Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

2464: 7348: 2336: 2440: 2428: 2484: 2097: 52: 1443: 73: 1950: 7862: 7520: 1089: 1572: 735: 2364: 8304: 3195: 2608: 1290: 2304: 2320: 3132: 2276: 2248: 2292: 2264: 1473: 5298:, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon. ... The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: The astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages. ... In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer". ... The 2169: 741: 1659: 542: 1827: 7462: 7450: 1702: 2851: 2539:. This is unique to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who first featured such designs on their coins as other Hellenistic rulers are shown to only wear the diadem. As such the Greco-Bactrians are especially known for their innovative coinage designs. Further examples include the use of different metal alloys for their coins and the issue of bilingual coinage, using Greek on the obverse and an Indian language (such as 3680:"The things which China received from the Graeco-Iranian world-the pomegranate and other "Chang-Kien" plants, the heavy equipment of the cataphract, the traces of Greeks influence on Han art (such as) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco-Bactrian designs ... in the Victoria and Albert Museum" Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period may have been due to foreign influence." 2512: 631: 2754: 2463: 3155:, being located at the doorstep of India, interacting with the Indian subcontinent, and having a rich Hellenistic culture, was in a unique position to influence Indian culture as well. It is considered that Ai-Khanoum may have been one of the primary actors in transmitting Western artistic influence to India, for example in the creation of the 51: 2152:) where Hellenistic remains have been found, demonstrate a sophisticated Hellenistic urban culture. This site gives a snapshot of Greco-Bactrian culture around 145 BC, as the city was burnt to the ground around that date during nomadic invasions and never re-settled. Ai-Khanoum "has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek 72: 4055:; Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, Volume 23, ed. by Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, 1923, p. 260: "Eucratidia, named from its ruler, (Strabo, xi. p. 516.) was, according to Ptolemy, 2° North and 1° West of Bactra." As these coordinates are relative to, and close to, 3886: 2335: 3670:

Notice of the British Museum on the Zhou vase (2005, attached image): "Red earthenware bowl, decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste. Eastern Zhou period, 4th–3rd century BC. This bowl may have intended to copy a possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver. Glass has been both imported

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Soon after, relieved by the death of Diodotus, Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son, also by the name of Diodotus; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels, and he prevailed: the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of

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The other has a more informative scene of a war elephant , with mahout and a turreted howdah bearing two warriors, one wearing a Macedonian helmet, suggesting a more southerly origin for the type: very Indian, at first sight, but it seems that adding a mini-fortress to an elephant's back was a Greek

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scripts on the reverse. Local Indian symbols and deities are also depicted, i.e. Buddhist symbols and some Hindu deities (see Influence on Indian art subsection below). This syncretic design was first introduced after king Demetrius I of Bactria conquered areas of the Indian subcontinent between 190

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Such portraits show high levels of detail with some kings seen smiling, while others are shown aging throughout their reign, even depicting old age on their coins. Such realistic imagery on coins seems to have been very important to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who wanted to display their individuality

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Dates that overlap show that multiple kings ruled at the same time, but in different regions whose exact details are not known very well. For example Apollodotus I likely ruled areas south of Bactria and the Indian subcontinent while Antimachus I ruled in Bactria. Eucratides II and Plato would have

1933:

of a previously unknown ruler called Antigonus has been found and it seems he ruled after the kingdom's collapse, as evidenced by the use of a lunate sigma and the lower art quality of the coin, perhaps dating from the end of the 1st century BC. Antigonus might have briefly won a battle against the

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The people of the Orient welcomed his (Demetrius II's) arrival, partly because of the cruelty of the Arsacid king of the Parthians, partly because, used to the rule of the Macedonians, they disliked the arrogance of this new people. Thus, Demetrius, supported by the Persians, Elymes and Bactrians,

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southwest of Dayuan, south of the Gui (Oxus) river. Its people cultivate the land and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Dayuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but

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Some of the Greco-Bactrian coins, and those of their successors the Indo-Greeks, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by

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As Eucratides returned from India, he was killed on the way back by his son, whom he had associated to his rule, and who, without hiding his parricide, as if he didn't kill a father but an enemy, ran with his chariot over the blood of his father, and ordered the corpse to be left without a

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The Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the

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remained in Bactria for more than a century. They became Hellenized to some degree, as suggested by their adoption of the Greek alphabet to write their later Iranian court language, and by numerous remaining coins, minted in the style of the Greco-Bactrian kings, with the text in Greek.

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According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors, with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu, which would probably have easily defeated Greco-Bactrian forces (in 208 BC when the Greco-Bactrian king

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around 206 BC. Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts:

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Greco-Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries (at least Maharakkhita, lit. "The Great Saved One", who was "sent to the country of the Yona") and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith, although little proof remains. In the 2nd century AD, the Christian dogmatist

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and other Greeks in Bactria, and archeological finds in the region have also attested to a major Macedonian presence, as evidenced by the presence of symbols, style of coinage, and epigraphic names. Greek garrisons in the satrapy of Bactria were housed in fortresses called

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Eucratides led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by Demetrius, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his

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housing men armed with bows and javelins. This force grew as the Greco-Bactrian kingdom expanded into India and was widely depicted in Greco-Bactrian coinage. Other units in the Bactrian military included mercenaries or levies from various surrounding peoples such as the

2739:)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." ( 4638:, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." 2427: 1882:, the latter probably being a brother of Eucratides I. Since Heliocles left the Bactrian territory, he is technically the last Greco-Bactrian king, although several of his descendants, moving beyond the Hindu Kush, would form the western part of the 1797:

they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked Daxia, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is called the city of Lanshi (

1182:... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised. 2132:

and neighbouring India. They were on friendly terms with India and exchanged ambassadors. During ancient times, it was known as a wealthy state with many settled cities and the historian Justin claims the kingdom possessed 'a thousand cities'.

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issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotus would have become independent there early in Antiochus' reign. On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the

2994:(elder) Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror (Ashoka), had brought the (third) council to an end ... he sent forth theras, one here and one there: ... and to Aparantaka (the "Western countries" corresponding to 3660:

On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior: "A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior, not Greek work, but wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet ... From a burial, said to be of the 4th century BC, just north of the Tien Shan

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The army of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was then a multi-ethnic force with Greek colonists making up large portions of the infantry as pike phalanxes, supported by light infantry units of local Bactrians and mercenary javelin-wielding

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columns were found in excavations of the site, as well as various sculptural fragments. In particular a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue.

3635:"They are a nation of nomads, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors ... The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the 1993:

mention that Bactria was able to field a force of 30,000 horse. Most of these horsemen were lightly armed, using bows and javelins before closing with sword and spear. Herodotus describes the Persian cavalry of Mardonius at the

2363: 2801:(Anxi) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, and placing great value on the rich produce of China. ( 2483: 2120:

Empire had a policy of exiling rebelling Greek communities to that region long before it fell to Greek conquest. Therefore, it had a considerable Greek community that was expanded upon after Macedonian conquest.

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Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to Greece. First in its ranks were the prophets of the

3306:. The Indian coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. These coins at least demonstrate the readiness of Greek kings to represent deities of foreign origin. The dedication of a Greek envoy to the cult of 7215: 2508:(reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West" (Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"). 5141:"The mausoleum of China's first emperor partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to reveal groundbreaking evidence that China was in contact with the west during the reign of the first emperor" 3852: 5144: 587:

of Bactria. The preserved ancient sources (see below) are somewhat contradictory, and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled. Somewhat simplified, there is a high chronology (

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valley, from where he ruled his Indian holdings. Apparently there were two other Greco-Bactrian kings preceding Heliocles in the same region and from the same dynasty, named Eucratides II and

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The purpose of Zhang Qian's journey was to look for civilizations on the steppe that the Han could ally with against the Xiongnu. Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han

529:) were forcibly relocated in Bactria, and later on with other exiled Greeks, most of them prisoners of war. Greeks communities and language were already common in the area by the time that 9823: 7347: 9803: 1399:). However, these campaigns are typically attributed to Menander. The invasion was completed by 175 BC. This established in the northwestern Indian Subcontinent what is called the 1515:

Eucratides campaigned extensively in present-day northwestern India, and ruled a vast territory, as indicated by his minting of coins in many Indian mints, possibly as far as the

2900:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the 4825:

invention, so this is a successor to those elephants with which Indian kings used to bribe westerners. The cloth below the howdah is decorated with a Greek sea monster (ketos).

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made these coin issues around 170 BC. An alternative suggestion is that the metal in the coinage derived from a mine where a cupro-nickel alloy occurred naturally, perhaps

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And they also held Sogdiana, situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River, which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians, and the

3222:(ruled 190–180 BC), issued remarkable Indian-standard square coins bearing the first known representations of Indian deities, which have been variously interpreted as 2688:

were in copper-nickel alloy). The practice of exporting Chinese metals, in particular iron, for trade is attested around that period. Kings Euthydemus, Euthydemus II,

357: 343: 329: 304: 1372:. Historians differ on the motivations behind the invasion. Some historians suggest that the invasion of the subcontinent was intended to show their support for the 3741: 2777:

of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:

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Before the Greek conquest, the armies of Bactria were overwhelmingly composed of cavalry and were well known as effective soldiers, making up large portions of the

7222: 1694:. The surviving Yuezhi migrated again south towards the territory just north of the Oxus River where they encountered and expelled a nomadic steppe nation called 4932:

In A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran & R. Rossi ed. 'From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridization and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East'

4843: 1977:

also mentions the widespread use of chariots among the Bactrians. After Alexander's conquest of Bactria, Bactrian cavalry units served in his army during the

5140: 4059:, it is reasonable to disregard the imprecision in Ptolemy's coordinates and accept them without adjustment. If the coordinates for Bactra are taken to be 4599: 2674:. This idea suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures However, this idea is disputed. 1133:, overthrew the dynasty of Diodotus II around 230–220 BC and started his own dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, going beyond the city of 5306:

with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.

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from Takhti Sangin, with dedication in Greek to the god of the Oxus, by "Atrosokes" (a Bactrian name). Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 200–150 BCE.

2225:, and another city named Amphipolis. The latter being a previously unknown city which was mentioned on a Bactrian document and was clearly named after 1788:) in 126 BC, and portrays a country which was totally demoralized and whose political system had vanished, although its urban infrastructure remained: 1650:

ended up ruling what territory remained. The defeat, both in the west and the east, may have left Bactria very weakened and open to nomadic invasions.

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started to invade various parts of Parthia and Bactria. Their invasion of Parthia is well documented: they attacked in the direction of the cities of

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A Bactrian tax receipt written in Greek mentioning the Greco-Bactrian king Antimachus I Theos, Eumenes and perhaps Antimachus II, 2nd century BC.

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Mentioned in "Hellenism in ancient India", Banerjee, p 140, to be taken carefully since Orosius is often rather unreliable in his accounts.

