Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

2475: 7359: 2347: 2451: 2439: 2495: 2108: 63: 1454: 84: 1961: 7873: 7531: 1100: 1583: 746: 2375: 8315: 3206: 2619: 1301: 2315: 2331: 3143: 2287: 2259: 2303: 2275: 1484: 5309:, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon. ... The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: The astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages. ... In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer". ... The 2180: 752: 1670: 553: 1838: 7473: 7461: 1713: 2862: 2550:. This is unique to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who first featured such designs on their coins as other Hellenistic rulers are shown to only wear the diadem. As such the Greco-Bactrians are especially known for their innovative coinage designs. Further examples include the use of different metal alloys for their coins and the issue of bilingual coinage, using Greek on the obverse and an Indian language (such as 3691:"The things which China received from the Graeco-Iranian world-the pomegranate and other "Chang-Kien" plants, the heavy equipment of the cataphract, the traces of Greeks influence on Han art (such as) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco-Bactrian designs ... in the Victoria and Albert Museum" Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period may have been due to foreign influence." 2523: 642: 2765: 2474: 3166:, being located at the doorstep of India, interacting with the Indian subcontinent, and having a rich Hellenistic culture, was in a unique position to influence Indian culture as well. It is considered that Ai-Khanoum may have been one of the primary actors in transmitting Western artistic influence to India, for example in the creation of the 62: 2163:) where Hellenistic remains have been found, demonstrate a sophisticated Hellenistic urban culture. This site gives a snapshot of Greco-Bactrian culture around 145 BC, as the city was burnt to the ground around that date during nomadic invasions and never re-settled. Ai-Khanoum "has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek 83: 4066:; Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, Volume 23, ed. by Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, 1923, p. 260: "Eucratidia, named from its ruler, (Strabo, xi. p. 516.) was, according to Ptolemy, 2° North and 1° West of Bactra." As these coordinates are relative to, and close to, 3897: 2346: 3681:

Notice of the British Museum on the Zhou vase (2005, attached image): "Red earthenware bowl, decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste. Eastern Zhou period, 4th–3rd century BC. This bowl may have intended to copy a possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver. Glass has been both imported

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Soon after, relieved by the death of Diodotus, Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son, also by the name of Diodotus; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels, and he prevailed: the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of

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The other has a more informative scene of a war elephant , with mahout and a turreted howdah bearing two warriors, one wearing a Macedonian helmet, suggesting a more southerly origin for the type: very Indian, at first sight, but it seems that adding a mini-fortress to an elephant's back was a Greek

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scripts on the reverse. Local Indian symbols and deities are also depicted, i.e. Buddhist symbols and some Hindu deities (see Influence on Indian art subsection below). This syncretic design was first introduced after king Demetrius I of Bactria conquered areas of the Indian subcontinent between 190

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Such portraits show high levels of detail with some kings seen smiling, while others are shown aging throughout their reign, even depicting old age on their coins. Such realistic imagery on coins seems to have been very important to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who wanted to display their individuality

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Dates that overlap show that multiple kings ruled at the same time, but in different regions whose exact details are not known very well. For example Apollodotus I likely ruled areas south of Bactria and the Indian subcontinent while Antimachus I ruled in Bactria. Eucratides II and Plato would have

1944:

of a previously unknown ruler called Antigonus has been found and it seems he ruled after the kingdom's collapse, as evidenced by the use of a lunate sigma and the lower art quality of the coin, perhaps dating from the end of the 1st century BC. Antigonus might have briefly won a battle against the

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The people of the Orient welcomed his (Demetrius II's) arrival, partly because of the cruelty of the Arsacid king of the Parthians, partly because, used to the rule of the Macedonians, they disliked the arrogance of this new people. Thus, Demetrius, supported by the Persians, Elymes and Bactrians,

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southwest of Dayuan, south of the Gui (Oxus) river. Its people cultivate the land and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Dayuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but

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Some of the Greco-Bactrian coins, and those of their successors the Indo-Greeks, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by

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As Eucratides returned from India, he was killed on the way back by his son, whom he had associated to his rule, and who, without hiding his parricide, as if he didn't kill a father but an enemy, ran with his chariot over the blood of his father, and ordered the corpse to be left without a

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The Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the

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remained in Bactria for more than a century. They became Hellenized to some degree, as suggested by their adoption of the Greek alphabet to write their later Iranian court language, and by numerous remaining coins, minted in the style of the Greco-Bactrian kings, with the text in Greek.

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According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors, with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu, which would probably have easily defeated Greco-Bactrian forces (in 208 BC when the Greco-Bactrian king

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around 206 BC. Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts:

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Greco-Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries (at least Maharakkhita, lit. "The Great Saved One", who was "sent to the country of the Yona") and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith, although little proof remains. In the 2nd century AD, the Christian dogmatist

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and other Greeks in Bactria, and archeological finds in the region have also attested to a major Macedonian presence, as evidenced by the presence of symbols, style of coinage, and epigraphic names. Greek garrisons in the satrapy of Bactria were housed in fortresses called

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Eucratides led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by Demetrius, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his

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housing men armed with bows and javelins. This force grew as the Greco-Bactrian kingdom expanded into India and was widely depicted in Greco-Bactrian coinage. Other units in the Bactrian military included mercenaries or levies from various surrounding peoples such as the

2750:)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." ( 4649:, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." 2438: 1893:, the latter probably being a brother of Eucratides I. Since Heliocles left the Bactrian territory, he is technically the last Greco-Bactrian king, although several of his descendants, moving beyond the Hindu Kush, would form the western part of the 1808:

they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked Daxia, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is called the city of Lanshi (

1193:... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised. 2143:

and neighbouring India. They were on friendly terms with India and exchanged ambassadors. During ancient times, it was known as a wealthy state with many settled cities and the historian Justin claims the kingdom possessed 'a thousand cities'.

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issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotus would have become independent there early in Antiochus' reign. On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the

3005:(elder) Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror (Ashoka), had brought the (third) council to an end ... he sent forth theras, one here and one there: ... and to Aparantaka (the "Western countries" corresponding to 3671:

On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior: "A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior, not Greek work, but wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet ... From a burial, said to be of the 4th century BC, just north of the Tien Shan

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The army of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was then a multi-ethnic force with Greek colonists making up large portions of the infantry as pike phalanxes, supported by light infantry units of local Bactrians and mercenary javelin-wielding

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columns were found in excavations of the site, as well as various sculptural fragments. In particular a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue.

3646:"They are a nation of nomads, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors ... The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the 2004:

mention that Bactria was able to field a force of 30,000 horse. Most of these horsemen were lightly armed, using bows and javelins before closing with sword and spear. Herodotus describes the Persian cavalry of Mardonius at the

2374: 2812:(Anxi) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, and placing great value on the rich produce of China. ( 2494: 2131:

Empire had a policy of exiling rebelling Greek communities to that region long before it fell to Greek conquest. Therefore, it had a considerable Greek community that was expanded upon after Macedonian conquest.

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Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to Greece. First in its ranks were the prophets of the

3317:. The Indian coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. These coins at least demonstrate the readiness of Greek kings to represent deities of foreign origin. The dedication of a Greek envoy to the cult of 7226: 2519:(reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West" (Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"). 5152:"The mausoleum of China's first emperor partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to reveal groundbreaking evidence that China was in contact with the west during the reign of the first emperor" 3863: 5155: 598:

of Bactria. The preserved ancient sources (see below) are somewhat contradictory, and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled. Somewhat simplified, there is a high chronology (

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valley, from where he ruled his Indian holdings. Apparently there were two other Greco-Bactrian kings preceding Heliocles in the same region and from the same dynasty, named Eucratides II and

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The purpose of Zhang Qian's journey was to look for civilizations on the steppe that the Han could ally with against the Xiongnu. Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han

540:) were forcibly relocated in Bactria, and later on with other exiled Greeks, most of them prisoners of war. Greeks communities and language were already common in the area by the time that 9834: 7358: 9814: 1410:). However, these campaigns are typically attributed to Menander. The invasion was completed by 175 BC. This established in the northwestern Indian Subcontinent what is called the 1526:

Eucratides campaigned extensively in present-day northwestern India, and ruled a vast territory, as indicated by his minting of coins in many Indian mints, possibly as far as the

2911:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the 4836:

invention, so this is a successor to those elephants with which Indian kings used to bribe westerners. The cloth below the howdah is decorated with a Greek sea monster (ketos).

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made these coin issues around 170 BC. An alternative suggestion is that the metal in the coinage derived from a mine where a cupro-nickel alloy occurred naturally, perhaps

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And they also held Sogdiana, situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River, which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians, and the

3233:(ruled 190–180 BC), issued remarkable Indian-standard square coins bearing the first known representations of Indian deities, which have been variously interpreted as 2699:

were in copper-nickel alloy). The practice of exporting Chinese metals, in particular iron, for trade is attested around that period. Kings Euthydemus, Euthydemus II,

368: 354: 340: 315: 1383:. Historians differ on the motivations behind the invasion. Some historians suggest that the invasion of the subcontinent was intended to show their support for the 3752: 2788:

of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:

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Before the Greek conquest, the armies of Bactria were overwhelmingly composed of cavalry and were well known as effective soldiers, making up large portions of the

7233: 1705:. The surviving Yuezhi migrated again south towards the territory just north of the Oxus River where they encountered and expelled a nomadic steppe nation called 4943:

In A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran & R. Rossi ed. 'From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridization and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East'

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also mentions the widespread use of chariots among the Bactrians. After Alexander's conquest of Bactria, Bactrian cavalry units served in his army during the

5151: 4070:, it is reasonable to disregard the imprecision in Ptolemy's coordinates and accept them without adjustment. If the coordinates for Bactra are taken to be 4610: 2685:. This idea suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures However, this idea is disputed. 1144:, overthrew the dynasty of Diodotus II around 230–220 BC and started his own dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, going beyond the city of 5317:

with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.

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from Takhti Sangin, with dedication in Greek to the god of the Oxus, by "Atrosokes" (a Bactrian name). Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 200–150 BCE.

2236:, and another city named Amphipolis. The latter being a previously unknown city which was mentioned on a Bactrian document and was clearly named after 1799:) in 126 BC, and portrays a country which was totally demoralized and whose political system had vanished, although its urban infrastructure remained: 1661:

ended up ruling what territory remained. The defeat, both in the west and the east, may have left Bactria very weakened and open to nomadic invasions.

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started to invade various parts of Parthia and Bactria. Their invasion of Parthia is well documented: they attacked in the direction of the cities of

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A Bactrian tax receipt written in Greek mentioning the Greco-Bactrian king Antimachus I Theos, Eumenes and perhaps Antimachus II, 2nd century BC.

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Mentioned in "Hellenism in ancient India", Banerjee, p 140, to be taken carefully since Orosius is often rather unreliable in his accounts.

