2353:
924:
C3: A sequence of three or more consonants between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel, if a Greek word exists that begins with the sequence of the first two consonants. Otherwise it splits; the first consonant being hyphenated with the preceding
192:
is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. The orthography of Greek includes several digraphs, including various pairs of vowel letters that used to be pronounced as
1606:
The ηυ combination is infrequently referred to in grammar books (KEME 1983), possibly because it appears in only a small number of words. However, this combination is also considered, because such words are regularly used e.g.,
921:
C2: A sequence of two consonants between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel, if a Greek word exists that begins with such a consonant sequence. Otherwise the sequence is split into two syllables.
201:
in pronunciation. Many of these are characteristic developments of modern Greek, but some were already present in
Classical Greek. None of them is regarded as a letter of the alphabet.
1569:
This book is the official grammar book of Modern Greek edited by a group of experts and it is a revised edition of
Triantafillidis (1941, reprint with corrections 1978).
1288:) typically serve to indicate direct speech. When quotations are nested, double apostrophes and turned commas are used for the embedded quotation or word:
1454: "hornlike projection") is placed to its upper right, a development of the short marks formerly used for single numbers and fractions. The modern
2396:
245:
237:
2292:
1177:. These served to show whether an ambiguous series of letters should be read as (respectively) a pair of words or as a single word. Later
958:
All of the above rules are negative in that they indicate impermissible hyphen points within particular substrings of consecutive vowels.
176:
Similarly, the orthography preserves ancient doubled consonants, though these are now pronounced the same as single consonants, except in
2124:
1627:
1546:
1492:(Unicode: U+0375, "Greek Lower Numeral Sign") is now standard for identifying thousands: 2015 is represented as ͵ΒΙΕʹ (2000 + 10 + 5).
2363:
1729:
2328:
1695:
1008:, used the polytonic system until 1982, when monotonic spelling was introduced. In some conservative contexts, such as the
3482:
2389:
1147:; its early forms looked like an apostrophe between the two elided words.) Over time, the main punctuation came to be a
3582:
3572:
1127:, long marks which trailed between lines of text; these might also mark changes of speakers. Blank lines or various
2665:
2382:
2282:
2450:
1516:
100:
This affects not only lexical items but also inflectional affixes, so correct orthography requires mastery of
2440:
2420:
2287:
2192:
3466:
2435:
2021:
1722:
886:
162:
150:
133:
113:
93:
87:
77:
3275:
2614:
1951:
851:
545:
326:
2455:
2430:
837:
301:
43:) between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use.
3405:
3297:
2940:
2808:
2743:
2338:
1993:
1178:
1076:
849:
841:
831:
829:
821:
687:
685:
663:
635:
549:
501:
398:
324:
299:
271:
269:
2850:
2256:
2096:
843:
503:
2374:
1353:
exists is on the
Microsoft Windows Polytonic Greek keyboard (having the driver name KBDHEPT.DLL).
1338:
middot serves as the Greek semicolon, but is so uncommon that it has often been left off of Greek
713:
to in
Classical Attic Greek, but survives in some other contemporary dialects and in early Koine.