2291: 734: 2275: 1427:, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty, around 170 BC, probably dethroning 4250: 4142: 3928: 1380:

as alleged by Buddhist scriptures (Tarn). Other historians have argued however that the accounts of these persecutions have been exaggerated (

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also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions: the Greco-Bactrians were the first in the world to issue

5222: 4303: 4278: 4222: 1403:, which lasted for almost two centuries until around 10 AD. The Buddhist faith flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, foremost among them 646:

The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of

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There is evidence for the persistence of Greek populations in Bactria after the collapse of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. For example, an

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BC) and a low chronology (c. 246 BC) for Diodotus' secession. The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king

9778: 7861: 6869: 1439:) is said to have returned to Bactria with 60,000 men to oust the usurper, but he apparently was defeated and killed in the encounter: 9833: 9788: 7087: 5663: 3881: 489:

in 230 BC. Its cities were among the largest and richest of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was known as the "land of a thousand cities."

5212: 2839:, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on 2684:(75:25 ratio) coins, an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name "White copper" (some weapons from the 9773: 8307: 2247: 1079: 4649:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 99. BAKTRIA, Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Uncertain. Early-mid 1st century BC(?). AR Obol (11mm, 0.49 g, 1h)" 3821: 2303: 615:), defected and proclaimed himself king; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians. 9793: 7208: 5958: 5119: 9818: 7189: 5259: 2984:

sources, some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks, indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures:

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The Yuezhi further expanded southward into Bactria around 120 BC, apparently further pushed out by invasions from the northern

1583:, the largest gold coin of Antiquity. The coin weighs 169.2 grams, and has a diameter of 58 millimeters. The reverse shows the 1301:

Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. In the west, areas in north-eastern

698:. This cut Bactria off from contact with the Greek world. Overland trade continued at a reduced rate, while sea trade between 5681: 5530: 5497: 5073: 4542: 3847: 1741:, son of Mithridates I, routing the Greek mercenary troops under his command (troops he had acquired during his victory over 686:, the Seleucid satrap of Parthia, proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, declaring himself king. A decade later, he was 4534:

The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes : the Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China

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in the name of Agathocles were discovered at Ai-Khanoum in 1970. These coins seem to be the first known representations of

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and at major cities. Military colonists were settled in the countryside and were each given an allotment of land called a

7144: 5769: 4928:"Cultural convergence in Bactria: the votives from the Temple of the Oxus at Takht-i Sangin, in "From Pella to Gandhara"" 4093: 4062: 3734: 3126: 2854: 2896:

Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the Indo-Iranic and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC. According to the

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One of the inscriptions in Greek found at Ai-Khanoum, the Herôon of Kineas, has been dated to 300–250 BC, and describes

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among the Bactrians ("Bactrians" meaning "Oriental Greeks" in that period), and even their influence on Greek thought:

1819:. It seems they also pushed Scythian tribes before them, which continued to India, where they came to be identified as 1442: 3094:

are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called

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being the first to issue coins of the Indian standard, when the Greeks truly started ruling over Indian populations.

1232:, as well as his son, the glorious, victorious and remarkable Demetrios, be preserved of all pains, with the help of 1173:, before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son 5165: 4817: 3954:

The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria

8339: 5743: 5738: 1194:, in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC, a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating a fire altar to 5388: 5355: 1953:

Coin showing Eucratides I as a warrior wearing a crested helmet adorned with bull's horn and ear. He also wears a

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wearing a Macedonian kausia hat. His portrait is often times shown possessing a slight smile, as in this example.

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Willy, Clarysse & Thompson, Dorothy. (2007). Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic bactria. 159. 273-279.

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Willy, Clarysse & Thompson, Dorothy. (2007). Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic bactria. 159. 273-279.

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invaded the Hexi Corridor, forcing the Yuezhi to flee the region. In 162 BC the Yuezhi were driven west to the

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of Bactria (and probably the surrounding provinces) founded the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom when he seceded from the

9463: 9355: 8284: 7184: 7129: 6379: 5762: 4580: 4373: 4330: 1803: 1546:). The son drove over Eucratides' bloodied body with his chariot and left him dismembered without a sepulcher: 1534:

explains that Eucratides was killed on the field by "his son and joint king", who would be his own son, either

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routed the Parthians in numerous battles. At the end, deceived by a false peace treaty, he was taken prisoner.

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converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of

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and glass inlays, suggestive of Egyptian, Persian, and/or Hellenistic influences, can be found on some early

2342: 9748: 9453: 9438: 9413: 9390: 9370: 7134: 2109: 1695: 1364:, the son of Euthydemus, started an invasion of the subcontinent just before 180 BC, a few years after the 683: 2002:). Bactrian infantry is described by Herodotus as wearing caps in the Median style, short spears and reed 1949: 1435:. The Indian branch of the Euthydemids tried to strike back. An Indian king called Demetrius (very likely 485:. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, may have reached the borders of the 9798: 9652: 9637: 9448: 9433: 9418: 9403: 9360: 9332: 8543: 8332: 5318: 4416: 2666:

Some speculate that Greek influence is found in the artworks of the burial site of China's first Emperor

64:, shown on his gold 20-stater, the largest gold coin ever minted in the ancient world, c. 2nd century BC. 3330:

The below table lists the known Greek rulers of Bactria, along with their dates and titles or epithets.

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Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:

2847:, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court. 2237:

and Takht-i Sangin in Tajikistan (archaeological searches by a Soviet team under B.A. Litvinski), or in

9783: 9468: 9423: 9398: 9375: 9345: 9166: 7913: 7674: 6399: 3532: 3043: 2474: 2157: 1753: 2527:

Greco-Bactrian coins also depict the kings wearing distinct headgear, such as helmets modelled on the

9380: 9365: 9268: 9225: 9051: 8804: 8448: 8270: 7752: 7686: 7668: 7541: 6635: 5929: 5219: 3700:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".

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The presence of Chinese people in India from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the "

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but also held under their sway the territory south of Oxus, which makes up the remainder of Bactria.

1721:, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources), apparently being pushed forward by the southward migration of the 687: 5543: 4246: 4138: 2588:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian 1088: 9838: 9695: 9627: 9613: 9608: 9599: 9585: 9571: 9561: 9428: 9350: 9278: 9263: 9230: 9220: 9096: 8809: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7713: 7656: 7329: 7082: 6655: 6369: 6359: 6354: 5949: 5939: 5904: 4595: 3932: 2901: 1894:(while the "eastern" Indo-Greek kings would continue to rule until around AD 10 in the area of the 1612:

In the year 141 BC, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have entered in an alliance with the Seleucid king

1565: 5062:

Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019).

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visited Bactria in 126 BC, and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets:

517:, was deported to the region for refusing to surrender assassins. Greek influence increased under 9675: 9642: 9595: 9581: 9473: 9340: 9287: 9253: 9245: 9194: 9189: 8875: 8699: 8578: 8512: 8420: 8387: 8293: 7773: 7740: 7716: 7710: 7695: 7538: 7232: 7179: 7067: 6944: 6849: 6693: 6575: 5984: 5934: 5785: 5483: 2921: 2774: 2027: 1846:

This invasion of Bactria is also described in western Classical sources from the 1st century BC:

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Ionic pillar, cella of the Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, late 4th - early 3rd century BCE.

2038:. The cavalry arm was very large for a Hellenistic army and composed mostly of native Bactrian, 9710: 9576: 9408: 9297: 9292: 9258: 9215: 9184: 9056: 8981: 8918: 8814: 8799: 8789: 8784: 8769: 8709: 8704: 8689: 8558: 8463: 8453: 8415: 8130: 7731: 7722: 7665: 7600: 7159: 6919: 5944: 5624:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia: 2nd Edition

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Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.

3400: 2933: 2620: 2145: 1966: 1361: 1347: 1199: 1174: 1101: 756: 714: 658:(also called Zariaspa, through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the 159: 5445: 5063: 4976: 1609:: "The satrapy Turiva and that of Aspionus were taken away from Eucratides by the Parthians." 627:), was to further grow in power and engage in territorial expansion to the east and the west: 623:"The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities", according to the historian 9736: 9731: 9715: 9685: 9551: 9317: 9273: 9210: 9006: 8996: 8943: 8938: 8794: 8774: 8764: 8759: 8744: 8734: 8694: 8573: 8568: 8548: 8538: 8522: 8517: 8382: 8019: 8010: 7704: 7680: 7535: 6994: 6969: 6879: 6510: 6344: 5604: 5427: 4990: 3486: 3430: 3219: 3199: 3026: 2811:

A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia, triggering the development of the

2689: 2685: 1990: 1571: 1543: 1436: 387: 5413: 2026:. These colonists numbered in the tens of thousands, and were trained in the fashion of the 9721: 9700: 9503: 9322: 9174: 8749: 8729: 8646: 8636: 8603: 8553: 8458: 8430: 8410: 8372: 8303: 8016: 6929: 6776: 6311: 6109: 5588: 5574:"Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" 3651:(Bactria) and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui (Oxus) river". 3175: 2925: 1613: 1228:, with beautiful trees; he made libations and sacrifices so that the greatest of all kings 710: 510: 3671:

from the Near East and produced domestically by the Zhou States since the 5th century BC."

77:

Approximate maximum extent of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom circa 170 BC, under the reign of

8: 9670: 9622: 9617: 9508: 9312: 9205: 9199: 9061: 8779: 8714: 8656: 8583: 8563: 8527: 8473: 8468: 8377: 8025: 8022: 7973: 7677: 7532: 7169: 7103: 6959: 6384: 6374: 6104: 6029: 5489:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

5209: 4346: 3178:, to the lifelike rendering of animal sculpture and the design and function of the Ionic 3160: 2832: 2824: 2532: 2047: 2014: 1970: 1850:

The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani,

1351: 1350:(reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests in northwest 1158: 833: 675: 546: 530: 421: 399: 5600: 5592: 2643:(Boardman). Middle Eastern or Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested ( 2524:

or to distinguish themselves from the style of other contemporary Hellenistic kingdoms.

1937:

Around 12 BC the Yuezhi then moved further to northern India where they established the

9690: 9121: 8973: 8684: 8674: 8641: 8478: 8397: 8355: 8216: 8013: 7558: 7552: 7324: 7119: 7072: 6939: 6854: 6839: 6796: 6751: 6615: 6404: 6190: 6079: 6039: 5964: 5809: 5426:

Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22

5380: 5347: 4908: 4766: 3717: 3580: 3194: 2917: 2573: 2454: 2406: 2238: 2214: 2030:. A Greek army in Bactria during the anti-Macedonian revolt of 323 BC numbered 23,000. 1883: 1785: 1531: 1407:. It was also a period of great cultural syncretism, exemplified by the development of 1400: 1330: 1134: 944: 624: 595: 451: 417: 409: 322: 177: 3643:, but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west, beyond 2968:

and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in

2631:

Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the

2607: 9726: 9705: 9660: 9307: 9235: 9081: 8719: 8679: 8494: 8440: 8425: 8243: 8004: 7555: 7469: 7360: 7174: 6283: 6125: 6099: 6094: 5994: 5979: 5869: 5864: 5834: 5814: 5721: 5695: 5677: 5645: 5627: 5561: 5547: 5526: 5511: 5493: 5281: 5111: 5069: 4964: 4900: 4793: 4758: 4548: 4538: 4511: 4476: 4178: 4032: 3997: 3894: 3864: 3827: 3575: 3311: 3291: 3156: 2350: 2105: 2055: 1995: 1982: 1793: 1584: 1187: 787: 699: 149: 133: 5456: 5251: 1890:, would rule until around 70 BC, when the Yuezhi again invaded his territory in the 1149:

River. And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads.

