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aristocracy, this was inevitably divided into feuding factions. The
Persians thus settled for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city, even though this drew them into the Ionians' internal conflicts. Furthermore, certain tyrants might develop an independent streak and have to be replaced. The tyrants themselves faced a difficult task; they had to deflect the worst of their fellow citizens' hatred, while staying in the favour of the Persians. In the past, Greek states had often been ruled by tyrants, but that form of government was on the decline. Past tyrants had also tended and needed to be strong and able leaders, whereas the rulers appointed by the Persians were simply place-men. Backed by Persian military might, these tyrants did not need the support of the population, and could thus rule absolutely. On the eve of the Greco-Persian wars, it is probable that the Ionian population had become discontented and was ready for rebellion.
2422:. Plutarch suggests that Themistocles deliberately avoided mentioning Persia, believing that it was too distant a threat for the Athenians to act on, but that countering Persia was the fleet's aim. Fine suggests that many Athenians must have admitted that such a fleet would be needed to resist the Persians, whose preparations for the coming campaign were known. Themistocles's motion was passed easily, despite strong opposition from Aristides. Its passage was probably due to the desire of many of the poorer Athenians for paid employment as rowers in the fleet. It is unclear from the ancient sources whether 100 or 200 ships were initially authorised; both Fine and Holland suggest that at first 100 ships were authorised and that a second vote increased this number to the levels seen during the second invasion. Aristides continued to oppose Themistocles's policy, and tension between the two camps built over the winter, so the
2844:, stayed on high ground above Plataea to protect themselves against such tactics. After several days of maneuver and stalemate, Pausanias ordered a night-time retreat towards the Allies' original positions. This maneuver went awry, leaving the Athenians, and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills, with the other contingents scattered further away near Plataea. Seeing that the Persians might never have a better opportunity to attack, Mardonius ordered his whole army forward. However, the Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. After this the Persian force dissolved in rout; 40,000 troops managed to escape via the road to Thessaly, but the rest fled to the Persian camp where they were trapped and slaughtered by the Greeks, finalising the Greek victory.
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2227:, the general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians, the Athenian army marched to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon. Stalemate ensued for five days, before the Persians decided to continue onward to Athens, and began to load their troops back onto the ships. After the Persians had loaded their cavalry (their strongest soldiers) on the ships, the 10,000 Athenian soldiers descended from the hills around the plain. The Greeks crushed the weaker Persian foot soldiers by routing the wings before turning towards the centre of the Persian line. The remnants of the Persian army fled to their ships and left the battle. Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield; the Athenians lost only 192 men.
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or as
Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Allies could prevent conquest from being completed. The Allied fleet thus remained off the coast of Salamis into September, despite the imminent arrival of the Persians. Even after Athens fell, the Allied fleet remained off the coast of Salamis, trying to lure the Persian fleet to battle. Partly because of deception by Themistocles, the navies met in the cramped Straits of Salamis. There, the Persian numbers became a hindrance, as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganised. Seizing the opportunity, the Allied fleet attacked, and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships, therefore ensuring the safety of the Peloponnessus.
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treaty was made after the
Eurymedon does not preclude a peace being made at another point. Further, he suggests that Theopompus was actually referring to a treaty that had allegedly been negotiated with Persia in 423 BC. If these views are correct, it would remove one major obstacle to the acceptance of the treaty's existence. A further argument for the existence of the treaty is the sudden withdrawal of the Athenians from Cyprus in 449 BC, which Fine suggests makes most sense in the light of some kind of peace agreement. On the other hand, if there was indeed some kind of accommodation, Thucydides's failure to mention it is odd. In his digression on the
3024:. Exactly what happened is unclear; Thucydides gives few details, although later writers added plenty of lurid insinuations. Through his arrogance and arbitrary actions (Thucydides says "violence"), Pausanias managed to alienate many of the Allied contingents, particularly those that had just been freed from Persian overlordship. The Ionians and others asked the Athenians to take leadership of the campaign, to which they agreed. The Spartans, hearing of his behaviour, recalled Pausanias and tried him on charges of collaborating with the enemy. Although he was acquitted, his reputation was tarnished and he was not restored to his command.
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who had sworn alliance" (Godley translation) or "the Greeks who had banded themselves together" (Rawlinson translation). From here on, they will be referred to in this article as the 'Allies'. Sparta and Athens had a leading role in the congress but the interests of all the states influenced defensive strategy. Little is known about the internal workings of the congress or the discussions during its meetings. Only 70 of the nearly 700 Greek city-states sent representatives. Nevertheless, this was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world, especially since many of the city-states present were still technically at war with one another.
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determine with absolute certainty the legitimacy of
Ephialtes' involvement in the battle. The Anopoea path was defended by roughly 1000 Phocians, according to Herodotus, who reportedly fled when confronted by the Persians. Made aware by scouts that they were being outflanked, Leonidas dismissed most of the Allied army, remaining to guard the rear with perhaps 2,000 men. On the final day of the battle, the remaining Allies sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians in the wider part of the pass to slaughter as many Persians as they could, but eventually they were all killed or captured.
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2463:. Demaratus would from then on act as an advisor to Darius, and later Xerxes, on Greek affairs, and accompanied Xerxes during the second Persian invasion. At the end of Herodotus's book 7, there is an anecdote relating that prior to the second invasion, Demaratus sent an apparently blank wax tablet to Sparta. When the wax was removed, a message was found scratched on the wooden backing, warning the Spartans of Xerxes's plans. However, many historians believe that this chapter was inserted into the text by a later author, possibly to fill a
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2407:, with a power base firmly established among the poor, filled the vacuum left by Miltiades's death, and in the following decade became the most influential politician in Athens. During this period, Themistocles continued to support the expansion of Athens' naval power. The Athenians were aware throughout this period that the Persian interest in Greece had not ended, and Themistocles's naval policies may be seen in the light of the potential threat from Persia. Aristides, Themistocles's great rival, and champion of the
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most of the island". Exactly what
Thucydides means by this is unclear. Sealey suggests that this was essentially a raid to gather as much treasure as possible from the Persian garrisons on Cyprus. There is no indication that the Allies attempted to take possession of the island, and, shortly after, they sailed to Byzantium. Certainly, the fact that the Delian League repeatedly campaigned in Cyprus suggests either that the island was not garrisoned by the Allies in 478 BC, or that the garrisons were quickly expelled.
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1254:, which is generally considered by modern historians to be a reliable primary account. Thucydides only mentions this period in a digression on the growth of Athenian power in the run up to the Peloponnesian War, and the account is brief, probably selective and lacks any dates. Nevertheless, Thucydides's account can be, and is, used by historians to draw up a skeleton chronology for the period, on to which details from archaeological records and other writers can be superimposed.
1208:" (barbarian-lover) for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained widely read. However, since the 19th century, his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus did a remarkable job in his
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3415:). By these terms, the Ionians were still Persian subjects, as they had been. Furthermore, Athens had already demonstrated their superiority at sea at the Eurymedon and Salamis-in-Cyprus, so any legal limitations for the Persian fleet were nothing more than "de jure" recognition of military realities. In exchange for limiting the movement of Persian troops in one region of the realm, Artaxerxes secured a promise from the Athenians to stay out of his entire realm.
2182:, but was unsuccessful. The fleet sailed next to Naxos, to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier. Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains; those that the Persians caught were enslaved. The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians. The fleet then proceeded to island-hop across the rest of the Aegean on its way to Eretria, taking hostages and troops from each island.
1273:. Plutarch was writing some 600 years after the events in question, and is therefore a secondary source, but he often names his sources, which allows some degree of verification of his statements. In his biographies, he draws directly from many ancient histories that have not survived, and thus often preserves details of the period that are omitted in Herodotus and Thucydides's accounts. The final major existing source for the period is the universal history (
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3342:, his aim is to explain the growth of Athenian power, and such a treaty, and the fact that the Delian allies were not released from their obligations after it, would have marked a major step in the Athenian ascendancy. Conversely, it has been suggested that certain passages elsewhere in Thucydides's history are best interpreted as referring to a peace agreement. There is thus no clear consensus among modern historians as to the treaty's existence.
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3223:. According to Thucydides, the official aim of the League was to "avenge the wrongs they suffered by ravaging the territory of the king". In reality, this goal was divided into three main efforts—to prepare for future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war. The members were given a choice of either supplying armed forces or paying a tax to the joint treasury; most states chose the tax.
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1364:, significant numbers of Greeks fled and had emigrated to Asia Minor and settled there. Modern historians generally accept this migration as historic (but separate from the later colonization of the Mediterranean by the Greeks). There are, however, those who believe the Ionian migration cannot be explained as simply as the classical Greeks claimed. These settlers were from three tribal groups: the
3210:, the Athenian commander at Mycale, had furiously rejected this; the Ionian cities were originally Athenian colonies, and the Athenians, if no one else, would protect the Ionians. This marks the point at which the leadership of the Greek Alliance effectively passed to the Athenians. With the Spartan withdrawal after Byzantium, the leadership of the Athenians became explicit.
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that the
Spartans could maintain their hegemony over Greece. It is in the aftermath of this treaty that Greek orators began to refer to the Peace of Callias (whether fictional or not), as a counterpoint to the shame of the King's Peace, and a glorious example of the "good old days" when the Greeks of the Aegean had been freed from Persian rule by the Delian League.
2193:. For six days, the Persians attacked the walls, with losses on both sides; however, on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians. The city was razed, and temples and shrines were looted and burned. Furthermore, according to Darius's commands, the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople.
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destroy the pontoon bridges. His general
Mardonius volunteered to remain in Greece and complete the conquest with a hand-picked group of troops, while Xerxes retreated to Asia with the bulk of the army. Mardonius over-wintered in Boeotia and Thessaly; the Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt-out city for the winter.
2682:) of 300 men. The customary elite young men in the Hippeis were replaced by veterans who already had children. Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Allied Peloponnesian cities, and other forces that the Allies picked up on the way to Thermopylae. The Allies proceeded to occupy the pass, rebuilt the wall the
1983:. This campaign was the only offensive action taken by the Ionians, who subsequently went on the defensive. The Persians responded in 497 BC with a three-pronged attack aimed at recapturing the outlying areas of the rebellious territory, but the spread of the revolt to Caria meant the largest army, under
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Opinion among modern historians is also split; for instance, Fine accepts the concept of the Peace of
Callias, whereas Sealey effectively rejects it. Holland accepts that some kind of accommodation was made between Athens and Persia, but no actual treaty. Fine argues that Callisthenes's denial that a
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representatives and can probably be therefore dated to c. 461 BC (after an alliance was agreed between Athens and Argos). This embassy may have been an attempt to reach some kind of peace agreement, and it has even been suggested that the failure of these hypothetical negotiations led to the
Athenian
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had not prepared for a siege, not believing that the Allies would attack. The
Athenians therefore were able to lay a siege around Sestos. The siege dragged on for several months, causing some discontent among the Athenian troops, but eventually, when the food ran out in the city, the Persians fled at
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Mycale was, in many ways, the beginning of a new phase in the conflict, in which the Greeks would go on the offensive against the Persians. The immediate result of the victory at Mycale was a second revolt among the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The Samians and Milesians had actively fought against the
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The Persians had now captured most of Greece, but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible. If Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force an Allied surrender; conversely by avoiding destruction,
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The size of the Persian fleet is also disputed, although perhaps less so. Other ancient authors agree with Herodotus' number of 1,207. These numbers are by ancient standards consistent, and this could be interpreted that a number around 1,200 is correct. Among modern scholars, some have accepted this
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wicker shield. They wore a leather jerkin, although individuals of high status wore high-quality metal armor. The Persians most likely used their bows to wear down the enemy, then closed in to deliver the final blow with spears and swords. The first rank of Persian infantry formations, the so-called '
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The Persian military consisted of a diverse group of men drawn across the various nations of the empire. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in armor and style of fighting. The troops were usually armed with a bow, a 'short spear' and a sword or axe, and carried a
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to conquer them. He first attacked Phocaea; the Phocaeans decided to abandon their city entirely and sail into exile in Sicily, rather than become Persian subjects (although many later returned). Some Teians also chose to emigrate when Harpagus attacked Teos, but the rest of the Ionians remained, and
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demanded and received the return of the cities of Asia Minor from the Spartans, in return for which the Persians threatened to make war on any Greek state that did not make peace. This humiliating treaty, which undid all the Greek gains of the previous century, sacrificed the Greeks of Asia Minor so
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After Byzantium, the Spartans were allegedly eager to end their involvement in the war. The Spartans were supposedly of the view that, with the liberation of mainland Greece and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the war's purpose had already been reached. There was also perhaps a feeling that securing
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against the Persians, thus protecting the flank of the forces at Thermopylae. Here the Allied fleet held off the Persians for three days; however, on the third evening the Allies received news of the fate of Leonidas and the Allied troops at Thermopylae. Since the Allied fleet was badly damaged, and
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was formed. This confederation had powers both to send envoys to ask for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation. Herodotus does not formulate an abstract name for the union but simply calls them "οἱ Ἕλληνες" (the Greeks) and "the Greeks
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In 478 BC, still operating under the terms of the Hellenic alliance, the Allies sent out a fleet composed of 20 Peloponnesian and 30 Athenian ships supported by an unspecified number of allies, under the overall command of Pausanias. According to Thucydides, this fleet sailed to Cyprus and "subdued
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that same day, destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet, crippling Xerxes's sea power, and marking the ascendancy of the Greek fleet. While many modern historians doubt that Mycale took place on the same day as Plataea, the battle may well only have occurred once the Allies received news of the
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of 482 BC became a direct contest between Themistocles and Aristides. In what Holland characterises as, in essence, the world's first referendum, Aristides was ostracised, and Themistocles's policies were endorsed. Indeed, becoming aware of the Persian preparations for the coming invasion, the
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The numbers of troops that Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece have been the subject of endless dispute. Most modern scholars reject as unrealistic the figures of 2.5 million given by Herodotus and other ancient sources because the victors likely miscalculated or exaggerated. The
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to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike. In 498 BC, supported by troops from Athens and Eretria, the Ionians marched on, captured, and burnt Sardis. However, on their return journey to Ionia, they were followed by Persian troops, and
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from all over the Greek world, of which Sparta sent 700–800, believing they were following the terms of the defence pact and unaware of the army's true purpose. After the failure of Cyrus, Persia tried to regain control of the Ionian city-states, which had rebelled during the conflict. The Ionians
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According to Herodotus, after the loss of the battle Xerxes attempted to build a causeway across the channel to attack the Athenian evacuees on Salamis, but this project was soon abandoned. With the Persians' naval superiority removed, Xerxes feared that the Allies might sail to the Hellespont and
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In 481 BC, after roughly four years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster the troops to invade Europe. Herodotus gives the names of 46 nations from which troops were drafted. The Persian army was gathered in Asia Minor in the summer and autumn of 481 BC. The armies from the Eastern satrapies were
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In the years following their conquest, the Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule. Elsewhere in the empire, Cyrus identified elite native groups such as the priesthood of Judea – to help him rule his new subjects. No such group existed in Greek cities at this time; while there was usually an
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While fighting the Lydians, Cyrus had sent messages to the Ionians asking them to revolt against Lydian rule, which the Ionians had refused to do. After Cyrus finished the conquest of Lydia, the Ionian cities now offered to be his subjects under the same terms as they had been subjects of Croesus.
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After the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, Thucydides makes no further mention of conflict with the Persians, saying that the Greeks simply returned home. Diodorus, on the other hand, claims that in the aftermath of Salamis, a proper peace treaty (the "Peace of Callias") was agreed with the Persians.