3577:
3567:
3523:
3366:
2813:
2652:
2472:
2460:
2445:
2318:
2266:
2197:
2116:
1715:
1521:
1501:
665:
637:
3528:
3471:
3430:
3105:
2928:
2715:
2677:
2572:
2227:
2135:
2044:
1873:
1541:
823:
400:
51:
3546:
3237:
3028:
2840:
2582:
2567:
2544:
2524:
2519:
2343:
2231:
2151:
2130:
2081:
1551:
1030:
1009:
992:, although the ancient distinctions had disappeared, replaced by a simple stress accent. The
930:
189:
1389:
are also in use. The slash has the additional function of forming common abbreviations like
3538:
3438:
3095:
3010:
2900:
2818:
2800:
2687:
2333:
2313:
2261:
2161:
2120:
1790:
1635:
1477:
1182:
1171:
1015:
Monotonic orthography, adopted in 1982, replaces the ancient diacritics with just two: the
551:
47:
8:
3500:
3495:
3415:
3325:
3310:
3204:
3055:
3015:
2793:
2765:
2738:
2733:
2710:
2692:
2657:
2642:
2609:
2549:
2537:
2509:
2504:
2308:
2156:
1936:
1894:
1762:
1473:
1386:
1378:
1357:
1310:
1256:
1229:
1138:
1101:
3072:
3490:
3183:
3170:
3023:
2845:
2825:
2778:
2755:
2647:
2637:
2514:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2409:
2086:
1983:
1772:
1241:
1198:
1068:
170:
121:
32:
1107:
to mark the ends of sentences or changing speakers. Less often, arrangements of three
3448:
3443:
3358:
3045:
3035:
2983:
2978:
2875:
2862:
2760:
2682:
2629:
2619:
2604:
2587:
2499:
2177:
2039:
2015:
1405:
1339:
1130:
742:. Where ωυ was atticized, it was often split into two separate syllables , hence the
62:
in 403 BC, however, Greek orthography has been largely conservative and historical.
3371:
3348:
3287:
3282:
3253:
3227:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3100:
3087:
3077:
3002:
2962:
2908:
2885:
2870:
2835:
2830:
2788:
2725:
2702:
2559:
2532:
2248:
2217:
2091:
1960:
1782:
1062:
967:
775:
137:
66:
918:
C1: A single consonant between two vowels is hyphenated with the succeeding vowel.
3515:
3458:
3420:
3394:
3390:
3270:
3258:
3245:
3217:
3212:
3193:
3188:
3130:
3110:
3060:
3050:
2918:
2880:
2773:
2597:
2577:
2358:
2348:
2054:
1889:
1803:
1767:
1757:
1526:
1402:
989:
911:
817:
782:
727:
117:
40:
3265:
2748:
2066:
1119:
appeared. Such interline punctuation could be noted or replaced by a variety of
3343:
3305:
3222:
3178:
3155:
3135:
3065:
3040:
2890:
2670:
2592:
2207:
2202:
2187:
2071:
2059:
1842:
1738:
1680:
1531:
1421:
1276:
910:
According to KEME (1983), the splitting of a Modern Greek word into syllables (
743:
213:
205:
101:
28:
24:
929:
Loanword hyphenation is governed by the same grammar rules as the rest of the
3561:
3338:
3315:
3160:
2933:
2913:
2323:
2222:
2049:
2034:
2002:
1946:
1941:
1916:
1816:
1506:
1224:
1214:
1100:
marked a full stop at the end of a completed thought. Other writers employed
1094:
1056:
1003:
981:
209:
177:
166:
1701:
941:
The prohibitive hyphenation rules regarding vowel splitting are as follows:
3505:
3333:
2076:
2029:
2009:
1884:
1855:
1752:
1536:
1465:
1425:
1317:
1204:
1194:
1162:
1016:
998:
3410:
2957:
2405:
1978:
1970:
1928:
1911:
1906:
1829:
1122:
1087:
1075:. Over time, a variety of symbols appeared. A system of dots credited to
993:
868:
864:
857:
739:
735:
723:
710:
198:
73:, certain modern vowel phonemes have multiple orthographic realizations:
70:
59:
55:
31:
in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek,
20:
558:
also pronounced and in some words (e.g. εγγενής, έγγραφο, συγγραφέας)
1348:
1333:
1306:
1080:
1072:
751:
731:
1659:
3382:
2238:
1409:
1320:
1260:
1252:
1152:
1148:
1093:
marked an occasion for a longer breath after a longer passage, and a
1029:), used to mark the stressed syllable in polysyllabic words, and the
985:
977:
879:
861:
706:
194:
1585:
2923:
2404:
2182:
1429:
1382:
1374:
973:
81:
36:
2952:
1707:
1511:
1469:
1327:
1273:
890:
795:
3400:
2945:
1370:
1144:
141:
1428:, a number of changes have been made. Instead of extending an
1086:
marked an occasion for a short breath after a short phrase, a
1210:
1156:
1038:
1024:
900:
872:
765:
761:
755:
383:
339:
284:
1043:), which indicates that the vowel is not part of a digraph.