9483: 9302: 8953: 8837: 8739: 8532: 8507: 8240: 8058: 7820: 7254: 7164: 7092: 6713: 6600: 6409: 6394: 6243: 6089: 6049: 6004: 5989: 5669: 5642:

The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies.

5596: 5303: 4855: 4837: 4693: 4648: 4432: 4199: 3843: 3709: 3636: 3527: 3247: 2973: 2949: 2897: 2652: 2354: 2161: 2160:

and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman). Remains of Classical

1879: 1831: 1606: 1318: 1028: 846: 671: 634: 619:

The new kingdom, highly urbanized and considered one of the richest of the Orient (

600: 506: 447: 145: 141: 86: 5673: 5410:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: The formation of a Greek frontier in central Asia

5014: 2389:: "Throne of Stone") is an archaeological site located near the confluence of the 1913:

holding thunderbolt and sceptre. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΗΛΙΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ,

1560:

During or after his Indian campaigns, Eucratides was attacked and defeated by the

1157:

around 210 BC. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a

137: 9828: 9808: 9179: 9136: 9071: 9031: 8847: 8724: 8666: 8631: 8623: 8502: 8228: 7979: 7854: 7698: 7650: 7547: 7475: 7443: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7279: 7200: 7154: 7097: 7037: 7027: 6989: 6731: 6424: 6223: 6180: 6162: 5999: 5969: 5874: 5849: 5804: 5487: 5216: 5038: 4377: 4357: 4334: 3890: 3856: 3745: 3570: 3243: 3047: 2929: 2836: 2828: 2671: 2644: 2612: 2528: 2505: 2409:

it was a city of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom with a large temple dedicated to the

1674:

inhabited a region thousands of miles to the east of Bactria on the edges of the

1385: 1289: 1166: 986: 962: 885: 809: 767: 695: 654:

says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander… Their cities were

576: 432: 336: 309: 234: 61: 5189: 5088:Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum. (Boardman "The diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity") 4743: 4390: 2670:, dating back to the 3rd century BC, including in the manufacture of the famous 1838:

on his chariot facing forward. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΠΛΑΤΩΝΟΣ,

424:, it was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world. The kingdom was founded 9556: 9126: 9066: 8754: 8364: 8210: 8170: 8156: 7826: 7527: 7496: 7114: 7077: 6899: 6834: 6708: 6560: 6545: 6515: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6233: 6084: 6074: 6034: 5819: 5559:

De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale: catalogue de l'exposition.

3590: 3565: 3171: 3136: 3131: 3083: 2862: 2569: 2450: 2446: 2386: 2380: 2181: 2116:

Greeks first began settling the region long before Alexander conquered it. The

1820: 1626: 1477: 1455: 1408: 1373: 1369: 1365: 872: 798: 608: 560: 405: 378: 167: 163: 2050:

river in 208 BC. Greco-Bactrian armies also included units of heavily armored

9762: 9524: 9513: 9011: 9001: 8958: 8923: 8651: 8249: 8195: 8150: 7991: 7949: 7814: 7636: 7603: 7499: 7493: 7379: 7306: 7109: 7062: 6954: 6786: 6771: 6703: 6462: 6228: 6200: 6185: 6145: 6044: 5899: 5884: 5839: 5226: 5065:

The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads

4904: 4762: 4552: 4108: 4095: 4077: 4064: 3512: 3471: 3445: 3207: 3167: 3039: 3007: 2762: 2667: 2656: 2548: 2489:

Alexander-Heracles head, Takht-i Sangin, Temple of the Oxus, 3rd century BCE.

2418: 2417:

period, until the third century AD. The site may have been the source of the

2414: 2129: 2059: 2043: 1938: 1895: 1891: 1742: 1679: 1535: 1520: 1432: 1381: 1377: 1310: 1281: 1154: 997: 918: 898: 859: 820: 350: 2835:

around 323 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the

2269:

Sculpture of an old man, possibly a philosopher. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.

1780:, he commanded 10,000 horsemen). Zhang Qian actually visited Bactria (named 1690:

valley by the Xiongnu. In 132 they were driven out of the Ili valley by the

1597:

Following his victory, Mithridates I gained Bactria's territory west of the

1472: 9566: 9529: 9493: 9146: 9131: 9046: 8986: 8948: 8928: 8913: 8588: 8246: 8234: 8202: 8178: 8162: 8159: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8111: 7961: 7919: 7770: 7761: 7683: 7606: 7597: 7487: 7032: 6999: 6979: 6884: 6791: 6746: 6723: 6640: 6535: 6452: 6442: 6334: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6014: 5954: 5919: 5844: 5655: 5536: 5299: 5170: 3770: 3499: 3458: 3387: 3179: 3091: 2704:. Copper-nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century. 2681: 2516: 2501: 2390: 2035: 1773: 1760:

visited the Yuezhi in 126 BC, trying to obtain their alliance to fight the

1730: 1580: 1516: 1451: 1428: 1420: 1396: 1376:, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the 1247: 1229: 1118: 1093: 931: 470: 413: 78: 57: 5754: 5319:"Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV" 5112:"BBC Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say" 4991:"EMPIRES OF MYSTERY: Collecting Greco-Baktrian Coins by David S. Michaels" 4532: 1313:. These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of 9106: 9101: 9041: 9026: 8963: 8908: 8885: 8880: 8855: 8593: 8258: 8255: 8207: 8137: 8080: 7976: 7967: 7922: 7907: 7898: 7892: 7767: 7734: 7692: 7662: 7659: 7626: 7594: 7478: 7124: 7057: 7009: 6974: 6949: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6844: 6824: 6816: 6645: 6630: 6580: 6570: 6525: 6482: 6258: 6253: 6218: 6019: 5974: 5914: 5659: 3542: 3374: 3267: 3202:

showing Indian deities. Obverse with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ,

3183: 2965: 2844: 2758: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2677: 2660: 2648: 2640: 2624: 2581: 2326: 2234: 2222: 2168: 2141: 2125: 2101: 2051: 1930: 1906: 1746: 1738: 1706: 1647: 1542:(although there are speculations that it could have been his enemy's son 1539: 1447: 1392: 1340: 1324: 1008: 706: 663: 486: 458: 219: 128: 5749: 5384: 5376: 5351: 5343: 4912: 4888: 4860: 4770: 4634:, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see 4371:

Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries

4328:

Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries

3294:

wheel. Some other coins by Agathocles are also thought to represent the

9665: 9632: 9498: 9156: 9016: 8903: 8870: 8832: 8824: 8252: 8174: 8117: 8099: 7985: 7982: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7943: 7901: 7889: 7883: 7868: 7835: 7823: 7799: 7778: 7737: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7701: 7671: 7591: 7502: 7409: 7004: 6829: 6761: 6756: 6683: 6665: 6625: 6610: 6590: 6555: 6540: 6502: 6492: 6477: 6467: 6434: 6321: 6248: 6024: 5924: 5854: 5015:"Eucratides | King of Bactria & Greco-Bactrian Empire | Britannica" 3965: 3721: 3359: 3319: 3152: 2945: 2728: 2402: 2297:

Gargoyle in the form of a Greek comic mask. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.

2230: 2226: 2218: 2173: 2137: 2010: 1962: 1851: 1757: 1675: 1524: 1495: 1404: 1202:

as "Demetrios Kallinikos", meaning "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":

1191: 1063: 740: 638: 584: 474: 466: 462: 436: 206: 118: 6208: 4844:"Monsters of Military Might: Elephants in Hellenistic History and Art" 4786:

Metalwork from the Hellenized East : catalogue of the collections

4716:

Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D, page 39.

4269: 4267: 2611:

Possible statuette of a Greek hoplite, wearing a version of the Greek

1985:

by adding Bactrians, Sogdians and other east Iranian cavalrymen. Both

1476:

Bilingual coin of Eucratides I in the Indian standard, on the obverse

9534: 9518: 9151: 9141: 9116: 9086: 8991: 8933: 8865: 8860: 8613: 8608: 8483: 8405: 8324: 8064: 8048: 7994: 7940: 7910: 7904: 7895: 7880: 7874: 7764: 7707: 7689: 7490: 7388: 6924: 6874: 6806: 6741: 6688: 6678: 6650: 6585: 6530: 6520: 6457: 6447: 6293: 6170: 6130: 6059: 5909: 5717: 5295: 4575: 3415: 3065: 3017: 2893: 2818: 2812: 2746: 2693: 2632: 2616: 2553: 2544: 2504:(reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king 2398: 2072: 1986: 1974: 1871: 1808: 1714: 1687: 1424: 1083:

Asia in 200 BC, showing the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and its neighbors.

1050: 514: 102: 8166: 5457:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Apollodotus I (Apollodotos I)" 5436: 5434: 5377:"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.13-22" 4370: 4350: 4327: 3785: 3713: 3120: 1854:, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the 1658: 9111: 9036: 9021: 8096: 8086: 8068: 7958: 7916: 7877: 7871: 7832: 7829: 7796: 7746: 7629: 7484: 7481: 7397: 7394: 7274: 7259: 6984: 6964: 6565: 6389: 6303: 6238: 6009: 4927: 4264: 3762: 3640: 3610: 3315: 3295: 3275: 3259: 3239: 3231: 3144: 3107: 2961: 2870: 2840: 2782: 2636: 2585: 2565: 2254: 2213:

Many other Greco-Bactrian cities have been identified, for example

2003: 1887: 1863: 1855: 1734: 1634: 1629:

reports that Mithridates I managed to occupy territory between the

1146: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1097: 907: 580: 541: 526: 518: 478: 180: 94: 7461: 7449: 5523:

The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World

4694:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Antimachus I (Antimachos I)" 4433:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Eucratides I (Eukratides I)" 3163:, all of which were posterior to the establishment of Ai-Khanoum. 1826: 1801:) and has a market where all sorts of goods are bought and sold. ( 1039: 9680: 9076: 8089: 7997: 7952: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7802: 7620: 7425: 7414: 7385: 7264: 6864: 6859: 6801: 6736: 6620: 6605: 6472: 6349: 6339: 6288: 5894: 5744:

Some new hypotheses on the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

5431: 5344:"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.15" 5291: 5220:

A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period.

3644: 3547: 3435: 3299: 3287: 3279: 3189: 3096: 3060: 3030: 2995: 2964:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the 2866: 2798: 2790: 2577: 2470: 2282: 2153: 2080: 1909:(r. 150–125 BC), the last Greco-Bactrian king. The reverse shows 1761: 1701: 1683: 1602: 1561: 1314: 1306: 1019: 747: 691: 679: 521:, after the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near 502: 98: 82: 20: 5541:

Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné.

4744:"The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus" 2850: 2592:

too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as the

1901: 1198:, mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son 9091: 8213: 8182: 8092: 8061: 8055: 8032: 7934: 7928: 7886: 7790: 7612: 7572: 7437: 7391: 7269: 6766: 6698: 6329: 6263: 6175: 5889: 4122: 4056: 4052: 3585: 3307: 3303: 3283: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3223: 3051: 2969: 2941: 2913: 2909: 2889: 2858: 2843:

in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian

2803: 2786: 2766: 2708: 2697: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2536: 2511: 2346: 2310: 2117: 2067: 2039: 1954: 1922: 1835: 1798: 1722: 1671: 1663: 1576: 1221: 1195: 953: 655: 647: 630: 572: 522: 90: 4951:

CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors

3735:

The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan

3086:, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of 2229:

in ancient Macedonia. Excavated cities include Kampir Tepe in

1523:. In the end, however, he was repulsed by the Indo-Greek king 1224:, venerable goddess, illustrious amongst all, in the grove of 8153: 7988: 7970: 6595: 6487: 6414: 6364: 6213: 5859: 5668:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–177. 3648: 3614: 3517: 3476: 3420: 3364: 3227: 3143:

designs, which may have been transmitted through Ai-Khanoum.

