Greek case - Knowledge

1379:, one of whom seemed likely to be executed. The applicant countries asked the Commission to intercede to prevent any executions from being carried out, a request that was granted. The Secretary-General of the Council of Europe submitted such a request at the behest of the Commission's president. Greece said the application was inadmissible because it had denounced the Convention, and domestic remedies had not been exhausted. The Commission ruled the application provisionally admissible on 26 May, a decision that became final on 16 July as Greece responded to queries. Greece's reasoning was rejected because its withdrawal from the ECHR did not take effect until 13 June and violations that occurred before that date remained subject to Convention jurisdiction. Also, exhaustion of domestic remedies did not apply because the violations related to "administrative practices". On 5 October, the Commission decided it could not decide the facts of the case because Greece's refusal to cooperate in the proceedings made it impossible for the Commission to carry out its usual functions. None of the defendants in the trial were executed, although it is unclear if the intervention affected the proceedings in Greece. Following the 1121:, in which the declaration of the British government that there was an emergency in British Cyprus was given significant weight. The Commission took a narrower view of the government's margin of appreciation to declare an emergency in the Greek case, by ruling that the burden of proof was on the government to prove the existence of an emergency that necessitated extraordinary measures. The Commission ruled 10–5 that Article 15 did not apply, either at the time of the coup or at a later date. Furthermore, the majority judged that Greece's derogation did not meet procedural requirements and that being a "revolutionary government" did not affect Greece's obligations under the Convention. The five dissenting opinions were lengthy, indicating that for their authors this matter represented the crux of the case. Some of these opinions indicated agreement with the Greek government's reasoning that the coup countered an actual "serious danger threatening the life of the nation", and even agreed with the coup itself. Others argued that a "revolutionary government" had greater freedom to derogate from the Convention. Legal scholars 1071: 759: 1196: 1247:

Commission's work as he did not evaluate if the ECHR had been violated. Following debate, the Parliamentary Assembly passed Resolution 547 (92 for, 11 against, 20 abstentions) which recommended the expulsion of Greece from the Council of Europe. During its meeting on 6 May 1969, the Committee of Ministers resolved to bring Resolution 547 to the attention of the Greek government and scheduled a vote on the resolution for its next meeting on 12 December 1969. Late 1969 saw a scramble for votes on the expulsion of Greece; the junta publicly threatened an economic boycott of the countries that voted for the resolution. Out of eighteen countries, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Iceland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom had already signaled their intention to vote for Greece's expulsion before the 12 December meeting. The United Kingdom had had an ambiguous stance towards Greece, but on 7 December, Prime Minister

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treatment, and all inhuman treatment was degrading. It found that torture was "an aggravated form of inhuman treatment" distinguished by the fact that torture "has a purpose, such as the obtaining of information or confessions, or the infliction of punishment", rather than the severity of the act. However, the purposeful aspect was marginalized in later cases, which considered that torture was objectively more severe than acts which amounted only to inhuman or degrading treatment. In the Greek case report, the Commission ruled that the prohibition on torture was absolute. The Commission did not specify whether inhuman and degrading treatment was also absolutely prohibited, and seemed to imply they may not be, with the wording "in the particular situation is unjustifiable". This wording gave rise to a concern that inhuman and degrading treatment could be sometimes justified, but in

498: 432: 647:, the president of the Commission, said that the case was "the first time that the machinery of the Convention ... had been set rolling by states with no national interest in lodging an application and apparently motivated by the desire to preserve our European heritage of freedom unharmed". Although the case was unprecedented in that it was brought without national self-interest, international promotion of human rights was characteristic of Scandinavian foreign policy at the time. Following attempts to boycott goods from the applicant countries in Greece, exporter industries pressured their governments to drop the case. For this reason, the Netherlands withdrew from active participation in the case. 969: 828:"furnish all necessary facilities" to carry out an investigation. Its interviews were held without representatives of either Greece or the applicant governments present, after wanted posters were put out in Greece for Evensen's arrest and because of fears that the presence of Greek officials would intimidate witnesses. Although it allowed some witnesses to testify to the Subcommission, the Greek government obstructed the investigation and prevented it from accessing some witnesses who had physical injuries, allegedly from torture. Because of this obstruction (and in particular because they were not allowed to visit 1309:

lengthy speech in which he discussed the causes of the 1967 coup, possible reforms in Greece, and the recommendations in the Commission's report. However, since his audience had copies of the Commission's report, and Pipinelis did not give a timeline for elections, his speech was not convincing. Eleven of the eighteen Council of Europe member states sponsored the resolution calling for Greece's expulsion; a resolution by Turkey, Cyprus, and France to delay the vote was unsuccessful. By this time, these states were the only ones opposing Greece's expulsion, and it became obvious that Greece would lose the vote.

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would be made public and the "Government of Greece to restore without delay, human rights and fundamental freedoms in Greece" and abolish torture immediately. As Moro stated at the 12 December meeting, in practice Greece immediately ceased to be a member of the Council of Europe. The country announced on 19 February 1970 that it would not participate in the Committee of Ministers as it no longer considered itself a member. Pursuant to Article 65 of the ECHR, Greece ceased to be a party of the ECHR after six months, on 13 June 1970, and

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with the Red Cross in an attempt to prove its intention to reform, although the agreement was not renewed in 1971. The agreement was significant as no similar agreement had been signed by a sovereign country with the Red Cross outside of war; torture and mistreatment declined following the agreement. International pressure also prevented retaliation against witnesses in the case. Becket also considered that Greece had made an incompetent blunder to defend itself when it was clearly in the wrong, and could have quietly left the Council of Europe.

1419:), it was an interstate case alleging systematic and deliberate human rights violations by a member state. The Commission, which had only moral power, dealt best with individual cases and when the responsible state cared about its reputation and therefore had an incentive to cooperate. Other cases involved minor deviations from a norm of protecting human rights; in contrast, the junta's premises were antithetical to the principles of the ECHR—something the Greek government did not deny. The lack of results led legal scholar 847: 1171:(retroactive) law, because it was not enforced. A violation was found for Article 8, as arrests were unnecessarily conducted at night in the absence of an actual emergency, disrupting family life. Articles 9 and 10, guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of expression respectively, were deemed to have been violated by censorship of the press. For Article 11, which guarantees freedom of association, the Commission found that it had been violated as the restrictions were not " 5617: 1549:, a decision which left an asymmetry between the victim and state authorities, who could prevent the victim from collecting the evidence necessary to prove they had suffered a violation. The Court ruled in later cases where Article 3 violations seemed likely, it was incumbent upon the state to conduct an effective investigation into alleged ill-treatment. It also helped to define what constituted an "administrative practice" of systematic violations. 5605: 960:

the human rights violations in Greece; the first eight dealt with conditions of detention, control of police and independence of the judiciary while the last two recommended allowing a free press and free elections. With these suggestions, Commissioner Sørensen later recalled, the Commission hoped to convince Greece to promise the Committee of Ministers to restore democracy—the original primary aim of the case, according to Sørensen.

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with some of these measures, which violated the ECHR because they were excessive and disproportionate to the alleged emergency, and because they were not imposed by a court. The Commission did not consider the permissibility of internal exile, travel restrictions, or confiscation of passports under Article 5, nor did it offer a clear definition of "deprivation of liberty". According to Jeffrey Agrest, writing in

1232:, to visit the country and investigate the facts of the situation. The choice of Van der Stoel, a Dutch social-democratic politician, indicated the Assembly's hard line on Greece. Working from the findings of Amnesty International and Thornberry, he visited the country three times in 1968, but the junta barred him from returning because it claimed he lacked objectivity and impartiality. He found that, similar to 1046:, the previous Greek Constitution may not have been in compliance with Article 5 as interpreted by the Commission, because it allowed detention without trial, charges, or appeal for a certain duration, after which the authorities had to bring charges or release the suspect. (The time limit on such extrajudicial detention was abolished by Royal Decree 280.) This question was not examined by the Commission. 5629: 746:

organization, the Greek case absorbed almost all of its time. On 3 April 1968, a Subcommission was formed to examine the Greek case, initially based on the first application. It held hearings at the end of September, deciding to hear witnesses at its subsequent meeting in November. Fact-finding, especially on-location, is rare in ECHR cases compared to other international courts, such as the

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inquiring into the fate of the missing Greek deputies, calling for the restoration of parliamentary, constitutional democracy, and objecting to "all measures contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights". Although both the assembly and the Committee of Ministers showed a reluctance to alienate Greece, ignoring the coup entirely would have put the Council of Europe's legitimacy at stake.

1448:", Pedaliu argues that Sørensen's view fails to appreciate the fact that the Greek regime was never willing to curtail its human rights violations. The case stripped the junta of international legitimacy and contributed to Greece's increasing international isolation. Such isolation may have contributed to the junta's difficulties in effective government; it was unable to respond to the 663:(latitude of governments to implement the Convention as they see fit) to enact exceptional measures in a public emergency. The Commission found the emergency principle was not applicable because it was intended for governments which operated within a democratic and constitutional framework, and furthermore the junta created the "emergency" itself. Therefore, it declared the case 1023:

authorities had made no effort to investigate, stop the practice, or punish those responsible. Because the torture met both "repetition" and "official tolerance" criteria, the Commission determined that the Greek government systematically practiced torture. The Commission was the first international human rights body to find that a state practiced torture as government policy.

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After examining the evidence, the Subcommission concluded the Greek communists had given up in their attempt to seize power by force and lacked the means to do so, while the popular front scenario was implausible. Further, the rapid and effective suppression of junta opponents after the coup was evidence the Communists were "incapable of any organised action in a crisis".