2302: 745: 2286: 1438:, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty, around 170 BC, probably dethroning 4261: 4153: 3939: 1391:

as alleged by Buddhist scriptures (Tarn). Other historians have argued however that the accounts of these persecutions have been exaggerated (

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also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions: the Greco-Bactrians were the first in the world to issue

5233: 4314: 4289: 4233: 1414:, which lasted for almost two centuries until around 10 AD. The Buddhist faith flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, foremost among them 657:

The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of

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There is evidence for the persistence of Greek populations in Bactria after the collapse of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. For example, an

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BC) and a low chronology (c. 246 BC) for Diodotus' secession. The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king

9789: 7872: 6880: 1450:) is said to have returned to Bactria with 60,000 men to oust the usurper, but he apparently was defeated and killed in the encounter: 9844: 9799: 7098: 5674: 3892: 500:

in 230 BC. Its cities were among the largest and richest of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was known as the "land of a thousand cities."

5223: 2850:, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on 2695:(75:25 ratio) coins, an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name "White copper" (some weapons from the 9784: 8318: 2258: 1090: 4660:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 99. BAKTRIA, Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Uncertain. Early-mid 1st century BC(?). AR Obol (11mm, 0.49 g, 1h)" 3832: 2314: 626:), defected and proclaimed himself king; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians. 9804: 7219: 5969: 5130: 9829: 7200: 5270: 2995:

sources, some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks, indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures:

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The Yuezhi further expanded southward into Bactria around 120 BC, apparently further pushed out by invasions from the northern

1594:, the largest gold coin of Antiquity. The coin weighs 169.2 grams, and has a diameter of 58 millimeters. The reverse shows the 1312:

Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. In the west, areas in north-eastern

709:. This cut Bactria off from contact with the Greek world. Overland trade continued at a reduced rate, while sea trade between 5692: 5541: 5508: 5084: 4553: 3858: 1752:, son of Mithridates I, routing the Greek mercenary troops under his command (troops he had acquired during his victory over 697:, the Seleucid satrap of Parthia, proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, declaring himself king. A decade later, he was 4545:

The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes : the Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China

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in the name of Agathocles were discovered at Ai-Khanoum in 1970. These coins seem to be the first known representations of

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and at major cities. Military colonists were settled in the countryside and were each given an allotment of land called a

7155: 5780: 4939:"Cultural convergence in Bactria: the votives from the Temple of the Oxus at Takht-i Sangin, in "From Pella to Gandhara"" 4104: 4073: 3745: 3137: 2865: 2907:

Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the Indo-Iranic and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC. According to the

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One of the inscriptions in Greek found at Ai-Khanoum, the Herôon of Kineas, has been dated to 300–250 BC, and describes

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among the Bactrians ("Bactrians" meaning "Oriental Greeks" in that period), and even their influence on Greek thought:

1830:. It seems they also pushed Scythian tribes before them, which continued to India, where they came to be identified as 1453: 3105:

are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called

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being the first to issue coins of the Indian standard, when the Greeks truly started ruling over Indian populations.

1243:, as well as his son, the glorious, victorious and remarkable Demetrios, be preserved of all pains, with the help of 1184:, before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son 5176: 4828: 3965:

The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria

8350: 5754: 5749: 1205:, in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC, a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating a fire altar to 5399: 5366: 1964:

Coin showing Eucratides I as a warrior wearing a crested helmet adorned with bull's horn and ear. He also wears a

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wearing a Macedonian kausia hat. His portrait is often times shown possessing a slight smile, as in this example.

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Willy, Clarysse & Thompson, Dorothy. (2007). Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic bactria. 159. 273-279.

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Willy, Clarysse & Thompson, Dorothy. (2007). Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic bactria. 159. 273-279.

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invaded the Hexi Corridor, forcing the Yuezhi to flee the region. In 162 BC the Yuezhi were driven west to the

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of Bactria (and probably the surrounding provinces) founded the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom when he seceded from the

9474: 9366: 8295: 7195: 7140: 6390: 5773: 4591: 4384: 4341: 1814: 1557:). The son drove over Eucratides' bloodied body with his chariot and left him dismembered without a sepulcher: 1545:

explains that Eucratides was killed on the field by "his son and joint king", who would be his own son, either

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routed the Parthians in numerous battles. At the end, deceived by a false peace treaty, he was taken prisoner.

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converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of

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and glass inlays, suggestive of Egyptian, Persian, and/or Hellenistic influences, can be found on some early

2353: 17: 9759: 9464: 9449: 9424: 9401: 9381: 7145: 2120: 1706: 1375:, the son of Euthydemus, started an invasion of the subcontinent just before 180 BC, a few years after the 694: 2013:). Bactrian infantry is described by Herodotus as wearing caps in the Median style, short spears and reed 1960: 1446:. The Indian branch of the Euthydemids tried to strike back. An Indian king called Demetrius (very likely 496:. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, may have reached the borders of the 9809: 9663: 9648: 9459: 9444: 9429: 9414: 9371: 9343: 8554: 8343: 5329: 4427: 2677:

Some speculate that Greek influence is found in the artworks of the burial site of China's first Emperor

75:, shown on his gold 20-stater, the largest gold coin ever minted in the ancient world, c. 2nd century BC. 3341:

The below table lists the known Greek rulers of Bactria, along with their dates and titles or epithets.

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Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:

2858:, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court. 2248:

and Takht-i Sangin in Tajikistan (archaeological searches by a Soviet team under B.A. Litvinski), or in

9794: 9479: 9434: 9409: 9386: 9356: 9177: 7924: 7685: 6410: 3543: 3054: 2485: 2168: 1764: 2538:

Greco-Bactrian coins also depict the kings wearing distinct headgear, such as helmets modelled on the

9391: 9376: 9279: 9236: 9062: 8815: 8459: 8281: 7763: 7697: 7679: 7552: 6646: 5940: 5230: 3711:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".

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The presence of Chinese people in India from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the "

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but also held under their sway the territory south of Oxus, which makes up the remainder of Bactria.

1732:, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources), apparently being pushed forward by the southward migration of the 698: 5554: 4257: 4149: 2599:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian 1099: 9849: 9706: 9638: 9624: 9619: 9610: 9596: 9582: 9572: 9439: 9361: 9289: 9274: 9241: 9231: 9107: 8820: 7769: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7724: 7667: 7340: 7093: 6666: 6380: 6370: 6365: 5960: 5950: 5915: 4606: 3943: 2912: 1905:(while the "eastern" Indo-Greek kings would continue to rule until around AD 10 in the area of the 1623:

In the year 141 BC, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have entered in an alliance with the Seleucid king

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Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019).

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visited Bactria in 126 BC, and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets:

528:, was deported to the region for refusing to surrender assassins. Greek influence increased under 9686: 9653: 9606: 9592: 9484: 9351: 9298: 9264: 9256: 9205: 9200: 8886: 8710: 8589: 8523: 8431: 8398: 8304: 7784: 7751: 7727: 7721: 7706: 7549: 7243: 7190: 7078: 6955: 6860: 6704: 6586: 5995: 5945: 5796: 5494: 2932: 2785: 2038: 1857:

This invasion of Bactria is also described in western Classical sources from the 1st century BC:

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Ionic pillar, cella of the Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, late 4th - early 3rd century BCE.

2049:. The cavalry arm was very large for a Hellenistic army and composed mostly of native Bactrian, 9721: 9587: 9419: 9308: 9303: 9269: 9226: 9195: 9067: 8992: 8929: 8825: 8810: 8800: 8795: 8780: 8720: 8715: 8700: 8569: 8474: 8464: 8426: 8141: 7742: 7733: 7676: 7611: 7170: 6930: 5955: 5635:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia: 2nd Edition

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Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.

3411: 2944: 2631: 2156: 1977: 1372: 1358: 1210: 1185: 1112: 767: 725: 669:(also called Zariaspa, through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the 170: 5456: 5074: 4987: 1620:: "The satrapy Turiva and that of Aspionus were taken away from Eucratides by the Parthians." 638:), was to further grow in power and engage in territorial expansion to the east and the west: 634:"The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities", according to the historian 9747: 9742: 9726: 9696: 9562: 9328: 9284: 9221: 9017: 9007: 8954: 8949: 8805: 8785: 8775: 8770: 8755: 8745: 8705: 8584: 8579: 8559: 8549: 8533: 8528: 8393: 8030: 8021: 7715: 7691: 7546: 7005: 6980: 6890: 6521: 6355: 5615: 5438: 5001: 3497: 3441: 3230: 3210: 3037: 2822:

A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia, triggering the development of the

2700: 2696: 2001: 1582: 1554: 1447: 398: 5424: 2037:. These colonists numbered in the tens of thousands, and were trained in the fashion of the 9732: 9711: 9514: 9333: 9185: 8760: 8740: 8657: 8647: 8614: 8564: 8469: 8441: 8421: 8383: 8314: 8027: 6940: 6787: 6322: 6120: 5599: 5585:"Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" 3662:(Bactria) and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui (Oxus) river". 3186: 2936: 1624: 1239:, with beautiful trees; he made libations and sacrifices so that the greatest of all kings 721: 521: 3682:

from the Near East and produced domestically by the Zhou States since the 5th century BC."

88:

Approximate maximum extent of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom circa 170 BC, under the reign of

8: 9681: 9633: 9628: 9519: 9323: 9216: 9210: 9072: 8790: 8725: 8667: 8594: 8574: 8538: 8484: 8479: 8388: 8036: 8033: 7984: 7688: 7543: 7180: 7114: 6970: 6395: 6385: 6115: 6040: 5500:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

5220: 4357: 3189:, to the lifelike rendering of animal sculpture and the design and function of the Ionic 3171: 2843: 2835: 2543: 2058: 2025: 1981: 1861:

The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani,

1362: 1361:(reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests in northwest 1169: 844: 686: 557: 541: 432: 410: 5611: 5603: 2654:(Boardman). Middle Eastern or Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested ( 2535:

or to distinguish themselves from the style of other contemporary Hellenistic kingdoms.

1948:

Around 12 BC the Yuezhi then moved further to northern India where they established the

9701: 9132: 8984: 8695: 8685: 8652: 8489: 8408: 8366: 8227: 8024: 7569: 7563: 7335: 7130: 7083: 6950: 6865: 6850: 6807: 6762: 6626: 6415: 6201: 6090: 6050: 5975: 5820: 5437:

Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22

5391: 5358: 4919: 4777: 3728: 3591: 3205: 2928: 2584: 2465: 2417: 2249: 2225: 2041:. A Greek army in Bactria during the anti-Macedonian revolt of 323 BC numbered 23,000. 1894: 1796: 1542: 1418:. It was also a period of great cultural syncretism, exemplified by the development of 1411: 1341: 1145: 955: 635: 606: 462: 428: 420: 333: 188: 3654:, but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west, beyond 2979:

and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in

2642:

Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the

2618: 9737: 9716: 9671: 9318: 9246: 9092: 8730: 8690: 8505: 8451: 8436: 8254: 8015: 7566: 7480: 7371: 7185: 6294: 6136: 6110: 6105: 6005: 5990: 5880: 5875: 5845: 5825: 5732: 5706: 5688: 5656: 5638: 5572: 5558: 5537: 5522: 5504: 5292: 5122: 5080: 4975: 4911: 4804: 4769: 4559: 4549: 4522: 4487: 4189: 4043: 4008: 3905: 3875: 3838: 3586: 3322: 3302: 3167: 2361: 2116: 2066: 2006: 1993: 1804: 1595: 1198: 798: 710: 160: 144: 5467: 5262: 1901:, would rule until around 70 BC, when the Yuezhi again invaded his territory in the 1160:

River. And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads.