3087: 3075: 3055: 2999: 2937: 2881: 2794: 2753: 2741: 2736: 2149: 2076: 1957:

underneath, while holding a spear in his right hand; obverse.

1875: 1859: 1816: 1781: 1691: 1644:

BC, before his kingdom was weakened by his death in 136 BC).

1630: 1233: 1170: 975: 778: 114: 4674:

Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D

3763:"The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse" 2831:, conquered the northwestern subcontinent upon the death of 2635:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the 1981:

and after the Indian campaign, Alexander enlarged his elite

9824:

States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC

7841: 7565: 7431: 7420: 7403: 7019: 6781: 5829: 3849:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

3271: 3079: 3003: 2981: 2701: 2540: 2410: 2394: 1965:

cavalry contingents. 2,000 Bactrian horsemen fought at the

1910: 1765: 1726: 1718: 1705:

Gold artefacts of the Scythians in Bactria, at the site of

1491: 1302: 1225: 726: 659: 556: 482: 5166:"Why China's terracotta warriors are stirring controversy" 2058:. The third arm of the Greco-Bactrian army was the Indian 1568:, possibly in alliance with partisans of the Euthydemids: 607:

Diodotus, the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria (

5521:

Boardman, John, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (2001).

4889:"A faience head of a Graeco-Bactrian king from Ai Khanum" 3609:

Some cities were still controlled by Greek kings such as

1764:, he explained that the Yuezhi were settled north of the 19:"Baktria" redirects here. For the historical region, see 9804:

States and territories established in the 3rd century BC

4351:

Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans

2912:

has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred

2453:, 3rd–2nd century BCE. This could also be a portrait of 5739:

Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts

2576:

the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as

2413:(Vakhsh river), which remained in use in the following 2128:

sophistication, and kept regular contact with both the

2124:

The Greco-Bactrians were known for their high level of

1481: 1459: 1391:

Demetrius may have been as far as the imperial capital

1256: 1105: 457:

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom covered much of present-day

5061: 4565:"Parthians and Sassanid Persians", Peter Wilcox, p 15 2172:

Stone block with the inscriptions of Kineas in Greek.

2046:

light horsemen. Polybius mentions 10,000 horse at the

1325:

Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)

4792:. Malibu, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. 1993. p. 9. 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4613: 3111: 3101: 3069: 2781:

The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:

621:

opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium

3318:

could also be indicative of some level of religious

3166:

The scope of adoption goes from designs such as the

3016:

Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona. (

1745:). Again in 123 BC, Phraates's successor, his uncle 1737:. They managed to defeat and kill the Parthian king 662:), and Darapsa, and several others. Among these was 536: 4841: 4741: 4596:"Strabo 11-8-1 on the nomadic invasions of Bactria" 3883:

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia

3767:

Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest

603:, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire. 392: 7230: 5422: 5420: 4868: 4728: 4121:can be seen to be close to the modern day city of 3647:, where they attacked and conquered the people of 3011: 2989: 2819:Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC) 1934:Yuezhi or the Saka before he was overrun himself. 1527:, who managed to create a huge unified territory. 1423:, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the 674:(the Greek rulers of Egypt following the death of 505:was inhabited by Greek settlers since the time of 5557:Bopearachchi, Osmund and Christine Sachs (2003). 4530: 4241: 4239: 4213: 4211: 4133: 4131: 3121:Influence on Indian art during the 3rd century BC 2615:, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the 2062:, which are depicted in some coins with a tower ( 9760: 5750:Catalogue of Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Coins 5039:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Pantaleon" 4418:A History of the Greek World Form 323 to 146 B.C 2960:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 1886:. The last of these "western" Indo-Greek kings, 1305:may have been absorbed, possibly as far as into 5714:Records of the Great Historian. Han dynasty II, 5417: 5286:Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture 4947:"NGC Ancient Coins: Unusual Bactrian Portraits" 4456: 4454: 4452: 3325: 2920:rules, beyond there where the four kings named 1874:abandoned Bactria and moved his capital to the 1666:through Central Asia, from around 176 BC–AD 30. 1490:– "(of) Great King Eucratides"; on the reverse 613:Theodotus, mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus 5644:Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. 4236: 4208: 4128: 3556:each ruled smaller parts of southern Bactria. 3242:. Altogether, six such Indian-standard silver 3190:First visual representations of Indian deities 1220:"Heliodotus dedicated this fragrant altar for 1153:Euthydemus was attacked by the Seleucid ruler 187: 8340: 7216: 5770: 5658:(1990). "Indo-Europeans in Central Asia". In 5442:The Hellenistic World: Using coins as sources 5290:The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the 4670: 4668: 1998:(which included Bactrians) as horse archers ( 1776:confronted the invasion of the Seleucid king 1653: 1268:πρευμενὴς σώιζηις ἐκηδεῖ(ς) σὺν τύχαι θεόφρον 1262:καὶ κλυταῖς ἤσκησε λοιβαῖς ἐμπύροις Ἡλιόδοτος 1260:Ἑστία, Διὸς κ(α)τ᾽ ἄλσος καλλίδενδρον ἔκτισεν 559:standing, holding aegis and thunderbolt. The 5508:The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. 5068:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 103. 4886: 4822:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 200. 4584:. Translated by Watson, Burton. p. 234. 4449: 4391:"Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum: 54.1569" 2202:As young men, learn to control the passions. 7523:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5784: 4945:Company, Numismatic Guaranty (2016-10-20). 3693: 3210:legend: 𑀭𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀬𑁂𑀲, 2091: 1811:, quoting Zhang Qian, trans. Burton Watson) 1264:ὄφρα τὸμ πάντων μέγιστον Εὐθύδημον βασιλέων 277:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) 16:Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom (256–100 BCE) 8347: 8333: 7223: 7209: 5777: 5763: 4742:Litvinskii, B.A.; Pichikian, I.R. (1994). 4665: 4499:. Archived from the original on 2005-11-20 4464:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 4166:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 4045: 4020:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 3985:. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10 2559: 1258:τόνδε σοι βωμὸν θυώδη, πρέσβα κυδίστη θεῶν 7088:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 5665:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4859: 3699: 2916:(4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king 1266:τοῦ τε παῖδα καλλίνικον ἐκπρεπῆ Δημήτριον 1165:and had to retreat. He then successfully 5709:2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 5581:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5482: 5186:"Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria" 4812: 4631: 3193: 3130: 2849: 2752: 2606: 2510: 2167: 2095: 1948: 1900: 1825: 1700: 1657: 1570: 1471: 1441: 1100:seated, holding club in right hand. The 1087: 727:Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion 629: 540: 8301: 7343:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 6935:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 5825:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 4944: 2449:ruler with diadem, Temple of the Oxus, 2349:fortress manned by a soldier wearing a 2086: 1414: 1092:Coin depicting the Greco-Bactrian king 709:, who allied himself with the Parthian 9761: 8354: 8239: 8192: 8127: 8067:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) 7359: 7321: 7287: 7190:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 5654: 5279: 4919: 4619: 3929:"Afghanistan: Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom" 3290:(a pear-shaped case or conch) and the 3218:One of the last Greco-Bactrian kings, 3159:or the manufacture of the quasi-Ionic 2936:rule, likewise in the south among the 2572:, and there are indications that from 2257:statuette. Ai Khanoum. 2nd century BC. 1834:, wearing a diadem. The reverse shows 1792:Daxia (Bactria) is located over 2,000 995: 929: 563:inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥ, 9279:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 8328: 8290: 8267: 8225: 8108: 8077: 8045: 8029: 8001: 7851: 7839: 7811: 7647: 7617: 7610: 7570: 7563: 7459: 7429: 7418: 7401: 7369: 7341: 7339: 7204: 5758: 5571: 5444:, Cambridge University Press, p. 101 4635: 4574: 4322: 4320: 4275:"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius" 3786:"Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom" 3783: 3760: 3206:"(of) King Agathocles". Reverse with 3029:recognized the existence of Buddhist 1842:– "(of) King Plato the God-Manifest." 1555: 1037: 1026: 1017: 1006: 973: 960: 951: 942: 916: 905: 896: 883: 870: 857: 844: 831: 818: 807: 796: 785: 776: 745: 694:of Parthia, leading to the rise of a 9747:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 8237:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili 5621: 5282:"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology" 5256:, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham" 4925: 4880: 4874: 4414: 2815:from the end of the 2nd century BC. 2564:To the north, Euthydemus also ruled 1061: 984: 765: 754: 404:'Kingdom of Bactria') was a 60:wearing the Bactrian version of the 7145:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 5601:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x 3127:Hellenistic influence on Indian art 2855:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 1973:on the left flank of Darius' army. 1969:against Alexander and 9,000 at the 1670:A nomadic steppe people called the 1309:, whose ruler had been defeated by 1206:Heliodotus inscription from Kuliab 1048: 13: 7860: 7518: 7460: 7291:Chronology of the Neolithic period 7140:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 6141:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5143:(Press release). 12 October 2016. 4317: 3820:Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) 3266:with attributes consisting of the 2761:, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, the 2757:Map of Asia in 200 BC showing the 2345:with military elephant carrying a 1944: 1288: 1137:founded by Alexander the Great in 705:Diodotus was succeeded by his son 666:, which was named after its ruler. 14: 9850: 9779:Former monarchies of Central Asia 7865:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 6551:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 5732: 3250:on coins, and they display early 3135:One of the Hellenistic-inspired " 2374: 1917:– "(of) King Heliocles the Just". 682:. In the resulting power vacuum, 678:) captured the Seleucid capital, 537:Independence and Diodotid dynasty 9834:2nd-century BC disestablishments 9789:Former countries in Central Asia 8302: 7448: 7346: 5707:The Greeks in Bactria and India. 5294:people who lived in the land of 4934:. Oxford: Archaeopress: 141–151. 4300:"Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra" 3490: 3449: 3074:"); and the philosophers of the 2976:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). 2952:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). 2482: 2462: 2438: 2426: 2362: 2334: 2318: 2302: 2290: 2281:Frieze of a naked man wearing a 2274: 2262: 2246: 2200:As children, learn good manners. 2108:) end 4th cent BCE-1st cent CE. 1616:to fight again against Parthia: 1395:in today's eastern India (today 1339: 1096:, 230–200 BC. The reverse shows 739: 733: 509:, when the entire population of 355: 341: 327: 302: 71: 50: 9774:Former monarchies of South Asia 8308:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East 7150:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 6420:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 5712:Watson, Burton, trans. (1993). 5449: 5402: 5391:from the original on 2017-02-02 5369: 5358:from the original on 2017-02-02 5336: 5325:from the original on 2010-05-10 5311: 5273: 5262:from the original on 2013-10-02 5244: 5231: 5203: 5178: 5158: 5147:from the original on 2020-02-16 5133: 5122:from the original on 2020-03-16 5104: 5099:The Greeks in Bactria and India 5091: 5082: 5055: 5031: 5007: 4983: 4938: 4830: 4806: 4777: 4719: 4710: 4686: 4677: 4641: 4625: 4602:from the original on 2022-11-19 4588: 4568: 4559: 4524: 4489: 4425: 4408: 4397:from the original on 2021-02-07 4383: 4363: 4340: 4306:from the original on 2008-04-20 4292: 4281:from the original on 2008-03-19 4253:from the original on 2008-04-19 4225:from the original on 2008-04-20 4191: 4156: 4145:from the original on 2008-04-19 4010: 3975: 3959: 3946: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3874: 3674: 3664: 3654: 3629: 3620: 1749:, was killed by the Scythians. 1468:– "(of) Great King Eucratides". 1186:In an inscription found in the 9794:Former countries in South Asia 8285:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 7185:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 7130:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 5492:. Princeton University Press. 4893:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4751:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4581:Records of the Great Historian 3837: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3777: 3754: 3728: 3603: 3174:design and a variety of other 1804:Records of the Great Historian 1682:. Shortly before 176 BC, the 1637:towards the end of his reign ( 1530:In a rather confused account, 1: 9819:3rd-century BC establishments 9751:in most of their territories. 8549:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 6136:Silk Road transmission of art 5720:. Columbia University Press. 5674:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007 4887:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). 4836:Color image, courtesy of the 3880:Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) 3687: 3090:guided by a star. The Indian 2874: 2329:, Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC. 2285:. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC. 2206:In old age, give good advice. 1638: 588: 549: 533:conquered Bactria in 328 BC. 440: 425: 7135:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 5694:Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 5510:Princeton University Press. 4842:van Oppen de Ruiter (2019). 4537:. Havertown: Pen and Sword. 3931:. 2020-12-23. Archived from 3613:(90–70 BC) in what is today 3326:List of Greco-Bactrian Kings 3298:lion and the Indian goddess 2313:pulled by lions. Ai Khanoum. 2110:Termez Archaeological Museum 1915:Basileōs Dikaiou Hēliocleous 1840:Basileōs Epiphanous Platōnos 1253: 1217: 454:, and the Eucratid dynasty. 7: 8544:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 5525:. Oxford University Press. 3559: 3151:The Greco-Bactrian city of 3012: 2990: 1989:(The Persians, v. 318) and 1488:Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou 1483:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ 1466:Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou 1461:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ 1368:had been overthrown by the 1167:resisted a three-year siege 393: 81:, including the regions of 10: 9855: 8095:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman 7352: 7301:(Eastern migration of the 7300: 5476: 5237:A.A. Moss pp 317–318 4531:McLaughlin, Raoul (2016). 3790:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3639:or Heavenly mountains and 3124: 3112: 3102: 3070: 2980:Furthermore, according to 2655:flowers, geometric lines, 2494: 2475:Tajikistan National Museum 2397:rivers, the source of the 2378: 2208:Then die, without regret. 1870:Around that time the king 1654:Nomadic invasions and fall 1625:The 5th century historian 1502:"of Great King Eucratides" 1482: 1460: 1328: 1276: 1257: 1242: 1210: 1106: 497: 492: 439:and lasted until its fall 18: 9745: 9651: 9482: 9389: 9331: 9244: 9165: 8972: 8894: 8846: 8823: 8665: 8622: 8493: 8449:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 8439: 8396: 8363: 8281: 8271:Muslim conquest of Persia 8222: 8189: 8124: 8105: 8074: 8042: 7848: 7808: 7787: 7784: 7777: 7582: 7511: 7456: 7376: 7323: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7268: 7239: 7050: 7018: 6815: 6722: 6664: 6636:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 6501: 6433: 6320: 6302: 6199: 6161: 6154: 6118: 5792: 5692:Buddhism in Central Asia. 5640:McEvilley, Thomas (2002). 5440:Peter Thonemann, (2016), 4516:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4481:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4183:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4037:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4018:"Justin XLI, paragraph 1" 4002:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3983:"Justin XLI, paragraph 4" 3811:Strabo, Geography 11.11.1 2789:) and the possessions of 2353:helmet. 