1511:, the case helped to define the circumstances that might qualify as "a public emergency threatening the life of the nation" under Article 15, although leaving open the question, unresolved as of 2018, whether successful coup plotters may derogate rights based on an emergency resulting from their own actions. According to Jeffrey Agrest, the most significant 1110:

such as to justify derogation. Although the Subcommission found that before the coup there had been an increase of "political instability and tension, of an expansion of the activities of the Communists and their allies, and of some public disorder", it believed that the elections scheduled for May 1967 would have stabilized the political situation.

1644:(Malta). Although they dissented with the majority as to whether there was a genuine emergency as of 21 April 1967, Süsterhenn and Busuttil agreed with the majority that Article 15 derogation did not apply after the coup because the junta made no effort to reestablish a democratic and human-rights-respecting form of government. 1224:. A key consideration was that the United States did not oppose the Greek junta and, throughout the case, intervened in favor of keeping Greece inside the Council of Europe. The larger Western European countries used the case to deflect domestic criticism of their relations with the junta and calls for Greece to be ejected from NATO. 541:

Commission of Human Rights in accordance with Article 24 of the Convention". On 10 September, the Parliamentary Assembly debated documents prepared by the Legal Committee which stated that, although only the Commission could make a legally binding determination, the Greek derogation of the Convention was not justified.

1183:". Article 13, the requirement to have a legal remedy for violations, was violated due to flaws in judicial independence and lack of investigations into credible allegations of torture. The authorities were judged to have violated Article 14 due to discrimination in the application of other rights such as freedom of expression. 311:

systematic torture by the Greek authorities. The Subcommission submitted its report to the Commission in October 1969. It was soon leaked to the press and widely reported, turning European public opinion against Greece. The Commission found violations of Article 3 and most of the other articles. On 12 December 1969, the

1440:(1961). Because Greece had a very low reputation for human rights protection, its exit did not weaken the system. Instead, the Greek case paradoxically increased the prestige of the Commission and strengthened the Convention system by isolating and stigmatizing a state responsible for serious human rights violations. 1154:, on the grounds that those articles "were designed to protect democratic regimes against totalitarian conspiracies", while the Greek regime did not act to protect rights and freedoms. The Commission did not rule on this question because the derogation was deemed invalid on other grounds, but a separate opinion by 1019:, and threats to kill the victims. The Commission also considered psychological and mental torture, and poor conditions of imprisonment. According to the Commission, overcrowding, uncleanliness, lack of adequate sleeping arrangements, and the severance of contact with the outside world were also inhuman treatment. 820:

asylum. They said they had been tortured, and their families in Greece were under threat. Although the junta struck them off the list of witnesses, they were allowed to testify as witnesses for the Commission. One of them did so; the other claimed to have been kidnapped by the head of the Norwegian delegation,

929:(mutual agreement to resolve the identified violations) as required by Article 28(b); talks began to this effect in March 1969. The Scandinavian countries thought no friendly settlement was possible because torture was forbidden and non-negotiable. The Greek government proposed unannounced visits by the 727:) of Protocol 1 of the ECHR. The Greek government argued domestic remedies were available for these alleged violations, and therefore the application should be declared inadmissible under Article 26 of the ECHR. The applicants countered that such remedies were "in fact inadequate and ineffective". 1308:

On 12 December, the Committee of Ministers met in Paris. Because its rules forbade a vote on the report until it had been in the Committee's hands for three months, the report, transmitted on 18 November 1969, was not discussed at their meeting. Pipinelis, the Greek Foreign Minister, gave a

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The Commission found "a flagrant and persistent violation" of Article 3 of Protocol 1, which guaranteed the right to vote in elections, as "Article 3 of Protocol 1 implies the existence of a representative legislative body elected at reasonable intervals and constituting the basis

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to islands or remote villages where they were forbidden to speak with locals and required to report to police twice daily, or subjected to police supervision. Considering Article 5 in conjunction with Article 15, the Commission found that the Greek government had unjustly restrained liberty

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The purpose of torture, according to the report, was "the extraction of information including confessions concerning the political activities and association of the victims and other persons considered to be subversive". Despite numerous substantiated cases of torture reported to the authorities, the

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On 4 October, the Subcommission adopted its final report and forwarded it to the full Commission, which adopted it on 5 November. Most of the report's more than 1,200 pages dealt with Articles 3 and 15. The report contained three sections: "History of the Proceedings and Points at

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of the ECHR. In September 1967, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands filed identical cases against Greece alleging violations of most of the articles in the ECHR that protect individual rights. The case was declared admissible in January 1968; a second case filed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden

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The case revealed the weakness of the Convention system as it existed in the late 1960s, because "on its own the Convention system was ultimately unable to prevent the establishment of a totalitarian regime", the main purpose of those who had proposed it in 1950. Unlike other Convention cases at the

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rejecting Greece's allegations against the Commission. The Committee of Ministers adopted the report at its next meeting on 15 April. It stated the "Greek government is not prepared to comply with its continuing obligations under the Convention", noting ongoing violations. Therefore, the report

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denouncing the leak and accusing the Commission of irregularities and bias, which made the report "null and void" in Greece's opinion. Greece also claimed that the Commission leaked the report to influence the 12 December meeting. The Commission's Secretariat denied responsibility for the leak;

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were committed to democratic and constitutional government. The Subcommission also rejected the junta's argument that demonstrations and strikes justified the coup, as these disruptions to public order were not more severe in Greece than other European countries and did not rise to a level of danger

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The report devotes over 300 pages to Article 3, examining 30 cases of alleged torture to the standard of proof required in individual applications, based on the testimony of 58 witnesses. An annex to the report lists the names of 213 people alleged to have been tortured or otherwise ill-treated, and

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The Commission also found that Greece had infringed Articles 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 as well as Article 3 of Protocol 1. For Article 7 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol 1, the Commission found no violation. The report made ten proposals for remedying

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A threshold of severity distinguished "inhuman treatment" and "degrading treatment". The former was defined as "at least such treatment as deliberately causes severe suffering, mental or physical which, in the particular situation is unjustifiable" and the latter, that which "grossly humiliates the

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Commissioner Sørensen believed the Committee of Ministers' actions had resulted in a "lost opportunity" by playing the threat of expulsion too soon and closed off the possibility of a solution under Article 32 and the Commission's recommendations. He argued that Greece's economic dependence on

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The Subcommission also investigated whether, even if an imminent danger justified the coup, the derogation could continue afterwards. The Greek government reported disorder that took place after the coup, including the formation of what it deemed to be illegal organizations and a series of bombings

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After the obstructed visit, the Subcommission refused all requests for delays and the Greek party retaliated by not filing the required paperwork. By this time, more torture victims had escaped from Greece and several testified at hearings in June and July, without the presence of either party. The

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Belgium, Luxembourg and Iceland later announced that they supported the actions of the Scandinavian and Dutch governments, although this declaration had no legal effect. Attempts to elicit a similar declaration from the United Kingdom were unsuccessful, despite the opposition of many British people

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Although the case revealed the limits of the Convention system to curb the behavior of a non-cooperative dictatorship, it also strengthened the legitimacy of the system by isolating and stigmatizing a state responsible for systematic human rights violations. The Commission's report on the case also

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During the 1950s and 1960s, there was no definition of what constituted torture or inhuman and degrading treatment under Article 3 of the ECHR. The Greek case was the first time the Commission had considered Article 3. In the Greek case, the Commission stated that all torture was inhuman

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dictatorship in Portugal, which had been refused membership, it was "undeniable that the present Greek regime does not fulfill the objective conditions for membership in the Council of Europe as set out in Article 3 of the Statute". This was due in part to the lack of rule of law and protection of

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on Bouboulinas Street in Athens. Rigorous local fact-finding was key to the report's findings and authority regarding Article 3. Legal scholar Isabella Risini writes that, while the report has a dispassionate tone, "The horrific methods of torture and ill-treatment as well as the suffering of

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The Scandinavian countries did not have an ethnic affinity to the victims of human rights violations, nor did they have a commercial interest in the case; they intervened because they felt it was their moral duty and because public opinion in their countries was opposed to the actions of the Greek

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The Greek case was the first time the Commission formally found a violation of the ECHR, and its conclusions were influential precedents in later cases. In terms of admissibility under Article 26, the Commission decided that it did not just consider the formal existence of legal remedies but

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Becket found that "there is no doubt that the Convention System process was a significant restraint on the behaviour of the Greek authorities" and that because of international scrutiny, fewer people were tortured than would have been otherwise. On 5 November 1969, Greece signed an agreement

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The report was hailed as a great achievement for exposing human rights violations in a document of substantial authority and credibility. Pedaliu argues that the case helped break down the concept of non-intervention over human rights violations. The process triggered extensive press coverage for

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and infiltrating youth organizations to seize power. The applicant governments retorted that if the EDA was in fact a danger to democracy, its power could be circumscribed by constitutional means, and it had been losing support in previous elections and becoming increasingly politically isolated.