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In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors to city states throughout Greece, asking for food, land, and water as tokens of their submission to Persia. However, Xerxes' ambassadors deliberately avoided Athens and Sparta, hoping thereby that those states would not learn of the Persians' plans. States that
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had defected. Miletus was then besieged, captured, and its population was enslaved. This double defeat effectively ended the revolt, and the Carians surrendered to the Persians as a result. The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before
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reports that Artaphernes had no previous knowledge of the Athenians, and his initial reaction was "Who are these people?". Artaphernes asked the Athenians for "Water and Earth", a symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the Achaemenid king. The Athenians ambassadors apparently accepted to
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as an intermediate. The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the Athenians reject the Persians' offer. Athens was thus evacuated again, and the Persians marched south and re-took possession of it. Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on
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that the vale could be bypassed and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large, thus the Greeks retreated. Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont. At this point, a second strategy was suggested by Themistocles to the allies. The route to southern
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If the wars of the Delian League shifted the balance of power between Greece and Persia in favour of the Greeks, then the subsequent half-century of internecine conflict in Greece did much to restore the balance of power to Persia. The Persians entered the Peloponnesian War in 411 BC forming a
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There is a possibility that the Achaemenid ruler now saw the Athenians as subjects who had solemnly promised submission through the gift of "Earth and Water", and that subsequent actions by the Athenians, such as their intervention in the Ionian revolt, were perceived as a break of oath, and a
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who revealed to Xerxes a mountain path that led behind the Allied lines, according to Herodotus. Herodotus has often been dismissed as a 'story teller', by Aristotle himself among others, and this may be a piece of folklore to create a more engaging narrative. In any case, it is impossible to
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The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire and represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Asia Minor had been brought back into the Persian fold, but Darius had vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their support for the revolt.
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and his successors instead adopted a policy of divide-and-rule. Avoiding fighting the Greeks themselves, the Persians instead attempted to set Athens against Sparta, regularly bribing politicians to achieve their aims. In this way, they ensured that the Greeks remained distracted by internal
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Over the winter, there was some tension among the Allies. In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the Isthmus, but whose fleet was the key to the security of the Peloponnesus, felt that they had been treated unfairly, and so they refused to join the Allied navy in the spring.
3261:, the Athenians and allied fleet achieved a stunning double victory, destroying a Persian fleet and then landing the ships' marines to attack and rout the Persian army. After this battle, the Persians took an essentially passive role in the conflict, anxious not to risk battle if possible.
1780:, then he would make alliance with them; but if not, his command was that they should begone. The envoys consulted together and consented to give what was asked, in their desire to make the alliance. So they returned to their own country, and were then greatly blamed for what they had done.
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whether he should attack them. The Oracle supposedly replied the famously ambiguous answer that "if Croesus was to cross the Halys he would destroy a great empire". Blind to the ambiguity of this prophecy, Croesus attacked the Persians, but was eventually defeated and Lydia fell to Cyrus.
2280:(a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC while rounding this coastline). These were both feats of exceptional ambition that would have been beyond the capabilities of any other contemporary state. However, the campaign was delayed by one year because of another revolt in Egypt and
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When the Persians arrived at Thermopylae in mid-August, they initially waited for three days for the Allies to disperse. When Xerxes was eventually persuaded that the Allies intended to contest the pass, he sent his troops to attack. However, the Allied position was ideally suited to
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has it, "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally."
3591: Although historically inaccurate, the legend of a Greek messenger running to Athens with news of the victory and then promptly expiring, became the inspiration for this athletics event, introduced at the 1896 Athens Olympics, and originally run between Marathon and Athens.
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between the power-blocs of Athens and Sparta, which had continued on/off since 460 BC, finally ended in 445 BC, with the agreement of a thirty-year truce. However, the growing enmity between Sparta and Athens would lead, just 14 years later, into the outbreak of the Second
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had agreed to a peace treaty with the Greeks, even naming Callias as the Athenian ambassador involved. However, as Plutarch admits, Callisthenes denied that such a peace was made at this point (c. 466 BC). Herodotus also mentions, in passing, an Athenian embassy headed by
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As soon as the Persian survivors had put to sea, the Athenians marched as quickly as possible to Athens. They arrived in time to prevent Artaphernes from securing a landing in Athens. Seeing his opportunity lost, Artaphernes ended the year's campaign and returned to Asia.
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against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with opposition to the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants,
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also comprised a part of Greek armies growing in importance during the conflict; at the Battle of Plataea, for instance, they may have formed over half the Greek army. Use of cavalry in Greek armies is not reported in the battles of the Greco-Persian Wars.
3039:, until he was again accused of collaborating with the Persians and was recalled by the Spartans for a trial after which he starved himself to death. The timescale is unclear, but Pausanias may have remained in possession of Byzantium until 470 BC.
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The Battle of Marathon was a watershed in the Greco-Persian wars, showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten. It also highlighted the superiority of the more heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and showed their potential when used wisely.
1749:. The Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. Nevertheless, the Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from Persia, and the ambassadors were disavowed and censured upon their return to Athens.
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attacked Miletus, a conflict that ended with a treaty of alliance between Miletus and Lydia, that meant that Miletus would have internal autonomy but follow Lydia in foreign affairs. At this time, the Lydians were also in conflict with the
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vowed to have revenge on Athens and Eretria for this act. The revolt continued, with the two sides effectively stalemated throughout 497–495 BC. In 494 BC, the Persians regrouped and attacked the epicenter of the revolt in Miletus. At the
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From the Persian perspective, such terms would not be so humiliating as they might at first seem. The Persians already agreed that the Greek cities of Asia would remain governed under their own laws (under the reorganization conducted by
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Cylinder seal, chalcedony; depicts a 'Median' (Persian) warrior, on the left, facing a Greek warrior, with hoplite equipment, stabbing him with a lance; above, a winged solar disk. Achaemenid period, 6th–4th century BC. British Museum BM
1184:) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been recent history. Herodotus's approach was novel and, at least in Western society, he invented 'history' as a discipline. As historian
2272:. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly resumed the preparations for the invasion of Greece. Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, it needed longterm planning, stockpiling and conscription. Xerxes decided that the
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and eventually captured. Control of both Sestos and Byzantium gave the allies command of the straits between Europe and Asia (over which the Persians had crossed), and allowed them access to the merchant trade of the Black Sea.
2833:, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if they were not aided. In response, the Spartans summoned a large army from the Peloponnese cities and marched to meet the Persians.
2640:. This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites, despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians. Furthermore, to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of
1773:, viceroy of Sardis, asked them, "What men are you, and where dwell you, who desire alliance with the Persians?" Being informed by the envoys, he gave them an answer whereof the substance was, that if the Athenians gave king
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remained in Thessaly, knowing an attack on the Isthmus was pointless, while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponessus. Mardonius moved to break the stalemate, by offering peace to the Athenians, using
1287:, who also wrote a universal history. Diodorus is also a secondary source and often derided by modern historians for his style and inaccuracies, but he preserves many details of the ancient period found nowhere else.
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The loose alliance of city-states that had fought against Xerxes's invasion had been dominated by Sparta and the Peloponnesian league. With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of
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fell to Xerxes; Attica was then open to invasion. The remaining population of Athens was evacuated, with the aid of the Allied fleet, to Salamis. The Peloponnesian Allies began to prepare a defensive line across the
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Shortly after Mycale, the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges, but found that this had already been done. The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the
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in 451 BC, but achieved little, and, when it withdrew, the Greco-Persian Wars drew to a quiet end. Some historical sources suggest the end of hostilities was marked by a peace treaty between Athens and Persia, the
1552:', had no bows, carried larger wicker shields and were sometimes armed with longer spears. Their role was to protect the back ranks of the formation. The cavalry probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry.
2987:, a town which Artayctes had plundered while governor of the Chersonesos. The Athenians, having pacified the region, then sailed back to Athens, taking the cables from the pontoon bridges with them as trophies.
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to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the Persians. This alliance, now including many of the Aegean islands, was formally constituted as the 'First Athenian Alliance', commonly known as the
1031:
Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts and from the interference of the mainland Greeks, Darius embarked on a scheme to conquer Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria for the burning of Sardis. The
1212:, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.
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By 494 BC the Persian army and navy had regrouped, and they made straight for the epicentre of the rebellion at Miletus. The Ionian fleet sought to defend Miletus by sea, but was defeated decisively at the
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refused to capitulate and called upon Sparta for assistance, which she provided, in 396–395 BC. Athens, however, sided with the Persians, which led in turn to another large-scale conflict in Greece, the
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in Greece, dissuaded the Athenians from resuming conflict with Persia. In 451 BC however, a truce was agreed in Greece, and Cimon was then able to lead an expedition to Cyprus. However, while besieging
2400:
family arranged for him to be prosecuted for the failure of the campaign. A huge fine was imposed on Miltiades for the crime of 'deceiving the Athenian people', but he died weeks later from his wound.
1524:
In the Greco-Persian wars both sides made use of spear-armed infantry and light missile troops. Greek armies placed the emphasis on heavier infantry, while Persian armies favoured lighter troop types.
3474:
became the Athenian Empire reached its conclusion. The allies of Athens were not released from their obligations to provide either money or ships, despite the cessation of hostilities. In Greece, the
2142:
The following year, having given clear warning of his plans, Darius sent ambassadors to all the cities of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and
3046:
to Byzantium with a small force, to take command of the Allied force. However, he found that the rest of the Allies were no longer prepared to accept Spartan leadership, and therefore returned home.
3483:. This disastrous conflict, which dragged on for 27 years, would eventually result in the utter destruction of Athenian power, the dismemberment of the Athenian empire, and the establishment of a
2427:
Athenians voted to build more ships than those for which Themistocles had asked. Thus, during the preparations for the Persian invasion, Themistocles had become the leading politician in Athens.
1166:
All the surviving primary sources for the Greco-Persian Wars are Greek; no contemporary accounts survive in other languages. By far the most important source is the fifth-century Greek historian
2983:. The Athenians eventually caught Artayctes, killing some of the Persians with him but taking most of them, including Artayctes, captive. Artayctes was crucified at the request of the people of
2520:
3245:
Throughout the 470s BC, the Delian League campaigned in Thrace and the Aegean to remove the remaining Persian garrisons from the region, primarily under the command of the Athenian politician
2146:, both of whom instead executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now also effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year.
2043:
871:
1325:), which are not in their original textual form. These works are not considered reliable (especially Ctesias), and are not particularly useful for reconstructing the history of this period.
2674:. For the Spartans, warfare during these periods was considered sacrilegious. Despite the uncomfortable timing, the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they dispatched their king
1628:(Greek triremes were equipped with a cast-bronze ram at the bows), or boarding by ship-borne marines. More experienced naval powers had by this time also begun to use a manoeuver known as
3305:—from whom there is the earliest reference to the supposed peace, in 380 BC. Even during the 4th century BC, the idea of the treaty was controversial, and two authors from that period,
2268:
subjects revolted, and the revolt forced an indefinite postponement of any Greek expedition. Darius died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son
1087:
allowed the Persians to torch an evacuated Athens and overrun most of Greece. However, while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the
2099:
After having reconquered Ionia, the Persians began to plan their next moves of extinguishing the threat to their empire from Greece; and punishing Athens and Eretria. The resultant
1110:(478 BC). Following the Persian withdrawal from Europe and the Greek victory at Mycale, Macedon and the city-states of Ionia regained their independence. The actions of the general
3275:, despite a three-year long siege. The Persians then counterattacked, and the Athenian force was itself besieged for 18 months, before being wiped out. This disaster, coupled with
6515:
1479:
in 553 BC. Cyrus was a grandson of Astyages and was supported by part of the Median aristocracy. By 550 BC, the rebellion was over, and Cyrus had emerged victorious, founding the
3075:
1114:
at the siege of Byzantium alienated many of the Greek states from the Spartans, and the anti-Persian alliance was therefore reconstituted around Athenian leadership, called the
1607:). The heavy armour and longer spears made them superior in hand-to-hand combat and gave them significant protection against ranged attacks. Lightly armed skirmishers, the
11079:
2979:
Most of the Athenian troops were sent straight away to pursue the Persians. The party of Oeobazus was captured by a Thracian tribe, and Oeobazus was sacrificed to the god
1456:
Empire, and the Milesians sent an army to aid the Lydians in this conflict. Eventually a peaceable settlement was established between the Medes and the Lydians, with the
3334:
decision to support the Egyptian revolt. The ancient sources therefore disagree as to whether there was an official peace or not, and, if there was, when it was agreed.
2513:
1248:) by ancient writers, was a period of relative peace and prosperity within Greece. The richest source for the period, and also the most contemporaneous, is Thucydides'
2036:
864:
11124:
2889:
2008:
Moreover, seeing that the political situation in Greece posed a continued threat to the stability of his Empire, he decided to embark on the conquest of all Greece.
968:
that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when
603:
4968:
3316:
It is possible that the Athenians had attempted to negotiate with the Persians previously. Plutarch suggests that in the aftermath of the victory at the Eurymedon,
2135:, but retained a broad degree of autonomy. However, further progress in this campaign was prevented when Mardonius's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of
794:
3499:
briefly invaded Asia Minor; as Plutarch points out, the Greeks were far too busy overseeing the destruction of their own power to fight against the "barbarians".
4501:
2506:
318:
1483:
in place of the Median kingdom in the process. Croesus saw the disruption in the Median Empire and Persia as an opportunity to extend his realm and asked the
1436:. Although the Ionian cities were independent of one another, they recognized their shared heritage and supposedly had a common temple and meeting place, the
2264:
After the failure of the first invasion, Darius began raising a huge new army with which he intended to subjugate Greece completely. However, in 486 BC, his
2029:
857:
6790:
3495:
conflicts, and were unable to turn their attentions to Persia. There was no open conflict between the Greeks and Persia until 396 BC, when the Spartan king
3288:
to extricate themselves. This campaign marked the end of hostilities between the Delian League and Persia, and therefore the end of the Greco-Persian Wars.
2323:
where it was joined with the armies of the western satrapies. Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two
1507:
Cyrus refused, citing the Ionians' unwillingness to help him previously. The Ionians thus prepared to defend themselves, and Cyrus sent the Median general
4964:
The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas
11323:
5697:
3068:
3027:
Pausanias returned to Byzantium as a private citizen in 477 BC, and took command of the city until he was expelled by the Athenians. He then crossed the
2189:, and to the first major target, Eretria. The Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians from landing or advancing and thus allowed themselves to be
1826:
2139:. Mardonius himself was then injured in a raid on his camp by a Thracian tribe, and after this he returned with the rest of the expedition to Asia.
3581: Archaeological evidence for the Panionion before the 6th century BC is very weak, and possibly this temple was a relatively late development.
3544:
3392:
2596:
Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece, taking 3 months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to
4948:
2604:
where it was joined by the fleet. Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march.
1959:
was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king
10904:
7605:
3503:
mutual-defence pact with Sparta and combining their naval resources against Athens in exchange for sole Persian control of Ionia. In 404 BC when
2336:
10881:
3490:
Repeatedly defeated in battle by the Greeks, and plagued by internal rebellions that hindered their ability to fight the Greeks, after 449 BC,
3061:
1007:, which would last until 493 BC, progressively drawing more regions of Asia Minor into the conflict. Aristagoras secured military support from
314:
11313:
2882:
5181:
10514:
7562:
5202:
787:
611:
310:
3206:
had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion.