2nd century BCE, 2054:and small elite units of 1169:in the fortified city of 1129:, and possibly satrap of 1114:– "(of) King Euthydemus". 579:around 250 BC and became 382: 281: 273: 268: 264: 254: 244: 240: 230: 226: 213: 200: 196: 186: 173: 155: 124: 110: 70: 47: 42: 28: 8810:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 8609:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7083:Mogao Christian painting 6656:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 6370:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 6360:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 5484:Beckwith, Christopher I. 5408:Frank Lee Holt, (1988), 5280:Viglas, Katelis (2016). 3596: 2888:Chandragupta's grandson 2749:, trans. Burton Watson). 2735:"When I was in Bactria ( 2727:explorer and ambassador 2092:Greek culture in Bactria 1500:Maharajasa Evukratidasa, 650:, but also of India, as 446:BC. It was ruled by the 9607:'s attempted rule with 9288:Mithridates V Euergetes 8700:Antiochus III the Great 8513:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 8454:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 8378:Alexander III the Great 8294:Second Turkic Khaganate 7180:Saksanokhur gold buckle 7068:Hephthalite silver bowl 6945:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 5985:Second Turkic Khaganate 5786:History of Central Asia 5506:Boardman, John (1994). 5210:Ancient Chinese weapons 4090:, then the coordinates 2560:Contacts with Han China 2204:In middle age, be just. 1778:Antiochus III the Great 1713:Around 140 BC, eastern 1121:, an Ionian Greek from 702:and Bactria developed. 652:Apollodorus of Artemita 567:– "(of) King Diodotus". 394:Basileía tēs Baktrianēs 383:Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς 36:Basileía tēs Baktrianēs 33:Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς 9814:250s BC establishments 9769:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 9391:Monarchs of Cappadocia 9293:Mithridates VI Eupator 8815:Philip II Philoromaeus 8800:Antiochus XII Dionysus 8790:Demetrius III Eucaerus 8785:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 8770:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 8710:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8705:Seleucus IV Philopator 8690:Seleucus II Callinicus 8589:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8464:Demetrius II Aetolicus 8131:First Turkic Khaganate 7866: 7586:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7524: 7465: 7275:Trans-Jaxartes steppes 7160:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 6920:Alexandria Prophthasia 5945:First Turkic Khaganate 5880:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 5544:Bibliothèque Nationale 5254:Silk Road, North China 3784:Mairs, Rachel (2016). 3702:Social Science History 3215: 3204:Basileōs Agathokleous, 3148: 3147:, India, circa 250 BC. 3118: 3022: 2978: 2954: 2885: 2809: 2807:, Former Han History). 2770: 2751: 2628: 2621:Xinjiang Region Museum 2552:and 180 BC, with king 2520: 2211: 2177: 2148:), and Bactra (modern 2146:Alexandria on the Oxus 2136:Their cities, such as 2113: 1958: 1918: 1868: 1843: 1813: 1710: 1667: 1662:The migrations of the 1623: 1595: 1588: 1553: 1513: 1506: 1469: 1348:Demetrius I of Bactria 1293: 1272: 1238: 1236:with divine thoughts." 1184: 1151: 1115: 724: 668: 642: 617: 612: 568: 555:BC. The reverse shows 375:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 256:• Disestablished 160:Ancient Greek religion 9333:Monarchs of Commagene 9254:Mithridates I Ctistes 8795:Philip I Philadelphus 8775:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 8765:Antiochus VIII Grypus 8760:Seleucus V Philometor 8745:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8735:Antiochus VI Dionysus 8695:Seleucus III Ceraunus 8594:Berenice IV Epiphanea 8539:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8523:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8518:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8383:Philip III Arrhidaeus 7864: 7522: 7464: 6970:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 6345:Karsakpay inscription 5800:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 5412:, Brill Archive p. 2 4926:Wood, Rachel (2011). 4201:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4051:Possibly present day 3952:J. D. Lerner (1999), 3220:Agathocles of Bactria 3212:Rajane Agathuklayesa, 3197: 3170:pattern, the central 3145:Rampurva bull capital 3134: 3035: 3027:Clement of Alexandria 3002:) he sent the Greek ( 2986: 2958: 2906: 2853: 2779: 2756: 2733: 2686:Warring States period 2610: 2514: 2325:Mosaic depicting the 2189:παῖς ὢν κόσμιος γίνου 2186: 2171: 2099: 1952: 1904: 1848: 1829: 1790: 1704: 1661: 1618: 1590: 1574: 1548: 1508: 1475: 1445: 1292: 1254: 1218: 1180: 1143: 1091: 719: 713:in his fight against 644: 633: 605: 544: 125:Common languages 9167:Monarchs of Bithynia 8750:Alexander II Zabinas 8730:Demetrius II Nicator 8647:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8614:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8579:Ptolemy XI Alexander 8554:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8459:Antigonus II Gonatas 7233:Ancient Central Asia 6777:Kutlug Timur Minaret 6312:Noin-Ula burial site 6110:Chinese Central Asia 5690:Puri, B. N. (2000). 5622:Holt, F. L. (1989). 5572:Hitch, Doug (2010). 5239:Numismatic Chronicle 3909:Herodotus, 4.200–204 3335:Greco-Bactrian Kings 2535:, or the Macedonian 2469:Hellenistic silenus 2087:Culture and contacts 1415:Eucratides the Great 1346:Silver coin of king 1080:class=notpageimage| 473:, and some parts of 79:Eucratides the Great 58:Eucratides the Great 9749:Hellenistic satraps 8780:Antiochus X Eusebes 8715:Antiochus V Eupator 8657:Cleopatra Selene II 8584:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8569:Ptolemy X Alexander 8564:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 8528:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8469:Antigonus III Doson 7974:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 7170:Siberian Ice Maiden 6960:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 6375:Petrovka settlement 6105:Soviet Central Asia 6030:Great Seljuq Empire 5705:Tarn, W. W. (1966) 5593:2010IJNAr..39..207P 5174:. 20 November 2016. 5118:. 12 October 2016. 4861:10.3390/arts8040160 4497:"Justin XXXVI, 1,1" 4347:Osmund Bopearachchi 4105: / 4074: / 3826:Palgrave Macmillan 3823:A History of Greece 3761:Cribb, Joe (2005). 3750:Matthew A. McIntosh 3341: 3161:Pataliputra capital 2904:world at the time. 2833:Alexander the Great 2823:The Indian emperor 2533:Alexander the Great 2048:Battle of the Arius 1971:Battle of Gaugamela 1480:inscription reads: 1458:inscription reads: 1352:Indian subcontinent 1311:Antiochus the Great 1207: 1112:Basileōs Euthudēmou 1104:inscription reads: 688:defeated and killed 676:Alexander the Great 531:Alexander the Great 422:Indian subcontinent 246:• Established 9799:Hellenistic states 9653:Monarchs of Epirus 9486:Cimmerian Bosporus 9246:Monarchs of Pontus 8805:Cleopatra Selene I 8685:Antiochus II Theos 8675:Seleucus I Nicator 8642:Demetrius the Fair 8624:Monarchs of Cyrene 8217:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 7867: 7525: 7514:Hellenistic Period 7466: 7325:Afanasievo culture 7120:Buddhas of Bamiyan 7073:Chilek silver bowl 6940:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6616:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 6405:Talapty Settlement 6191:Filippovka kurgans 6080:Khanate of Bukhara 6040:Khwarazmian Empire 5965:Ikhshids of Sogdia 5810:Afanasievo culture 5746:by Antoine Simonin 5252:"C.Michael Hogan, 5215:2005-03-07 at the 5019:www.britannica.com 4975:has generic name ( 4819:The Greeks in Asia 4376:2020-01-12 at the 4356:2021-03-08 at the 4333:2020-01-12 at the 3889:2022-11-19 at the 3855:2022-11-19 at the 3744:2021-09-24 at the 3581:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3339:(c. 255 BC–130 BC) 3333: 3286:attributes of the 3216: 3214:"King Agathocles". 3149: 3071:Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων 2886: 2771: 2629: 2596:(Chinese) and the 2574:Alexandria Eschate 2531:cavalry helmet of 2521: 2407:Hellenistic period 2215:Alexandria Eschate 2195:πρεσβύτης εὔβουλος 2178: 2114: 2100:Reconstruction of 1959: 1919: 1884:Indo-Greek kingdom 1844: 1711: 1668: 1589: 1556:Defeats by Parthia 1507: 1470: 1454:, 171–145 BC. The 1401:Indo-Greek Kingdom 1331:Indo-Greek Kingdom 1294: 1205: 1135:Alexandria Eschate 1116: 1107:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ 643: 637:capital, found at 569: 452:Euthydemid dynasty 418:Indo-Greek Kingdom 410:Hellenistic period 323:Indo-Greek Kingdom 215:• 117–100 BC 202:• 256–239 BC 30:Kingdom of Bactria 9784:Lists of monarchs 9756: 9755: 9236:Socrates Chrestus 8725:Alexander I Balas 8720:Demetrius I Soter 8680:Antiochus I Soter 8426:Antipater Etesias 8322: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8244:Irbis Bolun Cabgu 8005:Kushano-Sasanians 7470:Achaemenid Empire 7361:Andronovo Culture 7198: 7197: 7175:Ai-Khanoum plaque 7046: 7045: 6850:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 6126:Central Asian art 6100:Russian Turkestan 6095:Chinese Turkestan 5995:Abbasid Caliphate 5959:Anxi Protectorate 5905:Kushano-Sasanians 5870:Macedonian Empire 5865:Achaemenid Empire 5835:Andronovo culture 5815:Sintashta culture 5683:978-1-139-05489-8 5626:. Leiden: Brill. 5539:, Osmund (1991). 5531:978-0-19-285438-4 5499:978-1-4008-2994-1 5075:978-1-78969-407-9 4544:978-1-4738-8982-8 4415:Cary, M. (1963). 4109:38.750°N 65.917°E 4078:36.750°N 66.917°E 3846:. (11 Dec 2012) 3844:Baumer, Christoph 3576:Ptolemaic Kingdom 3553: 3552: 3312:Heliodorus pillar 3292:Sudarshana Chakra 3182:in the palace of 3157:Pillars of Ashoka 2827:, founder of the 2106:Alexandria Oxiana 2056:companion cavalry 1996:Battle of Plataea 1983:companion cavalry 1979:invasion of India 1601:, the regions of 1419:Back in Bactria, 1299: 1298: 1285: 1251: 1215: 641:, 2nd century BC. 565:Basileōs Diodotou 416:. Along with the 403: 391: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 315: 314: 9846: 9548: 9464:Ariobarzanes III 8838:Ptolemy Epigonos 8740:Diodotus Tryphon 8533:Cleopatra I Syra 8508:Ptolemy Keraunos 8349: 8342: 8335: 8326: 8325: 8306: 8120:Kun-khi Ghadfar 7950:Bahram VI Chobin 7821:Kujula Kadphises 7452: 7350: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7165:Seal of Khingila 7093:Penjikent murals 6714:Kalai Kafirnigan 6601:Koi Krylgan Kala 6410:Turkistan (city) 6395:Steppe Geoglyphs 6159: 6158: 6090:Khanate of Khiva 6050:Chagatai Khanate 6005:Saffarid dynasty 5990:Uyghur Khaganate 5779: 5772: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5687: 5637: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5603:. Archived from 5578: 5503: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5304:Chaldean Oracles 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5188:. Archived from 5182: 5176: 5175: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4838:Hermitage Museum 4834: 4828: 4827: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4748: 4739: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4653:www.cngcoins.com 4645: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4458: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4344: 4338: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4247:"Strabo 11.11.2" 4243: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4219:"Polybius 11.34" 4215: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4139:"Strabo XI.XI.I" 4135: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3973: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3878: 3872: 3841: 3835: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3769:: 1 – via 3758: 3752: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3697: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3607: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3115: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3073: 3072: 3015: 2993: 2974:Edicts of Ashoka 2950:Edicts of Ashoka 2944:, and as far as 2908:The conquest by 2898:Edicts of Ashoka 2879: 2876: 2663:bronze mirrors. 2651:). Designs with 2486: 2466: 2442: 2430: 2385:Takht-i Sangin ( 2366: 2355:Hermitage Museum 2338: 2322: 2309:Plate depicting 2306: 2294: 2278: 2266: 2250: 2140:in northeastern 1832:Plato of Bactria 1643: 1640: 1485: 1484: 1463: 1462: 1343: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1245: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1109: 1108: 1074: 1072: 1059: 1057: 1046: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1024: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1004: 1002: 993: 991: 982: 980: 971: 969: 958: 956: 949: 947: 940: 938: 927: 925: 914: 912: 903: 901: 894: 892: 881: 879: 868: 866: 855: 853: 842: 840: 829: 827: 816: 814: 805: 803: 794: 792: 783: 781: 774: 772: 763: 761: 752: 750: 743: 737: 672:Ptolemaic empire 601:Third Syrian War 593: 590: 554: 551: 448:Diodotid dynasty 445: 442: 437:Diodotus I Soter 430: 427: 398: 396: 386: 384: 359: 358: 345: 344: 331: 330: 319: 318: 306: 305: 299: 298: 283: 282: 75: 54: 43:256 BC–c. 120 BC 26: 25: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9839:Former kingdoms 9759: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9741: 9647: 9638:Mithridates III 9542: 9485: 9484:Monarchs of the 9478: 9459:Ariobarzanes II 9444:Ariarathes VIII 9385: 9371:Mithridates III 9327: 9269:Mithridates III 9240: 9161: 8968: 8896:Greco-Bactrians 8890: 8842: 8819: 8661: 8618: 8503:Ptolemy I Soter 8489: 8435: 8392: 8359: 8353: 8323: 8318: 8296: 8287: 8273: 8233: 8231: 8229:Tokhara Yabghus 8206: 8201:(vassal of the 8200: 8198: 8135: 8133: 8116: 8114: 8085: 8083: 8053: 8051: 8037: 8035: 8009: 8007: 7980:Farrukh Hormizd 7859: 7857: 7855:Sasanian Empire 7819: 7817: 7795: 7793: 7675:Mithridates III 7655: 7653: 7651:Parthian Empire 7639: 7633: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7590: 7588: 7548:Seleucid Empire 7544: 7517: 7515: 7474: 7472: 7447: 7444:Pazyryk Culture 7441: 7435: 7424: 7413: 7407: 7384: 7382: 7345: 7330:Proto-Tocharian 7327: 7313:,as far as the 7311:Eurasian Steppe 7303:Yamnaya culture 7280:Altai Mountains 7250: 7235: 7229: 7199: 7194: 7155:Afrasiab murals 7098:Sampul tapestry 7042: 7038:Shahr-e Sukhteh 7028:Bandian complex 7014: 6990:Musalla Complex 6870:Tapa-i Kafariha 6811: 6732:Cave of Dzhebel 6718: 6660: 6497: 6429: 6425:Araltobe kurgan 6316: 6298: 6224:Kizilgaha caves 6195: 6181:Pazyryk burials 6163:Southern Russia 6150: 6114: 6000:Tahirid dynasty 5970:Tokhara Yabghus 5875:Seleucid Empire 5850:Pazyryk culture 5805:Yamnaya culture 5788: 5783: 5735: 5684: 5634: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5576: 5500: 5479: 5474: 5465: 5463: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5288:(14): 171–189. 