9494: 9313: 8964: 8848: 8750: 8543: 8518: 8251: 8069: 7831: 7265: 7175: 7103: 6724: 6611: 6420: 6405: 6254: 6100: 6060: 6015: 6000: 5680: 5653:

The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies.

5607: 5314: 4866: 4848: 4704: 4659: 4443: 4210: 3854: 3720: 3647: 3538: 3258: 2984: 2960: 2908: 2663: 2365: 2172: 2171:

and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman). Remains of Classical

1890: 1842: 1617: 1329: 1039: 857: 682: 645: 630:

The new kingdom, highly urbanized and considered one of the richest of the Orient (

611: 517: 458: 156: 152: 97: 5684: 5421:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: The formation of a Greek frontier in central Asia

5025: 2400:: "Throne of Stone") is an archaeological site located near the confluence of the 1924:

holding thunderbolt and sceptre. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΗΛΙΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ,

1571:

During or after his Indian campaigns, Eucratides was attacked and defeated by the

1168:

around 210 BC. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a

148: 9839: 9819: 9190: 9147: 9082: 9042: 8858: 8735: 8677: 8642: 8634: 8513: 8239: 7990: 7865: 7709: 7661: 7558: 7486: 7454: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7290: 7211: 7165: 7108: 7048: 7038: 7000: 6742: 6435: 6234: 6191: 6173: 6010: 5980: 5885: 5860: 5815: 5498: 5227: 5049: 4388: 4368: 4345: 3901: 3867: 3756: 3581: 3254: 3058: 2940: 2847: 2839: 2682: 2655: 2623: 2539: 2516: 2420:

it was a city of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom with a large temple dedicated to the

1685:

inhabited a region thousands of miles to the east of Bactria on the edges of the

1396: 1300: 1177: 997: 973: 896: 820: 778: 706: 665:

says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander… Their cities were

587: 443: 347: 320: 245: 72: 5200: 5099:Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum. (Boardman "The diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity") 4754: 4401: 2681:, dating back to the 3rd century BC, including in the manufacture of the famous 1849:

on his chariot facing forward. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΠΛΑΤΩΝΟΣ,

435:, it was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world. The kingdom was founded 9567: 9137: 9077: 8765: 8375: 8221: 8181: 8167: 7837: 7538: 7507: 7125: 7088: 6910: 6845: 6719: 6571: 6556: 6526: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6244: 6095: 6085: 6045: 5830: 5570:

De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale: catalogue de l'exposition.

3601: 3576: 3182: 3147: 3142: 3094: 2873: 2580: 2461: 2457: 2397: 2391: 2192: 2127:

Greeks first began settling the region long before Alexander conquered it. The

1831: 1637: 1488: 1466: 1419: 1384: 1380: 1376: 883: 809: 619: 571: 416: 389: 178: 174: 2061:

river in 208 BC. Greco-Bactrian armies also included units of heavily armored

9773: 9535: 9524: 9022: 9012: 8969: 8934: 8662: 8260: 8206: 8161: 8002: 7960: 7825: 7647: 7614: 7510: 7504: 7390: 7317: 7120: 7073: 6965: 6797: 6782: 6714: 6473: 6239: 6211: 6196: 6156: 6055: 5910: 5895: 5850: 5237: 5076:

The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads

4915: 4773: 4563: 4119: 4106: 4088: 4075: 3523: 3482: 3456: 3218: 3178: 3050: 3018: 2773: 2678: 2667: 2559: 2500:

Alexander-Heracles head, Takht-i Sangin, Temple of the Oxus, 3rd century BCE.

2429: 2428:

period, until the third century AD. The site may have been the source of the

2425: 2140: 2070: 2054: 1949: 1906: 1902: 1753: 1690: 1546: 1531: 1443: 1392: 1388: 1321: 1292: 1165: 1008: 929: 909: 870: 831: 361: 2846:

around 323 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the

2280:

Sculpture of an old man, possibly a philosopher. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.

1791:, he commanded 10,000 horsemen). Zhang Qian actually visited Bactria (named 1701:

valley by the Xiongnu. In 132 they were driven out of the Ili valley by the

1608:

Following his victory, Mithridates I gained Bactria's territory west of the

1483: 9577: 9540: 9504: 9157: 9142: 9057: 8997: 8959: 8939: 8924: 8599: 8257: 8245: 8213: 8189: 8173: 8170: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8122: 7972: 7930: 7781: 7772: 7694: 7617: 7608: 7498: 7043: 7010: 6990: 6895: 6802: 6757: 6734: 6651: 6546: 6463: 6453: 6345: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6025: 5965: 5930: 5855: 5666: 5547: 5310: 5181: 3781: 3510: 3469: 3398: 3190: 3102: 2715:. Copper-nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century. 2692: 2527: 2512: 2401: 2046: 1784: 1771:

visited the Yuezhi in 126 BC, trying to obtain their alliance to fight the

1741: 1591: 1527: 1462: 1439: 1431: 1407: 1387:, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the 1258: 1240: 1129: 1104: 942: 481: 424: 89: 68: 5765: 5330:"Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV" 5123:"BBC Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say" 5002:"EMPIRES OF MYSTERY: Collecting Greco-Baktrian Coins by David S. Michaels" 4543: 1324:. These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of 9117: 9112: 9052: 9037: 8974: 8919: 8896: 8891: 8866: 8604: 8269: 8266: 8218: 8148: 8091: 7987: 7978: 7933: 7918: 7909: 7903: 7778: 7745: 7703: 7673: 7670: 7637: 7605: 7489: 7135: 7068: 7020: 6985: 6960: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6855: 6835: 6827: 6656: 6641: 6591: 6581: 6536: 6493: 6269: 6264: 6229: 6030: 5985: 5925: 5670: 3553: 3385: 3278: 3213:

showing Indian deities. Obverse with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ,

3194: 2976: 2855: 2769: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2688: 2671: 2659: 2651: 2635: 2592: 2337: 2245: 2233: 2179: 2152: 2136: 2112: 2062: 1941: 1917: 1757: 1749: 1717: 1658: 1553:(although there are speculations that it could have been his enemy's son 1550: 1458: 1403: 1351: 1335: 1019: 717: 674: 497: 469: 230: 139: 5760: 5395: 5387: 5362: 5354: 4923: 4899: 4871: 4781: 4645:, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see 4382:

Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries

4339:

Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries

3305:

wheel. Some other coins by Agathocles are also thought to represent the

9676: 9643: 9509: 9167: 9027: 8914: 8881: 8843: 8835: 8263: 8185: 8128: 8110: 7996: 7993: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7954: 7912: 7900: 7894: 7879: 7846: 7834: 7810: 7789: 7748: 7739: 7736: 7730: 7712: 7682: 7602: 7513: 7420: 7015: 6840: 6772: 6767: 6694: 6676: 6636: 6621: 6601: 6566: 6551: 6513: 6503: 6488: 6478: 6445: 6332: 6259: 6035: 5935: 5865: 5026:"Eucratides | King of Bactria & Greco-Bactrian Empire | Britannica" 3976: 3732: 3370: 3330: 3163: 2956: 2739: 2413: 2308:

Gargoyle in the form of a Greek comic mask. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.

2241: 2237: 2229: 2184: 2148: 2021: 1973: 1862: 1768: 1686: 1535: 1506: 1415: 1213:

as "Demetrios Kallinikos", meaning "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":

1202: 1074: 751: 649: 595: 485: 477: 473: 447: 217: 129: 6219: 4855:"Monsters of Military Might: Elephants in Hellenistic History and Art" 4797:

Metalwork from the Hellenized East : catalogue of the collections

4727:

Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D, page 39.

4280: 4278: 2622:

Possible statuette of a Greek hoplite, wearing a version of the Greek

1996:

by adding Bactrians, Sogdians and other east Iranian cavalrymen. Both

1487:

Bilingual coin of Eucratides I in the Indian standard, on the obverse

9545: 9529: 9162: 9152: 9127: 9097: 9002: 8944: 8876: 8871: 8624: 8619: 8494: 8416: 8335: 8075: 8059: 8005: 7951: 7921: 7915: 7906: 7891: 7885: 7775: 7718: 7700: 7501: 7399: 6935: 6885: 6817: 6752: 6699: 6689: 6661: 6596: 6541: 6531: 6468: 6458: 6304: 6181: 6141: 6070: 5920: 5728: 5306: 4586: 3426: 3076: 3028: 2904: 2829: 2823: 2757: 2704: 2643: 2627: 2564: 2555: 2515:(reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king 2409: 2083: 1997: 1985: 1882: 1819: 1725: 1698: 1435: 1094:

Asia in 200 BC, showing the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and its neighbors.

1061: 525: 113: 8177: 5468:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Apollodotus I (Apollodotos I)" 5447: 5445: 5388:"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.13-22" 4381: 4361: 4338: 3796: 3724: 3131: 1865:, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the 1669: 9122: 9047: 9032: 8107: 8097: 8079: 7969: 7927: 7888: 7882: 7843: 7840: 7807: 7757: 7640: 7495: 7492: 7408: 7405: 7285: 7270: 6995: 6975: 6576: 6400: 6314: 6249: 6020: 4938: 4275: 3773: 3651: 3621: 3326: 3306: 3286: 3270: 3250: 3242: 3155: 3118: 2972: 2881: 2851: 2793: 2647: 2596: 2576: 2265: 2224:

Many other Greco-Bactrian cities have been identified, for example

2014: 1898: 1874: 1866: 1745: 1645: 1640:

reports that Mithridates I managed to occupy territory between the

1157: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1108: 918: 591: 552: 537: 529: 489: 191: 105: 7472: 7460: 5534:

The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World

4705:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Antimachus I (Antimachos I)" 4444:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Eucratides I (Eukratides I)" 3174:, all of which were posterior to the establishment of Ai-Khanoum. 1837: 1812:) and has a market where all sorts of goods are bought and sold. ( 1050: 9691: 9087: 8100: 8008: 7963: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7813: 7631: 7436: 7425: 7396: 7275: 6875: 6870: 6812: 6747: 6631: 6616: 6483: 6360: 6350: 6299: 5905: 5755:

Some new hypotheses on the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

5442: 5355:"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.15" 5302: 5231:

A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period.

3655: 3558: 3446: 3310: 3298: 3290: 3200: 3107: 3071: 3041: 3006: 2975:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the 2877: 2809: 2801: 2588: 2481: 2293: 2164: 2091: 1920:(r. 150–125 BC), the last Greco-Bactrian king. The reverse shows 1772: 1712: 1694: 1613: 1572: 1325: 1317: 1030: 758: 702: 690: 532:, after the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near 513: 109: 93: 31: 5552:

Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné.

4755:"The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus" 2861: 2603:

too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as the

1912: 1209:, mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son 9102: 8224: 8193: 8103: 8072: 8066: 8043: 7945: 7939: 7897: 7801: 7623: 7583: 7448: 7402: 7280: 6777: 6709: 6340: 6274: 6186: 5900: 4133: 4067: 4063: 3596: 3318: 3314: 3294: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3246: 3234: 3062: 2980: 2952: 2924: 2920: 2900: 2869: 2854:

in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian

2814: 2797: 2777: 2719: 2708: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2547: 2522: 2357: 2321: 2128: 2078: 2050: 1965: 1933: 1846: 1809: 1733: 1682: 1674: 1587: 1232: 1206: 964: 666: 658: 641: 583: 533: 101: 4962:

CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors

3746:

The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan

3097:, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of 2240:

in ancient Macedonia. Excavated cities include Kampir Tepe in

1534:. In the end, however, he was repulsed by the Indo-Greek king 1235:, venerable goddess, illustrious amongst all, in the grove of 8164: 7999: 7981: 6606: 6498: 6425: 6375: 6224: 5870: 5679:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–177. 3659: 3625: 3528: 3487: 3431: 3375: 3238: 3154:

designs, which may have been transmitted through Ai-Khanoum.