2760:, abandoning Athens to the Persians. Athens thus fell to the Persians; the small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the
1126:
in 466 BC, the League won a double victory that finally secured freedom for the cities of Ionia. However, the League's involvement in the
1048:
before several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign. In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the
6812:
2980:
2418:. Themistocles proposed that the silver should be used to build a new fleet of triremes, ostensibly to assist in a long running war with
643:
599:
330:
4302:
9205:
2964:
2569:
2564:
631:
6647:
3271:
of the Persian empire. Although the Greek task force achieved initial successes, they were unable to capture the Persian garrison in
2366:. Other recent works on the Persian Wars reject this number, viewing 1,207 as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the
2312:
615:
607:
1753:
The Athenians dispatched envoys to Sardis, desiring to make an alliance with the Persians; for they knew that they had provoked the
3563: The exact period covered by the term "Greco-Persian Wars" is open to interpretation, and usage varies between academics; the
3043:
2875:
1632:. It is not clear what this was, but it probably involved sailing into gaps between enemy ships and then ramming them in the side.
1028:, the Ionians suffered a decisive defeat, and the rebellion collapsed, with the final embers being stamped out the following year.
3167:
10989:
10724:
7123:
1819:
1305:
dictionary of the 10th century AD preserves some anecdotes found nowhere else. Minor sources for the period include the works of
999:, with Persian support; however, the expedition was a debacle and, preempting his dismissal, Aristagoras incited all of Hellenic
780:
2899:
1075:
Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece but died in 486 BC and responsibility for the conquest passed to his son
11338:
11318:
11308:
10704:
10668:
6852:
2840:, trying to draw the Allies into open terrain where he could use his cavalry. The Allied army, under the command of the regent
1122:
against Persia for the next three decades, beginning with the expulsion of the remaining Persian garrisons from Europe. At the
64:
17:
2248:
11328:
6820:
6682:
6657:
6381:
4208:
3516:. Towards the end of that conflict, in 387 BC, Sparta sought the aid of Persia to shore up her position. Under the so-called
3402:
If the terms were observed by the king and his generals, then the Athenians were not to send troops to lands ruled by Persia.
1196:, criticized Herodotus and his methods. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the
2077:
8593:
3656:
6292:
Boardman J; Bury JB; Cook SA; Adcock FA; Hammond NGL; Charlesworth MP; Lewis DM; Baynes NH; Ostwald M; Seltman CT (1988).
2067:
1138:(from 460–454 BC) resulted in a disastrous Greek defeat, and further campaigning was suspended. A Greek fleet was sent to
7598:
7279:
4965:
3157:
3152:
3142:
2976:
night from the least guarded area of the city. The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city the next day.
2459:. Sometime after 490 BC, the humiliated Demaratus had chosen to go into exile, and had made his way to Darius's court in
2072:
1742:
comply, and to give "Earth and Water". Artaphernes also advised the Athenians that they should receive back the Athenian
2307:, though not explicitly 'Medising', was suspected of being willing to aid the Persians once the invasion force arrived.
11031:
10874:
9215:
8905:
8598:
8532:
7436:
7431:
7128:
6781:
3450:
2644:. This dual strategy was adopted by the congress. However, the Peloponnesian cities made fall-back plans to defend the
1812:
3147:
2370:. These works generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean.
11188:
11156:
11009:
8603:
8578:
6847:
6762:
6741:
6722:
6703:
6636:
6617:
6598:
6566:
6543:
6524:
6503:
6484:
6465:
6446:
6427:
6404:
6365:
6347:
6324:
6305:
5156:
4385:
4355:
3162:
2530:
2494:
1987:, moved there instead. While at first campaigning successfully in Caria, this army was wiped out in an ambush at the
1227:
1080:
903:
828:
2723:
since it no longer needed to defend the flank of Thermopylae, the Allies retreated from Artemisium to the island of
1955:
to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus (both financially and in terms of prestige). The
11004:
10507:
10412:
9161:
8588:
8583:
7193:
7045:
6230:
3508:
3099:
2765:
2554:
2159:
2100:
2053:
2017:
1464:
succeeded his father Alyattes in around 560 BC and set about conquering the other Greek city states of Asia Minor.
1250:
1057:
1033:
899:
823:
547:
1091:. The following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive, decisively defeating the Persian army at the
11353:
9055:
8915:
8910:
8187:
6805:
3345:
The ancient sources that give details of the treaty are reasonably consistent in their description of the terms:
3137:
1440:. They thus formed a 'cultural league', to which they would admit no other cities, or even other tribal Ionians.
11046:
11041:
6317:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenid Periods The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 5
11333:
10439:
9080:
8494:
7591:
6877:
1770:
1127:
1068:. However, while en route to attack Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the
11161:
11134:
10984:
10867:
10434:
9991:
9484:
9000:
8920:
8618:
8328:
7133:
3285:
3202:
long-term security for the Asian Greeks would prove impossible. In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king
1560:
The style of warfare between the Greek city-states, which dates back until at least 650 BC (as dated by the '
1537:
33:
3487:
over Greece. However, not just Athens suffered—the conflict would significantly weaken the whole of Greece.
3105:
2670:
Xerxes's estimated time of arrival at Thermopylae coincided with both the Olympic Games and the festival of
2276:
would be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe, and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of
11149:
11129:
10931:
10407:
8936:
8390:
7084:
3636:
3017:
3009:
2946:
Persians at Mycale, thus openly declaring their rebellion, and the other cities followed in their example.
2718:
Simultaneous with the battle at Thermopylae, an Allied naval force of 271 triremes defended the Straits of
1746:
1234:(479–431 BC) is not well supported by surviving ancient sources. This period, sometimes referred to as the
980:
to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.
4945:
1083:
with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled. Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous
11273:
11117:
10779:
10749:
10673:
10650:
10500:
9462:
9070:
8946:
8608:
8562:
8517:
8293:
7982:
7284:
7222:
2928:
2648:
should it come to it, while the women and children of Athens were evacuated to the Peloponnesian city of
2607:
1951:. In 499 BC the then tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap
1348:
on the field of Thermopylae, which is now generally identified as the site of the defender's last stand.
1322:
234:
130:
10001:
4317:
2476:
were opposed to Persia thus began to coalesce around these two city states. A congress of states met at
1651:. Other coastal regions of the Persian Empire would contribute ships throughout the course of the wars.
11348:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11219:
11069:
10909:
10734:
10123:
9996:
9129:
9124:
9100:
9010:
8527:
7625:
7339:
6981:
6798:
6297:
2467:
between the end of book 7 and the start of book 8. The veracity of this anecdote is therefore unclear.
1980:
10979:
2923:
11193:
11144:
11084:
11074:
11064:
10592:
10481:
10424:
9380:
9183:
9168:
9090:
9025:
8345:
8240:
7714:
7648:
7227:
3568:
3264:
Towards the end of the 460s BC, the Athenians took the ambitious decision to support a revolt in the
3232:
3085:
2383:
2127:, which had nominally been part of the Persian empire since 513 BC. Mardonius was also able to force
1648:
1495:
1119:
907:
838:
100:
8992:
8972:
8170:
7828:
1620:
At the beginning of the conflict, all naval forces in the eastern Mediterranean had switched to the
11036:
10964:
10709:
9178:
9141:
9075:
8741:
8628:
7274:
7110:
6956:
2851:, a rumour of their victory at that battle reached the Allies' navy, at that time off the coast of
1868:
1328:
A few physical remnants of the conflict have been found by archaeologists. The most famous is the
591:
496:
2971:, who had with him the cables and other equipment from the pontoon bridges. The Persian governor,
11343:
11171:
11089:
10602:
10554:
10461:
9585:
9385:
9370:
9173:
9156:
9136:
9105:
9005:
8941:
8557:
8542:
8512:
8473:
8350:
8202:
7704:
7325:
7233:
7151:
6920:
5057:
3475:
3276:
3254:
3125:
2683:
1956:
1910:
1873:
1848:
1624:, a warship powered by three banks of oars. The most common naval tactics during the period were
1123:
992:
918:
378:
6673:
Rung, Eduard (2008). "Diplomacy in Graeco–Persian relations". In de Souza, P; France, J (eds.).
6439:
Diodorus Siculus – Greek history 480–431 BC: the alternative version (translated by Peter Green)
3423:
3284:, Cimon died, and the Athenian force decided to withdraw, winning another double victory at the
2619:
on the borders of Thessaly and block Xerxes's advance. However, once there, they were warned by
1575:' were foot soldiers usually drawn from the members of the middle-classes (in Athens called the
976:
in 547 BC. Struggling to control the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed
11176:
11166:
11112:
10827:
10809:
10784:
10643:
10419:
9422:
9193:
9151:
9085:
9050:
8502:
8486:
8182:
8123:
7972:
7967:
7546:
7318:
7304:
7290:
6842:
3648:
3317:
2821:
2620:
1988:
1878:
1858:
1306:
1291:
1098:
The allied Greeks followed up their success by destroying the rest of the Persian fleet at the
535:
520:
426:
290:
5146:
4375:
2392:
A year after Marathon, Miltiades, the hero of Marathon, was injured in a military campaign to
2207:
1898:
1283:. Much of Diodorus's writing about this period is drawn from the much earlier Greek historian
10921:
10916:
10831:
10823:
10773:
10765:
10523:
10471:
9700:
9690:
9680:
9665:
9355:
9095:
9065:
9020:
9015:
8646:
8613:
8415:
8320:
8306:
7962:
7833:
7797:
7510:
7179:
7030:
6268:
6218:
4345:
2738:
2706:
head on. The Allies withstood two full days of Persian attacks, including those by the elite
2661:
2544:
2224:
1888:
1683:
1275:
1180:
1084:
278:
247:
5982:
5958:
5946:
3839:
3640:
2855:
in Ionia. Their morale boosted, the Allied marines fought and won a decisive victory at the
2319:
and were led by Xerxes to Sardis where they passed the winter. Early in spring, it moved to
1204:
criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "
11094:
10769:
10761:
10696:
10549:
9943:
9937:
9923:
9407:
9365:
9337:
9222:
9035:
8265:
8061:
7572:
7186:
7040:
6976:
6715:
The dark age of Greece: an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC
6033:
6009:
5904:
5863:
5818:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5750:
5738:
5726:
5714:
5685:
5646:
5502:
5352:
5331:
5280:
5259:
5238:
5226:
5214:
4856:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4134:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3930:
3918:
3715:
3021:
2711:
2710:. However, towards the end of the second day, they were betrayed by a local resident named
2665:
2549:
2464:
2004:
finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia that was considered to be both just and fair.
1579:), who could afford the equipment necessary to fight in this manner. The heavy armour (the
1185:
526:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5547:
5490:
5469:
5448:
5388:
5376:
5301:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4898:
4706:
4661:
4649:
4625:
4601:
4568:
4556:
4544:
4425:
4413:
4290:
4053:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3643:
From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC
1679:
8:
10597:
10539:
10074:
10044:
9432:
9327:
9322:
8759:
8074:
7987:
7957:
7911:
7674:
7490:
7368:
7332:
6941:
6241:
5535:
5364:
4868:
4844:
4532:
4520:
3517:
2956:
2841:
2816:
2120:
1659:
1200:) and felt Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting.
1111:
1037:
703:
667:
539:
302:
6754:
From polis to empire, the ancient world, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500: a biographical dictionary
2615:
The Allied 'congress' met again in the spring of 480 BC and agreed to defend the narrow
1974:
Struggling to rule the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed local
1635:
The Persian naval forces were primarily provided by the seafaring people of the empire:
1015:, and in 498 BC these forces helped to capture and burn the Persian regional capital of
10974:
10683:
10291:
10188:
10094:
9738:
9655:
9543:
9045:
8869:
8385:
8365:
8222:
7977:
7772:
7699:
7538:
7504:
7480:
7423:
7172:
6887:
2836:
When Mardonius heard the Allied army was on the march, he retreated into Boeotia, near
2753:
2645:
2358:
topic has been hotly debated, but the consensus revolves around the figure of 200,000.
2320:
2257:
2202:
2087:
1927:
1914:
The burning of Sardis by the Greeks and the Ionians during the Ionian Revolt in 498 BC.
1341:
1310:
1069:
282:
4984:
3618:
3112:
2689:
11183:
11139:
11016:
10956:
10794:
10617:
10607:
10467:
10366:
9953:
9502:
9350:
9302:
9146:
9115:
9060:
8977:
8854:
8726:
8547:
8380:
8333:
8273:
8147:
8129:
8105:
8087:
8042:
7997:
7992:
7643:
7496:
7485:
7247:
7241:
7207:
7200:
7103:
6828:
6823:
6777:
6758:
6752:
6737:
6718:
6699:
6693:
6678:
6653:
6632:
6613:
6594:
6562:
6539:
6520:
6499:
6480:
6461:
6442:
6423:
6416:
6400:
6377:
6361:
6343:
6320:
6301:
5152:
4381:
4351:
4204:
3652:
3641:
3534:
3504:
3480:
3131:
2848:
2807:
2793:
2742:
2707:
2703:
2574:
2559:
2481:
2363:
1568:
1480:
1448:
1337:
1231:
1092:
1088:
961:
933:
922:
200:
142:
2498:
1863:
1853:
11205:
11021:
10849:
10819:
10804:
10729:
10658:
10574:
10559:
10296:
9828:
9793:
9610:
9467:
9345:
9232:
9227:
8552:
8507:
8338:
8245:
7861:
7694:
7679:
7669:
7567:
7518:
7363:
7297:
7266:
7255:
7214:
7165:
7096:
7025:
6986:
6337:
6263:
3484:
3369:
3119:
2913:
2856:
2797:
2579:
2435:
2220:
2190:
2082:
2021:
1984:
1960:
1893:
1654:
1500:
1361:
1299:
1280:
1144:
1099:
1065:
1020:
1008:
913:
849:
731:
719:
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
635:
623:
567:
508:
486:
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
264:
219:
166:
7402:
6393:
754:
501:
11104:
11056:
10969:
10926:
10757:
10638:
10311:
10069:
9857:
9670:
9412:
9278:
9210:
8537:
8135:
8117:
8111:
8025:
8002:
7876:
7787:
7747:
7684:
7532:
7358:
7311:
7077:
6999:
6555:
6274:
4972:
4952:
4508:
4198:
3539:
2968:
2131:
to become a fully subordinate client kingdom of Persia; it had previously been a
1777:
1672:
1472:
1405:
1357:
1314:
969:
10336:
10049:
3190:
1174:, Asia Minor (then part of the Persian empire). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek
1170:. Herodotus, who has been called the "Father of History", was born in 484 BC in
977:
11026:
10739:
10627:
10622:
10531:
10193:
10133:
10128:
10084:
9865:
9813:
9803:
9783:
9773:
9517:
9512:
9507:
8360:
8159:
8153:
8141:
7941:
7916:
7689:
7614:
7260:
7158:
7118:
7071:
7055:
7006:
6971:
6966:
6256:
3513:
3272:
2724:
2686:
had built at the narrowest point of the pass, and waited for Xerxes's arrival.
2350:
2324:
2304:
1996:
1883:
1754:
1484:
1329:
1258:
1236:
1025:
938:
229:
194:
189:
159:
96:
88:
3619:"Greco-Persian Wars | Definition, Summary, Facts, Effects, & History"
11267:
11257:
11233:
10994:
10837:
10587:
10564:
10544:
10429:
10346:
10321:
10011:
9933:
9615:
9558:
9457:
9447:
9417:
9399:
9273:
8425:
8207:
8099:
8055:
8017:
7856:
7777:
7447:
7144:
6961:
6893:
6882:
3564:
3521:
3471:
3412:
3356:
Persian satraps (and presumably their armies) were not to travel west of the
3330:
3265:
3237:
3220:
3195:
3194:
Athens and her empire in 431 BC. The empire was the direct descendant of the
3185:
2616:
2414:
In 483 BC, a vast new seam of silver was found in the Athenian mines at
2288:
2265:
2253:
1966:
1919:
1836:
1800:
1640:
1215:
1171:
1115:
1004:
895:
818:
744:
491:
214:
174:
108:
3241:
Map showing the locations of battles fought by the Delian League, 477–449 BC
3053:
2111:
1532:
10946:
10936:
10896:
10799:
10789:
10632:
10246:
10198:
10064:
9918:
9788:
9427:
9263:
8769:
8731:
8430:
3571:
are sometimes excluded. This article covers the maximum extent of the wars.