5278: 5274: 5265: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5217:Wayback Machine 5208: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5123: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4943: 4939: 4924: 4920: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4835: 4831: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4746: 4740: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4378:Wayback Machine 4368: 4364: 4358:Wayback Machine 4345: 4341: 4335:Wayback Machine 4325: 4318: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4046: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3970:Thundering Zeus 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3918:Strabo, 11.11.4 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3891:Wayback Machine 3879: 3875: 3857:Wayback Machine 3842: 3838: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3759: 3755: 3746:Wayback Machine 3733: 3729: 3714:10.2307/1170959 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3571:Seleucid Empire 3562: 3345:Reign (approx.) 3338: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3192: 3137:flame palmettes 3129: 3123: 3106:"), and others 2877: 2837:Seleucid Empire 2829:Mauryan dynasty 2821: 2672:Terracotta army 2613:Phrygian helmet 2562: 2506:Amyntas Nicator 2497: 2490: 2487: 2478: 2467: 2458: 2443: 2434: 2431: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2358: 2339: 2330: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2286: 2279: 2270: 2267: 2258: 2251: 2239:Dal'verzin Tepe 2210: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2197:τελευτῶν ἄλυπος 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2094: 2089: 2079:, Indians, and 2028:Macedonian army 1947: 1945:Military forces 1905:Silver coin of 1880:Plato Epiphanes 1858:, opposite the 1830:Silver coin of 1656: 1641: 1558: 1417: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1344: 1333: 1327: 1295: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1244: 1212: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 989: 987: 985: 983: 976: 974: 972: 963: 961: 959: 954: 952: 950: 945: 943: 941: 935: 932: 930: 928: 922: 919: 917: 915: 908: 906: 904: 899: 897: 895: 889: 886: 884: 882: 873: 871: 869: 860: 858: 856: 847: 845: 843: 834: 832: 830: 821: 819: 817: 810: 808: 806: 799: 797: 795: 788: 786: 784: 779: 777: 775: 770: 768: 766: 764: 759: 757: 755: 753: 748: 746: 744: 729: 696:Parthian Empire 670:In 247 BC, the 591: 577:Seleucid Empire 552: 539: 500: 495: 443: 428: 356: 342: 337:Parthian Empire 328: 310:Seleucid Empire 303: 257: 247: 216: 203: 166: 162: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 117: 106: 66: 65: 62:Boeotian helmet 55: 38: 34: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9852: 9842: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9754: 9753: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9696:Neoptolemus II 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9611: 9602: 9593: 9591:Mithridates II 9588: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9557:Paerisades III 9554: 9549: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9454:Ariobarzanes I 9451: 9446: 9441: 9439:Ariarathes VII 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9414:Ariarathes III 9411: 9406: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9361:Mithridates II 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9264:Mithridates II 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9127:Apollodotus II 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8755:Cleopatra Thea 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8352: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8329: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8299: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8238: 8227: 8224: 8223:625 CE–651 CE 8220: 8219: 8211:Heshana Khagan 8194: 8191: 8190:560 CE–625 CE 8187: 8186: 8171:Empress Ashina 8157:Ishbara Qaghan 8129: 8126: 8125:560 CE–651 CE 8122: 8121: 8110: 8107: 8106:440 CE–560 CE 8103: 8102: 8079: 8076: 8075:370 CE–540 CE 8072: 8071: 8047: 8044: 8043:320 CE–467 CE 8040: 8039: 8031: 8028: 8003: 8000: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7827:Vima Kadphises 7813: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7789: 7786: 7785:141 BCE–30 CE 7782: 7781: 7776: 7753:Parthamaspates 7687:Mithridates IV 7669:Mithridates II 7649: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7635: 7619: 7616: 7609: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7528:Argead dynasty 7513: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7497:Artaxerxes III 7468: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7438:Arzhan culture 7428: 7417: 7400: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7357:2000–1900 BCE 7354: 7353: 7351: 7340: 7338: 7337:2400–2000 BCE 7334: 7333: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7299: 7298:3500–2500 BCE 7295: 7294: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7115:Bimaran Casket 7112: 7107: 7104:Sogdian Daēnās 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7078:Gardez Ganesha 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6900:Takht-e Rostam 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6835:Dilberjin Tepe 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6709:Takht-i Sangin 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6561:Guldursun-Kala 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Dalverzin Tepe 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6516:Akchakhan-Kala 6513: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6274:Dunhuang Caves 6271: 6269:Bezeklik Caves 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Subashi Temple 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6085:Durrani Empire 6082: 6077: 6075:Timurid Empire 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5820:Vakhsh culture 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5733:External links 5731: 5730: 5729: 5710: 5703: 5688: 5682: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5619: 5587:(4): 654–658. 5569: 5555: 5534: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5448: 5430: 5416: 5401: 5368: 5335: 5310: 5302:connected the 5300:Neo-Platonists 5272: 5243: 5230: 5225:2012-05-27 at 5202: 5177: 5157: 5132: 5103: 5090: 5081: 5074: 5054: 5030: 5006: 4982: 4937: 4918: 4879: 4867: 4829: 4814:Boardman, John 4805: 4798: 4776: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4685: 4676: 4664: 4640: 4624: 4622:, p. 153. 4612: 4587: 4567: 4558: 4543: 4523: 4488: 4462:"Justin XLI,6" 4448: 4424: 4407: 4382: 4369:Shane Wallace 4362: 4339: 4326:Shane Wallace 4316: 4291: 4263: 4235: 4207: 4198:"Euthydemus". 4190: 4155: 4127: 4114:38.750; 65.917 4083:36.750; 66.917 4044: 4009: 3974: 3958: 3945: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3899:978-1317321279 3873: 3869:978-1780760605 3836: 3832:978-1137013675 3813: 3804: 3795: 3776: 3753: 3727: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3673: 3663: 3653: 3628: 3619: 3611:Hermaeus Soter 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3591:Indo-Scythians 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3566:Greco-Buddhism 3561: 3558: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3327: 3324: 3191: 3188: 3172:flame palmette 3125:Main article: 3122: 3119: 3008:Dhammarakkhita 2820: 2817: 2561: 2558: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2451:Takht-i Sangin 2447:Greco-Bactrian 2444: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2425: 2401:, in southern 2381:Takht-i Sangin 2379:Main article: 2376: 2375:Takht-i Sangin 2373: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2327:Macedonian sun 2324: 2317: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2187: 2182:Delphic maxims 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2009:Alexander and 1946: 1943: 1821:Indo-Scythians 1655: 1652: 1557: 1554: 1498:legend reads: 1416: 1413: 1409:Greco-Buddhism 1374:Mauryan empire 1370:Shunga dynasty 1366:Mauryan empire 1345: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329:Main article: 1326: 1323: 1297: 1296: 1286: 1274: 1273: 1252: 1240: 1239: 1216: 1078: 1077: 738: 732: 731: 730: 728: 725: 722:their freedom. 571:Diodotus, the 538: 535: 499: 496: 494: 491: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 353: 347: 346: 339: 333: 332: 325: 316: 313: 312: 307: 295: 294: 289: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 231:Historical era 228: 227: 224: 223: 217: 214: 211: 210: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 175: 171: 170: 168:Zoroastrianism 164:Greco-Buddhism 157: 153: 152: 126: 122: 121: 112: 108: 107: 97:to the north, 76: 68: 67: 56: 49: 48: 45: 44: 40: 39: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9851: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9676:Neoptolemus I 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9572:Mithridates I 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9562:Paerisades IV 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525:Paerisades II 9523: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9514:Spartokos III 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9449:Ariarathes IX 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9434:Ariarathes VI 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9419:Ariarathes IV 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9404:Ariarathes II 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9376:Antiochus III 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9351:Mithridates I 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9226:Nicomedes III 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9057:Demetrius III 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9012:Antimachus II 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:Apollodotus I 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8959:Eucratides II 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8924:Euthydemus II 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Ptolemy Apion 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Cleopatra III 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8338: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8250:Ishbara Tolis 8248: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8196:Western Turks 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8151:Taspar Qaghan 8149: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8113: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7992:Yazdegerd III 7990: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7815:Kushan Empire 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7759:Mithridates V 7757: 7756:Sinatruces II 7754: 7751: 7750:Vologases III 7748: 7745: 7744:Artabanus III 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7714:Tiridates III 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657:Mithridates I 7654: 7652: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7637:Hunnic tribes 7631: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7604:Euthydemus II 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7500:Artaxerxes IV 7498: 7495: 7494:Artaxerxes II 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7381: 7380:Median Empire 7373: 7372: 7367:2000–900 BCE 7366: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7307:Pontic steppe 7304: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7289:Preceded by: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7110:Oxus Treasure 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Orlat plaques 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6955:Dasht-e Nawar 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6787:Monjukli Depe 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:Konye-Urgench 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Takht-i Kuwad 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:Koshoy Korgon 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:Kumtura Caves 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6201:Western China 6198: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6186:Salbyk kurgan 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Arzhan kurgan 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6146:Serindian art 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:Mongol Empire 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:Ghurid Empire 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Western Turks 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:Kushan Empire 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Guiyi Circuit 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Median Empire 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:Tagar culture 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5727: 5726:0-231-08167-7 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5700:81-208-0372-8 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5656:Narain, A. K. 5653: 5651: 5650:1-58115-203-5 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5633:90-04-08612-9 5629: 5625: 5620: 5610:on 2013-12-26 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5567: 5566:2-9516679-2-2 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5552:2-7177-1825-7 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516:0-691-03680-2 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5462: 5461:coinindia.com 5458: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5227:archive.today 5224: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5192:on 2005-03-06 5191: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5101:, pp. 363–364 5100: 5094: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5044: 5043:coinindia.com 5040: 5034: 5020: 5016: 5010: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4877:, p. 43. 