"Features - Wizarding World"
259:mottoes (usually in Latin),
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72:is the main room of a royal
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750:The English Mediaeval House
735:Discovering Medieval Houses
695:Discovering Medieval Houses
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189:. The greatest was that at
177:(Wales), as well as on the
48:The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay
21:Great hall (disambiguation)
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966:(Aldershot, 1995), p. 186.
900:Durham World Heritage Site
480:University College, Durham
165:. Examples can be seen at
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832:Architectural Heritage 26
1787:Multi-family residential
989:Brunskill, R.W. (2010).
817:Les Châteaux de Bretagne
791:Grenville, Jane (1997).
763:Grenville, Jane (1997).
718:Grenville, Jane (1997).
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748:Wood, Margaret (1965).
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484:Prince Bishop of Durham
472:Merton College, Oxford
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408:Great Chalfield Manor
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157:(Northumberland) and
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1040:at Wikimedia Commons
767:. pp. 109, 114.
304:; and the cloth and
251:which might contain
215:Architectural detail
209:Hampton Court Palace
19:For other uses, see
2115:Castle architecture
1233: / Guest room
510:Decline and revival
492:New College, Oxford
1709:Servants' quarters
975:Michael Thompson,
962:Michael Thompson,
777:Michael Thompson,
589:In popular culture
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368:minstrels' gallery
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274:The Great Hall at
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191:Westminster Palace
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46:The great hall of
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1510:Janitorial closet
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1036:Media related to
1000:978 0 304 36667 5
964:The Medieval Hall
779:The Medieval Hall
704:978 0 74780 655 4
606:Winchester Castle
524:withdrawing rooms
456:Kenilworth Castle
452:Linlithgow Palace
349:counts of Holland
308:used for dining.
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977:The Great Hall
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952:. 24 May 2013.
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61:Great Hall at
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1581:Wiring closet
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1552:Semi-basement
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1212:Private rooms
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1186:billiard room
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921:"Dining Hall"
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835:
834:(2015), p. 79
833:
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802:0-7185-1478-5
798:
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737:. p. 23.
736:
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586:
584:
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579:Thoresby Hall
576:
571:
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563:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
532:
529:
528:servants hall
525:
521:
517:
516:great chamber
507:
505:
501:
497:
496:Inns of Court
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
460:Raglan Castle
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Eltham Palace
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Prague Castle
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
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290:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
262:
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254:
253:coats of arms
250:
246:
242:
241:Ludlow Castle
238:
230:
226:
221:
212:
210:
206:
205:Eltham Palace
201:
196:
195:William Rufus
192:
188:
184:
180:
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156:
152:
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98:great chamber
95:
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64:
59:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
1962:Roof lantern
1714:Smoking room
1684:Long gallery
1673:
1664:Drawing room
1650:Conservatory
1557:Storm cellar
1528:Storage room
1524:Utility room
1520:Laundry room
1496:Furnace room
1087:Shared rooms
1009:
990:
984:
976:
971:
963:
958:
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
925:Trinity Hall
924:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
878:. Retrieved
874:
865:
853:. Retrieved
849:
840:
831:
824:
816:
811:
792:
786:
778:
773:
764:
758:
749:
743:
734:
728:
719:
713:
694:
631:Banquet hall
596:Harry Potter
553:
533:
513:
490:(1350), and
469:
454:(Scotland),
442:(Scotland),
373:
316:
310:
298:
292:
288:
285:
265:
234:
199:
148:
145:
136:
111:
69:
67:
2055:Home repair
1852:Belt course
1760:Hidden room
1689:Lumber room
1605:Antechamber
1596:Great house
1576:Wine cellar
1547:Root cellar
1500:Boiler room
1481:Crawl space
1152:Living room
1145:kitchenette
1130:Home cinema
1115:Family room
1110:Dining room
1100:Common room
1038:Great halls
950:Oxford Mail
651:Manor house
636:Dining hall
618:Round Table
434:(England),
430:(England),
426:(England),
422:(England),
293:salle basse
289:salle haute
249:plasterwork
225:Horham Hall
211:(1532-35).