3491:
3373:
3306:
2633:
2404:
2291:, which had pledged to defect when the Persians reached their borders. The
1597:
1345:
1262:
1135:
996:
691:
390:
366:
342:
273:
2455:
had been stripped of his kingship in 491 BC, and replaced with his cousin
1443:
The cities of Ionia remained independent until they were conquered by the
11245:
10814:
10744:
10719:
10714:
10663:
10266:
10158:
10138:
9966:
9474:
9452:
9442:
9437:
9360:
9317:
8864:
8774:
8764:
8651:
8641:
8405:
7782:
7757:
7035:
3408:
3357:
3203:
2637:
2456:
2341:
2277:
2163:
2136:
1952:
1948:
1766:
1758:
1730:
1710:
1687:
1601:), which were significantly longer than Persian spears, and a sword (the
1457:
988:
727:
595:
571:
543:
354:
298:
9971:
6418:
Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner)
2636:) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the narrow pass of
2223:, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Athens. Under the guidance of
2166:) were given command of an amphibious invasion force, and set sail from
10941:
10859:
10691:
10612:
10203:
10173:
10168:
10153:
10039:
10006:
9675:
9645:
9312:
9040:
8874:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8686:
8671:
8661:
8636:
8012:
7767:
7722:
7441:
7388:
6992:
6928:
6315:
Burn, A.R. (1985). "Persia and the Greeks". In Ilya Gershevitch (ed.).
6225:
4377:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
4347:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
3310:
3250:
3207:
2719:
2675:
2655:
2641:
2444:
2397:
2316:
2273:
1939:
1718:
1586:
1561:
1541:
1417:
1219:
1193:
1049:
1000:
928:
679:
531:
414:
306:
294:
286:
259:
3470:
Towards the end of the conflict with Persia, the process by which the
2867:
2802:
2287:
The Persians had the sympathy of several Greek city-states, including
1733:, which was looking for Persian assistance to resist the threats from
10492:
10178:
10104:
10089:
10059:
10054:
9986:
9910:
9895:
9880:
9823:
9723:
9375:
9307:
8879:
8859:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8784:
8779:
8749:
8696:
8656:
8435:
8301:
8255:
8235:
7866:
7737:
7050:
6576:
Köster, A.J. (1934). "Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens".
6213:
3496:
3463:
3455:
3361:
3302:
3258:
3005:
2972:
2959:, still held by the Persians. The Persians and their allies made for
2761:
2452:
2423:
2281:
1944:
1738:
1664:
1636:
1549:
1266:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1131:
1107:
772:
739:
715:
587:
583:
579:
551:
450:
438:
134:
50:
6862:
3665:
3439:
on the obverse, and himself wearing the Persian cap on the reverse.
3301:
at this point, who in turn was presumably influenced by his teacher
2771:
10228:
10218:
10208:
10183:
9961:
9928:
9890:
9833:
9748:
9733:
9590:
9580:
9497:
9492:
8889:
8884:
8844:
8839:
8814:
8794:
8721:
8676:
8666:
8522:
8420:
8355:
8283:
7891:
7454:
7395:
6734:
Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200–700 B.C.E
6251:
6236:
5148:
Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
3396:
3388:
3249:. In the early part of the next decade, Cimon began campaigning in
3028:
2601:
2362:
number, although suggesting the number must have been lower by the
2346:
2337:
Second Persian invasion of Greece § Size of the Persian forces
2300:
2292:
2269:
1774:
1714:
1508:
1476:
1425:
1365:
1201:
1076:
1061:
1003:
into rebellion against the Persians. This was the beginning of the
749:
655:
619:
575:
563:
514:
474:
462:
253:
184:
104:
9981:
4200:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
3838:
e.g. Themistocles chapter 25 has a direct reference to Thucydides
2775:
Schematic diagram illustrating events during the Battle of Salamis
2702:
warfare, the Persian contingents being forced to attack the Greek
1460:
set up as the border between the kingdoms. The famous Lydian king
10371:
10361:
10306:
10301:
10286:
10276:
10261:
10256:
10143:
10031:
10021:
9900:
9875:
9870:
9843:
9838:
9818:
9808:
9798:
9763:
9753:
9743:
9695:
9685:
9660:
9625:
9620:
9595:
9248:
9030:
8691:
8681:
8440:
8410:
8400:
8395:
8375:
8370:
8250:
8197:
7906:
7896:
7886:
7881:
7871:
7583:
7461:
6948:
6934:
6291:
4630:
3381:
3322:
3298:
3268:
3032:
2837:
2830:
2748:
2699:
2671:
2649:
2625:
2477:
2440:
2415:
2296:
2167:
2128:
1644:
1625:
1621:
1572:
1565:
1461:
1444:
1421:
1409:
1401:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1318:
1284:
1257:
More detail for the whole period is provided by Plutarch, in his
1045:
1012:
984:
224:
138:
56:
10316:
9630:
6516:
Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
2591:
2115:
Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars
1804:
1655:
Preliminary contacts between Persia and mainland Greece (507 BC)
10341:
10271:
10251:
10213:
10079:
9885:
9778:
9715:
9705:
9650:
9268:
9253:
8849:
8834:
8809:
8804:
8789:
8450:
8445:
8212:
8192:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7792:
7752:
7742:
7727:
7417:
6900:
3436:
3432:
3281:
2984:
2960:
2852:
2826:
2757:
2629:
2597:
2419:
2216:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2143:
2132:
2124:
1991:. This resulted in a stalemate for the rest of 496 and 495 BC.
1975:
1931:
1923:
1762:
1743:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1695:
1691:
1668:
1608:
1603:
1581:
1488:
1468:
1397:
1333:
1139:
1103:
1041:
1016:
208:
205:
179:
92:
2411:(the 'upper hoplite-class') vigorously opposed such a policy.
2119:
The first campaign, in 492 BC, was led by Darius's son-in-law
1095:, and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire.
10351:
10326:
10223:
10163:
10148:
10016:
9976:
9728:
9640:
9635:
9605:
9600:
9575:
9258:
8799:
8754:
8706:
8278:
8230:
7931:
7901:
7848:
7823:
7762:
7732:
7524:
6907:
3459:
3428:
3246:
3215:
3036:
2787:
2393:
2367:
2175:
2155:
2000:
1935:
1591:
1453:
1433:
1429:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1270:
1053:
973:
965:
559:
555:
402:
60:
6336:
A political history of the Achaemenid empire (translated by
2303:, saw the invasion as an opportunity to extend their power.
1791:
rebellion to the central authority of the Achaemenid ruler.
1589:, greaves, a helmet, and a large round, concave shield (the
10356:
10331:
10281:
9768:
9758:
7409:
3601: Not limited to those mentioned in the following list.
3380:
closer than three days' journey on foot to the Aegean Sea (
3326:
2460:
1413:
1393:
1302:
6496:
The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past
3349:
All Greek cities of Asia were to 'live by their own laws'
2149:
3329:
to negotiate with Artaxerxes. This embassy included some
3253:, seeking to strengthen the Greek position there. At the
3049:
2488:
1356:
The Greeks of the classical period believed that, in the
4312:
4310:
2480:
in late autumn of 481 BC, and a confederate alliance of
2011:
1344:
found the remains of numerous Persian arrowheads at the
3391:(on the southern coast of Asia Minor), nor west of the
2963:, the strongest town in the region. Among them was one
2396:. Taking advantage of his incapacitation, the powerful
1519:
2764:
were eventually defeated, and Xerxes then ordered the
2732:
2215:
The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of
1226:
The military history of Greece between the end of the
11217:
4307:
3647:(3 ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp.
2528:
833:
6695:
A history of the Greek city states, ca. 700–338 B.C.
3507:
attempted to seize the Persian throne, he recruited
2656:
August 480 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium
2051:
879:
55:
Combat between a Persian soldier (left) and a Greek
4318:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book V: Chapters 55‑96"
3714:Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, e.g.
2863:
2170:. The Persian force sailed first to the island of
1499:The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent under
32:"Persian Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see
6645:
6554:
6415:
6392:
4636:
3671:
2349:, of all ethnicities, on the tomb of Xerxes I, at
2847:Herodotus recounts that, on the afternoon of the
2756:, building a wall, and demolishing the road from
11265:
6533:
3545:List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity
3418:
2806:Spartans fighting against Persian forces at the
2174:, where a Lindian Temple Chronicle records that
10905:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
7819:
3297:Diodorus was probably following the history of
1938:were military rebellions by several regions of
1667:, the Athenians, hoping for protection against
4350:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
2106:
1595:) . Hoplites were armed with long spears (the
1376:. The Ionians had settled about the coasts of
1162:, the main historical source for this conflict
10875:
10508:
7599:
6806:
6675:War and peace in ancient and medieval history
3083:
3069:
2883:
2611:Major events in the second invasion of Greece
2592:Early 480 BC: Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly
2514:
2330:
2037:
1970:Map showing main events of the Ionian Revolt.
1820:
1794:
1475:led a rebellion against the last Median king
1192:Some later ancient historians, starting with
1072:, ending Persian efforts for the time being.
865:
788:
7563:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
6731:
6374:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
5873:
5871:
1725:, received an embassy from newly democratic
1332:in Istanbul, which was originally placed at
6129:
6127:
6125:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5192:How & Wells, note to Herodotus VII, 239
5122:
5120:
3353:'be autonomous' (depending on translation).
3226:
2238:
11324:Wars involving Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
10882:
10868:
10515:
10501:
8485:
7606:
7592:
6813:
6799:
6646:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011).
6477:Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture
6260:; Themistocles, Aristides, Pericles, Cimon
6079:
6077:
6019:
6017:
6004:
6002:
5828:
5826:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3816:
3814:
3076:
3062:
2890:
2876:
2788:June 479 BC: Battles of Plataea and Mycale
2521:
2507:
2044:
2030:
1827:
1813:
1384:, founding the twelve cities that made up
1351:
1290:Further scattered details can be found in
1102:, before expelling Persian garrisons from
1036:began in 492 BC, with the Persian general
872:
858:
795:
781:
6712:
6333:
5977:
5975:
5868:
5760:
5758:
5709:
5707:
5705:
3635:
960:) were a series of conflicts between the
27:Series of conflicts in the 5th century BC
10889:
6732:Thomas, Carol G.; Conant, Craig (2003).
6122:
6065:
5992:
5990:
5963:
5932:
5930:
5899:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5835:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5512:
5510:
5416:
5414:
5151:. Oxford University Press. p. 154.
5117:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5075:
5073:
5071:
4369:
4367:
4285:
4283:
3449:
3422:
3236:
3189:
2801:
2770:
2688:
2606:
2434:
2382:
2340:
2247:
2206:
2110:
1965:
1909:
1678:
1658:
1531:
1494:
1214:
1154:
972:conquered the Greek-inhabited region of
65:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
6626:
6607:
6588:
6512:
6371:
6074:
6047:
6014:
5999:
5909:
5823:
5462:
5345:
5273:
5231:
5207:
5144:
5096:
5094:
5025:
5023:
4821:
4819:
4800:
4798:
4752:
4750:
4692:
4690:
4671:
4669:
4620:
4618:
4578:
4576:
4399:
4397:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4144:
4142:
4120:
4118:
3913:
3911:
3844:
3823:
3811:
3793:
3725:
3723:
3387:No Persian warship was to sail west of
3042:In the meantime, the Spartans had sent
2897:
2150:490 BC: Datis and Artaphernes' campaign
1447:of western Asia Minor. The Lydian king
1079:. In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led the
1066:besieging, capturing and razing Eretria
14:
11266:
10922:Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt)
10522:
9539:
6771:
6750:
6691:
6575:
6493:
6414:Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction".
6413:
6395:The ancient Greeks: a critical history
6038:
5972:
5951:
5939:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5702:
5678:
5357:
4993:
4373:
4343:
4196:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
3784:
3750:
3748:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3050:Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC)
2747:Victory at Thermopylae meant that all
2489:Second invasion of Greece (480–479 BC)
1585:) usually included a breastplate or a
802:
10863:
10496:
10396:
9538:
8967:
8471:
7818:
7638:
7587:
6794:
6557:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
6552:
6455:
6436:
6294:The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 5
6190:
5987:
5927:
5918:
5894:
5880:
5849:
5806:
5690:
5651:
5630:
5561:
5552:
5519:
5507:
5474:
5453:
5423:
5411:
5315:
5306:
5285:
5264:
5243:
5103:
5082:
5068:
4986:NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica
4882:
4759:
4723:
4711:
4490:
4430:
4364:
4280:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4039:
4037:
3802:
3775:
3766:
3057:
2871:
2502:
2196:
2025:
2012:First invasion of Greece (492–490 BC)
1808:
853:
776:
11314:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire
10725:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
10007:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
7639:
6672:
6474:
6390:
6314:
5129:
5091:
5020:
4828:
4816:
4795:
4747:
4699:
4687:
4684:Lind. Chron. D 1–59 in Higbie (2003)
4666:
4654:
4642:
4615:
4594:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4394:
4328:
4203:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
4169:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4022:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3908:
3720:
3395:(probably at the eastern end of the
3291:
2470:
2373:
2243:
2211:The Greek wings envelop the Persians
1520:Warfare in the ancient Mediterranean
1336:to commemorate the Greek victory at
5058:"cylinder seal; pin British Museum"
4525:
4513:
4418:
4406:
4295:
4271:
4244:
4197:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
4151:
3745:
3686:
2940:
2733:September 480 BC: Battle of Salamis
2252:Achaemenid king fighting hoplites,
1765:and spoke as they had been bidden,
1540:in ceremonial dress, bas-relief in
24:
10705:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
8968:
7613:
7437:Persepolis Administrative Archives
6677:. University of California Press.
6460:. University of California Press.
6360:, 499–386 BC. Osprey Publishing, (
6207:
4185:
4034:
3313:, appear to reject its existence.
1571:supported by missile troops. The '
1360:that followed the collapse of the
1279:) of the 1st century BC Sicilian,
25:
11365:
6610:Greece in the making, 1200–479 BC
6285:
2678:with his personal bodyguard (the
2495:Second Persian invasion of Greece
2103:consisted of two main campaigns.
1834:
1694:, with owl and ΑΘΕ, initials of "
1228:second Persian invasion of Greece
1081:second Persian invasion of Greece
1060:. This expedition subjugated the
904:Second Persian invasion of Greece
11251:
11239:
11227:
10476:
10466:
10457:
10456:
6861:
6822:
6698:University of California Press.
6649:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
6631:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
6591:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC
6231:History of the Peloponnesian War
6181:
6172:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6056:
6026:
5669:
5660:
5639:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5540:
5528:
5495:
5483:
5441:
5432:
5402:
5393:
5381:
5369:
5336:
5324:
5294:
5252:
5219:
5195:
5186:
5174:
5165:
5138:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5011:
5002:
4977:
4958:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4873:
3520:that brought the war to an end,
3372:on horseback to the Aegean Sea (
3179:
2864:Greek counterattack (479–478 BC)
2101:first Persian invasion of Greece
2018:First Persian invasion of Greece
1761:to war. When the envoys came to
1615:
1251:History of the Peloponnesian War
1034:first Persian invasion of Greece
900:First Persian invasion of Greece
881:Greek wars of the 5th century BC
753:
743:
548:Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes)
500:
490:
49:
10477:
6479:. University of Chicago Press.