3098: 3086: 3066: 3010: 2948: 2892: 2805: 2764: 2752: 2747: 2160: 2087: 1968:

underneath, while holding a spear in his right hand; obverse.

1886: 1870: 1827: 1792: 1702: 1655:

BC, before his kingdom was weakened by his death in 136 BC).

1641: 1244: 1181: 986: 789: 125: 4685:

Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D

3774:"The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse" 2842:, conquered the northwestern subcontinent upon the death of 2646:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the 1992:

and after the Indian campaign, Alexander enlarged his elite

9835:

States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC

7852: 7576: 7442: 7431: 7414: 7030: 6792: 5840: 3860:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

3282: 3090: 3014: 2992: 2712: 2551: 2421: 2405: 1976:

cavalry contingents. 2,000 Bactrian horsemen fought at the

1921: 1776: 1737: 1729: 1716:

Gold artefacts of the Scythians in Bactria, at the site of

1502: 1313: 1236: 737: 670: 567: 493: 5177:"Why China's terracotta warriors are stirring controversy" 2069:. The third arm of the Greco-Bactrian army was the Indian 1579:, possibly in alliance with partisans of the Euthydemids: 618:

Diodotus, the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria (

5532:

Boardman, John, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (2001).

4900:"A faience head of a Graeco-Bactrian king from Ai Khanum" 3620:

Some cities were still controlled by Greek kings such as

1775:, he explained that the Yuezhi were settled north of the 30:"Baktria" redirects here. For the historical region, see 9815:

States and territories established in the 3rd century BC

4362:

Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans

2923:

has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred

2464:, 3rd–2nd century BCE. This could also be a portrait of 5750:

Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts

2587:

the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as

2424:(Vakhsh river), which remained in use in the following 2139:

sophistication, and kept regular contact with both the

2135:

The Greco-Bactrians were known for their high level of

1492: 1470: 1402:

Demetrius may have been as far as the imperial capital

1267: 1116: 468:

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom covered much of present-day

5072: 4576:"Parthians and Sassanid Persians", Peter Wilcox, p 15 2183:

Stone block with the inscriptions of Kineas in Greek.

2057:

light horsemen. Polybius mentions 10,000 horse at the

1336:

Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)

4803:. Malibu, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. 1993. p. 9. 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4624: 3122: 3112: 3080: 2792:

The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:

632:

opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium

3329:

could also be indicative of some level of religious

3177:

The scope of adoption goes from designs such as the

3027:

Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona. (

1756:). Again in 123 BC, Phraates's successor, his uncle 1748:. They managed to defeat and kill the Parthian king 673:), and Darapsa, and several others. Among these was 547: 4852: 4752: 4607:"Strabo 11-8-1 on the nomadic invasions of Bactria" 3894:

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

3778:

Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest

614:, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire. 403: 7241: 5433: 5431: 4879: 4739: 4132:can be seen to be close to the modern day city of 3658:, where they attacked and conquered the people of 3022: 3000: 2830:Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC) 1945:Yuezhi or the Saka before he was overrun himself. 1538:, who managed to create a huge unified territory. 1434:, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the 685:(the Greek rulers of Egypt following the death of 516:was inhabited by Greek settlers since the time of 5568:Bopearachchi, Osmund and Christine Sachs (2003). 4541: 4252: 4250: 4224: 4222: 4144: 4142: 3132:Influence on Indian art during the 3rd century BC 2626:, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the 2073:, which are depicted in some coins with a tower ( 9771: 5761:Catalogue of Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Coins 5050:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Pantaleon" 4429:A History of the Greek World Form 323 to 146 B.C 2971:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 1897:. The last of these "western" Indo-Greek kings, 1316:may have been absorbed, possibly as far as into 5725:Records of the Great Historian. Han dynasty II, 5428: 5297:Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture 4958:"NGC Ancient Coins: Unusual Bactrian Portraits" 4467: 4465: 4463: 3336: 2931:rules, beyond there where the four kings named 1885:abandoned Bactria and moved his capital to the 1677:through Central Asia, from around 176 BC–AD 30. 1501:– "(of) Great King Eucratides"; on the reverse 624:Theodotus, mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus 5655:Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. 4247: 4219: 4139: 3567:each ruled smaller parts of southern Bactria. 3253:. Altogether, six such Indian-standard silver 3201:First visual representations of Indian deities 1231:"Heliodotus dedicated this fragrant altar for 1164:Euthydemus was attacked by the Seleucid ruler 198: 8351: 7227: 5781: 5669:(1990). "Indo-Europeans in Central Asia". In 5453:The Hellenistic World: Using coins as sources 5301:The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the 4681: 4679: 2009:(which included Bactrians) as horse archers ( 1787:confronted the invasion of the Seleucid king 1664: 1279:πρευμενὴς σώιζηις ἐκηδεῖ(ς) σὺν τύχαι θεόφρον 1273:καὶ κλυταῖς ἤσκησε λοιβαῖς ἐμπύροις Ἡλιόδοτος 1271:Ἑστία, Διὸς κ(α)τ᾽ ἄλσος καλλίδενδρον ἔκτισεν 570:standing, holding aegis and thunderbolt. The 5519:The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. 5079:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 103. 4897: 4833:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 200. 4595:. Translated by Watson, Burton. p. 234. 4460: 4402:"Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum: 54.1569" 2213:As young men, learn to control the passions. 7534:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5795: 4956:Company, Numismatic Guaranty (2016-10-20). 3704: 3221:legend: 𑀭𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀬𑁂𑀲, 2102: 1822:, quoting Zhang Qian, trans. Burton Watson) 1275:ὄφρα τὸμ πάντων μέγιστον Εὐθύδημον βασιλέων 288:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) 27:Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom (256–100 BCE) 8358: 8344: 7234: 7220: 5788: 5774: 4753:Litvinskii, B.A.; Pichikian, I.R. (1994). 4676: 4510:. Archived from the original on 2005-11-20 4475:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 4177:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 4056: 4031:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 3996:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 2570: 1269:τόνδε σοι βωμὸν θυώδη, πρέσβα κυδίστη θεῶν 7099:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 5676:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4870: 3710: 2927:(4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king 1277:τοῦ τε παῖδα καλλίνικον ἐκπρεπῆ Δημήτριον 1176:and had to retreat. He then successfully 5720:2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 5592:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5493: 5197:"Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria" 4823: 4642: 3204: 3141: 2860: 2763: 2617: 2521: 2178: 2106: 1959: 1911: 1836: 1711: 1668: 1581: 1482: 1452: 1111:seated, holding club in right hand. The 1098: 738:Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion 640: 551: 8312: 7354:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 6946:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 5836:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 4955: 2460:ruler with diadem, Temple of the Oxus, 2360:fortress manned by a soldier wearing a 2097: 1425: 1103:Coin depicting the Greco-Bactrian king 720:, who allied himself with the Parthian 14: 9772: 8365: 8250: 8203: 8138: 8078:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) 7370: 7332: 7298: 7201:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 5665: 5290: 4930: 4630: 3940:"Afghanistan: Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom" 3301:(a pear-shaped case or conch) and the 3229:One of the last Greco-Bactrian kings, 3170:or the manufacture of the quasi-Ionic 2947:rule, likewise in the south among the 2583:, and there are indications that from 2268:statuette. Ai Khanoum. 2nd century BC. 1845:, wearing a diadem. The reverse shows 1803:Daxia (Bactria) is located over 2,000 1006: 940: 574:inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥ, 9290:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 8339: 8301: 8278: 8236: 8119: 8088: 8056: 8040: 8012: 7862: 7850: 7822: 7658: 7628: 7621: 7581: 7574: 7470: 7440: 7429: 7412: 7380: 7352: 7350: 7215: 5769: 5582: 5455:, Cambridge University Press, p. 101 4646: 4585: 4333: 4331: 4286:"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius" 3797:"Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom" 3794: 3771: 3217:"(of) King Agathocles". Reverse with 3040:recognized the existence of Buddhist 1853:– "(of) King Plato the God-Manifest." 1566: 1048: 1037: 1028: 1017: 984: 971: 962: 953: 927: 916: 907: 894: 881: 868: 855: 842: 829: 818: 807: 796: 787: 756: 705:of Parthia, leading to the rise of a 9758:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 8248:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili 5632: 5293:"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology" 5267:, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham" 4936: 4891: 4885: 4425: 2826:from the end of the 2nd century BC. 2575:To the north, Euthydemus also ruled 1072: 995: 776: 765: 415:'Kingdom of Bactria') was a 71:wearing the Bactrian version of the 7156:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 5612:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x 3138:Hellenistic influence on Indian art 2866:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 1984:on the left flank of Darius' army. 1980:against Alexander and 9,000 at the 1681:A nomadic steppe people called the 1320:, whose ruler had been defeated by 1217:Heliodotus inscription from Kuliab 1059: 24: 7871: 7529: 7471: 7302:Chronology of the Neolithic period 7151:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 6152:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5154:(Press release). 12 October 2016. 4328: 3831:Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) 3277:with attributes consisting of the 2772:, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, the 2768:Map of Asia in 200 BC showing the 2356:with military elephant carrying a 1955: 1299: 1148:founded by Alexander the Great in 716:Diodotus was succeeded by his son 677:, which was named after its ruler. 25: 9861: 9790:Former monarchies of Central Asia 7876:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 6562:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 5743: 3261:on coins, and they display early 3146:One of the Hellenistic-inspired " 2385: 1928:– "(of) King Heliocles the Just". 693:. In the resulting power vacuum, 689:) captured the Seleucid capital, 548:Independence and Diodotid dynasty 9845:2nd-century BC disestablishments 9800:Former countries in Central Asia 8313: 7459: 7357: 5718:The Greeks in Bactria and India. 5305:people who lived in the land of 4945:. Oxford: Archaeopress: 141–151. 4311:"Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra" 3501: 3460: 3085:"); and the philosophers of the 2987:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). 2963:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). 2493: 2473: 2449: 2437: 2373: 2345: 2329: 2313: 2301: 2292:Frieze of a naked man wearing a 2285: 2273: 2257: 2211:As children, learn good manners. 2119:) end 4th cent BCE-1st cent CE. 1627:to fight again against Parthia: 1406:in today's eastern India (today 1350: 1107:, 230–200 BC. The reverse shows 750: 744: 520:, when the entire population of 366: 352: 338: 313: 82: 61: 9785:Former monarchies of South Asia 8319:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East 7161:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 6431:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 5723:Watson, Burton, trans. (1993). 5460: 5413: 5402:from the original on 2017-02-02 5380: 5369:from the original on 2017-02-02 5347: 5336:from the original on 2010-05-10 5322: 5284: 5273:from the original on 2013-10-02 5255: 5242: 5214: 5189: 5169: 5158:from the original on 2020-02-16 5144: 5133:from the original on 2020-03-16 5115: 5110:The Greeks in Bactria and India 5102: 5093: 5066: 5042: 5018: 4994: 4949: 4841: 4817: 4788: 4730: 4721: 4697: 4688: 4652: 4636: 4613:from the original on 2022-11-19 4599: 4579: 4570: 4535: 4500: 4436: 4419: 4408:from the original on 2021-02-07 4394: 4374: 4351: 4317:from the original on 2008-04-20 4303: 4292:from the original on 2008-03-19 4264:from the original on 2008-04-19 4236:from the original on 2008-04-20 4202: 4167: 4156:from the original on 2008-04-19 4021: 3986: 3970: 3957: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3885: 3685: 3675: 3665: 3640: 3631: 1760:, was killed by the Scythians. 1479:– "(of) Great King Eucratides". 1197:In an inscription found in the 9805:Former countries in South Asia 8296:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 7196:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 7141:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 5503:. Princeton University Press. 4904:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4762:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4592:Records of the Great Historian 3848: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3788: 3765: 3739: 3614: 3185:design and a variety of other 1815:Records of the Great Historian 1693:. Shortly before 176 BC, the 1648:towards the end of his reign ( 1541:In a rather confused account, 13: 1: 9830:3rd-century BC establishments 9762:in most of their territories. 8560:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 6147:Silk Road transmission of art 5731:. Columbia University Press. 5685:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007 4898:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). 4847:Color image, courtesy of the 3891:Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) 3698: 3101:guided by a star. The Indian 2885: 2340:, Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC. 2296:. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC. 2217:In old age, give good advice. 1649: 599: 560: 544:conquered Bactria in 328 BC. 451: 436: 7146:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 5705:Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 5521:Princeton University Press. 4853:van Oppen de Ruiter (2019). 4548:. Havertown: Pen and Sword. 3942:. 2020-12-23. Archived from 3624:(90–70 BC) in what is today 3337:List of Greco-Bactrian Kings 3309:lion and the Indian goddess 2324:pulled by lions. Ai Khanoum. 2121:Termez Archaeological Museum 1926:Basileōs Dikaiou Hēliocleous 1851:Basileōs Epiphanous Platōnos 1264: 1228: 465:, and the Eucratid dynasty. 7: 8555:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 5536:. Oxford University Press. 3570: 3162:The Greco-Bactrian city of 3023: 3001: 2000:(The Persians, v. 318) and 1499:Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou 1494:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ 1477:Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou 1472:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ 1379:had been overthrown by the 1178:resisted a three-year siege 404: 92:, including the regions of 10: 9866: 8106:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman 7363: 7312:(Eastern migration of the 7311: 5487: 5248:A.A. Moss pp 317–318 4542:McLaughlin, Raoul (2016). 3801:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3650:or Heavenly mountains and 3135: 3123: 3113: 3081: 2991:Furthermore, according to 2666:flowers, geometric lines, 2505: 2486:Tajikistan National Museum 2408:rivers, the source of the 2389: 2219:Then die, without regret. 1881:Around that time the king 1665:Nomadic invasions and fall 1636:The 5th century historian 1513:"of Great King Eucratides" 1493: 1471: 1339: 1287: 1268: 1253: 1221: 1117: 508: 503: 450:and lasted until its fall 29: 9756: 9662: 9493: 9400: 9342: 9255: 9176: 8983: 8905: 8857: 8834: 8676: 8633: 8504: 8460:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 8450: 8407: 8374: 8292: 8282:Muslim conquest of Persia 8233: 8200: 8135: 8116: 8085: 8053: 7859: 7819: 7798: 7795: 7788: 7593: 7522: 7467: 7387: 7334: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7279: 7250: 7061: 7029: 6826: 6733: 6675: 6647:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 6512: 6444: 6331: 6313: 6210: 6172: 6165: 6129: 5803: 5703:Buddhism in Central Asia. 5651:McEvilley, Thomas (2002). 5451:Peter Thonemann, (2016), 4527:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4492:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4194:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4048:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4029:"Justin XLI, paragraph 1" 4013:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3994:"Justin XLI, paragraph 4" 3822:Strabo, Geography 11.11.1 2800:) and the possessions of 2364:helmet. 