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The fact that the respondent Government, having had full access to all available information, whether published, official or secret, has been able to produce only the very slender evidence already discussed, itself demonstrates that no Communist take-over of government by force of arms was to be

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tried to create the impression in the Committee of Ministers, which had all the decision-making power in the Council of Europe, that Greece was willing to change. He calculated that Western countries could be persuaded to overlook Greece's human rights violations, and that leaving the Council of

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and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms." The resolution expressed "the wish that the Governments of the Contracting Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights refer the Greek case, either separately or jointly, to the European

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argues that the international scrutiny of human rights in Greece helped the country to transition more rapidly to democracy. Greece's denunciation was the first time a regional convention on human rights was denounced by one of its members. In 2022, Russia became the second country to leave the

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The Subcommission announced that it would begin its investigation in Greece on 6 February 1969 (later postponed to 9 March at the request of the Greek government), using its power to investigate alleged violations in member countries. Article 28 of the ECHR requires member states

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and journalists reported on its proceedings. The Greek government did not allow any hostile witnesses to leave the country, so the Scandinavians recruited Greek exiles to testify. During the hearings, two Greek witnesses brought by the junta escaped and fled to the Norwegian delegation, seeking

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for its human rights violations. On 24 April, the Parliamentary Assembly debated the Greek issue. The Greek representatives were not present at this meeting because the junta dissolved the Greek parliament and canceled their credentials. On 26 April, the Assembly passed Directive 256,

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noted that "the Commission required corroboration of the allegations made, offered the government every opportunity to rebut the evidence produced and even examined the possibility that (as alleged) many of the accounts of torture were deliberately fabricated as part of a plot to discredit the

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hearings concerning the case, during which it questioned witnesses and embarked on a fact-finding mission to Greece, cut short due to obstruction by the authorities. Evidence at the trial ran to over 20,000 pages, but was condensed into a 1,200-page report, most of which was devoted to proving

701:, who had traveled to Greece and collected first-hand accounts of human rights violations, including a list of 32 people who said that they had been tortured. As a result of these findings, the three Scandinavian countries filed another application on 25 March 1968 for breach of Articles 1246:

Van der Stoel presented his report, which unlike the Commission's findings was not bound by confidentiality, with a recommendation of expulsion under Article 8 of the Statute, to the Parliamentary Assembly on 30 January 1969. As Van der Stoel emphasized, this was distinct from the

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Under Resolution 346, on 20 September 1967, three member-states of the Council of Europe (Sweden, Norway, and Denmark) filed identical applications against Greece before the Commission. They alleged violations of almost all the articles in the ECHR which protect individual rights:

734:(i.e. without trial or conviction) had no recourse to a court. Second, Decree no. 280 suspended many of the constitutional guarantees related to the judicial system. Third, on 30 May, the Greek junta regime fired 30 prominent judges and prosecutors, including the president of the 535:

On 22–24 May, the Legal Committee met and proposed another resolution against the junta. The Standing Committee of the Assembly adopted this as Resolution 346 on 23 June. The resolution stated Greece had violated Article 3 of the Statute of the Council of Europe: "Every

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for the Council of Europe's political branch. Becket stated that he found it "difficult to imagine how the Commission could have been more thorough in their investigation of the cases they chose". He found the report to be "a signal achievement ... judicial in tone, objective in its

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Imposing martial law, arbitrary suspension of judges and convictions of people for "acts directed against the national security and public order", were judged to constitute a violation of Article 6 (right to a fair trial). The Commission found no violation of Article 7 over the

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The allegation of torture raised the public profile of the case in Europe and changed the Greek junta's defense strategy, since Article 15 explicitly forbade derogation of Article 3. From 1968, the Commission gave the case priority over all other business; as it was a part-time

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Issue", "Establishment of the Facts and Opinion of the Commission" (the bulk of the report), and a shorter section explaining the failed attempt to come to a "Friendly Settlement". The report was widely praised for its objectivity and rigorous standard of evidence. Relying on

933:. The Scandinavian parties also wanted a deadline for free elections, but the Greek government was unwilling to fix a date for parliamentary elections. Because of these differences, a friendly settlement was impossible, and the matter was forwarded to the full Commission. 1114:

between September 1967 and March 1969. Some witnesses stated the repressive measures of the junta had exacerbated the disorder. Although it paid close attention to the bombings, the Subcommission found the authorities could control the situation using "normal measures".

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to resolve the case. Although the Council of Europe has considerable investigatory abilities, it has hardly any power of sanction; its highest sanction is expulsion from the organization. In 1956, Greece filed the first interstate application with the Commission,

404:. Greece did not allow individuals who alleged that their rights had been violated by the Greek government to make applications to the Commission, so the only way to hold the country accountable for violations was if another state party to the ECHR brought a 742:. Therefore, according to the Commission, "in the particular situation prevailing in Greece, the domestic remedies indicated by the respondent government could be considered effective and sufficient". The application was declared admissible on 31 May. 1336:

The Committee of Ministers passed a resolution stating that Greece had "seriously violated Article 3 of the Statute" and had withdrawn from the Council of Europe, rendering suspension unnecessary. On 17 December 1969, the Secretary-General released a

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Besides the judicial case, political processes against Greece in the Council of Europe had been ongoing in 1968 and 1969. In certain respects the process was similar to the Commission's procedure, because the Parliamentary Assembly appointed a rapporteur,

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stated that, "The Greek case became a defining lesson for human rights policies in Europe." He argued the expulsion of Greece from the Council of Europe had "an influence and a great moral significance for many Greeks". The case led to development in the

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suggested a break for lunch, Pipinelis demanded the floor. In a face-saving move, he announced that Greece was leaving the Council of Europe under Article 7 of the Statute, pursuant to the junta's instructions, and walked out. This had the effect of

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on 30 November. Extensive newspaper coverage publicized the finding that Greece had violated the ECHR and torture was an official policy of the Greek government. The report echoed the findings of other investigations by Amnesty International and the

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of a democratic society". Because of the indefinite suspension of elections, "the Greek people are thus prevented from freely expressing their political opinion by choosing the legislative body in accordance with Article 3 of the said Protocol".

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and a focus on developing techniques that could prove that torture had occurred. The case enhanced the prestige and influence of Amnesty International and similar organizations, and caused the Red Cross to reexamine its policies regarding torture.

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in securing the rights under the Convention, including on the basis of political belief). The applicants also stated Greece had not shown its invocation of Article 15 (derogations) to be valid. The applications, based on public decrees which

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Subcommission heard from 88 witnesses, collected many documents (some sent clandestinely from Greece) and amassed over 20,000 pages of proceedings. Among those who gave evidence to the Subcommission were prominent journalists, ministers from the

528:. This implicit acknowledgement that the junta did not respect human rights was later seized upon by the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway and Denmark as the grounds for their complaint to the Commission. Greece did not provide any reason for this 5202:

Ergec, Rusen (2015). "À Propos de "Les Organes du Conseil de l'Europe et le Concept de Démocratie dans le Cadre de Deux Affaires Grecques" de Pierre Mertens: Le Conseil de l'Europe et la Démocratie dans les Circonstances Exceptionnelles".

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Of the 30 cases, sixteen were fully investigated, and eleven of these could be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The remaining seventeen cases were blocked by Greek obstruction; of these cases, two had "indications" of torture, seven were

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victim before others, or drives him to an act against his will or conscience". Among the implications of the Greek Case report is that poor conditions are more likely to be found to be inhuman or degrading if they are applied to

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The Greek government also alleged that a "crisis of institutions" due to political mismanagement made the coup necessary; the applicant countries stated that "disapproval of the programme of certain political parties, namely the

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The Greeks claimed the case was inadmissible because the junta was a revolutionary government and "the original objects of the revolution could not be subject to the control of the Commission". It argued that governments had a

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The Subcommission heard 30 witnesses and also examined relevant documents, such as the manifestos of far-left parties, related to the dispute over whether Article 15 was applicable. The Greek government claimed that the

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bring a similar case against Greece, with which the EC had an association agreement. Although his proposal did not receive support, the EC cut off all economic aid to Greece. On 27 September, the Netherlands joined the

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also targeted the ruling junta's opponents. The following months saw public demonstrations outside Greece opposing the junta. The suggestion of referring Greece to the European Commission of Human Rights was first raised in

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The case revealed divisions within the Council of Europe between smaller states that emphasized human rights and larger ones (including the United Kingdom, West Germany, and France) which prioritized keeping Greece within

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later stated that, "The value of hearing evidence in a local venue cannot be overestimated ... No written description, however colorful, could have been as informative as the visit to Bouboulinas Street in Athens."

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and the EDA, did not of itself entitle the respondent Government to derogate from the Convention under Article 15". The Subcommission found that, contrary to the claims of their opponents, the Center Union politicians

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the EC and its military dependence on the United States could have been leveraged to bring the regime around, which was impossible once Greece left the Council of Europe. Although conceding the report was a "

1147:, which are not allowed under the Commission's rules. As of 2019, the Greek case is the only time in the history of the Commission or the Court that an invocation of Article 15 was deemed unjustified. 5396: 1374:

On 10 April 1970, Denmark, Norway and Sweden filed another application against Greece alleging violations of Articles 5 and 6 related to the ongoing trial of 34 regime opponents before the

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Becket stated that it "came from Greece itself and constituted an act of resistance by Greeks against the regime", according to "well-informed sources". After the leak, British ambassador to Greece

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Doswald-Beck, Louise (1978). "What does the Prohibition of "Torture or Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment" Mean? the Interpretation of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights".

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to conclude there was "a total lack of effectiveness of the Convention, whether direct or indirect". Changing a government responsible for systematic violations is outside the ECHR system's remit.

468: 4865:(2020). "A clash of cultures? The UN, the Council of Europe and the Greek dictators". In Klapsis, Antonis; Arvanitopoulos, Constantine; Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis; Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (eds.). 1282: 219: 1383:

on 23 July 1974, Greece rejoined the Council of Europe on 28 November 1974. At the request of Greece and the three applicant countries, the case was struck in July 1976.