6391:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
6279:Lives of the Eminent Commanders
6202:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4807:
4783:
4771:
4735:
4678:
4606:
4262:
4253:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4058:
4046:
4010:
3998:
3953:
3950:Thomas & Contant, pp. 72–73
3944:
3935:
3923:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3868:
3832:
3757:
3004:The Greek fleet then sailed to
1340:. In 1939, Greek archaeologist
1222:continued Herodotus's narrative
141:regain their independence from
6878:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
6757:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6319:. Cambridge University Press.
4637:Roisman & Worthington 2011
4380:. Cambridge University Press.
3732:
3708:
3677:
3672:Roisman & Worthington 2011
3629:
3611:
3583:
13:
1:
11339:Wars involving ancient Athens
11319:Wars involving ancient Cyprus
11309:Wars involving ancient Greece
8078:
8065:
8046:
8029:
7134:Scythian campaign of Darius I
7046:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
6629:Cornelius Nepos – Three Lives
6441:. University of Texas Press.
3605:
3593:
3573:
3440:
3419:Aftermath and later conflicts
3020:was to prove troublesome for
1699:
1512:were each in turn conquered.
1428:in Lydia; and the islands of
34:Persian Wars (disambiguation)
11329:Wars involving ancient Egypt
10932:Battle of the Persian Border
9206:Funeral and burial practices
8391:Military of Mycenaean Greece
7124:Conquest of the Indus Valley
7085:Battle of the Persian Border
6736:. Indiana University Press.
6561:. Cornell University Press.
6399:. Harvard University Press.
6160:Xenophon, Hellenica III, 2–4
3555:
2999:
2860:events unfolding in Greece.
2810:. 19th century illustration.
2185:The task force sailed on to
1675:" to the Persians in 507 BC.
1040:successfully re-subjugating
7:
11022:Revolt of Cyrus the Younger
10674:Wars of Alexander the Great
7285:Wars of Alexander the Great
6713:Snodgrass, Anthony (1971).
6593:. Aris & Phillips Ltd.
6538:. Oxford University Press.
6534:W.W. How; J. Wells (1990).
6498:. Oxford University Press.
3528:
3466:on the obverse. 388–380 BC.
3286:Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus
2918:
2107:492 BC: Mardonius' campaign
1197:
10:
11370:
9130:Greek Revival architecture
8472:
7340:Battle of the Persian Gate
6982:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
6358:The Greek and Persian Wars
6298:Cambridge University Press
6222:(Godley translation, 1920)
6151:Xenophon, Hellenica III, 1
3230:
3183:
2791:
2736:
2659:
2492:
2334:
2331:Size of the Persian forces
2200:
2015:
1922:and associated revolts in
1798:
1795:Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC)
1150:
31:
11202:
11103:
11065:Parni conquest of Parthia
11055:
10955:
10895:
10846:
10682:
10593:Wars of the Delian League
10573:
10530:
10452:
10403:
10397:
10392:
10237:
10114:
10103:
10030:
9952:
9909:
9856:
9714:
9566:
9557:
9553:
9534:
9483:
9398:
9336:
9298:
9291:
9241:
9201:
9192:
9114:
8991:
8987:
8963:
8929:
8898:
8740:
8627:
8571:
8538:Attalid kings of Pergamon
8493:
8484:
8480:
8467:
8346:Antigonid Macedonian army
8319:
8292:
8264:
8221:
8178:
8169:
8011:
7950:
7847:
7843:
7814:
7713:
7662:
7658:
7634:
7621:
7555:
7473:
7377:
7351:
7228:Wars of the Delian League
7064:
7018:
6919:
6870:
6859:
6835:
6536:A commentary on Herodotus
6356:de Souza, Philip (2003).
6334:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989).
6281:; Miltiades, Themistocles
6119:Xenophon, Hellenica II, 2
5145:Freeman, Charles (2014).
5135:Plutarch, Themistocles, 5
5100:Plutarch, Themistocles, 4
3683:Cicero, On the Laws, I, 5
3569:Wars of the Delian League
3233:Wars of the Delian League
3095:
2990:
2949:
2909:
2540:
2430:
2378:
2063:
1979:decisively beaten at the
1844:
1564:'), was based around the
1555:
1527:
995:to conquer the island of
983:In 499 BC, the tyrant of
908:Wars of the Delian League
887:
839:Wars of the Delian League
814:
766:
761:
240:
152:
107:), and Northeast Africa (
70:
48:
43:
11118:Against Byzantine Empire
10990:Conquest of Indus Valley
10980:Revolts against Darius I
10937:Siege of Pasargadae Hill
10618:Second Peloponnesian War
7280:Second conquest of Egypt
7111:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
6957:Palace of Darius in Susa
6692:Sealey, Raphael (1976).
6494:Higbie, Carolyn (2003).
6169:Xenophon, Hellenica V, I
3876:Greek History 480–431 BC
3550:
3509:13,000 Greek mercenaries
3227:Campaigns against Persia
2239:Interbellum (490–480 BC)
2219:, landing at the bay of
592:Otanes (son of Sisamnes)
10975:First conquest of Egypt
10603:First Peloponnesian War
7432:Districts of the Empire
7234:Battle of the Eurymedon
7152:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
7129:First conquest of Egypt
6751:Traver, Andrew (2002).
6652:. John Wiley and Sons.
6608:Osborne, Robin (1996).
6475:Hall, Jonathon (2002).
6372:Farrokh, Keveh (2007).
3623:Encyclopedia Britannica
3476:First Peloponnesian War
3255:Battle of the Eurymedon
2693:The pass of Thermopylae
2054:First Persian invasion
1352:Origins of the conflict
1124:Battle of the Eurymedon
1052:, under the command of
956:(also often called the
919:First Peloponnesian War
829:Second Persian invasion
604:Azanes (son of Arteios)
59:(right), depicted on a
11354:History of the Balkans
10965:Conquest of Asia Minor
10810:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
10735:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
10669:Expansion of Macedonia
8572:Artists & scholars
8487:List of ancient Greeks
8124:Second Athenian League
7973:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7798:Ancient Greek colonies
7547:Seven Achaemenid clans
7319:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
7305:Siege of Halicarnassus
7291:Battle of the Granicus
6553:Kagan, Donald (1989).
6458:The Greco-Persian Wars
3941:Snodgrass, pp. 373–376
3467:
3447:
3399:, on the north coast).
3242:
3198:
2825:Salamis. Athens, with
2822:Alexander I of Macedon
2811:
2776:
2694:
2621:Alexander I of Macedon
2612:
2448:
2389:
2354:
2261:
2212:
2116:
1971:
1915:
1788:
1706:
1676:
1544:
1503:
1362:Mycenaean civilization
1223:
1163:
824:First Persian invasion
291:Dionysius the Phocaean
241:Commanders and leaders
11334:Wars involving Sparta
11037:Great Satraps' Revolt
10917:Battle of the Eclipse
9691:Sybaris on the Traeis
8416:Sacred Band of Thebes
8156:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
7670:Cycladic civilization
7275:Great Satraps' Revolt
7194:Destruction of Athens
7180:Battle of Thermopylae
7031:Old Persian cuneiform
6776:. Osprey Publishing.
6513:Holland, Tom (2006).
6456:Green, Peter (1996).
6437:Green, Peter (2006).
6376:. Osprey Publishing.
6269:Bibliotheca historica
6092:Holland, pp. 366–367.
5657:Holland, pp. 357–358.
5636:Holland, pp. 350–355.
5567:Holland, pp. 342–349.
5525:Holland, pp. 336–338.
5516:Holland, pp. 333–335.
5480:Holland, pp. 320–326.
5420:Holland, pp. 327–329.
5321:Holland, pp. 262–264.
5312:Holland, pp. 257–259.
5270:Holland, pp. 248–249.
5171:Holland, pp. 223–224.
5114:Holland, pp. 219–222.
5088:Holland, pp. 217–219.
5079:Holland, pp. 214–217.
4834:Holland, pp. 213–214.
4825:Holland, pp. 208–211.
4813:Holland, pp. 206–208.
4804:Holland, pp. 202–203.
4756:Holland, pp. 195–197.
4696:Holland, pp. 183–186.
4675:Holland, pp. 181–183.
4591:Holland, pp. 177–178.
4582:Holland, pp. 175–177.
4403:Holland, pp. 153–154.
4374:Waters, Matt (2014).
4344:Waters, Matt (2014).
4322:penelope.uchicago.edu
4148:Holland, pp. 155–157.
4124:Holland, pp. 147–151.
3453:
3426:
3240:
3193:
3016:The aftermath of the
2805:
2774:
2766:destruction of Athens
2739:Destruction of Athens
2692:
2662:Battle of Thermopylae
2610:
2438:
2386:
2344:
2335:Further information:
2251:
2210:
2178:besieged the city of
2114:
1969:
1913:
1751:
1682:
1662:
1535:
1498:
1296:Description of Greece
1276:Bibliotheca historica
1218:
1158:
1120:continued to campaign
1085:Battle of Thermopylae
762:Casualties and losses
11189:Civil war of 628–632
11157:Civil war of 589–591
11042:Abdashtart I' revolt
10942:Battle of Pasargadae
10890:Ancient Iranian wars
10710:Seleucid–Mauryan war
10550:Second Messenian War
9216:mythological figures
8937:Ancient Greek tribes
8062:Peloponnesian League
7573:Cappadocian calendar
7187:Battle of Artemisium
7092:Lydian-Persian Wars
7041:Behistun Inscription
6853:History of democracy
6772:Fields, Nic (2007).
6589:Lazenby, JF (1993).
5969:Sealey, pp. 271–273.
5459:Holland, pp. 310–315
5429:Holland, pp. 308–309
5408:Holland, pp. 305–306
5291:Holland pp. 255–257.
4268:Lazenby, pp. 227–228
3325:, which was sent to
3022:Pausanias the Regent
2666:Battle of Artemisium
2123:, who re-subjugated
1671:, made the gift of "
1388:. These cities were
1118:. The Delian League
11150:Annexation of Yemen
11130:Against Arab tribes
11000:Invasions of Greece
10598:Third Messenian War
10555:Lydian–Milesian War
10540:First Messenian War
9328:Tunnel of Eupalinos
9323:Theatre of Dionysus
8947:Ancient Macedonians
8563:Tyrants of Syracuse
8075:Amphictyonic League
7675:Minoan civilization
7369:Peace of Antalcidas
7333:Battle of Gaugamela
6942:Gate of All Nations
6627:Roebuck, R (1987).
5996:Plutarch, Cimon, 19
5936:Plutarch, Cimon, 13
5924:Plutarch, Cimon, 12
5029:Lazenby, pp. 93–94.
4946:Soldiers with names
4064:Holland, pp. 13–14.
3896:Traver, p. 115–116.
3763:Fehling, pp. 1–277.
3674:, pp. 135–138.
2901:Greek counterattack
2162:(son of the satrap
1729:, probably sent by
1536:Persian and Median
1019:. The Persian king
834:Greek counterattack
233: •
228: •
223: •
218: •
213: •
193: •
188: •
183: •
178: •
173: •
165: •
11274:Greco-Persian Wars
11194:Fall of the Empire
11095:Fall of the Empire
11047:Fall of the Empire
10785:Roman–Seleucid War
10644:Theban–Spartan War
10583:Greco-Persian Wars
10524:Ancient Greek wars
10002:Menestheus's Limin
9656:Pandosia (Lucania)
9544:Greek colonisation
8906:Athenian statesmen
8667:Diogenes of Sinope
8528:Kings of Macedonia
8518:Kings of Commagene
8386:Macedonian phalanx
8366:Hellenistic armies
8114:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
7978:Indo-Greek Kingdom
7700:Hellenistic Greece
7223:Babylonian revolts
7173:Battle of Marathon
7139:Greco-Persian Wars
6888:Achaemenid coinage
6133:Dandamaev, p. 256.
5877:Fine, pp. 338–339.
5062:The British Museum
4971:2020-05-23 at the
4951:2020-09-17 at the
4507:2022-12-26 at the
4277:Lazenby, pp. 34–37
4250:Holland, pp. 69–72
4166:Lazenby, pp. 23–29
4043:Holland, pp. 9–12.
3959:Osborne, pp. 35–37
3808:Finley, pp. 29–30.
3468:
3448:
3243:
3199:
2812:
2777:
2754:Isthmus of Corinth
2695:
2646:Isthmus of Corinth
2613:
2533:invasion of Greece
2449:
2390:
2355:
2295:family, who ruled
2262:
2258:Cimmerian Bosporus
2213:
2203:Battle of Marathon
2197:Battle of Marathon
2117:
1972:
1916:
1707:
1677:
1545:
1504:
1342:Spyridon Marinatos
1224:
1164:
1070:Battle of Marathon
954:Greco-Persian Wars
892:Greco-Persian Wars
806:Greco-Persian Wars
283:Ameinias of Athens
87:Southeast Europe (
44:Greco-Persian Wars
18:Greco–Persian Wars
11349:History of Europe
11304:440s BC conflicts
11299:450s BC conflicts
11294:460s BC conflicts
11289:470s BC conflicts
11284:480s BC conflicts
11279:490s BC conflicts
11213:
11212:
11184:Battle of Dhi Qar
11032:Cadusian campaign
11017:Peloponnesian War
10985:Scythian campaign
10957:Achaemenid Empire
10857:
10856:
10795:War against Nabis
10608:Second Sacred War
10490:
10489:
10448:
10447:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10379:
9954:Iberian Peninsula
9886:Lipara/Meligounis
9852:
9851:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9503:Cypriot syllabary
9394:
9393:
9303:Athenian Treasury
9287:
9286:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8548:Ptolemaic dynasty
8508:Archons of Athens
8463:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8334:Athenian military
8315:
8314:
8148:League of Corinth
8130:Thessalian League
8106:Chalcidian League
8088:Acarnanian League
7998:Ptolemaic Kingdom
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7581:
7580:
7248:Battle of Cyzicus
7242:Peloponnesian War
7208:Battle of Plataea
7201:Battle of Salamis
7104:Battle of Thymbra
6977:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
6829:Achaemenid Empire
6774:Themopylae 480 BC
6684:978-0-521-81703-5
6659:978-1-44-435163-7
6383:978-1-84603-108-3
6178:Dandamaev, p. 294
5666:Dandamaev, p. 223
4210:978-0-307-42518-8
3637:Ehrenberg, Victor
3535:History of Greece
3505:Cyrus the Younger
3481:Peloponnesian War
3292:Peace with Persia
3176:
3175:
3168:Salamis in Cyprus
2937:
2936:
2849:Battle of Plataea
2808:Battle of Plataea
2794:Battle of Plataea
2743:Battle of Salamis
2708:Persian Immortals
2588:
2587:
2482:Greek city-states
2471:Hellenic alliance
2451:The Spartan king
2374:Greek city states
2364:Battle of Salamis
2256:and seal holder,
2244:Achaemenid Empire
2096:
2095:
1989:Battle of Pedasus
1981:Battle of Ephesus
1907:
1906:
1684:Coinage of Athens
1481:Achaemenid Empire
1319:Ctesias of Cnidus
1232:Peloponnesian War
1093:Battle of Plataea
1089:Battle of Salamis
991:, embarked on an
966:Greek city-states
962:Achaemenid Empire
947:
946:
934:Peloponnesian War
923:Second Sacred War
847:
846:
771:
770:
201:Achaemenid Empire
160:Greek city-states
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
11361:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11223:
11206:Military history
11135:Hephthalite Wars
10947:Fall of Ecbatana
10884:
10877:
10870:
10861:
10860:
10850:Military history
10820:Mithridatic Wars
10805:Maccabean Revolt
10753:
10730:Chremonidean War
10659:Third Sacred War
10654:
10560:First Sacred War
10517:
10510:
10503:
10494:
10493:
10480:
10479:
10470:
10460:
10459:
10394:
10393:
10112:
10111:
9611:Heraclea Lucania
9564:
9563:
9555:
9554:
9536:
9535:
9296:
9295:
9228:Twelve Olympians
9199:
9198:
8989:
8988:
8965:
8964:
8553:Seleucid dynasty
8533:Kings of Paionia
8482:
8481:
8469:
8468:
8339:Scythian archers
8246:Graphe paranomon
8176:
8175:
8083:
8080:
8070:
8067:
8051:
8048:
8038:
8034:
8031:
7845:
7844:
7816:
7815:
7695:Classical Greece
7680:Mycenaean Greece
7660:
7659:
7636:
7635:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7585:
7584:
7568:Xanthian Obelisk
7541:
7527:
7513:
7499:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7426:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7364:Peace of Callias
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7298:Siege of Miletus
7293:
7269:
7267:Battle of Cnidus
7256:Battle of Cunaxa
7250:
7236:
7217:
7215:Battle of Mycale
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7166:Siege of Eretria
7161:
7154:
7147:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7097:Battle of Pteria
7087:
7080:
7026:Achaemenid music
7009:
7002:
6995:
6987:Tombs at Xanthos
6951:
6944:
6937:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6865:
6827:
6826:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6768:
6747:
6728:
6709:
6688:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6642:
6623:
6604:
6585:
6572:
6560:
6549:
6530:
6509:
6490:
6471:
6452:
6433:
6421:
6410:
6398:
6387:
6353:
6338:Willem Vogelsang
6330:
6311:
6264:Diodorus Siculus
6197:
6196:Holland, p. 198.