2nd century BCE, 2065:and small elite units of 1180:in the fortified city of 1140:, and possibly satrap of 1125:– "(of) King Euthydemus". 590:around 250 BC and became 393: 292: 284: 279: 275: 265: 255: 251: 241: 237: 224: 211: 207: 197: 184: 166: 135: 121: 81: 58: 53: 39: 8821:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 8620:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7094:Mogao Christian painting 6667:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 6381:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 6371:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 5495:Beckwith, Christopher I. 5419:Frank Lee Holt, (1988), 5291:Viglas, Katelis (2016). 3607: 2899:Chandragupta's grandson 2760:, trans. Burton Watson). 2746:"When I was in Bactria ( 2738:explorer and ambassador 2103:Greek culture in Bactria 1511:Maharajasa Evukratidasa, 661:, but also of India, as 457:BC. It was ruled by the 9618:'s attempted rule with 9299:Mithridates V Euergetes 8711:Antiochus III the Great 8524:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 8465:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 8389:Alexander III the Great 8305:Second Turkic Khaganate 7191:Saksanokhur gold buckle 7079:Hephthalite silver bowl 6956:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 5996:Second Turkic Khaganate 5797:History of Central Asia 5517:Boardman, John (1994). 5221:Ancient Chinese weapons 4101:, then the coordinates 2571:Contacts with Han China 2215:In middle age, be just. 1789:Antiochus III the Great 1724:Around 140 BC, eastern 1132:, an Ionian Greek from 713:and Bactria developed. 663:Apollodorus of Artemita 578:– "(of) King Diodotus". 405:Basileía tēs Baktrianēs 394:Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς 47:Basileía tēs Baktrianēs 44:Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς 9825:250s BC establishments 9780:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 9402:Monarchs of Cappadocia 9304:Mithridates VI Eupator 8826:Philip II Philoromaeus 8811:Antiochus XII Dionysus 8801:Demetrius III Eucaerus 8796:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 8781:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 8721:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8716:Seleucus IV Philopator 8701:Seleucus II Callinicus 8600:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8475:Demetrius II Aetolicus 8142:First Turkic Khaganate 7877: 7597:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7535: 7476: 7286:Trans-Jaxartes steppes 7171:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 6931:Alexandria Prophthasia 5956:First Turkic Khaganate 5891:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 5555:Bibliothèque Nationale 5265:Silk Road, North China 3795:Mairs, Rachel (2016). 3713:Social Science History 3226: 3215:Basileōs Agathokleous, 3159: 3158:, India, circa 250 BC. 3129: 3033: 2989: 2965: 2896: 2820: 2818:, Former Han History). 2781: 2762: 2639: 2632:Xinjiang Region Museum 2563:and 180 BC, with king 2531: 2222: 2188: 2159:), and Bactra (modern 2157:Alexandria on the Oxus 2147:Their cities, such as 2124: 1969: 1929: 1879: 1854: 1824: 1721: 1678: 1673:The migrations of the 1634: 1606: 1599: 1564: 1524: 1517: 1480: 1359:Demetrius I of Bactria 1304: 1283: 1249: 1247:with divine thoughts." 1195: 1162: 1126: 735: 679: 653: 628: 623: 579: 566:BC. The reverse shows 386:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 267:• Disestablished 171:Ancient Greek religion 9344:Monarchs of Commagene 9265:Mithridates I Ctistes 8806:Philip I Philadelphus 8786:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 8776:Antiochus VIII Grypus 8771:Seleucus V Philometor 8756:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8746:Antiochus VI Dionysus 8706:Seleucus III Ceraunus 8605:Berenice IV Epiphanea 8550:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8534:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8529:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8394:Philip III Arrhidaeus 7875: 7533: 7475: 6981:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 6356:Karsakpay inscription 5811:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 5423:, Brill Archive p. 2 4937:Wood, Rachel (2011). 4212:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4062:Possibly present day 3963:J. D. Lerner (1999), 3231:Agathocles of Bactria 3223:Rajane Agathuklayesa, 3208: 3181:pattern, the central 3156:Rampurva bull capital 3145: 3046: 3038:Clement of Alexandria 3013:) he sent the Greek ( 2997: 2969: 2917: 2864: 2790: 2767: 2744: 2697:Warring States period 2621: 2525: 2336:Mosaic depicting the 2200:παῖς ὢν κόσμιος γίνου 2197: 2182: 2110: 1963: 1915: 1859: 1840: 1801: 1715: 1672: 1629: 1601: 1585: 1559: 1519: 1486: 1456: 1303: 1265: 1229: 1191: 1154: 1102: 730: 724:in his fight against 655: 644: 616: 555: 136:Common languages 9178:Monarchs of Bithynia 8761:Alexander II Zabinas 8741:Demetrius II Nicator 8658:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8625:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8590:Ptolemy XI Alexander 8565:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8470:Antigonus II Gonatas 7244:Ancient Central Asia 6788:Kutlug Timur Minaret 6323:Noin-Ula burial site 6121:Chinese Central Asia 5701:Puri, B. N. (2000). 5633:Holt, F. L. (1989). 5583:Hitch, Doug (2010). 5250:Numismatic Chronicle 3920:Herodotus, 4.200–204 3346:Greco-Bactrian Kings 2546:, or the Macedonian 2480:Hellenistic silenus 2098:Culture and contacts 1426:Eucratides the Great 1357:Silver coin of king 1091:class=notpageimage| 484:, and some parts of 90:Eucratides the Great 69:Eucratides the Great 9760:Hellenistic satraps 8791:Antiochus X Eusebes 8726:Antiochus V Eupator 8668:Cleopatra Selene II 8595:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8580:Ptolemy X Alexander 8575:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 8539:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8480:Antigonus III Doson 7985:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 7181:Siberian Ice Maiden 6971:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 6386:Petrovka settlement 6116:Soviet Central Asia 6041:Great Seljuq Empire 5716:Tarn, W. W. (1966) 5604:2010IJNAr..39..207P 5185:. 20 November 2016. 5129:. 12 October 2016. 4872:10.3390/arts8040160 4508:"Justin XXXVI, 1,1" 4358:Osmund Bopearachchi 4116: / 4085: / 3837:Palgrave Macmillan 3834:A History of Greece 3772:Cribb, Joe (2005). 3761:Matthew A. McIntosh 3352: 3172:Pataliputra capital 2915:world at the time. 2844:Alexander the Great 2834:The Indian emperor 2544:Alexander the Great 2059:Battle of the Arius 1982:Battle of Gaugamela 1491:inscription reads: 1469:inscription reads: 1363:Indian subcontinent 1322:Antiochus the Great 1218: 1123:Basileōs Euthudēmou 1115:inscription reads: 699:defeated and killed 687:Alexander the Great 542:Alexander the Great 433:Indian subcontinent 257:• Established 9810:Hellenistic states 9664:Monarchs of Epirus 9497:Cimmerian Bosporus 9257:Monarchs of Pontus 8816:Cleopatra Selene I 8696:Antiochus II Theos 8686:Seleucus I Nicator 8653:Demetrius the Fair 8635:Monarchs of Cyrene 8228:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 7878: 7536: 7525:Hellenistic Period 7477: 7336:Afanasievo culture 7131:Buddhas of Bamiyan 7084:Chilek silver bowl 6951:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6627:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 6416:Talapty Settlement 6202:Filippovka kurgans 6091:Khanate of Bukhara 6051:Khwarazmian Empire 5976:Ikhshids of Sogdia 5821:Afanasievo culture 5757:by Antoine Simonin 5263:"C.Michael Hogan, 5226:2005-03-07 at the 5030:www.britannica.com 4986:has generic name ( 4830:The Greeks in Asia 4387:2020-01-12 at the 4367:2021-03-08 at the 4344:2020-01-12 at the 3900:2022-11-19 at the 3866:2022-11-19 at the 3755:2021-09-24 at the 3592:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3350:(c. 255 BC–130 BC) 3344: 3297:attributes of the 3227: 3225:"King Agathocles". 3160: 3082:Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων 2897: 2782: 2640: 2607:(Chinese) and the 2585:Alexandria Eschate 2542:cavalry helmet of 2532: 2418:Hellenistic period 2226:Alexandria Eschate 2206:πρεσβύτης εὔβουλος 2189: 2125: 2111:Reconstruction of 1970: 1930: 1895:Indo-Greek kingdom 1855: 1722: 1679: 1600: 1567:Defeats by Parthia 1518: 1481: 1465:, 171–145 BC. The 1412:Indo-Greek Kingdom 1342:Indo-Greek Kingdom 1305: 1216: 1146:Alexandria Eschate 1127: 1118:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ 654: 648:capital, found at 580: 463:Euthydemid dynasty 429:Indo-Greek Kingdom 421:Hellenistic period 334:Indo-Greek Kingdom 226:• 117–100 BC 213:• 256–239 BC 41:Kingdom of Bactria 9795:Lists of monarchs 9767: 9766: 9247:Socrates Chrestus 8736:Alexander I Balas 8731:Demetrius I Soter 8691:Antiochus I Soter 8437:Antipater Etesias 8333: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8255:Irbis Bolun Cabgu 8016:Kushano-Sasanians 7481:Achaemenid Empire 7372:Andronovo Culture 7209: 7208: 7186:Ai-Khanoum plaque 7057: 7056: 6861:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 6137:Central Asian art 6111:Russian Turkestan 6106:Chinese Turkestan 6006:Abbasid Caliphate 5970:Anxi Protectorate 5916:Kushano-Sasanians 5881:Macedonian Empire 5876:Achaemenid Empire 5846:Andronovo culture 5826:Sintashta culture 5694:978-1-139-05489-8 5637:. Leiden: Brill. 5550:, Osmund (1991). 5542:978-0-19-285438-4 5510:978-1-4008-2994-1 5086:978-1-78969-407-9 4555:978-1-4738-8982-8 4426:Cary, M. (1963). 4120:38.750°N 65.917°E 4089:36.750°N 66.917°E 3857:. (11 Dec 2012) 3855:Baumer, Christoph 3587:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3564: 3563: 3323:Heliodorus pillar 3303:Sudarshana Chakra 3193:in the palace of 3168:Pillars of Ashoka 2838:, founder of the 2117:Alexandria Oxiana 2067:companion cavalry 2007:Battle of Plataea 1994:companion cavalry 1990:invasion of India 1612:, the regions of 1430:Back in Bactria, 1310: 1309: 1296: 1262: 1226: 652:, 2nd century BC. 576:Basileōs Diodotou 427:. Along with the 414: 402: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 326: 325: 16:(Redirected from 9857: 9559: 9475:Ariobarzanes III 8849:Ptolemy Epigonos 8751:Diodotus Tryphon 8544:Cleopatra I Syra 8519:Ptolemy Keraunos 8360: 8353: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8317: 8131:Kun-khi Ghadfar 7961:Bahram VI Chobin 7832:Kujula Kadphises 7463: 7361: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7176:Seal of Khingila 7104:Penjikent murals 6725:Kalai Kafirnigan 6612:Koi Krylgan Kala 6421:Turkistan (city) 6406:Steppe Geoglyphs 6170: 6169: 6101:Khanate of Khiva 6061:Chagatai Khanate 6016:Saffarid dynasty 6001:Uyghur Khaganate 5790: 5783: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5698: 5648: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5614:. Archived from 5589: 5514: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5315:Chaldean Oracles 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5199:. Archived from 5193: 5187: 5186: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4849:Hermitage Museum 4845: 4839: 4838: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4802: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4759: 4750: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4664:www.cngcoins.com 4656: 4650: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4469: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4355: 4349: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4258:"Strabo 11.11.2" 4254: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4230:"Polybius 11.34" 4226: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4150:"Strabo XI.XI.I" 4146: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3889: 3883: 3852: 3846: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3780:: 1 – via 3769: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3708: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3126: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3084: 3083: 3026: 3004: 2985:Edicts of Ashoka 2961:Edicts of Ashoka 2955:, and as far as 2919:The conquest by 2909:Edicts of Ashoka 2890: 2887: 2674:bronze mirrors. 2662:). Designs with 2497: 2477: 2453: 2441: 2396:Takht-i Sangin ( 2377: 2366:Hermitage Museum 2349: 2333: 2320:Plate depicting 2317: 2305: 2289: 2277: 2261: 2151:in northeastern 1843:Plato of Bactria 1654: 1651: 1496: 1495: 1474: 1473: 1354: 1290: 1281: 1280: 1256: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1120: 1119: 1085: 1083: 1070: 1068: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1004: 1002: 993: 991: 982: 980: 969: 967: 960: 958: 951: 949: 938: 936: 925: 923: 914: 912: 905: 903: 892: 890: 879: 877: 866: 864: 853: 851: 840: 838: 827: 825: 816: 814: 805: 803: 794: 792: 785: 783: 774: 772: 763: 761: 754: 748: 683:Ptolemaic empire 612:Third Syrian War 604: 601: 565: 562: 459:Diodotid dynasty 456: 453: 448:Diodotus I Soter 441: 438: 409: 407: 397: 395: 370: 369: 356: 355: 342: 341: 330: 329: 317: 316: 310: 309: 294: 293: 86: 65: 54:256 BC–c. 120 BC 37: 36: 21: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9850:Former kingdoms 9770: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9752: 9658: 9649:Mithridates III 9553: 9496: 9495:Monarchs of the 9489: 9470:Ariobarzanes II 9455:Ariarathes VIII 9396: 9382:Mithridates III 9338: 9280:Mithridates III 9251: 9172: 8979: 8907:Greco-Bactrians 8901: 8853: 8830: 8672: 8629: 8514:Ptolemy I Soter 8500: 8446: 8403: 8370: 8364: 8334: 8329: 8307: 8298: 8284: 8244: 8242: 8240:Tokhara Yabghus 8217: 8212:(vassal of the 8211: 8209: 8146: 8144: 8127: 8125: 8096: 8094: 8064: 8062: 8048: 8046: 8020: 8018: 7991:Farrukh Hormizd 7870: 7868: 7866:Sasanian Empire 7830: 7828: 7806: 7804: 7686:Mithridates III 7666: 7664: 7662:Parthian Empire 7650: 7644: 7643: 7636: 7634: 7601: 7599: 7559:Seleucid Empire 7555: 7528: 7526: 7485: 7483: 7458: 7455:Pazyryk Culture 7452: 7446: 7435: 7424: 7418: 7395: 7393: 7356: 7341:Proto-Tocharian 7338: 7324:,as far as the 7322:Eurasian Steppe 7314:Yamnaya culture 7291:Altai Mountains 7261: 7246: 7240: 7210: 7205: 7166:Afrasiab murals 7109:Sampul tapestry 7053: 7049:Shahr-e Sukhteh 7039:Bandian complex 7025: 7001:Musalla Complex 6881:Tapa-i Kafariha 6822: 6743:Cave of Dzhebel 6729: 6671: 6508: 6440: 6436:Araltobe kurgan 6327: 6309: 6235:Kizilgaha caves 6206: 6192:Pazyryk burials 6174:Southern Russia 6161: 6125: 6011:Tahirid dynasty 5981:Tokhara Yabghus 5886:Seleucid Empire 5861:Pazyryk culture 5816:Yamnaya culture 5799: 5794: 5746: 5695: 5645: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5587: 5511: 5490: 5485: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5418: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5299:(14): 171–189. 