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issued a statement calling the Commission "a conspiracy of homosexuals and communists against Hellenic values", and declaring, "We warn our friends in the West: 'Hands off Greece

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suggests the United Kingdom's dropping its support for the junta in the Council process rattled Pipinelis, leading to his sudden reversal. After the president of the Committee,

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and elections in 1971. The Greek government tried to hire international lawyers for its defense, but all refused to represent the country. Many Greek lawyers also refused, but

1496:, the Greek foreign minister, thanked "all those, both within the Council and without, who supported the struggle for the return of democracy to the country of its origin". 626:(at first glance) violated the ECHR, referred to previous discussions in the Parliamentary Assembly in which the Greek junta was criticized. The next day, Belgian politician 5222: 5496:« ελληνική υπόθεση» στο Συμβούλιο της Ευρώπης: Η διεθνής προστασία των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στην Ελλάδα μετά την 21 η Απριλίου 1967 ως αντικείμενο διεθνούς διαφοράς 1565:

This article refers to the numbering and wording of the Convention as in force at the time of the case. The numbering of articles has been altered by subsequent protocols.

897: 4843:

Nalbadidacis, Janis (2020). "Laboratories of the Conditio Humana: The Role of Communism in Greek and Argentine Torture Centers During Their Last Military Dictatorships".

532:

until 19 September, when it asserted that the political situation before the coup justified emergency measures. The Commission considered this to be an undue delay.

1653:

The states that sponsored the resolution were: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Belgium.

5499:[The "Greek case" in the Council of Europe: The international protection of human rights in Greece after 21 April 1967 as an object of international dispute]. 1007:—the beating of the soles of the feet, which Greek police practiced on chairs or benches, with or without shoes. Other forms of torture included generalized beatings, 1300:

advised Pipinelis that if the junta would not agree to a concrete timeline for democratization, it would be best to withdraw voluntarily from the Council of Europe.

290:

that ousted the Greek government and used mass arrests, purges and censorship to suppress their opposition. These tactics soon became the target of criticism in the

1133: 1519:. The case also illustrated the limits to the margin of appreciation doctrine; the suspension of all constitutional rule of law was manifestly outside the margin. 1122: 1070: 5416: 1401: 4913:

The Inter-State Application under the European Convention on Human Rights: Between Collective Enforcement of Human Rights and International Dispute Settlement

1608:

2 political prisoners with regard to whom no torture allegations were made but who had been proposed by the respondent Government (Zervoulakos and Tambakis);

1420: 612: 604: 596: 588: 525: 401: 295: 247: 129: 125: 5220:

Fernández Soriano, Víctor (2017). "Facing the Greek junta: the European Community, the Council of Europe and the rise of human-rights politics in Europe".

758: 710: 702: 580: 572: 564: 556: 300: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 4801:

Madsen, Mikael Rask (2019). "Resistance to the European Court of Human Rights: The Institutional and Sociological Consequences of Principled Resistance".

1195: 1675:(Austria) argued the Greek government could not rely on Article 15 because "the present situation in Greece is caused by the respondent Government". 903: 892: 4186: 408:. Greece was not a party of the Court, which can issue legally binding judgements, so if the Commission found evidence of a violation, it was up to the 5651: 1582: 1505:

whether they were actually effective in practice, including consideration of whether the judiciary was actually independent and impartial. Building on

738:, for involvement in a decision that displeased the junta. The Commission noted in its report that this action showed the Greek judicial system lacked 1358:

that he regretted the withdrawal, as it furthered Greece's international isolation and led to more pressure against the junta at NATO. Greek dictator

855: 838: 1485: 952: 1285:. The reports made a strong impact on public opinion; demonstrations against the junta were held across Europe. On 7 December, Greece issued a 1625: 986: 850: 833: 214: 509: 502: 312: 291: 1662:

In 1970, the United States blocked the suggestion by Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands that NATO sanctions should be applied against Greece.

279:. The case received significant press coverage and was "one of the most famous cases in the Convention's history", according to legal scholar 794:, tried to use the case as leverage against more hardline elements of the junta for his preferred political solution: the return of King 4317: 1292: 735: 517: 4783: 4125: 1473: 655:

stated that it "did not believe it would be helpful in present circumstances to arraign Greece under the Human Rights Convention".

1297: 930: 884: 4605:

The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights

1481: 917:. Amnesty investigators Marreco, Becket, and Dennis Geoghegan gave evidence and the junta sent hand-picked witnesses to testify. 652: 5671: 1252: 497: 475:

because of an indefinite official emergency. More than six thousand regime opponents were arrested immediately and imprisoned;

5572: 5462:

Pedaliu, Effie G. H. (2016). "Human Rights and International Security: The International Community and the Greek Dictators".

5121: 5007: 4988: 4965: 4946: 4924: 4878: 4852: 4833: 4814: 4791: 4763: 4744: 4725: 4703: 4681: 4674:

Rights and Wrongs Under the ECHR: The Prohibition of Abuse of Rights in Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights

4662: 4639: 4616: 1243:

fundamental freedoms in Greece, and the lack of a parliament prevented Greece's participation in the Parliamentary Assembly.

4776:

Guide to Jurisprudence on Torture and Ill-treatment: Article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

747: 985:

five who were said to have died from their injuries; more than 70 of these cases involved abuse by the Security Police in

925:

As the investigation was concluding, the Subcommission requested closing remarks from both parties and tried to achieve a

5326:(1988). "The Inter-State Complaint Procedure in International Human Rights Law: Hopeful Prospects or Wishful Thinking?". 1200: 1117:

The Greek government's justification for the existence of an "emergency" relied heavily on the Commission's judgement in

1063: 803: 378: 374: 264: 260: 243: 84: 1352: 4774: 1515:

established by the case was its interpretation of Article 15, as the judgement prevented the use of the article as an

1172: 774: 730:

The Commission noted three circumstances that undermined the effectiveness of domestic remedies. First, people under

385:(1959) were set up to adjudicate alleged violations of the Convention. The Convention organs operate on the basis of 5464: 1458: 1325: 1031:

The Subcommission documented instances in which citizens had been deprived of their liberty, for example, by being

366: 5676: 5399:[The organs of the Council of Europe and the concept of democracy in the context of the two Greek cases] 4891:

The Prohibition of Torture: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights

4628:

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights: International Protection Versus National Restrictions

452: 431: 344: 332: 320: 5163: 5152:"Greece and the Council of Europe: The international legal protection of human rights by the political process" 4481: 4441: 4425: 1576: 706: 415: 382: 5367:"Prolonged emergency and derogation of human rights: Why the European Court should raise its immunity system" 4191: 1393: 315:

considered a resolution on Greece. When it became apparent that Greece would lose the vote, foreign minister

2982: 2193: 405: 294:, but Greece claimed they were necessary as a response to alleged Communist subversion and justified under 2797: 2477: 1268:

Shortly after the Commission received the report, it was leaked. Summaries and excerpts were published in

5397:"Les organes du Conseil de l'Europe et le concept de démocratie dans le cadre des deux affaires grecques" 4631: 472: 324: 5279: 5595: 4654: 1629: 1449: 880: 762: 271:, which had taken power earlier that year. In 1969, the Commission found serious violations, including 189: 5253:"Loyalty, Subsidiarity, and Article 18 ECHR: How the ECtHR Deals with Mala Fide Limitations of Rights" 4867:

The Greek Junta and the International System: A Case Study of Southern European Dictatorships, 1967–74

1138: 5055: 1611:

8 other persons who had made observations concerning the treatment of political prisoners in Greece."

1546: 1411: 1392:

nearly two years, increasing awareness of the situation in Greece and of the ECHR. Council of Europe

1042: 946:, the report did not cite the findings of third parties, such as the Red Cross or the reports of the 1328:

three treaties of which Greece was a party: the Statute, the ECHR, and Protocol 1 of the ECHR.

5300:[The Greek case before the Council of Europe and the European Commission of Human Rights]. 5298:"L'affaire grecque devant le Conseil de l'Europe et la Commission européenne des Droits de l'homme" 4980: 1317: 1036: 876: 872: 809:

Hearings with witnesses were held in the last week of November 1968. Although its proceedings were

795: 790:

Europe would only redouble the international pressure against the junta. Pipinelis, a conservative

731: 4754:

Janis, Mark W.; Kay, Richard S.; Bradley, Anthony Wilfred (2008). "Strasbourg's Legal Machinery".

5661: 5656: 4608: 1633: 1150:

The applicant countries also argued that the derogation violated Articles 17 and 18, relating to

951:

conclusions, systematically and completely with the issues before the Commission". Legal expert

724: 608: 164: 968: 5328: 1238: 1084: 660: 600: 409: 5151: 4491: 4456: 639:

with an identical application; the Commission merged all four applications on 2 October.

4435: 2992: 2807: 2490: 1359: 1012: 977: 888: 739: 690: 592: 584: 568: 464: 448: 287: 204: 323:, the only) state to leave the Council of Europe; it returned to the organization after the 5666: 1003:

cases", and eight had "strong indications" of torture. The most common form of torture was

991: 908: 786: 766: 664: 316: 209: 5000:

The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Dynamics of European Human Rights Jurisprudence

1529:

the Commission found that inhuman and degrading treatment was also absolutely prohibited.

1478:

Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment

8: 4806: 1534: 1102: 926: 397: 20: 1637: 146: 5567: 5481: 5353: 5239: 5138: 5116: 5104: 5072: 1507: 1436: 1106: 1075: 631: 616: 521: 199: 24: 5518: 5485: 5408: 5345: 5284: 5243: 5208: 5169: 5159: 5142: 5096: 5064: 5028:"Does Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights Enshrine Absolute Rights?" 5003: 4984: 4961: 4942: 4920: 4899: 4895: 4874: 4848: 4829: 4810: 4787: 4759: 4740: 4721: 4699: 4677: 4658: 4635: 4612: 4196: 4182: 4120: 1542: 1493: 1396: 1355: 1229: 1204: 1127: 1004: 973: 720: 682: 354: 276: 184: 5119:(1968). "Proceedings against Greece under The European Convention of Human Rights". 4960:. Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 319:

denounced the ECHR and walked out. Greece was the first (and until the 2022 exit of

5581: 5553: 5543: 5508: 5473: 5448: 5378: 5337: 5309: 5274: 5264: 5231: 5190: 5130: 5039: 4916: 1489: 1270: 1008: 980:

building. As a result of torture, Moustaklis was left mute and partially paralyzed.