948:
V2. The combinations αυ, ευ, ηυ, αύ, εύ and ηύ do not split.
1408:(ϗ) is sometimes used for the same function as the English
1197:, most Greek punctuation was gradually standardized with
1227:
in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing
39:, although there was a lapse of several centuries (the
1330:
decomposes its separate code point identically. The
1702:
The
Details of Modern Greek Phonetics and Phonology
1634:. University of California, Irvine. Archived from
577:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
867:and . It is discussed among scholars whether the
670:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
642:word-initially and in some loanwords; otherwise,
3559:
27:ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the
750:. Perhaps the clearest example of this is the
46:Early Greek writing in the Greek alphabet was
2390:
1723:
1151:marked by a single dot at varying heights, a
980:to represent aspects of the pronunciation of
2293:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
1316:, which developed a shape so similar to the
1079:was developed in the 3rd century BC: a
1654:
1652:
1487:
1481:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1396:
1390:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1293:
1280:
1264:
1246:
1234:
1218:
1202:
1160:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1060:
789:
770:, then adapted to early Christian Latin as
157:
145:
128:
108:
80:can be spelled η, ι, υ, ει, οι, or υι (see
2397:
2383:
1730:
1716:
1586:"A Rule-based Hyphenator for Modern Greek"
1547:Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching
901:Hyphenation rules of Standard Modern Greek
183:
1420:There are special rules for how to write
1135:marked the ends of sections. (A separate
2364:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
1649:
1292:. The right-pointing double Guillemets (
885:) should be regarded as an allophone of
1625:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1583:
812:
810:
808:
3560:
1209:was fully unified with the comma, the
1012:, polytonic spellings are still used.
954:V4. Excessive diphthongs do not split.
914:) is governed by the following rules:
905:
2378:
1711:
945:V1. Double-vowel blends do not split.
672:often reduced to in informal speech
644:often reduced to in informal speech
579:often reduced to in informal speech
1614:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1415:
1369:) is mostly used as in English. The
805:
1679:In informal writing, English-style
1628:"Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation"
1051:
208:, it became customary to write the
13:
1737:
1309:. The principal difference is the
936:
14:
3594:
1689:
1572:
478:before vowel or voiced consonant;
457:before vowel or voiced consonant;
423:before vowel or voiced consonant;
788:, etc. The modern Greek form is
2283:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
1217:(and in this use is called the
722:The diphthong ωυ was found in
1683:have also become quite common.
1673:
1600:
1563:
1486:in modern Greek. A lower left
1472:character, encoded as U+0374.
1188:
1046:
716:
699:
90:can be spelled either ε or αι;
16:Writing system of Modern Greek
1:
2288:Center for the Greek Language
1846:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1584:Noussia, Theodora I. (1997).
1557:
1223:) and it also functions as a
961:
96:can be spelled either ο or ω.
67:phonetic development of Greek
54:. Since the adoption of the
1432:over an entire number (like
1345:One of the few places where
988:letters, became standard in
951:V3. Diphthongs do not split.
880:
738:, and was gradually lost in
7:
3266:Ethiopian Semitic languages
1495:
1488:
1456:
1439:
1347:
1332:
1247:
1235:
1219:
1203:
1181:modified this system (see:
1161:
1155:marked by various forms of
1137:
1129:
1121:
794:, whereas the modern Latin
197:but have been shortened to
10:
3599:
2666:Phonology & ortography
1039:
1025:
965:
893:in its own right in Greek.