5289: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5228:Wayback Machine 5219: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4983: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4846: 4842: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4389:Wayback Machine 4379: 4375: 4369:Wayback Machine 4356: 4352: 4346:Wayback Machine 4336: 4329: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4057: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3981:Thundering Zeus 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3929:Strabo, 11.11.4 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3902:Wayback Machine 3890: 3886: 3868:Wayback Machine 3853: 3849: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3793: 3789: 3770: 3766: 3757:Wayback Machine 3744: 3740: 3725:10.2307/1170959 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3582:Seleucid Empire 3573: 3356:Reign (approx.) 3349: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3203: 3148:flame palmettes 3140: 3134: 3117:"), and others 2888: 2848:Seleucid Empire 2840:Mauryan dynasty 2832: 2683:Terracotta army 2624:Phrygian helmet 2573: 2517:Amyntas Nicator 2508: 2501: 2498: 2489: 2478: 2469: 2454: 2445: 2442: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2369: 2350: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2306: 2297: 2290: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2262: 2250:Dal'verzin Tepe 2221: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2208:τελευτῶν ἄλυπος 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2105: 2100: 2090:, Indians, and 2039:Macedonian army 1958: 1956:Military forces 1916:Silver coin of 1891:Plato Epiphanes 1869:, opposite the 1841:Silver coin of 1667: 1652: 1569: 1428: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1355: 1344: 1338: 1306: 1289: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1255: 1223: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 987: 985: 983: 974: 972: 970: 965: 963: 961: 956: 954: 952: 946: 943: 941: 939: 933: 930: 928: 926: 919: 917: 915: 910: 908: 906: 900: 897: 895: 893: 884: 882: 880: 871: 869: 867: 858: 856: 854: 845: 843: 841: 832: 830: 828: 821: 819: 817: 810: 808: 806: 799: 797: 795: 790: 788: 786: 781: 779: 777: 775: 770: 768: 766: 764: 759: 757: 755: 740: 707:Parthian Empire 681:In 247 BC, the 602: 588:Seleucid Empire 563: 550: 511: 506: 454: 439: 367: 353: 348:Parthian Empire 339: 321:Seleucid Empire 314: 268: 258: 227: 214: 177: 173: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 128: 117: 77: 76: 73:Boeotian helmet 66: 49: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9863: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9765: 9764: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9707:Neoptolemus II 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9622: 9613: 9604: 9602:Mithridates II 9599: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9568:Paerisades III 9565: 9560: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9465:Ariobarzanes I 9462: 9457: 9452: 9450:Ariarathes VII 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9425:Ariarathes III 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9372:Mithridates II 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9275:Mithridates II 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138:Apollodotus II 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8766:Cleopatra Thea 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8363: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8249: 8238: 8235: 8234:625 CE–651 CE 8231: 8230: 8222:Heshana Khagan 8205: 8202: 8201:560 CE–625 CE 8198: 8197: 8182:Empress Ashina 8168:Ishbara Qaghan 8140: 8137: 8136:560 CE–651 CE 8133: 8132: 8121: 8118: 8117:440 CE–560 CE 8114: 8113: 8090: 8087: 8086:370 CE–540 CE 8083: 8082: 8058: 8055: 8054:320 CE–467 CE 8051: 8050: 8042: 8039: 8014: 8011: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7838:Vima Kadphises 7824: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7800: 7797: 7796:141 BCE–30 CE 7793: 7792: 7787: 7764:Parthamaspates 7698:Mithridates IV 7680:Mithridates II 7660: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7646: 7630: 7627: 7620: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7539:Argead dynasty 7524: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508:Artaxerxes III 7479: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7449:Arzhan culture 7439: 7428: 7411: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7368:2000–1900 BCE 7365: 7364: 7362: 7351: 7349: 7348:2400–2000 BCE 7345: 7344: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7310: 7309:3500–2500 BCE 7306: 7305: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7126:Bimaran Casket 7123: 7118: 7115:Sogdian Daēnās 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089:Gardez Ganesha 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Takht-e Rostam 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6846:Dilberjin Tepe 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6720:Takht-i Sangin 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Guldursun-Kala 6569: 6564: 6559: 6557:Dalverzin Tepe 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6527:Akchakhan-Kala 6524: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285:Dunhuang Caves 6282: 6280:Bezeklik Caves 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245:Subashi Temple 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:Durrani Empire 6093: 6088: 6086:Timurid Empire 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Vakhsh culture 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5744:External links 5742: 5741: 5740: 5721: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5630: 5598:(4): 654–658. 5580: 5566: 5545: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5459: 5441: 5427: 5412: 5379: 5346: 5321: 5313:connected the 5311:Neo-Platonists 5283: 5254: 5241: 5236:2012-05-27 at 5213: 5188: 5168: 5143: 5114: 5101: 5092: 5085: 5065: 5041: 5017: 4993: 4948: 4929: 4890: 4878: 4840: 4825:Boardman, John 4816: 4809: 4787: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4696: 4687: 4675: 4651: 4635: 4633:, p. 153. 4623: 4598: 4578: 4569: 4554: 4534: 4499: 4473:"Justin XLI,6" 4459: 4435: 4418: 4393: 4380:Shane Wallace 4373: 4350: 4337:Shane Wallace 4327: 4302: 4274: 4246: 4218: 4209:"Euthydemus". 4201: 4166: 4138: 4125:38.750; 65.917 4094:36.750; 66.917 4055: 4020: 3985: 3969: 3956: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3910:978-1317321279 3884: 3880:978-1780760605 3847: 3843:978-1137013675 3824: 3815: 3806: 3787: 3764: 3738: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3674: 3664: 3639: 3630: 3622:Hermaeus Soter 3612: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3602:Indo-Scythians 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3577:Greco-Buddhism 3572: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3338: 3335: 3202: 3199: 3183:flame palmette 3136:Main article: 3133: 3130: 3019:Dhammarakkhita 2831: 2828: 2572: 2569: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2462:Takht-i Sangin 2458:Greco-Bactrian 2455: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2436: 2412:, in southern 2392:Takht-i Sangin 2390:Main article: 2387: 2386:Takht-i Sangin 2384: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2338:Macedonian sun 2335: 2328: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2198: 2193:Delphic maxims 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2020:Alexander and 1957: 1954: 1832:Indo-Scythians 1666: 1663: 1568: 1565: 1509:legend reads: 1427: 1424: 1420:Greco-Buddhism 1385:Mauryan empire 1381:Shunga dynasty 1377:Mauryan empire 1356: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340:Main article: 1337: 1334: 1308: 1307: 1297: 1285: 1284: 1263: 1251: 1250: 1227: 1089: 1088: 749: 743: 742: 741: 739: 736: 733:their freedom. 582:Diodotus, the 549: 546: 510: 507: 505: 502: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 364: 358: 357: 350: 344: 343: 336: 327: 324: 323: 318: 306: 305: 300: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 242:Historical era 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 225: 222: 221: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 195: 194: 186: 182: 181: 179:Zoroastrianism 175:Greco-Buddhism 168: 164: 163: 137: 133: 132: 123: 119: 118: 108:to the north, 87: 79: 78: 67: 60: 59: 56: 55: 51: 50: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9862: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9687:Neoptolemus I 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9583:Mithridates I 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9573:Paerisades IV 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Paerisades II 9534: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525:Spartokos III 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9460:Ariarathes IX 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Ariarathes VI 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9430:Ariarathes IV 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9415:Ariarathes II 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9387:Antiochus III 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Mithridates I 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Nicomedes III 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068:Demetrius III 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Antimachus II 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:Apollodotus I 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8970:Eucratides II 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935:Euthydemus II 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Ptolemy Apion 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570:Cleopatra III 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8299: 8297: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8261:Ishbara Tolis 8259: 8256: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8241: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8208: 8207:Western Turks 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8162:Taspar Qaghan 8160: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8093: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8003:Yazdegerd III 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7826:Kushan Empire 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7770:Mithridates V 7768: 7767:Sinatruces II 7765: 7762: 7761:Vologases III 7759: 7756: 7755:Artabanus III 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7725:Tiridates III 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7668:Mithridates I 7665: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7648:Hunnic tribes 7642: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7626: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7615:Euthydemus II 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7532: 7527: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7511:Artaxerxes IV 7509: 7506: 7505:Artaxerxes II 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391:Median Empire 7384: 7383: 7378:2000–900 BCE 7377: 7376: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7318:Pontic steppe 7315: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300:Preceded by: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121:Oxus Treasure 7119: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Orlat plaques 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Dasht-e Nawar 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Monjukli Depe 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6783:Konye-Urgench 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Takht-i Kuwad 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Koshoy Korgon 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6240:Kumtura Caves 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6212:Western China 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Salbyk kurgan 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187:Arzhan kurgan 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6157:Serindian art 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Mongol Empire 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6046:Ghurid Empire 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Western Turks 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911:Kushan Empire 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Guiyi Circuit 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Median Empire 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851:Tagar culture 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5737:0-231-08167-7 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5711:81-208-0372-8 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5667:Narain, A. K. 5664: 5662: 5661:1-58115-203-5 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5644:90-04-08612-9 5640: 5636: 5631: 5621:on 2013-12-26 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5577:2-9516679-2-2 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5563:2-7177-1825-7 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527:0-691-03680-2 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5473: 5472:coinindia.com 5469: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5238:archive.today 5235: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5203:on 2005-03-06 5202: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5112:, pp. 363–364 5111: 5105: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5055: 5054:coinindia.com 5051: 5045: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4977: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4888:, p. 43. 