193:, built by
90:Middle Ages
82:manor house
80:or a large
32:Barley Hall
2099:Categories
2065:Tree house
2035:Front yard
1967:Sill plate
1915:Foundation
1857:Bressummer
1770:house plan
1739:Undercroft
1724:State room
1674:Great hall
1643:still room
1310:dumbwaiter
1295:Cubby-hole
1125:Great room
1095:Bonus room
641:Great room
562:Winchester
549:Lancashire
545:Great Hall
541:vestibules
428:Deene Park
380:Ridderzaal
341:Ridderzaal
278:built for
245:overmantel
169:(France),
86:hall house
70:great hall
1989:Threshold
1872:Colonnade
1817:Townhouse
1755:Furniture
1659:Courtyard
1561:Safe room
1471:Cloakroom
1439:Technical
1429:Vestibule
1414:Staircase
1353:Inglenook
1326:Fireplace
1285:Breezeway
1157:Gynaeceum
666:Refectory
661:Moot hall
656:Mead hall
570:Leicester
557:ballrooms
462:(Wales).
438:(Wales),
384:Binnenhof
353:Binnenhof
345:The Hague
261:caryatids
163:hall keep
155:Yeavering
142:Evolution
2030:Driveway
2025:Backyard
1984:Skylight
1947:Plumbing
1942:Ornament
1937:Lighting
1847:Baluster
1835:elements
1807:Detached
1802:Terraced
1654:Orangery
1633:scullery
1610:Ballroom
1586:Workshop
1571:Wardrobe
1559: /
1526: /
1522: /
1498: /
1461:Basement
1393:sleeping
1388:screened
1373:Overhang
1317:Entryway
1305:Elevator
1219:Bathroom
1174:man cave
930:29 April
905:29 April
880:29 April
855:29 April
671:Tapestry
625:See also
600:Hogwarts
520:parlours
498:and the
478:(1290),
474:(1277),
466:Survival
424:Longleat
386:and the
331:Examples
280:James IV
257:heraldic
223:Plan of
2018:Related
1994:Transom
1886:Cornice
1876:Portico
1867:Chimney
1862:Ceiling
1694:Parlour
1679:Library
1638:spicery
1628:saucery
1623:buttery
1466:Carport
1448:storage
1443:utility
1424:Veranda
1419:Terrace
1348:Hallway
1280:Balcony
1259:Nursery
1254:Cabinet
1249:Boudoir
1231:Bedroom
1203:Sunroom
1135:Kitchen
594:In the
404:England
351:called
302:halberd
159:Cheddar
150:Beowulf
128:buttery
88:in the
2082:
2040:Garden
2009:Window
1952:Quoins
1930:Portal
1881:Column
1797:Duplex
1775:styles
1734:Turret
1566:Studio
1542:Pantry
1515:Larder
1505:Garage
1476:Closet
1410:Stairs
1368:Loggia
1331:hearth
1321:Genkan
1275:Atrium
1268:Spaces
1237:closet
1224:toilet
1193:Shrine
1169:Andron
1120:Garret
997:
871:"Hall"
799:
701:
566:Oakham
504:London
412:yeoman
321:squint
306:napery
132:pantry
78:castle
74:palace
2110:Rooms
1999:Vault
1972:Style
1920:Gable
1910:Floor
1890:Eaves
1780:types
1765:House
1748:Other
1719:Solar
1699:Sauna
1598:areas
1537:floor
1456:Attic
1383:Porch
1378:Patio
1358:Lanai
1338:Foyer
1198:Study
1162:harem
1079:house
1075:Rooms
677:Notes
370:above
317:judas
313:laird
2060:Shed
2045:Home
2004:Wall
1977:list
1957:Roof
1925:Gate
1900:Door
1895:Dome
1842:Arch
1446:and
1400:Ramp
1363:Loft
1343:Hall
1300:Deck
995:ISBN
932:2024
907:2024
882:2024
857:2024
797:ISBN
699:ISBN
568:and
518:and
400:Kent
339:The
239:and
229:dais
130:and
123:dais
107:hall
103:hall
36:York
1905:Ell
1105:Den
547:in
502:in
486:),
398:in
390:in
382:in
343:in
84:or
2101::
1888:/
1874:/
1652:/
1535:/
1441:,
948:.
923:.
898:.
873:.
848:.
685:^
585:.
564:,
522:,
402:,
378:,
327:.
255:,
200:c.
76:,
68:A
34:,
1412:/
1319:/
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
1017:.
1003:.
934:.
909:.
884:.
859:.
805:.
707:.
620:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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