873:
766:
764:), which was atticized as
756:
734:, but it did not occur in
384:
340:
285:
3583:Ancient Greek punctuation
3573:Orthographies by language
3537:
3514:
3480:
3457:
3429:
3380:
3357:
3324:
3296:
3236:
3202:
3169:
3086:
3001:
2971:
2899:
2861:
2724:
2701:
2628:
2558:
2480:
2471:
2416:
2301:
2275:
2247:
2170:
2144:
2109:
1992:
1969:
1872:
1865:
1781:
1745:
1632:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
1590:Computational Linguistics
1482:
1446:
1397:
1391:
1362:
1294:
1281:
1265:
1240:
1228:
1179:Aristarchus of Samothrace
1077:Aristophanes of Byzantium
790:
679:
541:ng / nj, g / j, ngh / njh
422:
419:
323:
320:
229:
224:
221:
158:
146:
129:
109:
984:. Polytonic, along with
856:respectively before the
556:and in informal speech;
2319:Greek language question
1522:Greek language question
1502:Ancient Greek phonology
1290:⟨«…“…”…»⟩
774:, from where it became
548:, but often reduced to
212:iota in digraphs as an
184:Digraphs and diphthongs
1626:Nicolas, Nick (2005).
1542:Modern Greek phonology
1113:⟨⁞ or ⁘⟩
1061:
996:of modern Greek, both
730:transcriptions in the
2749:Classical orthography
2583:Standard Written Form
1552:Romanization of Greek
1468:(´), but has its own
931:Standard Modern Greek
2819:Montenegrin alphabet
2329:Morphemes in English
2314:Eteocypriot language
1746:Origin and genealogy
1704:, by Harry Foundalis
1696:Greek Unicode Issues
1478:Philip II of Macedon
1183:Aristarchian symbols
1172:papyrological hyphen
69:, especially in the
50:, different in each
2334:Terms of endearment
2309:Eteocretan language
2276:Promotion and study
1763:Pre-Greek substrate
1660:"The Look of Greek"
1474:Alexander the Great
1311:Greek question mark
1257:thousands separator
1239:, "whatever") from
1175:⟨ ͜ ⟩
1102:two dot punctuation
906:Consonant splitting
2354:Greek Language Day
1984:Jewish Koine Greek
1773:Hellenic languages
1195:advent of printing
976:uses a variety of
71:Hellenistic period
3555:
3554:
2997:
2996:
2846:Cyrillic alphabet
2809:Cyrillic alphabet
2739:Cyrillic alphabet
2588:Kernowek Standard
2410:world's languages
2372:
2371:
2178:Cypriot syllabary
2105:
2104:
1979:Hellenistic Koine
1480:is thus known as
1464:) similar to the
1453:
1416:In Greek numerals
1324:⟨;⟩
1314:⟨;⟩
1303:⟨»⟩
1168:⟨⸒⟩
1143:was used to mark
1117:⟨⁙⟩
1109:⟨⁝⟩
1105:⟨⁚⟩
1098:⟨˙⟩
1091:⟨·⟩
1084:⟨.⟩
695:
694:
35:, was written in
3590:
2478:
2477:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2097:Greco-Australian
1870:
1869:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1799:
1796:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1698:by Nick Nicholas
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1570:
1567:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1401:'brothers'. The
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1358:exclamation mark
1352:
1337:
1325:
1315:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1277:quotation dashes
1268:
1267:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1208:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1115:, and five dots
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1066:
1063:scripta continua
1052:In Ancient Greek
1042:
1041:
1028:
1027:
968:Greek diacritics
894:
888:
883:
876:
875:
855:
847:
835:
827:
814:
803:
793:
792:
769:
768:
759:
758:
720:
714:
703:
691:
669:
651:
641:
623:
604:
586:
574:g / y, ng / ny
565:
555:
532:
514:
507:
487:
466:
445:
432:
411:
404:
387:
386:
381:
368:
355:
343:
342:
337:
330:
312:
305:
288:
287:
282:
275:
257:
219:
218:
206:Byzantine period
164:
161:
160:
152:
149:
148:
136:'the good ones (
135:
132:
131:
115:
112:
111:
95:
89:
79:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3533:
3510:
3483:Native American
3476:
3453:
3425:
3376:
3353:
3320:
3292:
3232:
3198:
3165:
3082:
2993:
2967:
2895:
2857:
2805:Serbo-Croatian
2720:
2697:
2624:
2615:Scottish Gaelic
2598:Unified Cornish
2578:Kernewek Kemmyn
2554:
2467:
2412:
2403:
2373:
2368:
2359:Trojan language
2349:Minoan language
2297:
2271:
2243:
2171:Writing systems
2166:
2162:Standard Modern
2140:
2136:Standard Modern
2101:
2055:Greco/Calabrian
1988:
1965:
1861:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1804:Mycenaean Greek
1797:
1777:
1768:Graeco-Phrygian
1758:Graeco-Armenian
1741:
1736:
1692:
1687:
1681:quotation marks
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1527:Greek ligatures
1498:
1463:
1433:
1418:
1323:
1313:
1302:
1289:
1251:, "that"). The
1191:
1174:
1167:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1059:was written as
1054:
1049:
990:Byzantine Greek
970:
964:
939:
937:Vowel splitting
912:syllabification
908:
903:
898:
897:
815:
806:
726:and in certain
721:
717:
711:monophthongized
704:
700:
671:
649:
643:
621:
602:
584:
578:
563:
557:
544:and in formal
530:
512:
494:
485:
479:
464:
458:
443:
430:
424:
409:
379:
366:
353:
335:
310:
280:
255:
231:
226:
186:
116:'the good one (
41:Greek Dark Ages
17:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3578:Greek alphabet
3575:
3570:
3568:Greek language
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:Haitian Creole
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:Latin alphabet
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:Latin alphabet
2811:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:Latin alphabet
2741:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2653:Istro-Romanian
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:Modern Cornish
2590:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Greek numerals
2205:
2203:Attic numerals
2200:
2195:
2188:Greek alphabet
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2045:Constantinople
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1843:Medieval Greek
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:Greek language
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1690:External links
1688:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1648:
1613:
1599:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Iota subscript
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1461:
1422:Greek numerals
1417:
1414:
1255:serves as the
1213:serves as the
1193:Following the
1190:
1187:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
966:Main article:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
938:
935:
927:
926:
922:
919:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
895:
804:
752:Biblical Greek
746:transcription
715:
697:
696:
693:
692:
683:
680:
678:
674:
673:
661:
658:
656:
653:
646:
645:
633:
630:
628:
625:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
599:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
581:
580:
575:
572:
570:
567:
560:
559:
542:
539:
537:
534:
527:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
509:
508:
499:
496:
492:
489:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
461:
460:
455:
452:
450:
447:
440:
439:
437:
434:
427:
426:
421:
418:
416:
413:
406:
405:
396:
393:
391:
388:
376:
375:
373:
370:
363:
362:
360:
357:
350:
349:
347:
344:
332:
331:
322:
319:
317:
314:
307:
306:
297:
294:
292:
289:
277:
276:
267:
264:
262:
259:
252:
251:
250:Pronunciation
248:
243:
242:Pronunciation
240:
234:
233:
228:
223:
214:iota subscript
185:
182:
102:formal grammar
98:
97:
91:
85:
29:Greek alphabet
25:Greek language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3595:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:Tungus—Manchu
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Indo-European
2470:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Orthographies
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:Orthographies
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:Cyrillization
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Archaic forms
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:Griko/Apulian
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:Arcadocypriot
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1837: 300 BC
1831:
1828:
1818:
1817:Ancient Greek
1815:
1805:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1638:on 2014-10-10
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1611:'I invented'.
1610:
1603:
1596:(3): 361–376.
