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Electrum consists primarily of gold and silver but is sometimes found with traces of platinum, copper and other metals. The name is mostly applied informally to compositions between 20–80% gold and 80–20% silver, but these are strictly called gold or silver depending on the dominant element. Analysis
496:
Because of variation in the composition of electrum, it was difficult to determine the exact worth of each coin. Widespread trading was hampered by this problem, as the intrinsic value of each electrum coin could not be easily determined. This suggests that one reason for the invention of coinage in
426:
Electrum was much better for coinage than gold, mostly because it was harder and more durable, but also because techniques for refining gold were not widespread at the time. The gold content of naturally occurring electrum in modern western
Anatolia ranges from 70% to 90%, in contrast to the 45–55%
427:
of gold in electrum used in ancient Lydian coinage of the same geographical area. This suggests that the
Lydians had already solved the refining technology for silver and were adding refined silver to the local native electrum some decades before introducing pure silver coins.
512:, coins of pure gold and silver, were introduced. However, electrum currency remained common until approximately 350 BC. The simplest reason for this was that, because of the gold content, one 14.1 gram stater was worth as much as ten 14.1 gram silver pieces.
519:
249:
are derived. Electrum was often referred to as "white gold" in ancient times but could be more accurately described as pale gold because it is usually pale yellow or yellowish-white in color. The modern use of the term
445:(meaning "standard"). Three of these coins—with a weight of about 14.1 grams (0.50 oz)—totaled one stater, about one month's pay for a soldier. To complement the stater, fractions were made: the
550:
570:
157:
and other metals. Its color ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver. It has been produced artificially and is also known as "
832:
534:
277:
of the composition of electrum in ancient Greek coinage dating from about 600 BC shows that the gold content was about 55.5% in the coinage issued by
493:
stater was about 0.14 grams (0.0049 oz) to 0.15 grams (0.0053 oz). Larger denominations, such as a one stater coin, were minted as well.
415:, are currently dated to the last quarter of the 7th century BC (625–600 BC). Electrum is believed to have been used in coins c. 600 BC in
692:
99:
with mythological scenes, a sphinx frieze and the representation of a king vanquishing his enemies, Cypro-Archaic I, from
1105:
518:
859:
1855:
791:
362:
1860:
757:
733:
617:– another distinct metal or alloy mentioned in texts from classical antiquity, later used to refer to brass
191:
made were of electrum, dating back to the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 6th century BC.
17:
1316:
293:. In later coinage from these areas, dating to 326 BC, the gold content averaged 40% to 41%. In the
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606:- A 22 carat gold alloy highly valued for its use in gold coins from the 16th century onwards
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In Lydia, electrum was minted into coins weighing 4.7 grams (0.17 oz), each valued at
302:
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8:
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Natural electrum "wires" on quartz, historic specimen from the old
Smuggler-Union Mine,
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387:. It is also mentioned in the Bible, in the first chapter of the book of the prophet
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233:, likely because of the pale yellow color of certain varieties. It is from amber’s
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electrum coins with a regularly decreasing proportion of gold were issued by the
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Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold: The
Politics of Meaning in Archaic Greece
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696:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
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Electrum is mentioned in an account of an expedition sent by
Pharaoh
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usually concerns gold alloyed with any one or a combination of
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52:"Green gold" and "Greengold" redirect here. For the color, see
41:. For the particle consisting of a positron and electron, see
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This article is about the metal alloy. For the sculpture, see
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Electrum was used as early as the third millennium BC in the
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An image of the obverse of a Lydian coin made of electrum
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Electrum lion coins of the ancient
Lydians (about 600 BC)
508:
These difficulties were eliminated circa 570 BC when the
317:
726:
Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements
328:), one of the oldest known coins, early 6th century BC
221:, referring to a metallic substance consisting of
632:of gold and copper with a dark blue-purple patina
1842:
810:New archaic coin finds at Sardis, AJA 109 (2005)
357:A mummified male head covered in electrum, from
285:the gold content of electrum ranged from 46% in
229:. The same word was also used for the substance
784:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
853:
638:– another Japanese alloy known for its patina
309:the purity of the gold coinage was reduced
752:. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–7.
183:. It was also used in the making of ancient
786:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50.