4887: 4882: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4810:0-89236-218-9 4806: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4733: 4724: 4710: 4709:coinindia.com 4706: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4643:Beckwith 2009 4639: 4632: 4627: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4448:coinindia.com 4445: 4439: 4432:. p. 75. 4431: 4430: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4098: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3946:on 2020-12-23 3945: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3904:. Routledge, 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3874:I.B. Tauris, 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3688: 3678: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3524:Eucratides II 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483:Apollodotus I 3481: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3457:Euthydemus II 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313:, consort of 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3281:mace and the 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259:Vedic deities 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:bead and reel 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3128: 3120: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103:gymnosophists 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2774:Maurya Empire 2771: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2679:Qin Shi Huang 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2526:Coin of king 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430:Oxus Treasure 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416:. During the 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2244:, as well as 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2204:μέσος δίκαιος 2202:ἡβῶν ἐγκρατής 2196: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2141:Mediterranean 2138: 2133: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:war elephants 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024:both settled 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1950:Kushan Empire 1946: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1932:Overall, the 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1907:Punjab region 1904: 1903:Paropamisadae 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1754:Antiochus VII 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Hexi Corridor 1688: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1598:on horseback. 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1577:Mithridates I 1574: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Eucratides II 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Pali language 1500: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:Antimachus II 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:Ancient Greek 1286: 1282: 1260: 1254:Transcription 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Antiochus III 1161: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136:according to 1135: 1131: 1124: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1045: 1034: 1025: 1014: 1003: 992: 990: 981: 979: 978: 968: 959: 950: 948: 937: 935: 924: 922: 913: 904: 902: 891: 889: 888: 878: 876: 875: 865: 863: 862: 852: 850: 849: 839: 837: 836: 826: 824: 815: 813: 804: 802: 793: 784: 773: 762: 753: 747: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 651: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 627: 625: 621: 615: 613: 608: 597: 593: 589: 585: 577: 573: 569: 559: 556:Gold coin of 554: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 449: 445: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419:state of the 418: 412: 406: 400: 391: 387: 365: 363: 362:Kushan Empire 360: 359: 351: 349: 346: 345: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 322: 319: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 274: 270: 264: 260: 254: 250: 247: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 223: 219: 216: 210: 206: 202: 200: 196: 193: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116:to the south. 115: 111: 107: 103: 100:to the west, 99: 95: 91: 85: 80: 74: 70: 64: 57: 52: 48: 38: 33: 19: 18:Greco-Bactria 9722:Alexander II 9578:Paerisades V 9541:Spartokos IV 9505:Paerisades I 9480:Ariarathes X 9435:Ariarathes V 9410:Ariarathes I 9392:Antiochus IV 9377:Antiochus II 9309:Pharnaces II 9270:Ariobarzanes 9242:Nicomedes IV 9232:Nicomedes II 9158:Apollophanes 9143:Hippostratos 9058:Heliokles II 9018:Demetrius II 8998:Antimachus I 8960:Eucratides I 8955:Demetrius II 8940:Antimachus I 8925:Euthydemus I 8906: 8610:Ptolemy XIII 8585:Berenice III 8432:Antipater II 8399:Alexander IV 8302: 8293: 8290:673–751 CE 8279: 8276:651–673 CE 8258:Duolu Qaghan 8246:Tardush Shad 8237: 8214:Tang dynasty 8204: 8190:Yangsu Tegin 8174:Tulan Qaghan 8171:Bagha Qaghan 8165:Ashina Anluo 8159:Muqan Qaghan 8156:Issik Qaghan 8153:Bumin Qaghan 8139: 8123:Hephthalites 8120: 8089: 8057: 8041: 8013: 7973:Ardashir III 7931:Yazdegerd II 7863: 7851: 7823: 7799: 7785:Artabanus IV 7782:Vologases VI 7773:Vologases IV 7752:Vologases II 7728:Artabanus II 7722:Artabanus II 7707:Tiridates II 7695:Phraates III 7659: 7656:160–141 BCE 7645: 7629: 7622: 7618:Antimachus I 7609:Euthydemus I 7596: 7594: 7591:256–160 BCE 7582: 7575: 7570:Antiochus II 7557: 7556: 7550:Alexander II 7537: 7523: 7520:331–256 BCE 7499:Artaxerxes I 7478: 7468:539–331 BCE 7441: 7430: 7419: 7413: 7388: 7385:626–539 BCE 7320:through the 7299: 7260:Territories/ 7113: 7044:Mount Khajeh 7011:Qala-i-Jangi 6991:Khair Khaneh 6896:Khair Khaneh 6803:Namazga-Tepe 6758:Anau culture 6735:Turkmenistan 6652:Tavka Kurgan 6547:Balalyk Tepe 6464:Burana Tower 6454:Aigyr-Zhal 2 6346:Issyk kurgan 6081:Kart dynasty 6076:Sufi dynasty 6066:Golden Horde 5991:Oghuz Yabgus 5966:Tang dynasty 5931:Hephthalites 5890: 5856:Uyuk culture 5724: 5717: 5702: 5675: 5671:Sinor, Denis 5652: 5634: 5623:. Retrieved 5616:the original 5595: 5591: 5569: 5551: 5548:Bopearachchi 5533: 5518: 5499: 5475:. Retrieved 5471: 5462: 5452: 5420: 5415: 5404:. Retrieved 5382: 5371:. Retrieved 5349: 5338:. Retrieved 5324: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5275:. Retrieved 5264: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5216: 5205:. Retrieved 5201:the original 5191: 5182:Live Science 5180: 5171: 5160:. Retrieved 5146: 5135:. Retrieved 5126: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5095: 5075: 5068: 5057:. Retrieved 5053: 5044: 5033:. Retrieved 5029: 5020: 5009:. Retrieved 5005: 4996: 4965:. Retrieved 4961: 4951: 4942: 4932: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4881: 4862: 4858: 4843: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4796: 4790: 4765: 4761: 4732: 4723: 4712:. Retrieved 4708: 4699: 4690: 4667:. Retrieved 4663: 4654: 4638: 4626: 4615:. Retrieved 4601: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4544: 4537: 4512:. Retrieved 4502: 4477:. Retrieved 4451:. Retrieved 4447: 4438: 4428: 4421: 4410:. Retrieved 4396: 4376: 4353: 4319:. Retrieved 4305: 4294:. Retrieved 4266:. Retrieved 4238:. Retrieved 4211: 4204: 4179:. Retrieved 4175:"Justin XLI" 4169: 4158:. Retrieved 4058: 4033:. Retrieved 4023: 3998:. Retrieved 3988: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3948:. Retrieved 3944:the original 3934: 3925: 3916: 3893: 3887: 3871: 3859: 3850: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3790: 3777: 3767: 3760: 3748: 3741: 3719:(3–4): 132. 3716: 3712: 3706: 3687: 3677: 3667: 3642: 3633: 3616: 3565: 3511:Eucratides I 3498:Demetrius II 3470:Antimachus I 3399:Euthydemus I 3340: 3228: 3222: 3214: 3191:anta capital 3176: 3161: 3106: 3070: 3047: 3034: 3021:... and the 2998: 2990: 2970: 2966: 2918: 2898: 2880:), found in 2836:Chandragupta 2833: 2821: 2813: 2791: 2783: 2751: 2745: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2693:cupro-nickel 2687: 2676: 2641: 2574: 2537: 2533: 2528:Antimachus I 2509: 2395: 2223: 2199: 2190: 2146: 2134: 2126: 2074: 2055:Indo-Iranian 2047:Thureophoroi 2043: 2034: 2030: 2019: 2017:style bows. 2011:hippotoxotai 2010: 1971: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1880: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1825: 1813: 1802: 1785:Euthydemus I 1781: 1762: 1742:Hecatompolis 1723: 1680: 1657: 1635: 1630: 1625:Demetrius II 1622: 1607: 1602: 1592:Eucratides I 1570: 1560: 1555:Demetrius II 1540: 1528:Jhelum River 1525: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1498: 1476: 1463:Eucratides I 1448:Demetrius II 1440:Antimachus I 1432:Eucratides I 1429: 1401: 1371: 1311: 1266: 1259:Greek script 1230: 1196: 1192: 1163: 1155: 1128: 1122: 1077: 1076: 1064: 1063: 1052: 988: 976: 975: 944: 931: 920: 898: 886: 885: 873: 872: 860: 859: 847: 846: 834: 833: 822: 811: 800: 731: 715: 680: 656: 631: 629: 617: 607:Antiochus II 581: 575: 512: 482:Turkmenistan 467: 425:Central Asia 385: 383: 303:Succeeded by 302: 297: 46: 9743:Pyrrhus III 9727:Olympias II 9697:Alexander I 9554: [ 9551:Spartokos V 9420:Ariamnes II 9367:Antiochus I 9329:Pythodorida 9285:Pharnaces I 9206:Zipoetes II 9201:Nicomedes I 9118:Artemidoros 9113:Menander II 9053:Antialcidas 9038:Agathokleia 8993:Demetrius I 8985:Indo-Greeks 8975:Heliocles I 8930:Demetrius I 8920:Diodotus II 8897:Eumenes III 8892:Attalus III 8867:Philetaerus 8836:Lysimachids 8648:Berenice II 8615:Ptolemy XIV 8497:(pretender) 8427:Alexander V 8409:Antipatrids 8367:Hellenistic 8270:Ashina Helu 8267:Irbis Seguy 8252:Külüg Sibir 8219:Niri Qaghan 8149:Ashina Tuwu 8092:Alchon Huns 7988:Azarmidokht 7979:Khosrow III 7934:Hormizd III 7919:Yazdegerd I 7910:Ardashir II 7904:Adur Narseh 7860:224–350 CE 7820:30 –224 CE 7779:Vologases V 7746:Vardanes II 7743:Vologases I 7734:Gotarzes II 7704:Phraates IV 7674:Hyspaosines 7638:Modu Chanyu 7612:Demetrius I 7606:Diodotus II 7567:Antiochus I 7544:Alexander I 7136:Kabul hoard 7069:Sokh snakes 7021:Surkh Kotal 6986:Haji Piyada 6961:Darra-e Kur 6926:Yemshi Tepe 6921:Tillya Tepe 6916:Tepe Fullol 6906:Tepe Narenj 6901:Tapa Sardar 6891:Fondukistan 6856:Tapa Shotor 6836:Tepe Fullol 6828:Afghanistan 6657:Toprak-Kala 6642:Shahrukhiya 6592:Kampir Tepe 6582:Itchan Kala 6537:Ancient Pap 6494:Shakh Fazil 6366:Krasnyi Yar 6270:Mogao Caves 6230:Kizil Caves 6166:Archaeology 6031:Farighunids 5986:Turk Shahis 5926:Alchon Huns 5557:de France, 4984:|last= 4631:Narain 1990 4123: / 4092: / 3983:, Berkeley. 3967:, Stuttgart 3554:Heliocles I 3412:Demetrius I 3386:Diodotus II 3275:Sankarshana 3195:Pataliputra 2913:Hellenistic 2856:Megasthenes 2770:Han dynasty 2736:Han dynasty 2731:Manu Smriti 2725:Mahabharata 2711:in eastern 2689:Numismatics 2672:Han dynasty 2660:Rostovtzeff 2615:, XI.XI.I). 2246:Saksanokhur 2234:Eucratideia 2228:(in modern 2153:Afghanistan 2137:Hellenistic 2113:Kampyr Tepe 2063:cataphracts 2026:Macedonians 1765:Han Chinese 1758:Artabanus I 1750:Phraates II 1718:Tillia tepe 1689:called the 1659:Heliocles I 1551:Heliocles I 1459:tetradrachm 1404:Pataliputra 1288:Inscription 1222:Translation 1211:Demetrius I 726:Seleucus II 718:Diodotus II 711:Greek Egypt 470:Afghanistan 423:located in 298:Preceded by 231:Heliocles I 189:Hellenistic 9774:Categories 9733:Pyrrhus II 9712:Alcetas II 9677:Tharrhypas 9644:Gepaepyris 9616:Scribonius 9510:Satyros II 9440:Orophernes 9352:Ptolemaeus 9334:Polemon II 9227:Prusias II 9196:Zipoetes I 9168:Strato III 9093:Theophilos 9073:Philoxenus 9028:Menander I 9008:Agathocles 8950:Agathocles 8915:Diodotus I 8887:Attalus II 8882:Eumenes II 8844:Lysimachus 8452:Antigonids 8264:Yukuk Shad 8186:Apa Qaghan 8129:Akhshunwar 8111:Mihirakula 8049:Wanunkhur 8031:Hormizd II 8022:Ardashir I 7997:Khosrow IV 7994:Hormizd VI 7976:Shahrbaraz 7967:Khosrow II 7958:Khosrow II 7955:Hormizd IV 7913:Shapur III 7901:Hormizd II 7895:Bahram III 7880:Ardashir I 7847:Vasudeva I 7841:Kanishka I 7835:Vima Takto 7811:Sapadbizes 7790:Eucratides 7749:Pacorus II 7740:Vonones II 7737:Meherdates 7731:Vardanes I 7716:Orodes III 7713:Phraates V 7692:Sinatruces 7603:Diodotus I 7564:Seleucus I 7514:Darius III 7421:Massagetae 7242:Rulers of 7016:Rag-i-Bibi 6841:Ai-Khanoum 6773:Gonur Depe 6768:Dev-Kesken 6705:Kafir-kala 6695:Ajina tepe 6677:Tajikistan 6637:Sarmishsay 6622:Kyzyl-Kala 6602:Khalchayan 6587:Kafir-kala 6567:Fayaz Tepe 6552:Burchmulla 6514:Uzbekistan 6504:Tash Rabat 6479:Manas Ordo 6446:Kyrgyzstan 6333:Kazakhstan 6036:Ghaznavids 5941:Ustrushana 5936:Tocharians 5866:Massagetae 5625:2015-01-02 5477:2024-06-29 5406:2017-08-31 5373:2017-08-31 5340:2005-12-18 5277:2008-02-20 5207:2004-10-30 5162:2016-10-12 5137:2018-06-21 5059:2024-07-10 5035:2024-07-10 5011:2024-07-10 4967:2024-07-10 4865:(4): 160. 4714:2024-06-20 4669:2024-06-19 4647:Hitch 2010 4617:2021-02-20 4514:2006-02-11 4479:2006-01-14 4453:2024-06-19 4412:2019-11-15 4321:2021-02-20 4296:2021-02-20 4268:2021-02-20 4240:2021-02-20 4181:2006-01-14 4160:2021-02-20 4035:2006-01-14 4000:2006-01-14 3977:F. 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Holt 3950:2023-10-06 3749:Brewminate 3699:References 3550:140–130 BC 3535:145–140 BC 3520:145–140 BC 3507:171–145 BC 3494:175–160 BC 3479:180-160 BC 3466:180-170 BC 3453:185-180 BC 3442:Agathocles 3438:190-180 BC 3423:200–180 BC 3408:200–180 BC 3395:230–200 BC 3382:239–223 BC 3371:Diodotus I 3367:255–239 BC 3331:syncretism 3211:Agathocles 3164:Ai-Khanoum 3089:; and the 3075:among the 3069:; and the 3065:among the 3061:; and the 3057:among the 3053:; and the 2957:Tamraparni 2891: BC, 2889: 250 2740:Zhang Qian 2701:Agathocles 2650:museum at 2513:Eucratides 2466:Seleucus I 2456:Head of a 2414:Tajikistan 2362:Macedonian 2242:Uzbekistan 2238:Amphipolis 2230:Tajikistan 2185:Ai Khanoum 2173:Corinthian 2155:(probably 2149:Ai-Khanoum 2053:and other 2022:Seleucus I 1974:Achaemenid 1769:Zhang Qian 1687:Han Empire 1653: 138 1604:Parthians. 1562:sepulture. 1536:Menander I 1507:Kharoshthi 1416:Menander I 1257:(original 1241:Euthydemos 1203:Tajikistan 1130:Euthydemus 1105:Euthydemus 695:Andragoras 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