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Greek grammar
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Greek braille
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:is a symbol (
1458:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1225:silent letter
1221:
1216:
1215:decimal point
1212:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:Ancient Greek
1044:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:orthographies
991:
987:
983:
982:ancient Greek
979:
975:
969:
959:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
942:
934:
932:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:
913:
892:
884:
882:
870:
866:
863:
859:
853:
845:
839:
833:
825:
819:
813:
811:
809:
801:
797:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
763:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
719:
712:
708:
702:
698:
689:
684:
681:
676:
675:
667:
662:
659:
657:
654:
648:
647:
639:
634:
631:
629:
626:
620:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
583:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
562:
561:
553:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
522:
520:
517:
511:
510:
505:
500:
497:
493:
490:
484:
483:
477:
474:
472:
469:
463:
462:
456:
453:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
435:
429:
428:
417:
414:
408:
407:
402:
397:
394:
392:
389:
378:
377:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
345:
334:
333:
328:
318:
315:
309:
308:
303:
298:
295:
293:
290:
279:
278:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
254:
253:
249:
247:
246:Transcription
244:
241:
239:
238:Transcription
236:
235:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
191:
181:
179:
178:Cypriot Greek
174:
172:
168:
156:
143:
139:
127:
123:
119:
107:
103:
92:
86:
83:
76:
75:
74:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3467:Massachusett
3431:Austronesian
2988:
2545:West Frisian
2451:Prepositions
2425:
2232:Romanization
2212:
2082:Romano-Greek
2072:Mariupolitan
2020:
2010:Katharevousa
2008:
2001:
1858:(since 1453)
1856:Modern Greek
1753:Graeco-Aryan
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1631:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1565:
1537:Katharevousa
1466:acute accent
1437:
1426:modern Greek
1419:
1366:
1355:
1344:
1298:
1285:
1269:
1220:hypodiastole
1205:hypodiastole
1192:
1163:hypodiastole
1153:partial stop
1145:contractions
1055:
1034:
1020:
1017:acute accent
1014:
1004:
999:katharevousa
997:
971:
957:
940:
928:
909:
878:
865:front vowels
799:
785:
778:
771:
747:
718:
701:
203:
199:monophthongs
187:
175:
154:
125:
105:
99:
64:
58:variant for
45:
18:
3539:Constructed
3298:Niger–Congo
3238:Afroasiatic
3096:Azerbaijani
3029:orthography
2794:orthography
2779:orthography
2538:orthography
2441:Determiners
2421:Phonologies
2339:Place names
2213:Orthography
2022:Misthiotika
2016:Cappadocian
1830:Koine Greek
1811: 1600
1798: 2900
1791:Proto-Greek
1483:Φίλιππος Βʹ
1367:thavmastikó
1295:ομειωματικά
1189:In printing
1123:paragraphoi
1073:interpuncts
1047:Punctuation
869:velar nasal
838:palatalized
732:Greek Bible
204:During the
21:orthography
3562:Categories
3529:Papiamento
3416:Vietnamese
3383:East Asian
3020:Hungarian
2929:Hindustani
2901:Indo-Aryan
2766:Macedonian
2734:Belarusian
2716:Lithuanian
2678:Portuguese
2436:Adjectives
2249:Literature
2218:Diacritics
1961:Pamphylian
1952:Macedonian
1933:Northwest
1850: 330
1824: 800
1642:2014-10-07
1558:References
1476:'s father
1363:θαυμαστικό
1349:ano teleia
1334:ano teleia
1307:Ditto mark
1299:omiomatiká
1266:εισαγωγικά
1261:guillemets
1159:, and the
978:diacritics
972:Polytonic
962:Diacritics
933:language.