782: 770: 627: 576: 560: 5477: 5453: 5436: 5235: 4284: 4282: 4241: 4239: 4237: 5053:

Agrest, Jeffrey (1971). "Human Rights and Preventive Detention: the Greek Case".

4934: 2638: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1525: 1476:(1984). It also led to another Council of Europe initiative against torture, the 1445: 1431: 1416: 1233: 1151: 1016: 943: 843:, where political prisoners were held) the Subcommission discontinued its visit. 799: 694: 362: 887:. Those who told the Subcommission they had suffered brutality in jail included 689:

in Greece, finding that it "appears to be common practice". On 27 January 1968,

644: 159: 5633: 5392: 4279: 4234: 1672: 1641: 1155: 420: 224: 179: 174: 5548: 5531: 5269: 5252: 5194: 5173: 5134: 4939:

The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics

4718:

Reputation and Judicial Tactics: A Theory of National and International Courts

4651:

Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms

1908: 5645: 5609: 5522: 5412: 5349: 5288: 5212: 5100: 5068: 4998:

Yourow, Howard Charles (1996). "Greek Colonels Case: Derogation Disallowed".

4903: 4862: 4691: 4187:"The Greek case became a defining lesson for human rights policies in Europe" 1516: 1380: 1313: 1248: 1088: 715: 169: 5585: 4696:

The European Convention on Human Rights and the Conflict in Northern Ireland

1468:

The definition of torture used in the Greek case significantly impacted the

455:

was scheduled to occur. Alleging the coup was necessary to save Greece from

5558: 5323: 5314: 5297: 5084: 5044: 5027: 1512: 1453: 1287: 1221: 1176: 1097: 990:

individuals at the hands of their tormentors emerge clearly." Commissioner

821: 698: 677: 440: 390: 386: 358: 350: 255:

In September 1967, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands brought the

194: 846: 389:

and cases are only admissible when the applicants have exhausted domestic

4713: 1427: 1144: 947: 622: 537: 480: 460: 268: 5513: 5494: 5108: 5076: 4626:

Bechlivanou, Georgia (1991). "Greece". In Delmas-Marty, Mireille (ed.).

1452:, which caused the junta's sudden collapse in 1974. Human rights lawyer 785:

at each step of the process, which was always granted. Foreign Minister

667:

on 24 January 1968—allowing it to proceed to a full investigation.

5621: 5383: 5366: 1615:

The Subcommission was refused access to another 21 witnesses in Greece.

791: 529: 484: 396:

Greece was a founding member of the Council of Europe, and in 1953 the

5357: 5087:(1970). "The Greek Case Before the European Human Rights Commission". 3623: 3621: 3619: 1207:

holds a press conference after returning from Greece, 1 September 1974

5532:"Accommodating Security Imperatives v. Protecting Fundamental Rights" 4870: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2165: 2163: 2161: 1320: 816: 811: 490: 456: 436: 370: 307: 5616: 3733: 3731: 3606: 3604: 1602:

7 persons who had been detained together with those alleged victims;

802:

agreed and for his performance was rewarded with an appointment as

5341: 4956:

The European Commission and European Court of Human Rights (1972).

4941:. The Norton Series in World Politics. W. W. Norton & Company. 4600: 3616: 3305: 2227: 2225: 2083: 2081: 1276: 1217: 1032: 373:

and human rights. In 1950 the Council of Europe approved the draft

280: 4977:

Just Politics: Human Rights and the Foreign Policy of Great Powers

4826:

Britain, Greece and The Colonels, 1967–74: A Troubled Relationship

2830: 2813: 2448: 2158: 3981: 3728: 3601: 3509: 3507: 1344: 860:, a prison in Athens investigated by the Subcommission, pictured 686: 636: 393:(recourse to the national legal system to enforce one's rights). 303:

forbidding torture, was declared admissible in May of that year.

272: 4889: 4222: 4060: 4036: 4012: 3933: 3377: 2394: 2222: 2078: 2066: 2012: 1884: 1845: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 2242: 2240: 2198: 2039: 1965: 1537:. The Commission reused its definitions from the Greek case in 1175:". Instead, the restrictions indicated an attempt to create a " 1158:

explicitly recognized that the Greek regime abused its rights.

476: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 3865: 3863: 3504: 3492: 3468: 3163: 3161: 2972: 2970: 2628: 2626: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2100: 2098: 2096: 1896: 1874: 1872: 1823: 1821: 1457:

Council of Europe, prior to a vote over its expulsion for its

1434:

by dealing much more harshly with Greece than with Ireland in

1417:

mistreatment of Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland

3110: 3086: 3074: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2787: 2785: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 1167:

constitutional amendment of 11 July 1967, alleged to be

829: 369:(1949) required its members to adhere to a basic standard of 3957: 3945: 3817: 3796: 3633: 3543: 3389: 3365: 3353: 3329: 3317: 2770: 2739: 2737: 2688: 2686: 2554: 2237: 2131: 1770: 4557: 4462: 3860: 3664: 3456: 3247: 3158: 3062: 2967: 2916: 2879: 2877: 2623: 2537: 2460: 2210: 2093: 1869: 1818: 1806: 1430:

believes that the Council of Europe institutions created a

1213: 1087:(EDA), alleged to have Communist tendencies, was forming a 4803:

Principled Resistance to ECtHR Judgments – A New Paradigm?

4210: 4048: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3531: 3519: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3134: 2998: 2845: 2782: 2175: 2110: 1955: 1953: 1857: 1574:

As was the case in previous interstate ECHR cases such as

1255:

indicating that the government would vote against Greece.

1078:(center) at a press conference in Amsterdam, 24 April 1968 526:

Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights

4533: 4497: 4401: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4267: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4145: 4143: 3848: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3432: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3223: 3173: 3146: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2734: 2722: 2683: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2411: 2409: 2316: 2148: 2146: 2029: 2027: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1599:"16 alleged victims of physical ill-treatment or torture; 508:

The junta became a target of vociferous criticism in the

132:, 13, and 14 as well as Article 3 of Protocol 1 4094: 4092: 4079: 4077: 4075: 3911: 3909: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3772: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3050: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2264: 1705: 1703: 781:

Greece outwardly cooperated with the investigation, but

5223:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

4737:

United Nations Committee Against Torture: An Assessment

4448: 4446: 4444: 4353: 3993: 3887: 3784: 3743: 3716: 3676: 3645: 3586: 3235: 3206: 3185: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2566: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2496: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2252: 2056: 2054: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1833: 815:(closed), the Commission's proceedings were frequently 4847:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 97–116. 4574: 4572: 4509: 4389: 4365: 4336: 4255: 4155: 4140: 4024: 3693: 3480: 3288: 3276: 3259: 3122: 3029: 2578: 2406: 2143: 2024: 2000: 1977: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1143:

argue some of the dissenting opinions are effectively

5593: 5570:(2009). "The Denunciation of Human Rights Treaties". 4298: 4115:"The Greek Case at the Council of Europe (1967–1974)" 4089: 4072: 3969: 3921: 3906: 3875: 3829: 3555: 3420: 3401: 3341: 3098: 2857: 2749: 2710: 2698: 2671: 2654: 1782: 1700: 1348:

left the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970.

377:(ECHR), which came into force three years later. The 4845:

The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions

2940: 2889: 2611: 2599: 2520: 2482: 2480: 2421: 2382: 2359: 2328: 2293: 2276: 2051: 1933: 685:

published an article investigating several cases of

5492: 4569: 4545: 4521: 4413: 4377: 3627: 3444: 3311: 3017: 2839: 2824: 2454: 2169: 1794: 1758: 1734: 1715: 1688: 516:On 3 May 1967, the junta sent a letter to the 5296:Kiss, Alexandre Charles; Végléris, Phédon (1971). 1746: 1179:, which is the antithesis of a 'democratic society 536:member ... must accept the principles of the 42:Submitted 20 and 27 September 1967, 25 March 1968 5219: 3987: 3737: 3610: 2231: 2087: 2072: 2018: 1890: 1851: 1486:Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe 5643: 5437:"Human rights derogation during coup situations" 4318:"Russia quits Council of Europe rights watchdog" 1541:. The case also clarified that the Commission's 524:, which justified human rights violations under 447:On 21 April 1967, right-wing army officers 331:set a precedent for what it considered torture, 286:On 21 April 1967, right-wing army officers 5002:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 18–19. 1499: 719:/retroactive law), as well as Articles 1 ( 510:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 503:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 313:Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe 292:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 5257:European Convention on Human Rights Law Review 4177: 4175: 4109: 4107: 920: 4756:European Human Rights Law: Text and Materials 1605:25 police officers and other Greek officials; 824:, and returned to Athens without testifying. 494:, a Danish newspaper, a week after the coup. 306:In 1968 and early 1969, a Subcommission held 5295: 5280:11245.1/97ecfe24-274c-4aec-914a-3659ae840c28 5180: 4842: 4753: 4563: 4475: 4288: 4245: 4228: 4066: 4042: 4018: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3811: 3549: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3335: 3323: 3068: 2976: 2922: 2644: 2632: 2548: 2471: 2400: 2216: 2204: 2104: 2045: 1971: 1923: 1878: 1827: 1812: 601:freedom of peaceful assembly and association 275:; the junta reacted by withdrawing from the 5158:(2). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 121–141. 5115: 4758:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–68. 4625: 4172: 4104: 3011: 2181: 2125: 1902: 1863: 585:freedom of thought, conscience and religion 400:unanimously ratified both the ECHR and its 5364: 5026:Addo, Michael K.; Grief, Nicholas (1998). 4955: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3498: 3474: 3438: 3229: 3179: 3152: 3140: 3116: 3092: 3080: 2743: 2514: 2137: 1470:United Nations Declaration against Torture 1293:Secretary-General of the Council of Europe 736:Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece 518:Secretary General of the Council of Europe 471:, which cancelled several articles in the 5652:European Commission of Human Rights cases 5557: 5547: 5512: 5493:Stelakatos-Loverdos, Michalis K. (1999). 5452: 5441:The International Journal of Human Rights 5382: 5313: 5278: 5268: 5043: 5025: 4784:Association for the Prevention of Torture 4671: 4539: 4503: 4181: 3462: 1474:United Nations Convention against Torture 1377:Extraordinary Military Tribunal of Athens 357:, an organization dedicated to promoting 353:, European democratic states created the 299:for additional violations, especially of 5302:Annuaire Français de Droit International 4974: 4823: 3823: 3778: 2415: 2006: 1959: 1194: 1069: 967: 931:International Committee of the Red Cross 885:Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff 845: 757: 496: 430: 5501:Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης 5461: 5434: 5391: 5149: 4933: 4894:. Human rights handbooks. Vol. 6. 4861: 4734: 4690: 4487: 4452: 4395: 4359: 4006: 3900: 3869: 3790: 3766: 3722: 3687: 3670: 3658: 3639: 3595: 3253: 3241: 3217: 3200: 3167: 3056: 3044: 2988: 2791: 2593: 2152: 2033: 1994: 1788: 1709: 1482:Committee for the Prevention of Torture 1386: 561:right to liberty and security of person 335:, and other aspects of the Convention. 5644: 5529: 5322: 5083: 5052: 4997: 4910: 4800: 4712: 4431: 4371: 4347: 4261: 4166: 4149: 4083: 4054: 4030: 3975: 3710: 3580: 3568: 3486: 3414: 3347: 3299: 3282: 3270: 3128: 3104: 2934: 2910: 2868: 2851: 2764: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2677: 2665: 2617: 2605: 2572: 2531: 2502: 2388: 2376: 2310: 2287: 2258: 2060: 1944: 1839: 1303: 1190: 873:last democratically elected government 419:, alleging human rights violations in 5573:British Yearbook of International Law 5566: 5201: 5122:American Journal of International Law 5032:European Journal of International Law 4887: 4648: 4599: 4407: 4304: 4273: 4216: 4098: 3927: 3915: 3881: 3854: 3842: 3426: 3023: 2961: 2883: 2803: 2776: 2560: 2486: 2442: 2353: 2322: 2270: 2246: 1800: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1694: 1484:. The Greek case also triggered the 1263: 670: 426: 16:1967 human rights case against Greece 5250: 5183:Netherlands International Law Review 4772: 4578: 4551: 4527: 4515: 4419: 4383: 3450: 1283:US Committee for Democracy in Greece 748:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 549: 5018: 1201:Foreign Minister of the Netherlands 1064:European Commission of Human Rights 693:published a report by two lawyers, 379:European Commission of Human Rights 375:European Convention on Human Rights 265:European Convention of Human Rights 261:European Commission of Human Rights 244:European Convention on Human Rights 85:European Commission of Human Rights 13: 5405:Revue belge de Droit international 5205:Revue belge de Droit international 875:, including former Prime Minister 19:For the grammatical category, see 14: 5688: 5435:Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan (2018). 1173:necessary in a democratic society 1161: 891:, then a student, and Professors 775:Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs 681:reporter and human rights lawyer 5627: 5615: 5603: 5465:The International History Review 5156:Israeli Yearbook of Human Rights 4310: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1618: 879:, and military officers such as 753: 577:right to private and family life 544: 383:European Court of Human Rights 367:Statute of the Council of Europe 4739:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2187: 1589: 1568: 1559: 1074:Exiled Greek opposition leader 1011:, blows to the male genitalia, 804:ambassador to the United States 501:24 January 1967 meeting of the 467:. Its first edict was to issue 453:1967 Greek legislative election 345:Greece in the Council of Europe 333:inhuman and degrading treatment 5365:Mariniello, Triestino (2019). 4824:Maragkou, Konstantina (2020). 4720:. Cambridge University Press. 1369: 707:inhuman or degrading treatment 361:and preventing a relapse into 1: 5672:Human rights abuses in Greece 5478:10.1080/07075332.2016.1141308 5454:10.1080/13642987.2017.1359551 5236:10.1080/13507486.2017.1282432 4975:Walldorf, C. William (2011). 4192:Commissioner for Human Rights 1394:Commissioner for Human Rights 1258: 1049: 861: 520:, announcing Greece was in a 416:Greece v. United Kingdom 338: 263:, alleging violations of the 5207:(in French) (1–2): 204–217. 1682: 1500:Effect on ECHR jurisprudence 1331: 1026: 1013:dripping water onto the head 963: 773:with representatives of the 7: 5150:Coleman, Howard D. (1972). 4828:. Oxford University Press. 4698:. Oxford University Press. 4672:de Morree, Paulien (2016). 4632:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2194:Evolution of the Convention 936: 921:Friendly settlement attempt 473:1952 Constitution of Greece 325:Greek democratic transition 10: 5693: 5407:(in French) (1): 118–147. 4655:Princeton University Press 4587: 1630:Michalakis Triantafyllides 1480:(1987), which created the 1450:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1351:Pipinelis later told U.S. 1035:from Greece, subjected to 881:Konstantinos Engolfopoulos 763:Foreign Minister of Greece 463:governed the country as a 342: 190:Michalakis Triantafyllides 104:Breaches of Articles 18: 5549:10.1163/18750230-02801002 5536:Security and Human Rights 5270:10.1163/26663236-00101001 5195:10.1017/S0165070X00015060 5135:10.1017/S0002930000102003 4911:Risini, Isabella (2018). 4649:Clark, Ann Marie (2010). 1671:In a dissenting opinion, 1547:beyond a reasonable doubt 1539:Ireland v. United Kingdom 1526:Ireland v. United Kingdom 1412:Ireland v. United Kingdom 469:Royal Decree no. 280 242: 237: 233: 152: 141: 136: 103: 98: 90: 80: 72: 48: 41: 34: 5495: 4981:Cornell University Press 4592: 4229:Kiss & Végléris 1971 4119:Greek Presidency of the 4067:Kiss & Végléris 1971 4043:Kiss & Végléris 1971 4019:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3964:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3952:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3940:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3812:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3628:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 3550:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3396:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3384:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3372:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3360:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3336:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3324:Kiss & Végléris 1971 3312:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 3069:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2977:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2923:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2840:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 2825:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 2633:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2549:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2455:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 2401:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2217:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2205:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2170:Stelakatos-Loverdos 1999 2105:Kiss & Végléris 1971 2046:Kiss & Végléris 1971 1972:Kiss & Végléris 1971 1879:Kiss & Végléris 1971 1828:Kiss & Végléris 1971 1813:Kiss & Végléris 1971 1779:, pp. 174–175, 180. 1577:Greece v. United Kingdom 1552: 1318:Italian foreign minister 1274:on 18 November and 1119:Greece v. United Kingdom 877:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 732:administrative detention 220:Theódór Björnsson Líndal 4888:Reidy, Aisling (2003). 4735:Ingelse, Chris (2007). 