497:that area was to increase the profits from
860:
846:
503:issuing currency with a lower gold content
168:, sometimes as an exterior coating to the
237:properties that the modern English words
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648:or "thunderbolt iron" commonly used in
87:obtained electrum for its early coinage
14:
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773:
771:
769:
841:
777:
745:
671:
657:– a similar material, originating in
505:than the commonly circulating metal.
800:
766:
399:The earliest known electrum coins,
24:
268:to produce a silver-colored gold.
25:
1882:
821:
780:"Asia Minor to the Ionian Revolt"
453:(sixth), and so forth, including
782:. In Metcalf, William E. (ed.).
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549:
533:
517:
394:
361:, Roman period, 2nd century AD (
739:
700:
463:of a stater, and even down to
271:
56:. For the Israeli figure, see
13:
1:
867:
807:Cahill, Nick; Kroll, John H.
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581:
344:
124:
363:Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon
194:
7:
728:. Oxford University Press.
591:
10:
1887:
687:"Electrum, Electron"
564:, early–mid 4th century BC
377:. It is also discussed by
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36:
29:
1856:Coinage metals and alloys
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324:electrum coin (one-third
141:is a naturally occurring
119:, from the necropolis of
187:. The first known metal
153:, with trace amounts of
103:, 8th–7th centuries BC (
45:. For the gemstone, see
30:Not to be confused with
27:Alloy of gold and silver
1362:Nickel silver (alpacca)
693:Encyclopædia Britannica
746:Kurke, Leslie (1999).
407:coins found under the
375:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
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115:Brooch with a griffin
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1861:Precious metal alloys
1703:Other natural objects
778:Konuk, Koray (2012).
659:Pre-Columbian America
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336:Electrum coin of the
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1178:Wire wrapped jewelry
1158:Repoussé and chasing
724:Emsley, John (2003)
419:during the reign of
303:Eastern Roman Empire
215:), mentioned in the
166:Old Kingdom of Egypt
39:Electrum (sculpture)
1720:Ebonite (vulcanite)
813:. pp. 609–614.
556:Electrum coin from
524:Electrum coin from
69:Telluride, Colorado
1065:Jewellery designer
540:Electrum trite of
384:Naturalis Historia
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598:Corinthian bronze
576:Electrum stater,
542:Alyattes of Lydia
483:of a stater. The
409:Temple of Artemis
338:Byzantine Emperor
128: 625–600 BC
16:(Redirected from
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602:
599:
596:
595:
585: 300 BC
579:
572:
567:
563:
559:
552:
547:
543:
536:
531:
527:
520:
515:
514:
513:
511:
506:
504:
500:
494:
452:
449:(third), the
448:
444:
443:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:Early coinage
392:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
364:
360:
359:Ancient Egypt
355:
342:
339:
334:
327:
323:
319:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:Carthaginians
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
235:electrostatic
232:
228:
225:alloyed with
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
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167:
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148:
144:
140:
133:
122:
118:
113:
106:
102:
98:
93:
86:
82:
77:
70:
65:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1830:Wearable art
1825:Phaleristics
1820:Metalworking
1725:Gutta-percha
1501:Lapis lazuli
1296:
1287:Colored gold
1168:Stonesetting
809:
802:
783:
748:
741:
720:
711:
702:
691:
544:, 610–560 BC
528:, 620–600 BC
507:
495:
450:
446:
440:
429:
425:
401:Lydian coins
398:
382:
368:
275:
251:
244:
238:
216:
212:
207:form of the
200:
198:
163:
138:
137:
54:Green-yellow
1767:Art jewelry
1591:Tiger's eye
1496:Labradorite
1446:Chrysocolla
1441:Chrysoberyl
1357:Mokume-gane
1334:Base metals
1106:centrifugal
1075:Silversmith
950:Ferronnière
900:Belt buckle
895:Belly chain
499:seigniorage
348: 1080
272:Composition
246:electricity
170:pyramidions
43:Positronium
1845:Categories
1601:Tourmaline
1546:Prasiolite
1421:Aventurine
1292:Crown gold
1194:Draw plate
1143:Metal clay
1080:Watchmaker
1070:Lapidarist
1055:Clockmaker
930:Collar pin
925:Chatelaine
759:0691007365
734:0198503407
665:References
621:Panchaloha
615:Orichalcum
604:Crown gold
405:East Greek
289:to 43% in
260:, silver,
253:white gold
159:green gold
123:, Rhodes,
18:Green gold
1747:Toadstone
1684:Operculum
1611:Variscite
1606:Turquoise
1586:Tanzanite
1521:Moonstone
1516:Marcasite
1511:Malachite
1436:Carnelian
1411:Amazonite
1398:gemstones
1372:Pinchbeck
1317:Argentium
1307:Shibuichi
1248:Palladium
1227:Materials
1163:Soldering
1153:Polishing
1128:Engraving
1123:Enameling
1089:Processes
1060:Goldsmith
995:Tie chain
970:Neck ring
960:Lapel pin
869:Jewellery
708:"Coinage"
636:Shibuichi
610:Hepatizon
510:Croeseids
266:palladium
205:Latinized
199:The name
195:Etymology
95:Electrum
1815:Gemology
1789:Fineness
1780:(purity)
1715:Bog-wood
1662:Precious
1642:Ammolite
1581:Sunstone
1571:Sodalite
1566:Sapphire
1526:Obsidian
1466:Fluorite
1456:Diopside
1416:Amethyst
1396:Mineral
1387:Tungsten
1382:Titanium
1297:Electrum
1253:Platinum
1138:Kazaziye
1133:Filigree
1111:lost-wax
1010:Toe ring
1000:Tie clip
975:Pectoral
965:Necklace
940:Cufflink
915:Bracelet
910:Bolo tie
890:Barrette
736:. p. 168
592:See also
578:Carthage
421:Alyattes
291:Mytilene
262:platinum
240:electron
213:ḗlektron
201:electrum
181:obelisks
177:pyramids
139:Electrum
121:Kameiros
107:, Paris)
81:Pactolus
32:Electron
1810:Fashion
1784:Finding
1632:Abalone
1541:Peridot
1506:Larimar
1491:Kyanite
1476:Howlite
1461:Emerald
1451:Diamond
1324:Tumbaga
1302:Shakudō
1258:Rhodium
1209:Mandrel
1148:Plating
1101:Casting
1096:Carving
1005:Tie pin
980:Pendant
955:Genital
945:Earring
655:Tumbaga
642:Thokcha
626:Shakudō
558:Cyzicus
526:Ephesus
488:⁄
478:⁄
468:⁄
458:⁄
435:⁄
413:Ephesus
389:Ezekiel
381:in his
373:of the
313:History
287:Phokaia
279:Phocaea
218:Odyssey
203:is the
117:protome
101:Idalion
1866:Silver
1774:(mass)
1710:Bezoar
1616:Zircon
1576:Spinel
1551:Quartz
1486:Jasper
1471:Garnet
1367:Pewter
1352:Copper
1347:Bronze
1274:alloys
1263:Silver
1214:Pliers
1204:Hammer
1116:vacuum
1043:People
1036:Making
1020:pocket
920:Brooch
885:Anklet
790:
756:
732:
630:billon
442:stater
371:Sahure
326:stater
322:Lydian
258:nickel
227:silver
155:copper
151:silver
132:Louvre
105:Louvre
1778:Carat
1772:Carat
1760:Terms
1735:Shell
1689:Pearl
1679:Nacre
1669:Ivory
1657:Black
1652:Coral
1647:Copal
1637:Amber
1596:Topaz
1555:smoky
1426:Beryl
1406:Agate
1342:Brass
1187:Tools
1025:strap
1015:Watch
990:Tiara
935:Crown
905:Bindi
877:Forms
650:Tibet
562:Mysia
451:hekte
447:trite
417:Lydia
231:amber
209:Greek
189:coins
172:atop
143:alloy
85:Lydia
71:, USA
47:Amber
1851:Gold
1730:Hair
1561:Ruby
1536:Opal
1531:Onyx
1481:Jade
1243:Gold
1199:File
985:Ring
788:ISBN
754:ISBN
730:ISBN
473:and
403:and
264:and
243:and
223:gold
179:and
149:and
147:gold
79:The
1674:Jet
1430:red
501:by
411:at
391:.
161:".
145:of
1847::
768:^
710:.
690:.
673:^
582:c.
580:,
560:,
490:96
480:96
470:48
460:24
423:.
345:c.
343:,
125:c.
1557:)
1553:(
1432:)
1428:(
861:e
854:t
847:v
796:.
762:.
714:.
486:1
476:1
466:1
456:1
437:3
433:1
365:)
134:)
130:(
60:.
49:.
34:.
20:)
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