4876: 4871: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4799:0-89236-218-9 4795: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4722: 4713: 4699: 4698:coinindia.com 4695: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4632:Beckwith 2009 4628: 4621: 4616: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4437:coinindia.com 4434: 4428: 4421:. p. 75. 4420: 4419: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4087: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3935:on 2020-12-23 3934: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3893:. Routledge, 3892: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3863:I.B. Tauris, 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3677: 3667: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513:Eucratides II 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472:Apollodotus I 3470: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3446:Euthydemus II 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3331: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302:, consort of 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3270:mace and the 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248:Vedic deities 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:bead and reel 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3117: 3109: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3092:gymnosophists 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2763:Maurya Empire 2760: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668:Qin Shi Huang 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2515:Coin of king 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419:Oxus Treasure 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405:. During the 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2233:, as well as 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2193:μέσος δίκαιος 2191:ἡβῶν ἐγκρατής 2185: 2183: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2130:Mediterranean 2127: 2122: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:war elephants 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2013:both settled 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1939:Kushan Empire 1935: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1921:Overall, the 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1896:Punjab region 1893: 1892:Paropamisadae 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743:Antiochus VII 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Hexi Corridor 1677: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1587:on horseback. 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1566:Mithridates I 1563: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Eucratides II 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Pali language 1489: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433:Antimachus II 1430: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Ancient Greek 1275: 1271: 1249: 1243:Transcription 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Antiochus III 1150: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1125:according to 1124: 1120: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1034: 1023: 1014: 1003: 992: 981: 979: 970: 968: 967: 957: 948: 939: 937: 926: 924: 913: 911: 902: 893: 891: 880: 878: 877: 867: 865: 864: 854: 852: 851: 841: 839: 838: 828: 826: 825: 815: 813: 804: 802: 793: 791: 782: 773: 762: 751: 742: 736: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 640: 636: 632: 628: 626: 622: 616: 614: 610: 604: 602: 597: 586: 582: 578: 574: 566: 562: 558: 548: 545:Gold coin of 543: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 438: 434: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408:state of the 407: 401: 395: 389: 380: 376: 354: 352: 351:Kushan Empire 349: 348: 340: 338: 335: 334: 326: 324: 321: 320: 317: 311: 308: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 263: 259: 253: 249: 243: 239: 236: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 212: 208: 205: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 182: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105:to the south. 104: 100: 96: 92: 89:to the west, 88: 84: 80: 74: 69: 63: 59: 53: 46: 41: 37: 27: 22: 9711:Alexander II 9567:Paerisades V 9530:Spartokos IV 9494:Paerisades I 9469:Ariarathes X 9424:Ariarathes V 9399:Ariarathes I 9381:Antiochus IV 9366:Antiochus II 9298:Pharnaces II 9259:Ariobarzanes 9231:Nicomedes IV 9221:Nicomedes II 9147:Apollophanes 9132:Hippostratos 9047:Heliokles II 9007:Demetrius II 8987:Antimachus I 8949:Eucratides I 8944:Demetrius II 8929:Antimachus I 8914:Euthydemus I 8895: 8599:Ptolemy XIII 8574:Berenice III 8421:Antipater II 8388:Alexander IV 8291: 8282: 8279:673–751 CE 8268: 8265:651–673 CE 8247:Duolu Qaghan 8235:Tardush Shad 8226: 8203:Tang dynasty 8193: 8179:Yangsu Tegin 8163:Tulan Qaghan 8160:Bagha Qaghan 8154:Ashina Anluo 8148:Muqan Qaghan 8145:Issik Qaghan 8142:Bumin Qaghan 8128: 8112:Hephthalites 8109: 8078: 8046: 8030: 8002: 7962:Ardashir III 7920:Yazdegerd II 7852: 7840: 7812: 7788: 7774:Artabanus IV 7771:Vologases VI 7762:Vologases IV 7741:Vologases II 7717:Artabanus II 7711:Artabanus II 7696:Tiridates II 7684:Phraates III 7648: 7645:160–141 BCE 7634: 7618: 7611: 7607:Antimachus I 7598:Euthydemus I 7585: 7583: 7580:256–160 BCE 7571: 7564: 7559:Antiochus II 7546: 7545: 7539:Alexander II 7526: 7512: 7509:331–256 BCE 7488:Artaxerxes I 7467: 7457:539–331 BCE 7430: 7419: 7408: 7402: 7377: 7374:626–539 BCE 7309:through the 7288: 7249:Territories/ 7102: 7033:Mount Khajeh 7000:Qala-i-Jangi 6980:Khair Khaneh 6885:Khair Khaneh 6792:Namazga-Tepe 6747:Anau culture 6724:Turkmenistan 6641:Tavka Kurgan 6536:Balalyk Tepe 6453:Burana Tower 6443:Aigyr-Zhal 2 6335:Issyk kurgan 6070:Kart dynasty 6065:Sufi dynasty 6055:Golden Horde 5980:Oghuz Yabgus 5955:Tang dynasty 5920:Hephthalites 5879: 5845:Uyuk culture 5713: 5706: 5691: 5664: 5660:Sinor, Denis 5641: 5623: 5612:. Retrieved 5605:the original 5584: 5580: 5558: 5540: 5537:Bopearachchi 5522: 5507: 5488: 5464:. Retrieved 5460: 5451: 5441: 5409: 5404: 5393:. Retrieved 5371: 5360:. Retrieved 5338: 5327:. Retrieved 5313: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5264:. Retrieved 5253: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5205: 5194:. Retrieved 5190:the original 5180: 5171:Live Science 5169: 5160: 5149:. Retrieved 5135: 5124:. Retrieved 5115: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5084: 5064: 5057: 5046:. Retrieved 5042: 5033: 5022:. Retrieved 5018: 5009: 4998:. Retrieved 4994: 4985: 4954:. Retrieved 4950: 4940: 4931: 4921: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4870: 4851: 4847: 4832: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4785: 4779: 4754: 4750: 4721: 4712: 4701:. Retrieved 4697: 4688: 4679: 4656:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4627: 4615: 4604:. Retrieved 4590: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4533: 4526: 4501:. Retrieved 4491: 4466:. Retrieved 4440:. Retrieved 4436: 4427: 4417: 4410: 4399:. Retrieved 4385: 4365: 4342: 4308:. Retrieved 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4255:. Retrieved 4227:. Retrieved 4200: 4193: 4168:. Retrieved 4164:"Justin XLI" 4158: 4147:. Retrieved 4047: 4022:. Retrieved 4012: 3987:. Retrieved 3977: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3937:. Retrieved 3933:the original 3923: 3914: 3905: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3848: 3839: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3779: 3766: 3756: 3749: 3737: 3730: 3708:(3–4): 132. 3705: 3701: 3695: 3676: 3666: 3656: 3631: 3622: 3605: 3554: 3500:Eucratides I 3487:Demetrius II 3459:Antimachus I 3388:Euthydemus I 3329: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3180:anta capital 3165: 3150: 3095: 3059: 3036: 3023: 3010:... and the 2987: 2979: 2959: 2955: 2907: 2887: 2869:), found in 2825:Chandragupta 2822: 2810: 2802: 2780: 2772: 2740: 2734: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2682:cupro-nickel 2676: 2665: 2630: 2563: 2526: 2522: 2517:Antimachus I 2498: 2384: 2212: 2188: 2179: 2135: 2123: 2115: 2063: 2044:Indo-Iranian 2036:Thureophoroi 2032: 2023: 2019: 2008: 2006:style bows. 2000:hippotoxotai 1999: 1960: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1869: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1814: 1802: 1791: 1774:Euthydemus I 1770: 1751: 1731:Hecatompolis 1712: 1669: 1646: 1624: 1619: 1614:Demetrius II 1611: 1596: 1591: 1581:Eucratides I 1559: 1549: 1544:Demetrius II 1529: 1517:Jhelum River 1514: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1465: 1452:Eucratides I 1437:Demetrius II 1429:Antimachus I 1421:Eucratides I 1418: 1390: 1360: 1300: 1255: 1248:Greek script 1219: 1185: 1181: 1152: 1144: 1117: 1111: 1066: 1065: 1053: 1052: 1041: 977: 965: 964: 933: 920: 909: 887: 875: 874: 862: 861: 849: 848: 836: 835: 823: 822: 811: 800: 789: 720: 704: 669: 645: 620: 618: 606: 596:Antiochus II 570: 564: 501: 471:Turkmenistan 456: 414:Central Asia 374: 372: 292:Succeeded by 291: 286: 35: 9732:Pyrrhus III 9716:Olympias II 9686:Alexander I 9543: [ 9540:Spartokos V 9409:Ariamnes II 9356:Antiochus I 9318:Pythodorida 9274:Pharnaces I 9195:Zipoetes II 9190:Nicomedes I 9107:Artemidoros 9102:Menander II 9042:Antialcidas 9027:Agathokleia 8982:Demetrius I 8974:Indo-Greeks 8964:Heliocles I 8919:Demetrius I 8909:Diodotus II 8886:Eumenes III 8881:Attalus III 8856:Philetaerus 8825:Lysimachids 8637:Berenice II 8604:Ptolemy XIV 8486:(pretender) 8416:Alexander V 8398:Antipatrids 8356:Hellenistic 8259:Ashina Helu 8256:Irbis Seguy 8241:Külüg Sibir 8208:Niri Qaghan 8138:Ashina Tuwu 8081:Alchon Huns 7977:Azarmidokht 7968:Khosrow III 7923:Hormizd III 7908:Yazdegerd I 7899:Ardashir II 7893:Adur Narseh 7849:224–350 CE 7809:30 –224 CE 7768:Vologases V 7735:Vardanes II 7732:Vologases I 7723:Gotarzes II 7693:Phraates IV 7663:Hyspaosines 7627:Modu Chanyu 7601:Demetrius I 7595:Diodotus II 7556:Antiochus I 7533:Alexander I 7125:Kabul hoard 7058:Sokh snakes 7010:Surkh Kotal 6975:Haji Piyada 6950:Darra-e Kur 6915:Yemshi Tepe 6910:Tillya Tepe 6905:Tepe Fullol 6895:Tepe Narenj 6890:Tapa Sardar 6880:Fondukistan 6845:Tapa Shotor 6825:Tepe Fullol 6817:Afghanistan 6646:Toprak-Kala 6631:Shahrukhiya 6581:Kampir Tepe 6571:Itchan Kala 6526:Ancient Pap 6483:Shakh Fazil 6355:Krasnyi Yar 6259:Mogao Caves 6219:Kizil Caves 6155:Archaeology 6020:Farighunids 5975:Turk Shahis 5915:Alchon Huns 5546:de France, 4973:|last= 4620:Narain 1990 4112: / 4081: / 3972:, Berkeley. 3956:, Stuttgart 3543:Heliocles I 3401:Demetrius I 3375:Diodotus II 3264:Sankarshana 3184:Pataliputra 2902:Hellenistic 2845:Megasthenes 2759:Han dynasty 2725:Han dynasty 2720:Manu Smriti 2714:Mahabharata 2700:in eastern 2678:Numismatics 2661:Han dynasty 2649:Rostovtzeff 2604:, XI.XI.I). 2235:Saksanokhur 2223:Eucratideia 2217:(in modern 2142:Afghanistan 2126:Hellenistic 2102:Kampyr Tepe 2052:cataphracts 2015:Macedonians 1754:Han Chinese 1747:Artabanus I 1739:Phraates II 1707:Tillia tepe 1678:called the 1648:Heliocles I 1540:Heliocles I 1448:tetradrachm 1393:Pataliputra 1277:Inscription 1211:Translation 1200:Demetrius I 715:Seleucus II 707:Diodotus II 700:Greek Egypt 459:Afghanistan 412:located in 287:Preceded by 220:Heliocles I 178:Hellenistic 9763:Categories 9722:Pyrrhus II 9701:Alcetas II 9666:Tharrhypas 9633:Gepaepyris 9605:Scribonius 9499:Satyros II 9429:Orophernes 9341:Ptolemaeus 9323:Polemon II 9216:Prusias II 9185:Zipoetes I 9157:Strato III 9082:Theophilos 9062:Philoxenus 9017:Menander I 8997:Agathocles 8939:Agathocles 8904:Diodotus I 8876:Attalus II 8871:Eumenes II 8833:Lysimachus 8441:Antigonids 8253:Yukuk Shad 8175:Apa Qaghan 8118:Akhshunwar 8100:Mihirakula 8038:Wanunkhur 8020:Hormizd II 8011:Ardashir I 7986:Khosrow IV 7983:Hormizd VI 7965:Shahrbaraz 7956:Khosrow II 7947:Khosrow II 7944:Hormizd IV 7902:Shapur III 7890:Hormizd II 7884:Bahram III 7869:Ardashir I 7836:Vasudeva I 7830:Kanishka I 7824:Vima Takto 7800:Sapadbizes 7779:Eucratides 7738:Pacorus II 7729:Vonones II 7726:Meherdates 7720:Vardanes I 7705:Orodes III 7702:Phraates V 7681:Sinatruces 7592:Diodotus I 7553:Seleucus I 7503:Darius III 7410:Massagetae 7231:Rulers of 7005:Rag-i-Bibi 6830:Ai-Khanoum 6762:Gonur Depe 6757:Dev-Kesken 6694:Kafir-kala 6684:Ajina tepe 6666:Tajikistan 6626:Sarmishsay 6611:Kyzyl-Kala 6591:Khalchayan 6576:Kafir-kala 6556:Fayaz Tepe 6541:Burchmulla 6503:Uzbekistan 6493:Tash Rabat 6468:Manas Ordo 6435:Kyrgyzstan 6322:Kazakhstan 6025:Ghaznavids 5930:Ustrushana 5925:Tocharians 5855:Massagetae 5614:2015-01-02 5466:2024-06-29 5395:2017-08-31 5362:2017-08-31 5329:2005-12-18 5266:2008-02-20 5196:2004-10-30 5151:2016-10-12 5126:2018-06-21 5048:2024-07-10 5024:2024-07-10 5000:2024-07-10 4956:2024-07-10 4854:(4): 160. 4703:2024-06-20 4658:2024-06-19 4636:Hitch 2010 4606:2021-02-20 4503:2006-02-11 4468:2006-01-14 4442:2024-06-19 4401:2019-11-15 4310:2021-02-20 4285:2021-02-20 4257:2021-02-20 4229:2021-02-20 4170:2006-01-14 4149:2021-02-20 4024:2006-01-14 3989:2006-01-14 3966:F. L. Holt 3939:2023-10-06 3738:Brewminate 3688:References 3539:140–130 BC 3524:145–140 BC 3509:145–140 BC 3496:171–145 BC 3483:175–160 BC 3468:180-160 BC 3455:180-170 BC 3442:185-180 BC 3431:Agathocles 3427:190-180 BC 3412:200–180 BC 3397:200–180 BC 3384:230–200 BC 3371:239–223 BC 3360:Diodotus I 3356:255–239 BC 3320:syncretism 3200:Agathocles 3153:Ai-Khanoum 3078:; and the 3064:among the 3058:; and the 3054:among the 3050:; and the 3046:among the 3042:; and the 2946:Tamraparni 2880: BC, 2878: 250 2729:Zhang Qian 2690:Agathocles 2639:museum at 2502:Eucratides 2455:Seleucus I 2445:Head of a 2403:Tajikistan 2351:Macedonian 2231:Uzbekistan 2227:Amphipolis 2219:Tajikistan 2174:Ai Khanoum 2162:Corinthian 2144:(probably 2138:Ai-Khanoum 2042:and other 2011:Seleucus I 1963:Achaemenid 1758:Zhang Qian 1676:Han Empire 1642: 138 1593:Parthians. 1551:sepulture. 1525:Menander I 1496:Kharoshthi 1405:Menander I 1246:(original 1230:Euthydemos 1192:Tajikistan 1119:Euthydemus 1094:Euthydemus 684:Andragoras 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