6194:
6188:
6185:
6179:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6120:
6117:
6111:
6110:Holland, p. 371.
6108:
6102:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6062:Holland, p. 366.
6060:
6054:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6012:
6006:
5997:
5994:
5985:
5979:
5970:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5925:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5892:
5891:Holland, p. 362.
5889:
5878:
5875:
5866:
5860:
5847:
5844:
5833:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5675:Lazenby, p. 247.
5673:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5558:Holland, p. 339.
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5438:Holland, p. 303.
5436:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5409:
5406:
5400:
5399:Holland, p. 300.
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5342:Holland, p. 274.
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5249:Holland, p. 226.
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5115:
5112:
5101:
5098:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5066:
5065:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5018:
5017:Holland, p. 320.
5015:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4999:de Souza, p. 41.
4997:
4991:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4962:
4956:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:Holland, p. 263.
4886:
4880:
4879:Holland, p. 225.
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4612:Holland, p. 153.
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4341:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4183:
4182:Lazenby, pp. 256
4180:
4167:
4164:
4149:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3743:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3695:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:978-0-41558487-6
3646:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3558:
3485:Spartan hegemony
3445:
3442:
3411:, following the
3090:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3054:
2941:Mycale and Ionia
2904:
2902:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2857:Battle of Mycale
2798:Battle of Mycale
2535:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2345:The soldiers of
2058:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
1961:Darius the Great
1839:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1786:
1713:, as brother of
1704:
1701:
1501:Darius the Great
1281:Diodorus Siculus
1145:Peace of Callias
1100:Battle of Mycale
1021:Darius the Great
914:Greco-Punic Wars
882:
874:
867:
860:
851:
850:
809:
807:
797:
790:
783:
774:
773:
757:
747:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
509:Darius the Great
504:
494:
487:Coes of Mytilene
483:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
269:
172:
72:
71:
53:
41:
40:
21:
11369:
11368:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11252:
11250:
11240:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11218:
11214:
11209:
11198:
11140:Armenian revolt
11105:Sasanian Empire
11099:
11057:Parthian Empire
11051:
10970:Fall of Babylon
10951:
10927:Battle of Hyrba
10910:Fall of Nineveh
10891:
10888:
10858:
10853:
10842:
10758:Macedonian Wars
10751:
10678:
10652:
10639:Theban hegemony
10569:
10526:
10521:
10491:
10486:
10444:
10399:
10376:
10239:
10233:
10116:
10107:
10099:
10070:Melaina Korkyra
10026:
9948:
9905:
9858:Aeolian Islands
9848:
9710:
9568:
9549:
9548:
9522:
9479:
9390:
9332:
9283:
9237:
9188:
9110:
9101:Wedding customs
8983:
8982:
8951:
8942:Thracian Greeks
8925:
8916:Olympic victors
8894:
8736:
8623:
8567:
8558:Kings of Sparta
8543:Kings of Pontus
8513:Kings of Athens
8489:
8476:
8455:
8351:Army of Macedon
8311:
8288:
8260:
8217:
8165:
8138:(370–c. 230 BC)
8136:Arcadian League
8120:(c. 400–188 BC)
8118:Aetolian League
8112:Boeotian League
8094:Hellenic League
8081:
8068:
8058:(c. 650–404 BC)
8049:
8043:Italiote League
8036:
8032:
8026:Doric Hexapolis
8016:
8007:
8003:Seleucid Empire
7946:
7839:
7838:
7802:
7709:
7685:Greek Dark Ages
7654:
7653:
7630:
7617:
7612:
7582:
7577:
7551:
7537:
7523:
7509:
7495:
7469:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7422:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7373:
7359:Earth and water
7347:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7312:Battle of Issus
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7265:
7246:
7232:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7083:
7078:Battle of Hyrba
7076:
7060:
7014:
7005:
7000:Nereid Monument
6998:
6991:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6915:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6866:
6857:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6784:
6765:
6744:
6725:
6706:
6685:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6639:
6620:
6601:
6569:
6546:
6527:
6506:
6487:
6468:
6449:
6430:
6407:
6384:
6350:
6327:
6308:
6288:
6275:Cornelius Nepos
6210:
6208:Ancient sources
6205:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:Sealey, p. 282.
6082:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:Sealey, p. 281.
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6023:Sealey, p. 280.
6022:
6015:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:Sealey, p. 250.
5914:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5850:
5845:
5836:
5832:Sealey, p. 242.
5831:
5824:
5816:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5104:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4973:Wayback Machine
4963:
4959:
4953:Wayback Machine
4944:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4509:Wayback Machine
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4342:
4329:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:Holland, p. 217
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:Lazenby, p. 232
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:Holland, p. 196
4222:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4186:
4181:
4170:
4165:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:Sealey, p. 248.
3819:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:Sealey, p. 264.
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:Holland, p. 377
3753:
3746:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3696:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3553:
3540:History of Iran
3531:
3443:
3421:
3294:
3277:ongoing warfare
3235:
3229:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3052:
3031:and settled in
3002:
2993:
2952:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2866:
2800:
2792:Main articles:
2790:
2745:
2737:Main articles:
2735:
2668:
2660:Main articles:
2658:
2600:. It paused at
2594:
2589:
2584:
2536:
2532:
2531:Second Persian
2529:
2527:
2497:
2491:
2473:
2433:
2403:The politician
2381:
2376:
2339:
2333:
2325:pontoon bridges
2246:
2241:
2205:
2199:
2152:
2109:
2097:
2092:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2020:
2014:
1908:
1903:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1803:
1797:
1787:
1785:Herodotus 5.73.
1784:
1778:earth and water
1721:in his capital
1702:
1686:at the time of
1673:Earth and Water
1657:
1618:
1558:
1530:
1522:
1354:
1321:(epitomized by
1315:Cornelius Nepos
1309:(epitomized by
1307:Pompeius Trogus
1269:and especially
1246:the Fifty Years
1198:siege of Sestos
1181:(The) Histories
1153:
1128:Egyptian revolt
970:Cyrus the Great
950:
949:
948:
943:
883:
880:
878:
848:
843:
810:
805:
803:
801:
748:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
518:
512:
495:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
265:
257:
251:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
192:
187:
182:
177:
170:
169:
164:
126:
112:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11367:
11357:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11344:5th century BC
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11261:
11260:
11248:
11236:
11211:
11210:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11159:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11109:
11107:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11061:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11027:Corinthian War
11024:
11019:
11014:
11013:
11012:
11007:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10961:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10913:
10912:
10901:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10887:
10886:
10879:
10872:
10864:
10855:
10854:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10835:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10755:
10747:
10742:
10740:Cleomenean War
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10694:
10688:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10648:
10647:
10646:
10635:
10630:
10628:Corinthian War
10625:
10623:Phyle Campaign
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10579:
10577:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10536:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10520:
10519:
10512:
10505:
10497:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10474:
10464:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10404:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10243:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10118:
10109:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10036:
10034:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9958:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9915:
9913:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9862:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9804:Megara Hyblaea
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9784:Hybla Gereatis
9781:
9776:
9774:Heraclea Minoa
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9572:
9570:
9561:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9540:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9518:Attic numerals
9515:
9513:Greek numerals
9510:
9508:Greek alphabet
9505:
9500:
9495:
9489:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9477:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9404:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9208:
9202:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9162:Musical system
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9121:
9119:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8969:
8961:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8633:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8594:Mathematicians
8591:
8586:
8581:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8503:Kings of Argos
8499:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8478:
8477:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8361:Cretan archers
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8160:Achaean League
8157:
8154:Euboean League
8151:
8145:
8142:Epirote League
8139:
8133:
8127:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8090:(c. 500–31 BC)
8085:
8072:
8059:
8053:
8040:
8022:
8020:
8018:Confederations
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7942:Lissus (Crete)
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7853:
7851:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Archaic Greece
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:Ancient Greece
7611:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7588:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7381:
7379:
7378:Administration
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7261:Corinthian War
7258:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7159:Battle of Lade
7155:
7148:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7119:Battle of Opis
7116:
7115:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7072:Persian Revolt
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7056:Cyrus Cylinder
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:Tomb of Payava
7003:
6996:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6972:Naqsh-e Rostam
6969:
6967:Persian column
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6925:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6783:978-1841761800
6782:
6769:
6763:
6748:
6742:
6729:
6723:
6710:
6704:
6689:
6683:
6670:
6658:
6643:
6637:
6624:
6618:
6605:
6599:
6586:
6573:
6567:
6550:
6544:
6531:
6525:
6510:
6504:
6491:
6485:
6472:
6466:
6453:
6447:
6434:
6428:
6411:
6405:
6388:
6382:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6331:
6325:
6312:
6306:
6287:
6286:Modern sources
6284:
6283:
6282:
6272:
6261:
6257:Parallel Lives
6249:
6234:
6223:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6189:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6121:
6112:
6103:
6101:Kagan, p. 128.
6094:
6085:
6073:
6064:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6025:
6013:
5998:
5986:
5971:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5893:
5879:
5867:
5848:
5834:
5822:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5638:
5629:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5473:
5461:
5452:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5410:
5401:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5335:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5293:
5284:
5272:
5263:
5251:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5185:
5173:
5164:
5157:
5137:
5128:
5116:
5102:
5090:
5081:
5067:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4992:
4976:
4957:
4955:, after Walser
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4827:
4815:
4806:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4639:, p. 343.
4629:
4614:
4605:
4593:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4386:
4363:
4356:
4327:
4306:
4294:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4232:Farrokh, p. 76
4225:
4216:
4209:
4184:
4168:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3922:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3867:
3843:
3831:
3822:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3772:Finley, p. 16.
3765:
3756:
3744:
3731:
3729:Finley, p. 15.
3719:
3707:
3685:
3676:
3664:
3657:
3628:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3518:"King's Peace"
3514:Corinthian War
3420:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3393:Cyanaean rocks
3385:
3384:and Diodorus).
3368:closer than a
3354:
3340:pentekontaetia
3293:
3290:
3231:Main article:
3228:
3225:
3184:Main article:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2789:
2786:
2734:
2731:
2657:
2654:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2493:Main article:
2490:
2487:
2472:
2469:
2432:
2429:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2351:Naqsh-e Rostam
2332:
2329:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2201:Main article:
2198:
2195:
2151:
2148:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2016:Main article:
2013:
2010:
1997:Battle of Lade
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1799:Main article:
1796:
1793:
1782:
1755:Lacedaemonians
1717:and Satrap of
1656:
1653:
1617:
1614:
1557:
1554:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1353:
1350:
1330:Serpent Column
1242:πεντηκονταετία
1237:pentekontaetia
1152:
1149:
1026:Battle of Lade
945:
944:
942:
941:
939:Phyle Campaign
936:
931:
926:
916:
911:
888:
885:
884:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
812:
811:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
769:
768:
767:300,000 killed
764:
763:
759:
758:
505:
243:
242:
238:
237:
197:
195:Ancient Cyprus
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
128:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
103:), West Asia (
97:Aegean Islands
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11366:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11259:
11249:
11247:
11237:
11235:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11216:
11208:
11207:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11145:Aksumite Wars
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11119:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11080:Scythian Wars
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11070:Seleucid Wars
11068:
11066:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11058:
11054:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10995:Ionian Revolt
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10898:
10894:
10885:
10880:
10878:
10873:
10871:
10866:
10865:
10862:
10852:
10851:
10845:
10839:
10838:War of Actium
10836:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10588:Aeginetan War
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10565:Sicilian Wars
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10545:Lelantine War
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10518:
10513:
10511:
10506:
10504:
10499:
10498:
10495:
10483:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10463:
10455:
10454:
10451:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10402:
10395:
10391:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10029:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9982:Hemeroscopion
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9951:
9945:
9942:
9939:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9908:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9559:Magna Graecia
9556:
9552:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9433:Arcadocypriot
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9386:Zeus, Olympia
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9371:Hera, Olympia
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9274:Mount Olympus
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:Sacred places
9240:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9066:Olympic Games
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9056:Homosexuality
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8466:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:Seleucid army
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8100:Delian League
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8076:
8073:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8056:Ionian League
8054:
8044:
8041:
8037: 560 BC
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:Magna Graecia
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7604:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7448:Chapar Khaneh
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7326:Siege of Gaza
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7145:Ionian Revolt
7142:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Tomb of Cyrus
6960:
6958:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6894:Apadana hoard
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Oxus Treasure
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6804:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6764:0-313-30942-6
6760:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6745:
6743:0-253-21602-8
6739:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6724:0-415-93635-7
6720:
6717:. Routledge.
6716:
6711:
6707:
6705:0-520-03177-6
6701:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6644:
6640:
6638:0-86516-207-7
6634:
6630:
6625:
6621:
6619:0-415-03583-X
6615:
6612:. Routledge.
6611:
6606:
6602:
6600:0-85668-591-7
6596:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6568:0-8014-9556-3
6564:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6547:
6545:0-19-872139-0
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6526:0-385-51311-9
6522:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6505:0-19-924191-0
6501:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6486:0-226-31329-8
6482:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6467:0-520-20573-1
6463:
6459:
6454:
6450:
6448:0-292-71277-4
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6429:0-14-044039-9
6425:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6408:
6406:0-674-03314-0
6402:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6366:1-84176-358-6
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6349:90-04-09172-6
6345:
6341:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6326:0-521-22804-2
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6307:0-521-22804-2
6303:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:The Histories
6215:
6212:
6211:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6071:Fine, p. 363.
6068:
6059:
6050:
6044:Kagan, p. 84.