4609:Oxford University Press 1634:Constantin Eustathiades 725:right to free elections 609:right to a legal remedy 165:Constantin Eustathiades 137:Commission composition 91:Language of proceedings 44:Decided 5 November 1969 5677:Human rights in Greece 5329:Human Rights Quarterly 5315:10.3406/afdi.1971.1677 4124:. 2020. Archived from 3988:Fernández Soriano 2017 3738:Fernández Soriano 2017 3611:Fernández Soriano 2017 2779:, p. 265, fn 468. 2563:, p. 265, fn 465. 2249:, p. 265, fn 462. 2232:Fernández Soriano 2017 2088:Fernández Soriano 2017 2073:Fernández Soriano 2017 2019:Fernández Soriano 2017 1891:Fernández Soriano 2017 1852:Fernández Soriano 2017 1595:The 58 witnesses were: 1208: 1123:Alexandre Charles Kiss 1085:United Democratic Left 1079: 1059: 981: 867: 778: 661:margin of appreciation 505: 449:staged a military coup 444: 435:Anti-junta protest in 410:Committee of Ministers 288:staged a military coup 5586:10.1093/bybil/79.1.86 5530:Turkut, Emre (2018). 5251:Heri, Corina (2020). 4540:Addo & Grief 1998 4504:Addo & Grief 1998 1409:time, but similar to 1360:Georgios Papadopoulos 1251:gave a speech in the 1198: 1073: 1054: 978:Greek Military Police 971: 889:Nikos Konstantopoulos 849: 761: 740:judicial independence 691:Amnesty International 675:On 24 November 1967, 593:freedom of expression 569:right to a fair trial 500: 465:military dictatorship 434: 343:Further information: 205:Gaius de Gaay Fortman 66:Netherlands v. Greece 5045:10.1093/ejil/9.3.510 4958:The Greek Case, 1969 4863:Pedaliu, Effie G. H. 4773:Long, Debra (2002). 4219:, pp. 264, 270. 3642:, pp. 123, 127. 2854:, pp. 105, 107. 2403:, pp. 894, 909. 2325:, pp. 178, 195. 1624:The dissenters were 1426:Israeli law scholar 1402:forensics of torture 1387:Efficacy and results 787:Panagiotis Pipinelis 767:Panagiotis Pipinelis 459:subversion, the new 406:case on their behalf 349:In the aftermath of 317:Panagiotis Pipinelis 5514:10.12681/hpsa.15163 5117:Buergenthal, Thomas 4410:, pp. 266–267. 4276:, pp. 268–269. 4231:, pp. 910–911. 4069:, pp. 928–929. 4057:, pp. 291–292. 4045:, pp. 927–928. 4021:, pp. 926–927. 3942:, pp. 925–926. 3872:, pp. 136–137. 3857:, pp. 267–268. 3826:, pp. 148–149. 3673:, pp. 143–144. 3583:, pp. 114–115. 3516:, pp. 164–165. 3501:, pp. 152–153. 3477:, pp. 102–103. 3386:, pp. 917–918. 3256:, pp. 141–142. 3170:, pp. 139–140. 3119:, pp. 134–136. 3095:, pp. 134–135. 3083:, pp. 129–134. 2886:, pp. 265–266. 2794:, pp. 104–105. 2731:, pp. 102–103. 2695:, pp. 100–101. 2273:, pp. 264–265. 2207:, pp. 894–895. 2048:, pp. 891–892. 1974:, pp. 890–891. 1905:, pp. 447–448. 1535:political prisoners 1488:, which led to the 1459:invasion of Ukraine 1421:Georgia Bechlivanou 1304:12 December meeting 1191:Political processes 927:friendly settlement 451:shortly before the 398:Hellenic Parliament 21:Ancient Greek nouns 5384:10.1017/glj.2019.3 5371:German Law Journal 4809:. pp. 35–52. 2140:, pp. 38, 42. 1508:Lawless v. Ireland 1353:Secretary of State 1264:Leak of the report 1209: 1107:Andreas Papandreou 1080: 1076:Andreas Papandreou 987:their headquarters 982: 868: 779: 671:Second application 651:to the junta. The 632:European Community 630:proposed that the 617:non-discrimination 522:state of emergency 506: 445: 427:21 April 1967 coup 200:Tahsin Bekir Balta 25:Modern Greek nouns 5009:978-0-7923-3338-8 4990:978-0-8014-5963-4 4967:978-94-015-1226-8 4948:978-0-393-08328-6 4926:978-90-04-35726-6 4896:Council of Europe 4880:978-0-429-79776-7 4854:978-3-030-54963-3 4835:978-1-78738-373-9 4816:978-3-662-58986-1 4793:978-2-9700214-3-8 4765:978-0-19-927746-9 4746:978-90-411-1650-5 4727:978-1-107-03113-5 4705:978-0-19-957138-3 4683:978-1-78068-418-5 4664:978-1-4008-2422-9 4641:978-0-7923-1283-3 4634:. pp. 151–. 4618:978-0-19-920799-2 4564:Doswald-Beck 1978 4518:, pp. 13–14. 4476:Doswald-Beck 1978 4197:Council of Europe 4185:(18 April 2007). 4183:Hammarbeg, Thomas 4121:Council of Europe 3465:, pp. 27–28. 3059:, pp. 39–40. 2937:, pp. 91–92. 2651:, pp. 65–66. 2575:, pp. 98–99. 2505:, pp. 97–98. 2472:Nalbadidacis 2020 2261:, pp. 94–95. 1842:, pp. 93–94. 1543:standard of proof 1494:George Papandreou 1415:(a case charging 1397:Thomas Hammarberg 1381:fall of the junta 1230:Max van der Stoel 1220:ally against the 1205:Max van der Stoel 992:Philip O'Donoghue 974:Spyros Moustaklis 904:Georgios Mangakis 893:Sakis Karagiorgas 783:requested a delay 721:right to property 683:Cedric Thornberry 653:Wilson government 550:First application 355:Council of Europe 351:World War II 277:Council of Europe 253: 252: 238:Instruments cited 210:Philip O'Donoghue 185:Giuseppe Sperduti 54:Denmark v. Greece 5684: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5599: 5589: 5563: 5561: 5551: 5526: 5516: 5489: 5472:(5): 1014–1039. 5458: 5456: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5415:. Archived from 5402: 5388: 5386: 5361: 5319: 5317: 5292: 5282: 5272: 5247: 5216: 5198: 5177: 5146: 5112: 5080: 5049: 5047: 5019:Journal articles 5013: 4994: 4971: 4952: 4935:Sikkink, Kathryn 4930: 4907: 4884: 4858: 4839: 4820: 4797: 4781: 4769: 4750: 4731: 4709: 4687: 4668: 4645: 4622: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4460: 4450: 4439: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4128:on 4 August 2021 4111: 4102: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3691: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3012:Bechlivanou 1991 3009: 2996: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2652: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2357: 2351: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2291: 2285: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2182:Buergenthal 1968 2179: 2173: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2126:Bechlivanou 1991 2123: 2108: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1931: 1921: 1906: 1903:Buergenthal 1968 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1864:Buergenthal 1968 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1638:Adolf Süsterhenn 1622: 1616: 1593: 1587: 1583:Austria v. Italy 1572: 1566: 1563: 1490:Helsinki Accords 1365: 1271:The Sunday Times 1253:House of Commons 1182: 1142: 1131: 1066: 916: 901: 866: 863: 859: 842: 771:Schiphol Airport 628:Fernand Dehousse 147:Adolf Süsterhenn 62:Sweden v. Greece 58:Norway v. Greece 37: 32: 31: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5594: 5592: 5559:1854/LU-8611717 5497: 5425: 5423: 5422:on 18 June 2021 5419: 5400: 5393:Mertens, Pierre 5166: 5056:Social Research 5021: 5016: 5010: 4991: 4968: 4949: 4927: 4881: 4855: 4836: 4817: 4794: 4779: 4766: 4747: 4728: 4706: 4684: 4676:. Intersentia. 4665: 4642: 4619: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4463: 4451: 4442: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4324:. 15 March 2022 4316: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4244: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3694: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538:Greek Case 1972 3536: 3532: 3526:Greek Case 1972 3524: 3520: 3514:Greek Case 1972 3512: 3505: 3499:Greek Case 1972 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3475:Greek Case 1972 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3439:Mariniello 2019 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3230:Greek Case 1972 3228: 3224: 3216: 3207: 3199: 3186: 3180:Greek Case 1972 3178: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3153:Greek Case 1972 3151: 3147: 3141:Greek Case 1972 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3117:Greek Case 1972 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3093:Greek Case 1972 3091: 3087: 3081:Greek Case 1972 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 2999: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2750: 2744:Greek Case 1972 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2655: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2515:Greek Case 1972 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2360: 2352: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2294: 2286: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2138:Greek Case 1972 2136: 2132: 2124: 2111: 2103: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1934: 1922: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1716: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1594: 1590: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1502: 1472:(1975) and the 1446:pyrrhic victory 1432:double standard 1389: 1372: 1363: 1334: 1306: 1298:Michael Stewart 1266: 1261: 1234:Francoist Spain 1193: 1180: 1164: 1152:abuse of rights 1136: 1134:Phédon Végléris 1125: 1068: 1061: 1052: 1043:Social Research 1029: 1017:mock executions 1009:electric shocks 966: 953:A. H. Robertson 944:direct evidence 939: 923: 906: 895: 864: 853: 836: 800:Basil Vitsaksis 777:, 16 April 1968 756: 705:(no torture or 695:Anthony Marreco 673: 552: 547: 429: 363:totalitarianism 347: 341: 296:Article 15 229: 145: 43: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5690: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5662:1969 in Greece 5659: 5657:1967 in Greece 5654: 5637: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5591: 5590: 5564: 5542:(1–4): 62–91. 5527: 5490: 5459: 5447:(2): 194–206. 5432: 5389: 5362: 5342:10.2307/762144 5336:(2): 249–303. 5320: 5308:(1): 889–931. 5293: 5248: 5230:(3): 358–376. 5217: 5199: 5178: 5164: 5147: 5129:(2): 441–450. 5113: 5081: 5063:(2): 298–319. 5050: 5038:(3): 510–524. 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5008: 4995: 4989: 4972: 4966: 4953: 4947: 4931: 4925: 4908: 4885: 4879: 4859: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4821: 4815: 4798: 4792: 4770: 4764: 4751: 4745: 4732: 4726: 4710: 4704: 4692:Dickson, Brice 4688: 4682: 4669: 4663: 4646: 4640: 4623: 4617: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4542:, p. 522. 4532: 4520: 4508: 4506:, p. 511. 4496: 4480: 4461: 4440: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4374:, p. 116. 4364: 4362:, p. 135. 4352: 4350:, p. 112. 4335: 4309: 4307:, p. 157. 4297: 4278: 4266: 4264:, p. 246. 4254: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4171: 4169:, p. 113. 4154: 4152:, p. 292. 4139: 4103: 4101:, p. 160. 4088: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4033:, p. 291. 4023: 4011: 4009:, p. 105. 3992: 3990:, p. 370. 3980: 3968: 3966:, p. 925. 3956: 3954:, p. 903. 3944: 3932: 3930:, p. 269. 3920: 3918:, p. 159. 3905: 3903:, p. 137. 3886: 3884:, p. 158. 3874: 3859: 3847: 3845:, p. 268. 3828: 3816: 3814:, p. 902. 3795: 3793:, p. 136. 