480:otherwise
459:otherwise
425:otherwise
195:diphthongs
65:Given the
3547:Esperanto
3496:Inuktitut
3406:Mongolian
3349:Malayalam
3326:Dravidian
3056:Mordvinic
2941:Maldivian
2841:Ukrainian
2756:Bulgarian
2638:Aromanian
2525:Norwegian
2520:Icelandic
2490:Afrikaans
2262:Byzantine
2239:Greeklish
2110:Phonology
2087:Tsakonian
2040:Himariote
1890:Mycenaean
1866:Varieties
1813:–1100 BC)
1800:–1600 BC)
1665:8 October
1410:ampersand
1340:keyboards
1321:semicolon
1305:serve as
1274:em-length
1270:isagoyika
1253:full stop
1149:full stop
1131:coronides
1035:dialytiká
1031:diaeresis
1005:dhimotiki
986:lowercase
707:diphthong
632:b, mb, mp
546:registers
153:'I call'
33:Mycenaean
3491:Cherokee
3444:Hawaiian
3439:Filipino
3372:Okinawan
3367:Japanese
3276:Biblical
3250:Aramaic
3228:Georgian
3205:European
3046:Livonian
3036:Karelian
3024:alphabet
3011:Estonian
2984:Armenian
2979:Albanian
2924:Gurmukhi
2919:Gujarati
2801:Silesian
2789:alphabet
2785:Russian
2774:alphabet
2688:Sicilian
2683:Romanian
2671:alphabet
2533:alphabet
2529:Swedish
2482:Germanic
2456:Pronouns
2431:Grammars
2344:Proverbs
2183:Linear B
2125:teaching
1881:Central
1839:–AD 330)
1826:–300 BC)
1496:See also
1430:overline
1403:ligature
1385:and the
1383:ellipsis
1375:brackets
1318:Latinate
1095:high dot
1067:without
974:spelling
798:form is
709:υι was
613:nkh / nç
495:earlier
222:Letters
134:/ikaˈli/
130:οι καλοί
114:/ikaˈli/
82:Iotacism
48:phonemic
37:Linear B
3501:Nahuatl
3391:Chinese
3359:Japonic
3344:Kannada
3283:Maltese
3254:Aramaic
3146:Turkmen
3141:Turkish
3106:Crimean
3101:Bashkir
3016:Finnish
2953:Marathi
2909:Bengali
2886:Persian
2876:Kurdish
2871:Avestan
2863:Iranian
2836:Sorbian
2831:Slovene
2770:Polish
2711:Latvian
2693:Spanish
2658:Italian
2643:Catalan
2630:Romance
2573:Cornish
2550:Yiddish
2510:Faroese
2505:English
2408:of the
2324:Exonyms
2257:Ancient
2223:Braille
2193:History
2152:Ancient
2145:Grammar
2117:Ancient
2092:Yevanic
2050:Italiot
2035:Cypriot
2003:Demotic
1947:Locrian
1942:Epirote
1937:Achaean
1917:Homeric
1874:Ancient
1783:Periods
1512:Obelism
1470:Unicode
1398:αδελφοί
1328:Unicode
1139:coronis
1111:, four
1081:low dot
1069:spacing
1037:, e.g.
1023:, e.g.
891:phoneme
840:to , ,
796:Vulgate
776:Spanish
225:Ancient
190:digraph
165:'good (
163:/kaˈlo/
151:/kaˈlo/
52:dialect
23:of the
3516:Creole
3481:other
3472:Ojibwe
3401:Korean
3395:Dungan
3381:other
3339:Telugu
3288:Somali
3271:Hebrew
3259:Syriac
3246:Arabic
3223:Dargwa
3218:Basque
3213:Abkhaz
3203:other
3189:Manchu
3184:Evenki
3151:Uyghur
3126:Kyrgyz
3121:Khakas
3116:Kazakh
3111:Gagauz
3088:Turkic
3078:Udmurt
3066:Erzyan
3061:Moksha
3003:Uralic
2963:Romani
2946:Thaana
2914:Chakma
2881:Pashto
2826:Slovak
2726:Slavic
2703:Baltic
2662:Latin
2648:French
2568:Breton
2560:Celtic
2515:German
2495:Danish
2267:Modern
2121:accent
2077:Pontic
2067:Maniot
2030:Cretan
1994:Modern
1885:Aeolic
1852:–1453)
1609:εφηύρα
1489:keraia
1457:keraia
1447:κεραία
1440:keraia
1381:, the
1377:, the
1373:, the
1371:hyphen
1272:) and
1259:, and
1201:: the
1199:French
1157:commas
1088:middot
1010:Church
925:vowel.