6041:
6035:
6029:
6020:
6018:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5933:
5931:
5921:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5846:Fine, p. 331.
5843:
5841:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5405:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5318:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5168:
5160:
5158:9780199651917
5154:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5132:
5123:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5047:Burn, p. 331.
5044:
5038:Green, p. 61.
5035:
5026:
5024:
5014:
5008:Köster (1934)
5005:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4693:
4691:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4387:9781107009608
4383:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4357:9781107009608
4353:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4130:
4121:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3905:Fields, p. 93
3902:
3893:
3887:Roebuck, p. 2
3884:
3877:
3871:
3865:Fine, p. 360.
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3799:Fine, p. 336.
3796:
3787:
3781:Kagan, p. 77.
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3697:Holland, pp.
3694:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3565:Ionian Revolt
3562:
3557:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3522:Artaxerxes II
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3472:Delian League
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3413:Ionian Revolt
3410:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:day's journey
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3221:Delian League
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3196:Delian League
3192:
3187:
3186:Delian League
3180:Delian League
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3088:Delian League
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3008:, which they
3007:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2947:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:Vale of Tempe
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:, c. 500 BC).
2446:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2254:cylinder seal
2250:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:Ionian Revolt
1912:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1837:Ionian Revolt
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1801:Ionian Revolt
1792:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:According to
1661:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:Naval warfare
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:Philobarbaros
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:Halicarnassus
1169:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Delian League
1113:
1109:
1106:(479 BC) and
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Ionian Revolt
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:Ionian Revolt
893:
890:
889:
886:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Ionian Revolt
817:
816:
813:
808:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:
775:
765:
760:
756:
751:
746:
741:
737:
735:
729:
725:
723:
717:
713:
711:
705:
701:
699:
693:
689:
687:
681:
677:
675:
669:
665:
663:
657:
653:
651:
645:
641:
639:
633:
629:
627:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
510:
506:
503:
498:
493:
488:
484:
482:
476:
472:
470:
464:
460:
458:
452:
448:
446:
440:
436:
434:
428:
424:
422:
416:
412:
410:
404:
400:
398:
392:
388:
386:
380:
376:
374:
368:
364:
362:
356:
352:
350:
344:
340:
338:
332:
328:
326:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
268:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
215:Halicarnassus
210:
207:
203:
202:
198:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
175:Delian League
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
124:
123:
120:Greek victory
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
11215:
11204:
11162:Göktürk Wars
11085:Armenian War
11075:Bactrian War
10999:
10897:Median state
10848:
10800:Galatian War
10790:Aetolian War
10752:(220–217 BC)
10698:
10697:Wars of the
10653:(357–355 BC)
10637:Wars of the
10633:Boeotian War
10582:
10277:Dionysopolis
10247:Abonoteichos
10199:Pantikapaion
9789:Hybla Heraea
9125:Architecture
9081:Prostitution
8770:Aristophanes
8629:Philosophers
8599:Philosophers
8431:Spartan army
8162:(280–146 BC)
8150:(338–322 BC)
8144:(370–168 BC)
8132:(374–196 BC)
8126:(378–355 BC)
8108:(430–348 BC)
8102:(478–404 BC)
8096:(499–449 BC)
8093:
7783:Peloponnesus
7705:Roman Greece
7138:
6921:Architecture
6773:
6753:
6733:
6714:
6694:
6674:
6663:. Retrieved
6648:
6628:
6609:
6590:
6581:
6578:Klio Belheft
6577:
6556:
6535:
6514:
6495:
6476:
6457:
6438:
6417:
6394:
6373:
6357:
6335:
6316:
6293:
6278:
6267:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6229:
6217:
6203:Bibliography
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6142:Rung, p. 36.
6138:
6115:
6106:
6097:
6088:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6028:
5965:
5953:
5941:
5920:
5911:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5692:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5641:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5521:
5497:
5485:
5476:
5464:
5455:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5404:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5338:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5296:
5287:
5275:
5266:
5254:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5188:
5176:
5167:
5147:
5140:
5131:
5126:Fine, p. 292
5084:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4985:
4979:
4960:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4830:
4809:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4680:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4608:
4596:
4587:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4502:pp. 481–490.
4497:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4376:
4346:
4321:
4297:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4199:
4135:pp. 269–277.
4129:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4060:
4048:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3925:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3834:
3829:Fine, p. 343
3825:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3739:
3738:Holland, p.
3734:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3679:
3667:
3642:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3501:
3492:Artaxerxes I
3489:
3469:
3458:, Satrap of
3405:
3377:
3374:Callisthenes
3365:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3315:
3307:Callisthenes
3295:
3263:
3244:
3212:
3200:
3130:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3086:Wars of the
3041:
3026:
3015:
3003:
2994:
2978:
2953:
2944:
2853:Mount Mycale
2846:
2835:
2813:
2782:
2778:
2746:
2729:
2717:
2696:
2679:
2669:
2634:Peloponnesus
2614:
2595:
2474:
2450:
2413:
2408:
2405:Themistocles
2402:
2391:
2360:
2356:
2311:gathered in
2309:
2286:
2263:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2184:
2153:
2141:
2118:
2098:
2006:
1999:, after the
1993:
1973:
1917:
1789:
1752:
1708:
1705:–500/490 BC.
1690:. Effigy of
1634:
1629:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1559:
1546:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1466:
1442:
1437:
1355:
1346:Kolonos Hill
1327:
1298:, while the
1295:
1289:
1274:
1263:Themistocles
1256:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1136:Artaxerxes I
1097:
1074:
1030:
982:
958:Persian Wars
957:
953:
951:
891:
804:
733:
721:
709:
697:
692:Damasithymus
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
525:
521:Artaxerxes I
519:
513:
507:
480:
468:
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
396:
391:Charitimides
384:
372:
367:Aristocyprus
360:
348:
343:Amompharetus
336:
324:
315:Hermophantus
274:Themistocles
272:
266:
258:
252:
246:
199:
158:
153:Belligerents
29:
10815:Achaean War
10750:Social War
10745:Lyttian War
10720:Syrian Wars
10715:Pyrrhic War
10684:Hellenistic
10664:Foreign War
10651:Social War
10425:Place names
10337:Salmydessus
10159:Kalos Limen
10139:Chersonesus
10129:Borysthenes
9834:Tauromenion
9646:Metapontion
9408:Proto-Greek
9361:Erechtheion
9356:Athena Nike
9318:Philippeion
9147:Mathematics
9118:and science
9001:Agriculture
8865:Stesichorus
8775:Bacchylides
8765:Archilochus
8652:Antisthenes
8642:Anaximander
8614:Seven Sages
8604:Playwrights
8584:Geographers
8579:Astronomers
8406:Pezhetairos
8033: 1100
8013:Federations
7912:Megalopolis
7849:City states
7824:City states
7491:Mithridatic
7036:Old Persian
6843:Family tree
6422:. Penguin.
6187:Hall, p. 68
5981:Thucydides
5957:Thucydides
5945:Thucydides
5903:Thucydides
5862:Thucydides
5817:Thucydides
5696:Thucydides
5363:Herodotus
5225:Herodotus,
3929:Thucydides
3878:, pp. 1–13.
3454:Coinage of
3446:/30–410 BC.
3409:Artaphernes
3358:Halys River
3204:Leotychides
3138:Chersonesos
2957:Chersonesos
2638:Thermopylae
2545:Thermopylae
2457:Leotychides
2278:Mount Athos
2164:Artaphernes
2160:Artaphernes
2154:In 490 BC,
2137:Mount Athos
1953:Artaphernes
1949:Aristagoras
1767:Artaphrenes
1731:Cleisthenes
1711:Artaphernes
1709:In 507 BC,
1688:Cleisthenes
1637:Phoenicians
1458:Halys River
1259:biographies
1186:Tom Holland
1058:Artaphernes
989:Aristagoras
728:Pherendatis
596:Tithraustes
572:Hydarnes II
544:Artaphernes
527:Artemisia I
379:Callimachus
355:Aristagoras
299:Leotychides
125:Territorial
11268:Categories
11125:Kushan War
11113:Roman Wars
11090:Roman Wars
10780:Cretan War
10692:Lamian War
10613:Samian War
10327:Polemonion
10204:Phanagoria
10174:Kimmerikon
10169:Kerkinitis
10154:Hermonassa
10144:Dioscurias
10040:Aspalathos
9987:Kalathousa
9962:Akra Leuke
9891:Phoenicusa
9676:Scylletium
9661:Poseidonia
9581:Brentesion
9468:Pamphylian
9463:Macedonian
9381:Samothrace
9366:Hephaestus
9313:Long Walls
9292:Structures
9233:Underworld
9179:Technology
9142:Literature
9076:Philosophy
9041:Euergetism
8930:By culture
8875:Thucydides
8717:Pythagoras
8712:Protagoras
8702:Parmenides
8687:Heraclitus
8672:Empedocles
8662:Democritus
8647:Anaximenes
8637:Anaxagoras
8589:Historians
8082: 595
8069: 550
8050: 800
8035: – c.
7963:Cappadocia
7768:Ionian Sea
7758:Hellespont
7723:Aegean Sea
7511:Cappadocia
7505:Ariarathid
7481:Achaemenid
7442:Royal Road
7389:Pasargadae
6993:Harpy Tomb
6929:Persepolis
6665:2016-03-14
6519:. Abacus.
6226:Thucydides
6032:Herodotus
5800:Herodotus
5788:Herodotus
5776:Herodotus
5764:Herodotus
5749:Herodotus
5737:Herodotus
5725:Herodotus
5713:Herodotus
5684:Herodotus
5645:Herodotus
5624:Herodotus
5612:Herodotus
5600:Herodotus
5588:Herodotus
5576:Herodotus
5546:Herodotus
5534:Herodotus
5501:Herodotus
5489:Herodotus
5468:Herodotus
5447:Herodotus
5387:Herodotus
5375:Herodotus
5351:Herodotus
5330:Herodotus
5300:Herodotus
5279:Herodotus
5258:Herodotus
5237:Herodotus
5213:Herodotus
5201:Herodotus
5180:Herodotus
4933:Herodotus
4921:Herodotus
4909:Herodotus
4899:VII, 62–80
4897:Herodotus
4867:Herodotus
4855:Herodotus
4843:Herodotus
4789:Herodotus
4777:Herodotus
4765:Herodotus
4741:Herodotus
4729:Herodotus
4717:Herodotus
4705:Herodotus
4660:Herodotus
4648:Herodotus
4624:Herodotus
4600:Herodotus
4567:Herodotus
4555:Herodotus
4543:Herodotus
4531:Herodotus
4519:Herodotus
4484:Herodotus
4472:Herodotus
4460:Herodotus
4448:Herodotus
4438:V, 100–101
4436:Herodotus
4424:Herodotus
4412:Herodotus
4301:Herodotus
4289:Herodotus
4109:Herodotus
4097:Herodotus
4085:Herodotus
4073:Herodotus
4052:Herodotus
4028:Herodotus
4016:Herodotus
4004:Herodotus
3992:Herodotus
3980:Herodotus
3968:Herodotus
3919:I, 142–151
3917:Herodotus
3606:References
3444: 440
3427:Dynast of
3318:Artaxerxes
3311:Theopompus
3251:Asia Minor
3208:Xanthippus
3153:Prosopitis
2720:Artemisium
2676:Leonidas I
2642:Artemisium
2550:Artemisium
2445:Vix crater
2398:Alcmaeonid
2317:Cappadocia
2274:Hellespont
1940:Asia Minor
1719:Asia Minor
1703: 510
1587:linothorax
1562:Chigi vase
1542:Persepolis
1418:Clazomenae
1400:in Caria;
1220:Thucydides
1194:Thucydides
1178:, English
1050:Aegean Sea
1001:Asia Minor
993:expedition
929:Samian War
680:Ariabignes
668:Achaemenes
612:Ithamitres
532:Ariomardus
497:Leontiades
427:Demophilus
415:Cynaegirus
319:Melanthius
311:Charopinos
307:Xanthippus
295:Eurybiades
287:Arimnestos
279:Adeimantus
260:Leonidas I
78:499–449 BC
10575:Classical
10413:in Epirus
10362:Trapezous
10307:Mesambria
10292:Eupatoria
10262:Apollonia
10257:Anchialos
10219:Theodosia
10189:Nymphaion
10179:Myrmekion
10149:Gorgippia
10105:Black Sea
10090:Tragurion
10075:Nymphaion
10060:Epidauros
10055:Epidamnos
10045:Apollonia
10022:Zacynthos
9944:Ptolemais
9938:Apollonia
9911:Cyrenaica
9901:Therassía
9896:Strongyle
9876:Ereikousa
9799:Leontinoi
9739:Apollonia
9616:Hipponion
9413:Mycenaean
9376:Parthenon
9308:Lion Gate
9211:Mythology
9174:Sculpture
9137:Astronomy
9071:Pederasty
9046:Festivals
9031:Education
8911:Lawgivers
8880:Timocreon
8860:Sophocles
8855:Simonides
8830:Philocles
8825:Panyassis
8820:Mimnermus
8785:Herodotus
8780:Euripides
8750:Aeschylus
8697:Leucippus
8657:Aristotle
8436:Strategos
8302:Synedrion
8256:Ostracism
8236:Areopagus
8188:Free city
7983:Macedonia
7867:Byzantion
7773:Macedonia
7738:Cyrenaica
7715:Geography
7649:Geography
7486:Pharnacid
7474:Dynasties
7418:Satrapies
7384:Capitals
7352:Diplomacy
7051:Ganjnameh
6342:. Brill.
6247:Hellenica
6214:Herodotus
6008:Diodorus
5503:VIII, 100
4569:VI, 31–33
4496:Boardman
3497:Agesilaus
3464:Faravahar
3456:Tiribazos
3362:Isocrates
3303:Isocrates
3259:Pamphylia
3158:Mendisium
3143:Pampremis
3126:Eurymedon
3120:3rd Naxos
3006:Byzantium
3000:Byzantium
2981:Plistorus
2973:Artayctes
2929:Byzantium
2842:Pausanias
2817:Mardonius
2762:Acropolis
2712:Ephialtes
2453:Demaratus
2443:hoplite (
2439:Probable
2424:ostracism
2282:Babylonia
2225:Miltiades
2121:Mardonius
2056:of Greece
1945:Histiaeus
1874:Labraunda
1771:Hystaspes
1759:Cleomenes
1739:Herodotus
1665:Herodotus
1645:Cilicians
1641:Egyptians
1630:diekplous
1550:sparabara
1538:Immortals
1438:Panionion
1300:Byzantine
1292:Pausanias
1267:Aristides
1168:Herodotus
1160:Herodotus
1132:Inaros II
1112:Pausanias
1108:Byzantium
1064:, before
1038:Mardonius
740:Artayctes
716:Masistius
704:Mardonius
644:Mardontes
600:Artayntes
588:Megabyzus
584:Megabazus
580:Megabates
552:Artyphius
540:Artapanus
536:Artabazus
451:Histiaeus
439:Eualcides
331:Stesilaos
303:Pausanias
248:Miltiades
220:Thessalia
10699:Diadochi
10462:Category
10440:Theatres
10367:Tripolis
10302:Kerasous
10297:Heraclea
10229:Tyritake
10184:Nikonion
10095:Thronion
10017:Salauris
9972:Emporion
9929:Berenice
9919:Balagrae
9871:Euonymos
9844:Tyndaris
9829:Syracuse
9824:Selinous
9794:Kamarina
9749:Casmenae
9734:Akrillai
9651:Neápolis
9586:Caulonia
9567:Mainland
9498:Linear B
9493:Linear A
9423:Dialects
9400:Language
9194:Religion
9152:Medicine
9086:Religion
9051:Folklore
9036:Emporium
9011:Clothing
9006:Calendar
8890:Xenophon
8885:Tyrtaeus
8870:Theognis
8845:Polybius
8840:Plutarch
8815:Menander
8795:Hipponax
8722:Socrates
8677:Epicurus
8523:Diadochi
8421:Sciritae
8381:Hetairoi
8356:Ballista
8321:Military
8284:Gerousia
8274:Ekklesia
8241:Ecclesia
8223:Athenian
8171:Politics
8084:–279 BC)
8071:–366 BC)
8052:–389 BC)
7988:Pergamon
7958:Bithynia
7951:Kingdoms
7892:Pergamon
7834:Military
7829:Politics
7626:Timeline
7519:Lygdamid
7455:Angarium
7396:Ecbatana
6848:Timeline
6252:Plutarch
6242:Anabasis
6237:Xenophon
6034:VII, 151
5491:VIII, 97
5470:VIII, 89
5449:VIII, 63
5389:VIII, 41
5377:VIII, 21
5353:VII, 223
5332:VII, 210
5302:VIII, 40
5281:VII, 173
5260:VII, 100
5239:VII, 160
5227:VII, 148
5215:VII, 145
5182:VII, 239
4969:Archived
4949:Archived
4857:VII, 150
4533:VI, 8–16
4505:Archived
4018:I, 74–75
3639:(2011).