3783: 3781:, p. 100. 3771: 3769:, p. 104. 3742: 3740:, p. 368. 3727: 3725:, p. 134. 3715: 3713:, p. 106. 3692: 3690:, p. 134. 3675: 3663: 3661:, p. 133. 3644: 3632: 3630:, p. 121. 3615: 3613:, p. 248. 3600: 3598:, p. 139. 3585: 3573: 3554: 3552:, p. 921. 3542: 3540:, p. 174. 3530: 3528:, p. 171. 3518: 3503: 3491: 3489:, p. 109. 3479: 3467: 3463:de Morree 2016 3455: 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 210. 3419: 3400: 3398:, p. 920. 3388: 3376: 3374:, p. 919. 3364: 3362:, p. 918. 3352: 3340: 3338:, p. 916. 3328: 3326:, p. 917. 3316: 3314:, p. 126. 3304: 3302:, p. 305. 3287: 3285:, p. 304. 3275: 3273:, p. 108. 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 141. 3234: 3222: 3220:, p. 140. 3205: 3203:, p. 200. 3184: 3172: 3157: 3145: 3143:, p. 134. 3133: 3131:, p. 313. 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 310. 3097: 3085: 3073: 3071:, p. 923. 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 106. 3028: 3016: 3014:, p. 156. 2997: 2981: 2979:, p. 924. 2966: 2964:, p. 266. 2939: 2927: 2925:, p. 911. 2915: 2888: 2873: 2871:, p. 107. 2856: 2844: 2842:, p. 123. 2829: 2827:, p. 122. 2812: 2796: 2781: 2769: 2767:, p. 105. 2748: 2746:, p. 189. 2733: 2721: 2719:, p. 102. 2709: 2707:, p. 317. 2697: 2682: 2680:, p. 100. 2670: 2668:, p. 104. 2653: 2637: 2635:, p. 915. 2622: 2610: 2598: 2596:, p. 102. 2577: 2565: 2553: 2551:, p. 914. 2536: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2476: 2474:, p. 103. 2459: 2457:, p. 119. 2447: 2445:, p. 265. 2420: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2358: 2356:, p. 267. 2327: 2315: 2292: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2236: 2234:, p. 367. 2221: 2219:, p. 908. 2209: 2197: 2186: 2184:, p. 441. 2174: 2172:, p. 118. 2157: 2155:, p. 124. 2142: 2130: 2128:, p. 155. 2109: 2107:, p. 893. 2092: 2090:, p. 363. 2077: 2075:, p. 362. 2065: 2050: 2038: 2036:, p. 123. 2023: 2021:, p. 358. 2011: 1999: 1997:, p. 101. 1976: 1964: 1962:, p. 148. 1949: 1932: 1907: 1895: 1893:, p. 361. 1883: 1881:, p. 907. 1868: 1866:, p. 446. 1856: 1854:, p. 360. 1844: 1832: 1830:, p. 890. 1817: 1815:, p. 889. 1805: 1803:, p. 234. 1793: 1791:, p. 121. 1781: 1769: 1767:, p. 101. 1757: 1745: 1743:, p. 204. 1733: 1731:, p. 270. 1714: 1712:, p. 122. 1699: 1697:, p. 264. 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673:Felix Ermacora 1664: 1655: 1646: 1642:Edwin Busuttil 1640:(Germany) and 1626:Pedro Delahaye 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1567: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1501: 1498: 1388: 1385: 1371: 1368: 1356:William Rogers 1333: 1330: 1305: 1302: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1192: 1189: 1163: 1162:Other articles 1160: 1156:Felix Ermacora 1053: 1051: 1048: 1037:internal exile 1028: 1025: 965: 962: 938: 935: 922: 919: 851:Averoff Prison 834:Averoff Prison 755: 752: 723:) and 3 ( 672: 669: 551: 548: 546: 543: 428: 425: 421:British Cyprus 402:first protocol 340: 337: 301:Article 3 267:(ECHR) by the 251: 250: 240: 239: 235: 234: 231: 230: 228: 227: 225:Edwin Busuttil 222: 217: 215:Pedro Delahaye 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 180:Frede Castberg 177: 175:Felix Ermacora 172: 167: 162: 156: 150: 149: 139: 138: 134: 133: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 50: 46: 45: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5689: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5587: 5583: 5580:(1): 86–193. 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5568:Tyagi, Yogesh 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5324:Leckie, Scott 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5304:(in French). 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5095:(1): 91–117. 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085:Becket, James 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4581:, p. 31. 4580: 4575: 4573: 4566:, p. 29. 4565: 4560: 4554:, p. 17. 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4530:, p. 23. 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4478:, p. 32. 4477: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4422:, p. 13. 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4398:, p. 18. 4397: 4392: 4386:, p. 41. 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4295:, p. 68. 4294: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4252:, p. 67. 4251: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4086:, p. 90. 4085: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3978:, p. 85. 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3824:Walldorf 2011 3820: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3779:Maragkou 2020 3775: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3571:, p. 45. 3570: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 50. 3452: 3447: 3441:, p. 68. 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3417:, p. 89. 3416: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3350:, p. 77. 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3232:, p. 60. 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3182:, p. 48. 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3155:, p. 74. 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3026:, p. 12. 3025: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2913:, p. 91. 2912: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2620:, p. 99. 2619: 2614: 2608:, p. 92. 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2534:, p. 98. 2533: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2418:, p. 43. 2417: 2416:Maragkou 2020 2412: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2391:, p. 96. 2390: 2385: 2379:, p. 88. 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2313:, p. 95. 2312: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2290:, p. 97. 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2063:, p. 94. 2062: 2057: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2009:, p. 42. 2008: 2007:Maragkou 2020 2003: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1960:Walldorf 2011 1956: 1954: 1947:, p. 93. 1946: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1930:, p. 66. 1929: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1755:, p. 96. 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1674: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1517:escape clause 1514: 1510: 1509: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314:Effie Pedaliu 1310: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249:Harold Wilson 1244: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:ex post facto 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1089:popular front 1086: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1057:anticipated. 1047: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 988: 979: 975: 970: 961: 957: 956:government". 954: 949: 945: 934: 932: 928: 918: 914: 910: 905: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 831: 825: 823: 818: 814: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 784: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754:Investigation 751: 749: 743: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 717: 716:ex post facto 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679: 668: 666: 662: 656: 654: 648: 646: 640: 638: 633: 629: 625: 624: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 545:Admissibility 542: 539: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 511: 504: 499: 495: 493: 492: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 442: 438: 433: 424: 422: 418: 417: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 346: 336: 334: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 304: 302: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 249: 245: 241: 236: 232: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:James Fawcett 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 5639: 5577: 5571: 5539: 5535: 5504: 5503:(in Greek). 5500: 5469: 5463: 5444: 5440: 5424:. 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In 1998, 1428:Shai Dothan 1370:Second case 1239:Estado Novo 1145:abstentions 1137: [ 1126: [ 1001:prima facie 948:rapporteurs 907: [ 896: [ 865: 1895 854: [ 837: [ 796:Constantine 709:) and 623:prima facie 538:rule of law 481:martial law 461:Greek junta 381:(1954) and 269:Greek junta 5646:Categories 5189:(1): 24–. 5174:1078033270 5165:0792303520 4490:, p. 4455:, p. 4408:Bates 2010 4305:Tyagi 2009 4274:Bates 2010 4217:Bates 2010 4099:Tyagi 2009 3928:Bates 2010 3916:Tyagi 2009 3882:Tyagi 2009 3855:Bates 2010 3843:Bates 2010 3427:Ergec 2015 3024:Reidy 2003 2991:, p. 2962:Bates 2010 2884:Bates 2010 2806:, p. 2804:Clark 2010 2777:Bates 2010 2561:Bates 2010 2489:, p. 2487:Clark 2010 2443:Bates 2010 2354:Bates 2010 2323:Bates 2010 2271:Bates 2010 2247:Bates 2010 1801:Bates 2010 1777:Bates 2010 1765:Bates 2010 1753:Bates 2010 1741:Ergec 2015 1729:Bates 2010 1695:Bates 2010 1636:(Greece), 1632:(Cyprus), 1326:denouncing 1312:Historian 1259:Greek exit 1050:Article 15 792:monarchist 665:admissible 530:derogation 485:censorship 339:Background 257:Greek case 248:Protocol 1 76:Interstate 36:Greek case 5523:2585-3031 5486:155986136 5413:2566-1906 5350:0275-0392 5289:2666-3228 5244:217534461 5213:2566-1906 5143:151325962 5101:0046-8185 5069:0037-783X 4904:931979772 4871:Routledge 4601:Bates, Ed 4579:Long 2002 4552:Long 2002 4528:Long 2002 4516:Long 2002 4420:Long 2002 4384:Long 2002 3451:Heri 2020 1683:Citations 1332:Aftermath 1321:Aldo Moro 1027:Article 5 964:Article 3 883:, former 812:in camera 806:in 1969. 491:Politiken 457:Communist 437:Stuttgart 371:democracy 327:in 1974. 143:President 73:Case type 52:3321/67 ( 5395:(1971). 5109:27878926 5077:40970063 4937:(2011). 4807:Springer 4716:(2014). 4694:(2010). 4603:(2010). 4328:16 March 1277:Le Monde 1236:and the 1218:Cold War 1103:Georgios 1033:deported 937:Findings 281:Ed Bates 5634:History 5596:Portals 4588:Sources 4322:Reuters 1586:(1961). 1437:Lawless 1345:de jure 1291:to the 1005:falanga 976:in the 687:torture 643:junta. 615: ( 611:), and 607: ( 583: ( 575: ( 567: ( 559: ( 273:torture 259:to the 94:English 81:Chamber 5610:Greece 5521: 5484: 5411: 5358:762144 5356: 5348: 5287: 5242: 5211: 5172: 5162: 5141: 5107: 5099: 5075: 5067: 5006: 4987: 4964: 4945: 4923: 4902: 4877: 4851: 4832: 4813: 4790: 4762: 4743: 4724: 4702: 4680: 4661: 4638: 4615: 4291:et al. 4289:Janis 4248:et al. 4246:Janis 2647:et al. 2645:Janis 1926:et al. 1924:Janis 817:leaked 483:, and 477:purges 365:. 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