828:, and
818:velars
791:Μωυσής
783:French
779:Moisés
772:Mōysēs
767:Μωϋσῆς
757:Μωυσῆς
728:Hebrew
677:ΤΖ, τζ
475:iv, if
454:ev, ef
420:av, af
232:Greek
230:Modern
227:Greek
210:silent
110:η καλή
3506:Osage
3459:Algic
3449:Malay
3421:Nivkh
3334:Tamil
3311:Sotho
3194:Udege
3161:Yakut
3156:Uzbek
3136:Tatar
3131:Nogai
3051:Mansi
2989:Greek
2972:other
2891:Tajik
2761:Czech
2620:Welsh
2605:Irish
2500:Dutch
2461:Verbs
2446:Nouns
2302:Other
2157:Koine
2131:Koine
1971:Koine
1929:Doric
1925:West
1912:Ionic
1907:Attic
1903:East
1436:), a
1424:. In
1392:α/φοί
1387:slash
1379:colon
1326:that
1286:pavla
1282:παύλα
1211:comma
1021:tónos
889:or a
858:close
854:]
850:[
846:]
842:[
834:]
830:[
826:]
822:[
800:Mōsēs
786:Moïse
762:Moses
754:name
744:Latin
740:Koine
736:Attic
724:Ionic
690:]
686:[
668:]
664:[
660:d, nd
640:]
636:[
616:and
554:]
550:[
506:]
502:[
403:]
399:[
329:]
325:[
304:]
300:[
274:]
270:[
173:.)'.
144:.)';
60:Attic
56:Ionic
3411:Thai
3306:Fula
3179:Even
3073:Sámi
3041:Komi
2958:Odia
2934:Urdu
2610:Manx
2230:and
1667:2014
1452:lit.
1395:for
1356:The
1236:ó,ti
1230:ό,τι
1170:and
1002:and
881:ágma
874:ἄγμα
860:and
848:and
836:are
820:, ,
816:The
705:The
652:, ντ
624:, μπ
605:, γχ
587:, γξ
566:, γκ
533:, γγ
515:, ωυ
488:, ου
467:, ηυ
446:, ευ
433:, ᾱυ
412:, αυ
369:, υι
356:, οι
313:, ει
258:, αι
171:sing
167:neut
159:καλό
147:καλώ
138:masc
124:.)'
122:sing
106:e.g.
19:The
3316:Vai
1434:χξϛ
1406:kai
1342:.
1248:óti
1242:ότι
1185:).
1071:or
887:/n/
862:mid
688:d͡z
608:ŋkh
155:vs.
126:vs.
118:fem
94:/o/
88:/e/
78:/i/
3564::
1847:c.
1834:c.
1821:c.
1808:c.
1795:c.
1651:^
1630:.
1616:^
1594:23
1592:.
1588:.
1574:^
1450:,
1412:.
1301:)
877:,
807:^
781:,
748:ōy
682:tz
655:nt
650:ντ
627:mp
622:μπ
603:γχ
595:nx
590:ŋx
585:γξ
569:ŋk
564:γκ
536:ŋg
531:γγ
523:oi
518:ōü
513:ωυ
491:ou
486:ου
470:ēu
465:ηυ
449:eu
444:ευ
436:āu
431:Ᾱυ
415:au
410:αυ
401:o̞
390:ōi
382:,
380:ωι
372:ui
367:υι
359:oi
354:οι
346:ēi
338:,
336:ηι
316:ei
311:ει
291:āi
283:,
281:αι
272:e̞
261:ai
256:αι
216:.
188:A
180:.
169:.
142:pl
140:.
120:.
104:,
84:);
3397:)
3393:(
2398:e
2391:t
2384:v
2127:)
2123:/
2119:(
1845:(
1832:(
1819:(
1806:(
1793:(
1731:e
1724:t
1717:v
1669:.
1645:.
1462:ʹ
1444:(
1360:(
1279:(
1263:(
1245:(
1233:(
1040:ϊ
1033:(
1026:ί
1019:(
871:(
852:ç
844:ʝ
832:x
824:ɣ
802:.
760:(
666:d
638:b
552:ɡ
504:u
498:u
395:o
385:ῳ
341:ῃ
327:i
321:i
302:a
296:a
286:ᾳ
266:e
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