3529:See also
3397:Bosporus
3389:Phaselis
3266:Egyptian
3113:Karystos
3029:Bosporus
3010:besieged
2965:Oeobazus
2684:Phocians
2632:and the
2624:Greece (
2602:Doriskos
2570:Olynthus
2565:Potidaea
2409:zeugites
2347:Xerxes I
2301:Thessaly
2293:Aleuadae
2270:Xerxes I
2266:Egyptian
2221:Marathon
2191:besieged
2088:Marathon
2078:Karystos
1783:—
1715:Darius I
1649:Cypriots
1577:zeugites
1573:hoplites
1509:Harpagus
1477:Astyages
1449:Alyattes
1426:Erythrae
1406:Colophon
1366:Aeolians
1358:dark age
1311:Justinus
1230:and the
1210:Historia
1202:Plutarch
1176:Historia
1134:against
1062:Cyclades
906:•
902:•
898:•
750:Aridolis
656:Tigranes
632:Daurises
620:Artybius
576:Masistes
564:Gongylos
515:Xerxes I
475:Perilaus
463:Onesilus
254:Pericles
185:Thespiae
105:Anatolia
83:Location
11220:Portals
10822: (
10760: (
10532:Archaic
10482:Outline
10435:Temples
10372:Zaliche
10352:Thèrmae
10342:Sesamus
10312:Odessos
10287:Cytorus
10282:Cotyora
10032:Illyria
9997:Mainake
9992:Kypsela
9881:Hycesia
9839:Thermae
9819:Segesta
9809:Messana
9764:Helorus
9744:Calacte
9724:Akragas
9686:Sybaris
9671:Rhegion
9626:Krimisa
9576:Alision
9485:Writing
9458:Locrian
9448:Epirote
9418:Homeric
9351:Artemis
9338:Temples
9279:Olympia
9249:Eleusis
9184:Theatre
9169:Pottery
9096:Warfare
9091:Slavery
9026:Economy
9021:Cuisine
9016:Coinage
8993:Society
8978:Culture
8973:Society
8921:Tyrants
8760:Alcaeus
8742:Authors
8692:Hypatia
8682:Gorgias
8619:Writers
8441:Toxotai
8411:Sarissa
8401:Peltast
8396:Phalanx
8376:Hoplite
8371:Hippeis
8294:Macedon
8266:Spartan
8251:Heliaia
8198:Proxeny
7907:Larissa
7902:Kerkyra
7897:Eretria
7887:Miletus
7882:Ephesus
7877:Corinth
7872:Chalcis
7793:Taurica
7663:Periods
7644:History
7556:Related
7539:Armenia
7533:Orontid
7462:Angarum
7424:Armenia
7403:Babylon
7065:Warfare
7019:Culture
6949:Tachara
6935:Apadana
6836:History
5802:IX, 121
5790:IX, 120
5778:IX, 119
5766:IX, 118
5751:IX, 117
5739:IX, 116
5727:IX, 115
5715:IX, 114
5686:IX, 104
5647:IX, 100
5365:VIII, 2
5203:VII, 32
4935:VII, 35
4923:VII, 37
4911:VII, 26
4791:VI, 116
4779:VI, 115
4767:VI, 117
4743:VI, 102
4731:VI, 101
4719:VI, 100
4291:VII, 89
3874:Green,
3462:, with
3435:, with
3382:Ephorus
3323:Callias
3299:Ephorus
3273:Memphis
3269:satrapy
3148:Memphis
3035:in the
3033:Kolonai
2838:Plataea
2831:Plataea
2749:Boeotia
2725:Salamis
2704:phalanx
2700:hoplite
2680:Hippeis
2672:Carneia
2650:Troezen
2626:Boeotia
2575:Plataea
2560:Salamis
2478:Corinth
2441:Spartan
2416:Laurium
2313:Kritala
2297:Larissa
2168:Cilicia
2129:Macedon
2083:Eretria
2001:Samians
1976:tyrants
1957:mission
1889:Miletus
1879:Pedasus
1869:Marsyas
1859:Ephesus
1854:Sardis
1769:son of
1747:Hippias
1626:ramming
1622:trireme
1569:phalanx
1566:hoplite
1471:prince
1469:Persian
1462:Croesus
1445:Lydians
1422:Phocaea
1410:Lebedos
1402:Ephesus
1390:Miletus
1374:Ionians
1370:Dorians
1338:Plataea
1323:Photius
1285:Ephorus
1151:Sources
1046:Macedon
1013:Eretria
985:Miletus
978:tyrants
734:†
722:†
710:†
698:†
686:†
674:†
662:†
650:†
638:†
626:†
616:Peraxes
608:Hyamees
568:Hippias
481:†
469:†
457:†
445:†
433:†
421:†
409:†
397:†
385:†
373:†
361:†
349:†
337:†
325:†
267:†
235:Macedon
225:Boeotia
209:vassals
131:Macedon
127:changes
63:at the
57:hoplite
11258:Europe
11234:Greece
10828:Second
10774:Fourth
10766:Second
10472:Portal
10420:People
10408:Cities
10347:Sinope
10332:Rhizos
10322:Phasis
10272:Bathus
10267:Athina
10252:Amisos
10214:Tanais
10209:Pityus
10134:Charax
10085:Pharos
10080:Orikon
9977:Helike
9967:Alonis
9934:Cyrene
9866:Didyme
9779:Himera
9754:Catana
9716:Sicily
9706:Thurii
9701:Terina
9666:Pixous
9621:Hydrus
9596:Croton
9428:Aeolic
9346:Aphaea
9269:Dodona
9254:Delphi
9223:Temple
8899:Others
8850:Sappho
8835:Pindar
8810:Lucian
8805:Ibycus
8790:Hesiod
8727:Thales
8495:Rulers
8474:People
8451:Xyston
8446:Xiphos
8307:Koinon
8213:Tyrant
8203:Stasis
8193:Koinon
7993:Pontus
7968:Epirus
7937:Sparta
7927:Rhodes
7922:Megara
7917:Thebes
7862:Athens
7788:Pontus
7753:Epirus
7743:Cyprus
7728:Aeolis
7497:Pontus
6901:Danake
6780:
6761:
6740:
6721:
6702:
6681:
6656:
6635:
6616:
6597:
6565:
6542:
6523:
6502:
6483:
6464:
6445:
6426:
6403:
6380:
6364:
6346:
6323:
6304:
6010:XII, 4
5983:I, 112
5959:I, 109
5947:I, 104
5626:IX, 65
5614:IX, 66
5602:IX, 63
5590:IX, 62
5578:IX, 59
5548:IX, 10
5155:
4845:VII, 7
4707:VI, 96
4650:VI, 45
4626:VI, 44
4602:VI, 43
4557:VI, 25
4545:VI, 19
4498:et al.
4486:V, 121
4474:V, 117
4462:V, 116
4450:V, 102
4384:
4354:
4207:
4133:Fine,
4111:I, 169
4099:I, 164
4087:I, 163
4075:I, 141
3994:I, 148
3982:I, 143
3970:I, 142
3840:I, 137
3655:
3651:–100.
3597:
3587:
3577:
3559:
3437:Athena
3433:Kherei
3331:Argive
3282:Kition
3163:Kition
3132:Thasos
3106:Skyros
3044:Dorkis
2991:Cyprus
2985:Elaeus
2969:Cardia
2961:Sestos
2950:Sestos
2924:Cyprus
2919:Sestos
2914:Mycale
2827:Megara
2758:Megara
2630:Attica
2598:Therme
2580:Mycale
2555:Athens
2431:Sparta
2420:Aegina
2388:89333.
2379:Athens
2321:Abydos
2305:Thebes
2217:Attica
2187:Euboea
2180:Lindos
2172:Rhodes
2144:Sparta
2133:vassal
2125:Thrace
2068:Lindos
1985:Darius
1934:, and
1932:Cyprus
1924:Aeolis
1899:Malene
1864:Cyprus
1775:Darius
1763:Sardis
1744:tyrant
1735:Sparta
1727:Athens
1723:Sardis
1696:Athens
1692:Athena
1669:Sparta
1609:psiloi
1604:xiphos
1582:hoplon
1556:Greece
1528:Persia
1489:Delphi
1485:oracle
1454:Median
1398:Priene
1334:Delphi
1140:Cyprus
1104:Sestos
1077:Xerxes
1042:Thrace
1017:Sardis
1009:Athens
752:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
499:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
417:
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
263:
230:Thebes
190:Thebes
180:Sparta
171:
167:Athens
143:Persia
137:, and
135:Thrace
117:Result
101:Cyprus
99:, and
93:Thrace
89:Greece
10832:Third
10824:First
10770:Third
10762:First
10430:Stoae
10398:Lists
10317:Oinòe
10240:coast
10238:South
10224:Tyras
10194:Olbia
10164:Kepoi
10117:coast
10115:North
10108:basin
10050:Aulon
10012:Rhode
9924:Barca
9814:Naxos
9769:Henna
9729:Akrai
9696:Taras
9681:Siris
9641:Medma
9636:Locri
9601:Cumae
9591:Chone
9569:Italy
9475:Koine
9453:Ionic
9443:Doric
9438:Attic
9259:Delos
9157:Music
8800:Homer
8755:Aesop
8707:Plato
8609:Poets
8279:Ephor
8231:Agora
8208:Tagus
8183:Boule
7932:Samos
7857:Argos
7763:Ionia
7748:Doris
7733:Crete
7525:Caria
6908:Daric
5905:I, 96
5864:I, 95
5819:I, 94
5698:I, 89
5536:IX, 7
4966:p.713
4869:VII,6
4662:VI 48
4521:VI, 6
4426:V, 33
4414:V, 31
4303:VI, 9
4054:I, 53
4030:I, 26
4006:I, 22
3931:I, 12
3716:I, 22
3551:Notes
3460:Lydia
3429:Lycia
3247:Cimon
3216:Delos
3037:Troad
3018:siege
2394:Paros
2368:Iliad
2289:Argos
2176:Datis
2156:Datis
2073:Naxos
1936:Caria
1928:Doris
1894:Chios
1849:Naxos
1592:aspis
1473:Cyrus
1434:Chios
1430:Samos
1386:Ionia
1382:Caria
1378:Lydia
1271:Cimon
1054:Datis
997:Naxos
974:Ionia
560:Boges
556:Datis
403:Cimon
206:Greek
139:Ionia
109:Egypt
61:kylix
11246:Iran
10357:Tium
10124:Akra
10065:Issa
9759:Gela
9631:Laüs
9606:Elea
9264:Dion
9116:Arts
9106:Wine
8732:Zeno
8329:Wars
7410:Susa
6778:ISBN
6759:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6719:ISBN
6700:ISBN
6679:ISBN
6654:ISBN
6633:ISBN
6614:ISBN
6595:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6540:ISBN
6521:ISBN
6500:ISBN
6481:ISBN
6462:ISBN
6443:ISBN
6424:ISBN
6401:ISBN
6378:ISBN
6362:ISBN
6344:ISBN
6321:ISBN
6302:ISBN
5153:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4205:ISBN
3740:xxiv
3703:xvii
3653:ISBN
3589:iii:
3567:and
3327:Susa
3309:and
3100:Eion
2829:and
2796:and
2741:and
2664:and
2461:Susa
2158:and
1947:and
1918:The
1884:Lade
1757:and
1647:and
1598:dory
1467:The
1432:and
1424:and
1414:Teos
1396:and
1394:Myus
1380:and
1372:and
1317:and
1303:Suda
1056:and
1044:and
1011:and
964:and
952:The
75:Date
11177:3rd
11172:2nd
11167:1st
11010:2nd
11005:1st
9061:Law
6871:Art
3699:xvi
3599:iv:
3579:ii:
3257:in
2967:of
2465:gap
2299:in
1698:".
1487:of
1313:),
1294:'s
1261:of
1130:by
11270::
10830:,
10826:,
10772:,
10768:,
10764:,
8079:c.
8066:c.
8047:c.
8030:c.
6582:32
6580:.
6300:.
6296:.
6277:,
6266:,
6254:,
6245:,
6239:,
6228:,
6216:,
6124:^
6076:^
6016:^
6001:^
5989:^
5974:^
5929:^
5896:^
5882:^
5870:^
5851:^
5837:^
5825:^
5808:^
5757:^
5704:^
5509:^
5413:^
5119:^
5105:^
5093:^
5070:^
5060:.
5022:^
4818:^
4797:^
4749:^
4689:^
4668:^
4617:^
4575:^
4500:,
4396:^
4366:^
4330:^
4320:.
4309:^
4282:^
4187:^
4171:^
4153:^
4141:^
4117:^
4036:^
3910:^
3846:^
3813:^
3747:^
3722:^
3688:^
3649:99
3621:.
3561:i:
3441:c.
3431:,
3378:or
3376:)
3366:or
3364:)
3351:or
2768:.
2727:.
2652:.
2628:,
2327:.
2315:,
2284:.
1963:.
1930:,
1926:,
1737:.
1700:c.
1643:,
1639:,
1420:,
1416:,
1412:,
1408:,
1404:,
1392:,
1368:,
1265:,
1244:,
1147:.
987:,
133:,
95:,
91:,
11222::
10883:e
10876:t
10869:v
10834:)
10776:)
10516:e
10509:t
10502:v
9940:)
9936:(
8077:(
8064:(
8045:(
8039:)
8028:(
8015:/
7607:e
7600:t
7593:v
6814:e
6807:t
6800:v
6786:.
6767:.
6746:.
6727:.
6708:.
6687:.
6668:.
6641:.
6622:.
6603:.
6584:.
6571:.
6548:.
6529:.
6508:.
6489:.
6470:.
6451:.
6432:.
6409:.
6386:.
6368:)
6352:.
6340:)
6329:.
6310:.
5161:.
5064:.
4989:.
4390:.
4360:.
4324:.
4213:.
3742:.
3705:.
3701:–
3661:.
3625:.
3360:(
3077:e
3070:t
3063:v
2891:e
2884:t
2877:v
2522:e
2515:t
2508:v
2353:.
2260:.
2045:e
2038:t
2031:v
1828:e
1821:t
1814:v
1240:(
925:)
921:(
910:)
894:(
873:e
866:t
859:v
796:e
789:t
782:v
211::
163::
111:)
36:.
20:)
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